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L'habitabilité Des Voyages Extraordinaires

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L'habitabilité Des Voyages Extraordinaires L’Habitabilité des voyages extraordinaires Regard sur les missions sous-marines, polaires et spatiales « Il ne devrait pas y avoir des hommes sur Mars dans cinquante ans ; il devrait y en avoir dans dix ans. » Robert Zubrin. Charlotte Poupon ENSCI-Les Ateliers / 2012 . Mémoire de fin d’études en design industriel Sous la direction de Marie-Haude Caraës 3 L’Habitabilité des voyages extraordinaires Regard sur les missions sous-marines, polaires et spatiales Maquette & mise en page : Charlotte Poupon Correction : Luc Le Digabel • Licence Creative Commons • CC BY NC SA Le titulaire des droits autorise l’exploitation de l’œuvre originale à des fins non commerciales, ainsi que la création d’œuvres dérivées, à condition qu’elles soient distribuées sous une licence identique à celle qui régit l’œuvre originale. • Copyright des photos • Les photos NASA et ESA sont libres de droits dans le cadre d’une utilisation pédagogique. Les photos et documents IPEV ont été gracieusement fournis par l’Institut polaire qui en conserve les droits exclusifs. Les photos ChP restent la propriété de l’auteur, mais sont susceptibles de pouvoir être reproduites après demande d’autorisation ([email protected]) Tous les autres documents visuels, qu’ils soient explicitement crédités ou de droit réservé (DR) ont été trouvés sur Internet et n’ont fait l’objet d’aucune demande. Les auteurs restent libres de se manifester À la famille. À celle d’où l’on vient, à celle qui nous porte, à celle que l’on cherche, à celle qui nous trouve et à celle que l’on construit. Dire « je » une dernière fois. Outre des sources documentaires classiques et différentes rencontres enrichissantes, ce mémoire s’est nourri de trois expériences fortes. D’abord, en tant qu’officier de réserve de la Marine nationale, j’ai pu embarquer à bord d’un sous- marin nucléaire d’attaque (SNA) à l’été 2010 pour une mis- sion d’observation de quatre jours, dans le cadre de mon engagement à servir dans la réserve opérationnelle auprès du bureau Plan de l’état-major de la Marine, chargé de concevoir les Barracuda, la prochaine génération de SNA dont la mise à l’eau est prévue pour 2017. Durant ces quatre jours d’immersion, j’ai pu étudier les conditions de vie de l’équipage afin de faire part de mes observations lors de réunions tripartites régulières impli- quant la Marine nationale, la Direction générale de l’arme- ment et la Direction des constructions navales. Cette expé- rience a été la première pierre de mon travail de mémoire sur les conditions de vie dans des milieux confinés, où les machines deviennent de véritables matrices permettant la (sur)vie des hommes en leur sein. Afin de creuser ce sujet en explorant, cette fois-ci les conditions de vie en environnements extrêmes, je me suis tournée vers l’Institut polaire Paul-Émile Victor (IPEV), qui, en tant qu’opérateur polaire français, assure la logistique en Terre Adélie et gère Dumont-d’Urville et Concordia, les deux bases françaises au pôle Sud. Après plusieurs échanges, pour notamment défendre la place du desi- gner industriel dans la conception et l’aménagement de telles infrastructures, l’IPEV m’a proposé un stage de deux mois sur le terrain, de décembre 2010 à février 2011, afin d’approcher la réalité de la vie et de la logistique polaire. Sur place, en tant que conducteur d’engin, j’ai pu prendre part au raid logistique terrestre de trois semaines qui relie, trois fois par été austral, les deux stations, distantes de 1 200 km. Ce convoi de tracteurs approvisionne Concordia en consommables (fioul, denrées alimentaires, matériel technique et scientifique, etc.) et en évacue les déchets, qui sont ensuite exportés vers l’Australie ou la France, en accord avec le protocole de Madrid relatif à la protection de l’environnement en Antarctique. Découvrir Dumont-d’Urville, conduire onze heures par jour sur cette piste à peine délimitée par un simple amon- cellement de neige sur l’un des côtés de la piste, vivre en totale autonomie dans cet immense désert blanc avec onze autres camarades de raid, pour enfin atteindre Concordia, qui surgit dans ce désert blanc tel un mirage, ont été des expériences bouleversantes, d’une intensité rare, qui ont apporté un ancrage territorial fort à mes réflexions. Cette participation à une campagne d’été antarctique a large- ment bénéficié à mon projet de diplôme, qui questionnera les notions de route, de cheminement et d’humanité qui choisit de relever le défi de l’hostilité d’un désert pour, tou- jours, faire avancer la science. La station Concordia, implantation humaine la plus iso- lée au monde, étant le lieu de nombreux programmes de recherche menés par l’Agence spatiale européenne dans le cadre des futures missions spatiales de longue durée, j’ai à mon retour d’Antarctique regardé vers les étoiles. Je voulais confronter mes expériences sous-marine et polaire aux conditions de vie dans l’espace, principalement à bord de l’ISS, pour voir se dessiner les contours de ce que seront peut-être les voyages habités vers Mars. Dans ce cadre, en décembre 2011, j’ai été recrutée par la Mars Society pour être le commandant d’une mission de simulation de coloni- sation martienne de la Mars Desert Research Station dans le désert de l’Utah aux États-Unis. J’ai donc « vécu » sur Mars pendant quinze jours ; quinze jours confinée comme dans un sous-marin et isolée comme en Antarctique ; quinze jours à travailler, mais aussi et surtout quinze jours à vivre, à manger, à dormir, à se laver ou à tenter de se distraire avec mes cinq compagnons de voyage immobile. Les premières bribes de ce mémoire auront également été écrites sur Mars… Remerciements. Je tiens à remercier Marie-Haude Caraës, ma directrice de mémoire, pour sa patience et sa rigueur. Un immense merci à Patrick de Glo de Besses, mon directeur de projet, pour m’avoir accompagnée dès ma première année à l’ENSCI. Clin d’œil également à Anne-Sabine Henriau, pour sa bien- veillance de toujours. Pour leur soutien expert, je tiens à remercier le capi- taine de vaisseau Stephan Meunier et le premier-maître Angelo Cianci qui auront relevé le défi de me faire plon- ger à bord du sous-marin Émeraude me permettant d’ap- procher au plus près les conditions de vie des marins des abysses. Mes plus vifs remerciements à Patrice Godon, respon- sable du département de la Logistique et des infrastruc- tures polaires de l’IPEV, sur le terrain depuis trente-trois ans, pour m’avoir ouvert les portes du Continent blanc et ainsi fait vivre une aventure au bord du monde. Pour m’avoir éclairée dès le début de ce travail, un très grand merci à Claudie Haigneré, première femme cosmo- naute française, ancienne ministre déléguée à la Recherche puis aux Affaires européennes, aujourd’hui présidente d’Universcience ; elle m’aura accompagnée beaucoup plus loin qu’elle ne l’imagine sûrement. Merci également à Jean-François Clervoy, astronaute français, qui m’aura fait partager les souvenirs de son quo- tidien en apesanteur avec humour et générosité. Plus largement, que ce mémoire soit l’occasion pour moi de remercier l’ENSCI et tous ses habitants. J’espère leur avoir fait partager ma confiance dans la puissance de l’uto- pie. Mes amitiés à Géraldine, qui m’aura permis d’y croire moi-même. Mum, it’s neither the Pulitzer, nor an Oscar, but still I know what I owe you. Ma gratitude infinie, enfin, à Peter et à Thérèse, sans qui jamais, rien. Sommaire. Introduction. De Jules Verne à Robert Zubrin 19 DES VOyaGES EXTRAOrdinaires 25 Repousser les limites des territoires 27 Quatre cents ans de conquête sous-marine 27 Des submersibles aux sous-marins nucléaires 27 Un psychologue dans les coursives 36 Les sous-marins français aujourd’hui 39 L’appel du Sixième Continent 49 À l’assaut de la Terra Australis Incognita 49 Le tournant de l’Année géophysique internationale 58 La présence française en Antarctique aujourd’hui 61 L’espace, l’ultime frontière 79 Ballons et fusées accouchent de l’aérospatiale 79 De Skylab à Mir, la nouvelle donne de l’habitabilité 90 Une mission à bord de l’ISS aujourd’hui 100 Des notions communes 111 Apprivoiser l’extrême 111 Des situations extrêmes 111 Des environnements extrêmes 112 Vivre dans une machine 113 Le confinement 113 L’isolement du monde 114 L’habitabilité en question 115 Accompagner l’homme dans ses utopies 115 L’analogue comme clé d’étude 115 Tentative de réappropriation des tableaux 119 Des besoIns oRDInaIRes 127 Les besoins physiologiques 129 Manger 129 L’image d’Épinal des tables de la Royale 129 Du service à la table à la ligne de self en Antarctique 133 Le plaisir de la bouche, le grand oublié de l’espace 136 Dormir 147 Le sanctuaire de la bannette du sous-marinier 147 Le confort sans excès des bases polaires 151 L’espace, ou comment dormir sans lit 152 Faire ses besoins et se laver 159 La PsyChoLogIe De La CaPsuLe 253 La douche, un luxe de sous-marinier 159 Les principaux facteurs de stress 255 L’eau, une denrée précieuse en Antarctique 162 Le stress lié à la mission 255 Se laver sans eau ou presque en apesanteur 165 Le danger, de la menace latente au risque imminent 255 Se soigner 171 La charge de travail, éviter l’ennui et l’épuisement 257 Un « sorcier » dans les coursives 171 L’apesanteur, accepter de perdre ses repères 259 La bien-nommée « médecine de l’extrême » 172 Le stress lié au confinement 261 Des manuels papier à la télémédecine spatiale 177 La promiscuité, la taille de l’enveloppe en question 261 Les besoins matériels 183 Les perturbations sensorielles, une torture blanche 262 S’habiller 183 La perturbation de la notion du temps 264 La Kermel
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