L'habitabilité Des Voyages Extraordinaires
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2. Disc Resources
An early map of the world Resource D1 A map of the world drawn in 1570 shows ‘Terra Australis Nondum Cognita’ (the unknown south land). National Library of Australia Expeditions to Antarctica 1770 –1830 and 1910 –1913 Resource D2 Voyages to Antarctica 1770–1830 1772–75 1819–20 1820–21 Cook (Britain) Bransfield (Britain) Palmer (United States) ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ Resolution and Adventure Williams Hero 1819 1819–21 1820–21 Smith (Britain) ▼ Bellingshausen (Russia) Davis (United States) ▼ ▼ ▼ Williams Vostok and Mirnyi Cecilia 1822–24 Weddell (Britain) ▼ Jane and Beaufoy 1830–32 Biscoe (Britain) ★ ▼ Tula and Lively South Pole expeditions 1910–13 1910–12 1910–13 Amundsen (Norway) Scott (Britain) sledge ▼ ▼ ship ▼ Source: Both maps American Geographical Society Source: Major voyages to Antarctica during the 19th century Resource D3 Voyage leader Date Nationality Ships Most southerly Achievements latitude reached Bellingshausen 1819–21 Russian Vostok and Mirnyi 69˚53’S Circumnavigated Antarctica. Discovered Peter Iøy and Alexander Island. Charted the coast round South Georgia, the South Shetland Islands and the South Sandwich Islands. Made the earliest sighting of the Antarctic continent. Dumont d’Urville 1837–40 French Astrolabe and Zeelée 66°S Discovered Terre Adélie in 1840. The expedition made extensive natural history collections. Wilkes 1838–42 United States Vincennes and Followed the edge of the East Antarctic pack ice for 2400 km, 6 other vessels confirming the existence of the Antarctic continent. Ross 1839–43 British Erebus and Terror 78°17’S Discovered the Transantarctic Mountains, Ross Ice Shelf, Ross Island and the volcanoes Erebus and Terror. The expedition made comprehensive magnetic measurements and natural history collections. -
Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel
Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel Annual Report for 2009 NASA AEROSPACE SAFETY ADVISORY PANEL National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC 20546 VADM Joseph W. Dyer, USN (Ret.), Chair January 15, 2010 The Honorable Charles F. Bolden, Jr. Administrator National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC 20546 Dear General Bolden: Pursuant to Section 106(b) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-155), the Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel (ASAP) is pleased to submit the ASAP Annual Report for 2009 to the U.S. Congress and to the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). ASAP members believe that NASA and the Administration face significant challenges for the Nation’s space program. Following the precedent set in 2008, the ASAP again pro - vides this letter report in lieu of the lengthier annual report submitted in previous years. This letter report is based on the Panel’s 2009 quarterly meetings (and public session minutes), fact-finding meetings, and formal recommendations, as well as ASAP members’ past experiences. In Section II of this report, the Panel provides a summary of key safety-related issues that the Agency confronts at this time. The most important relate to the future of the Nation’s human space flight program, and the ASAP hopes to encourage key stakeholders to immediately consider the critical decisions relating to this mission. Significant issues include human rating requirements for potential commercial and international entities, extension of Shuttle beyond the current manifest, workforce transition from the Shuttle to the follow-on program, the need for candid public communications about the risks of human space flight, and the more aggressive use of robots to reduce the risk of human exploration. -
Hearing Transcript
The President’s Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy PUBLIC HEARING Georgia Centers for Advanced Telecommunications Technology 250 14th Street, NW Atlanta, GA Wednesday, March 24, and Thursday, March 25, 2004 Pete Aldridge Well, good afternoon. I’m Pete Aldridge, I’m the Chairman of the President’s Commission on the Implementation of the U.S. Space Exploration Policy, or as I have shortened it, the “President’s Commission on the Moon, Mars, and Beyond.” I was delighted when I learned that Monica Scarbrough, the Director of Development, invited us here. The Georgia Institute of Technology is in fact my alma mater, and it’s generally great to be back on campus. I’m looking forward to looking around at some of the old haunts that I spent many hours on. The Commission is here to explore ways to achieve the President’s vision of going back to the Moon and on to Mars and beyond. We have listened, we’ve talked to experts at two previous hearings—in Washington, D.C., and in Dayton, Ohio. We’ve talked among ourselves and we realized this vision provides a focus not just for NASA, but a focus that can revitalize U.S. space capability and have a significant impact upon our nation’s industrial base and academia. As you can see from our agenda, we are talking with experts from many, many disciplines, including those outside the traditional aerospace arena. Before I go any further, let me introduce my fellow Commissioners. And begin on the audience’s right, Carly Fiorina. -
Press Kit EN
A FILM BY ANDREI UJICĂ be available, I was determined either to make Synopsis the film that way or not at all. In addition, I wanted to have two sequences shot in space Man's place in the universe has never been — using film — which would frame the story as contemplated quite the way it is in this prologue and epilogue. These shots were to be singular film. Russian cosmonaut Sergei coordinated by Vadim Yusov in tribute to his Krikalev's ten months on board the Mir space camera work in Solaris. Yusov was granted the station are captured in footage shot during opportunity of going down in the history of film his visit to the heavens, which is contrasted as the director of photography responsible for with images of the collapse of the Soviet Union the first purely cinematographic images ever from 1991 to 1992. While Krikalev was away to have been shot in space — that is, the first from earth, the empire that sent him to space images shot for purely artistic purposes. We did ceased to exist, his hometown of Leningrad in fact succeed in sending a 35mm camera up to again became St. Petersburg, and the nature of the Mir space station in October 1994 and made global affairs underwent massive change. "Yet, these recordings. the extraterrestrial shots and scenes have the effect of somehow dwarfing and distancing these It took a good deal of effort before I got historic events, however momentous. Galaxies, to look over the whole image archive of the like grains of sand, spread across the sky, and Krikalev mission, but then I was happy to see even the epochal sights of the collapse of the that there was enough material to make a whole Soviet state shrivel in comparison" (Michael film. -
Antarctic Primer
Antarctic Primer By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller Designed by: Olivia Young, Aurora Expeditions October 2018 Cover image © I.Tortosa Morgan Suite 12, Level 2 35 Buckingham Street Surry Hills, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia To anyone who goes to the Antarctic, there is a tremendous appeal, an unparalleled combination of grandeur, beauty, vastness, loneliness, and malevolence —all of which sound terribly melodramatic — but which truly convey the actual feeling of Antarctica. Where else in the world are all of these descriptions really true? —Captain T.L.M. Sunter, ‘The Antarctic Century Newsletter ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 3 CONTENTS I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Guidance for Visitors to the Antarctic Antarctica’s Historic Heritage South Georgia Biosecurity II. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Antarctica The Southern Ocean The Continent Climate Atmospheric Phenomena The Ozone Hole Climate Change Sea Ice The Antarctic Ice Cap Icebergs A Short Glossary of Ice Terms III. THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Life in Antarctica Adapting to the Cold The Kingdom of Krill IV. THE WILDLIFE Antarctic Squids Antarctic Fishes Antarctic Birds Antarctic Seals Antarctic Whales 4 AURORA EXPEDITIONS | Pioneering expedition travel to the heart of nature. CONTENTS V. EXPLORERS AND SCIENTISTS The Exploration of Antarctica The Antarctic Treaty VI. PLACES YOU MAY VISIT South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Weddell Sea South Orkney Islands South Georgia The Falkland Islands South Sandwich Islands The Historic Ross Sea Sector Commonwealth Bay VII. FURTHER READING VIII. WILDLIFE CHECKLISTS ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 5 Adélie penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Antarctica is the largest wilderness area on earth, a place that must be preserved in its present, virtually pristine state. -
Representations of Antarctic Exploration by Lesser Known Heroic Era Photographers
Filtering ‘ways of seeing’ through their lenses: representations of Antarctic exploration by lesser known Heroic Era photographers. Patricia Margaret Millar B.A. (1972), B.Ed. (Hons) (1999), Ph.D. (Ed.) (2005), B.Ant.Stud. (Hons) (2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science – Social Sciences. University of Tasmania 2013 This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. ………………………………….. ………………….. Patricia Margaret Millar Date This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. ………………………………….. ………………….. Patricia Margaret Millar Date ii Abstract Photographers made a major contribution to the recording of the Heroic Era of Antarctic exploration. By far the best known photographers were the professionals, Herbert Ponting and Frank Hurley, hired to photograph British and Australasian expeditions. But a great number of photographs were also taken on Belgian, German, Swedish, French, Norwegian and Japanese expeditions. These were taken by amateurs, sometimes designated official photographers, often scientists recording their research. Apart from a few Pole-reaching images from the Norwegian expedition, these lesser known expedition photographers and their work seldom feature in the scholarly literature on the Heroic Era, but they, too, have their importance. They played a vital role in the growing understanding and advancement of Antarctic science; they provided visual evidence of their nation’s determination to penetrate the polar unknown; and they played a formative role in public perceptions of Antarctic geopolitics. -
DAVID SAMWELL Journal, 1776-79 Reel M1583
AUSTRALIAN JOINT COPYING PROJECT DAVID SAMWELL Journal, 1776-79 Reel M1583 The British Library Great Russell Street London WC1B 3DG National Library of Australia State Library of New South Wales Filmed: 1982 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE David Samwell (1751-1798) was born in Nantglyn in north Wales, where his father was the vicar. He was educated at one of the local grammar schools, probably Ruthin. In 1775 he gained his certificate as a second mate from the Court of Examiners at the Royal College of Surgeons. He was apprenticed to John Crosier, who had been surgeon on HMS Dolphin on its Pacific voyage in 1764-66. In 1776 Crosier secured Samwell’s appointment as surgeon’s mate on HMS Resolution, commanded by James Cook. Following the death of the Surgeon William Anderson in August 1778, Cook promoted Samwell to the position of surgeon on HMS Discovery, commanded by Charles Clerke. Both Cook and Clerke died in 1779 and Lieutenant James King commanded HMS Discovery on the return voyage to England in 1780. Samwell served under King on HMS Crocodile in 1780-81 and later on HMS Kite. He retired on half- pay in 1786 and established a medical practice in London. He had provided some assistance to King on the publication of the official account of Cook’s third voyage. In 1786, encouraged by Andrew Kippis, he published A narrative of the death of Captain James Cook, much of which was incorporated in the major biography published by Kippis in 1788. Samwell returned to sea in 1793 on the outbreak of war with France and served on HMS Marlborough and HMS Unicorn. -
Human Spaceflight in Social Media: Promoting Space Exploration Through Twitter
Human Spaceflight in Social Media: Promoting Space Exploration Through Twitter Pierre J. Bertrand,1 Savannah L. Niles,2 and Dava J. Newman1,3 turn back now would be to deny our history, our capabilities,’’ said James Michener.1 The aerospace industry has successfully 1 Man-Vehicle Laboratory, Department of Aeronautics and Astro- commercialized Earth applications for space technologies, but nautics; 2Media Lab, Department of Media Arts and Sciences; and 3 human space exploration seems to lack support from both fi- Department of Engineering Systems, Massachusetts Institute of nancial and human public interest perspectives. Space agencies Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. no longer enjoy the political support and public enthusiasm that historically drove the human spaceflight programs. If one uses ABSTRACT constant year dollars, the $16B National Aeronautics and While space-based technologies for Earth applications are flourish- Space Administration (NASA) budget dedicated for human ing, space exploration activities suffer from a lack of public aware- spaceflight in the Apollo era has fallen to $7.9B in 2014, of ness as well as decreasing budgets. However, space exploration which 41% is dedicated to operations covering the Internati- benefits are numerous and include significant science, technological onal Space Station (ISS), the Space Launch System (SLS) and development, socioeconomic benefits, education, and leadership Orion, and commercial crew programs.2 The European Space contributions. Recent robotic exploration missions have -
14. Antarctica
14. ANTARCTICA Antarctica’s international boundaries may be distinguished from the international boundaries of other continents in fi ve ways. First, all the claimed boundaries coincide with meridians that meet at the South Pole (Figure 14.1). Second, there are no bilateral agreements dealing with national claims to the continent. However, Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand and Norway have ensured that their adjoining claims are conterminous. Third none of the boundaries in Antarctica have been demarcated. Fourth, none of the countries that claim terri- tory enforce any restrictions on the movements of people or goods at the limits of their territory. The issue of sovereignty was placed in abeyance by Article 4 of the Antarctic Treaty. 1. Nothing contained in the present Treaty shall be interpreted as: (a) a renunciation by any Contracting Party of previously asserted rights or claims to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica; (b) a renunciation or diminution by any Contracting Party of any basis of claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica which it may have whether as a result of its activities or those of its nationals in Antarctica, or otherwise; (c) prejudicing the position of any Contracting Party as regards its recogni- tion or non-recognition of any other State’s rights of or claim or basis of claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica. 2. No acts or activities taking place while the present Treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica or create any rights of sovereignty in Antarctica. No new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica shall be asserted while the present treaty is in force. -
Proxima Mission Thomas Pesquet Reaches International Space Station
Proxima mission Thomas Pesquet reaches International Space Station After completing 34 orbital revolutions of the Earth, the Soyuz spacecraft has docked with the International Space Station (ISS). France’s ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission commander Oleg Novitsky (Roscosmos) and U.S. astronaut Peggy Whitson (NASA) have safely entered the station and are now ready to start their six-month mission. Thomas Pesquet, 38, will be the 10th French astronaut to fly in space, the fourth to stay aboard the ISS and the first to spend six months there. His mission has been named Proxima after Proxima Centauri, the star nearest our Sun, continuing the tradition of naming European missions on the ISS after stars. Thomas will be in charge of more than 50 science experiments devised by ESA and CNES, and will be contributing to numerous research projects undertaken for other programme partners. CNES is closely involved in this mission, notably through the CADMOS centre for the development of microgravity applications and space operations, located at the Toulouse Space Centre. CADMOS will be controlling 21 of the 55 experiments to be performed by Thomas Pesquet for ESA and devised and prepared seven of the experiments itself: AQUAPAD, MATISS, EVERYWEAR, PERSPECTIVES, ECHO, FLUIDICS and EXO-ISS (educational experiments). After the successful docking and the crew’s entry aboard the ISS, CNES President Jean-Yves Le Gall commented: “What has been a truly golden week for us is continuing with this new and crucial stage of the Proxima mission! I would like to congratulate all of the international partners who played a part in this new success. -
Spacewalk for Thomas Pesquet 19 December 2016
Spacewalk for Thomas Pesquet 19 December 2016 Two January spacewalks are needed as part of an upgrade to replace older-technology batteries with newer lithium-ion designs. Batteries store power for supplying the Station as it flies through Earth's shadow. Adapter plates that arrived on Japan's HTV cargo ferry this week will be moved to an external platform by the Station's robotic arm before the spacewalk. When Shane and Thomas head outside, they will collect the adapters, install them, and reattach the batteries. ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet on the International Preparations for these complex operations started Space Station with the spacesuits he and commander well in advance, Thomas noted on his Facebook Shane Kimbrough will wear during their January page: "We have started well in advance to prepare spacewalk. Credit: ESA/NASA for the spacewalks of January. It is a lot of work to service the suits and get them ready, get familiar with the choreography and prepare the tools and equipment. Not even mentioning the thousands of ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet will be the 11th hours of work for all the personnel on the ground." European to perform a spacewalk when he ventures outside the International Space Station next month. Lasting up to seven hours on 13 January, its goal is to ensure the power supply of the International Space Station from the 2500 sq m of solar panels. The Station commander, Shane Kimbrough, will lead the spacewalk, accompanied by Thomas. At NASA's mission control in Houston, ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano will direct the duo as lead communicator – a recognition of ESA's expertise in Station operations. -
60 Years of Marine Nuclear Power: 1955
Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 - 2018 Part 4: Europe & Canada Peter Lobner July 2018 1 Foreword In 2015, I compiled the first edition of this resource document to support a presentation I made in August 2015 to The Lyncean Group of San Diego (www.lynceans.org) commemorating the 60th anniversary of the world’s first “underway on nuclear power” by USS Nautilus on 17 January 1955. That presentation to the Lyncean Group, “60 years of Marine Nuclear Power: 1955 – 2015,” was my attempt to tell a complex story, starting from the early origins of the US Navy’s interest in marine nuclear propulsion in 1939, resetting the clock on 17 January 1955 with USS Nautilus’ historic first voyage, and then tracing the development and exploitation of marine nuclear power over the next 60 years in a remarkable variety of military and civilian vessels created by eight nations. In July 2018, I finished a complete update of the resource document and changed the title to, “Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018.” What you have here is Part 4: Europe & Canada. The other parts are: Part 1: Introduction Part 2A: United States - Submarines Part 2B: United States - Surface Ships Part 3A: Russia - Submarines Part 3B: Russia - Surface Ships & Non-propulsion Marine Nuclear Applications Part 5: China, India, Japan and Other Nations Part 6: Arctic Operations 2 Foreword This resource document was compiled from unclassified, open sources in the public domain. I acknowledge the great amount of work done by others who have published material in print or posted information on the internet pertaining to international marine nuclear propulsion programs, naval and civilian nuclear powered vessels, naval weapons systems, and other marine nuclear applications.