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Attachment File 1 UNIVERSITY OF ARTS IN BELGRADE MA in Interculturalism Cultural management and cultural policy in the Balkans Master Thesis IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN EXPANDING AND PROMOTING OFFICIAL CULTURAL POLICY (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE REPUBLIC OF FRANCE AND TV5MONDE) Author: Marija Veljanovska Mentor: Prof. Dr Milena Dragićević-Šešić Belgrade, September 2008 COTET Summary ................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 12 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 14 1. Influence of electronic media on contemporary culture .................................. 19 1.1. Basic trends of shaping modern culture and cultural policy ........................... 21 1.2. Electronic media and social reality ............................................................. 27 1.3. Interdependent relation between cultural trends and segments of electronic media ........................................................................................................... 34 2. Cultural policy – backbone of overall general cultural development of society ........ 38 2.1. Cultural policy models ............................................................................... 39 2.2. Determination of social development by cultural policy model selection .......... 44 2.3. Cultural development od society and cultural policy results ............................ 51 3. Culture policy in the sphere of electronic media .................................................... 55 3.1 Principles of the conception of a cultural policy in the sphere of electronic media ................................................................................. 55 3.2. Electronic media and models of cultural policy ............................................. 62 3.3. The influence of cultural policy on general development of electronic media ... 68 4. Results and experience of the French Republic with implementing a national cultural policy in the sphere of electronic media ............................................. 74 4.1. French cultural policy and its attitude towards electronic media ...................... 76 4.2. TV5 Monde and french cultural policy ....................................................... 85 4.3. Redefining basic guidelines of french cultural policy in the domain of electronic media .................................................................................. 92 5. The conception and implementation of a national cultural policy in the sphere of electronic media in the Republic of Serbia ........................... 95 2 5.1. History of the development of serbian cultural policy .................................... 95 5.2. Attitude of Serbian cultural policy towards electronic media ....................... 102 5.3. Future development of the concept of serbian cultural policy towards electronic media and expected results ................................................. 110 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 117 Biography ............................................................................................................ 118 RESUME L'analyse théorique, plus précisément scientifique des principes de base de la politique culturelle dans le domaine des médias, plus précisément la recherche de l'implantation d'une politique culturelle et l'évaluation des résultats obtenus lors de son application, reste une tache difficile et d'une grande importance pour la société. La difficulté de celle-ci, s'explique par la complexité de la société actuelle, particulièrement lorsque l'on tient compte du fait que la culture et la vie culturelle, ne sont pas des phénomènes isolés qui ne peuvent être en corrélation ou en interaction avec d'autres phénomènes sociaux, mais elles représentent des éléments indissociables de la société et de la vie sociale. Ils ne peuvent ni être étudiés, ni appliqués indépendamment du contexte social. En outre, la société humaine (ses lois, tendances, mouvements de développement, etc.) ne peut connaître une recherche basée sur une méthodologie scientifique qui pourrait susciter l'acquisition de connaissances précises comme tel est le cas avec la physique ou la chimie, parce qu'avant toute évaluation du fonctionnement de la société, le chercheur doit forcément juger d'après les valeurs qui lui sont proches, ce qui dans tous les cas, ne peut être accepté ou être considéré de manière universelle. Les principes de bases d'une politique culturelle spécifique reflètent directement le regard sur le monde et les valeurs caractéristiques de ces personnes, plus précisément de personnes spécialisées, qui ont conceptualisé la politique culturelle donnée, indépendamment du fait qu'ils soient eux-mêmes conscients que celle-ci soit le reflet de leurs convictions personnelles ou bien s'ils pensent avoir trouvé en elle un foyer de valeurs universelles. Durant l'analyse et l'évaluation d'une politique culturelle spécifique, il est important de confirmer par tous moyens, qu'une différenciation a été appliquée entre ce qui est considéré comme souhaitable ou idéal et la connaissance adéquate de quelque chose de réalisable pendant la conception de cette dernière. Ainsi, on pourrait dire si c'est un élan poétique qui a influencé majoritairement la conception de cette politique culturelle, ou l'innovation ou encore la froide systématisation d'un économiste ou juriste. 2 Les priorités définies par une politique culturelle spécifique dépendent également directement de la façon dont les auteurs conçoivent la notion de spiritualité, des limites de leur investissement et du sacrifice personnel, qu'ils seraient prêts à encourir pour leur nation, leur Etat et jusqu'où sont-ils obligés de se dévouer pour conserver et défendre le développement de cette spiritualité ainsi définie et entendue. La compréhension de l'importance de la culture et la détermination de sa place au sein de la société sont établies d'après les bases des politiques sociales. C'est ainsi si l'on considère la spiritualité comme l'essence de l'humanité (être homme signifie être avant tout un être spirituel) et si cette spiritualité n'est pas définie selon des principes théologiques, des paramètres religieux (dans ce cas la communauté et la vie religieuse auraient un rôle social considérable), mais plutôt si comme paramètre de cette spiritualité et incarnation de ces valeurs spirituelles, on sous-entend les beaux- arts, ou la musique (classique plus précisément) qui reflètent par excellence la spiritualité humaine ainsi que la création artistique, nous pouvons alors en conclure que la tâche de cette politique culturelle est d’élaborer un système et une méthodologie qui permettront à tous les citoyens de connaître directement dans les moindres détails, les valeurs de la musique classique et d‘être éduqués dans le respect de cette expression artistique, ce qui les aiderait à se former, en un être « noble », doté d’une grande spiritualité. De plus, il faut garder à l’esprit que les communautés comprenant des gens spirituels et « nobles », vont naturellement aspirer au développement, à l’ascension, ce qui de cette manière permet un développement continu et garantit la stabilité et le bien-être de cette communauté. Si les créateurs de cette politique culturelle restent fermes sur ces positions, ils sont alors prêts à utiliser tous les potentiels disponibles de cette communauté pour atteindre ce grand objectif. Il est également très important de prendre en considération l’état réel des choses, et que la réalisation de cet objectif n’est pas chose facile, que certaines personnes ou groupes ne reconnaîtront pas ses aspirations comme les leurs, c’est pourquoi il faut trouver les moyens et méthodes pour réprimer ces activités potentielles subversives. Ces populations extrêmes ne sont pas fréquentes, d’autant plus qu’il est rare que la majorité des gens représentent un tel type d’extrémisme culturel. Dans le cadre de la conception culturelle des états développés démocratiques contemporains, la forme mentionnée précédemment n’est pas représentée, ce qui ne veut pas dire que chaque élément de ce modèle n ‘a pas influencé la politique culturelle de ces pays durant certaines périodes, et que le modèle donné ne deviendra 3 pas un jour dominant dans certains pays, en raison des changements possibles au cours de l’histoire. La seule chose dont il faut tenir compte est que l’Etat que l’on peut aujourd’hui définir comme développé et démocratique, à partir du moment ou il acceptera, dans un avenir plus ou moins proche, ce type de modèle culturel, ne sera plus démocratique. En effet, ce modèle de politique culturelle et la démocratie telle qu’on la connaît aujourd’hui, ne peuvent fonctionner ensemble. On peut définir deux types de liens unissant l’Etat à la création et aux institutions culturelles. Une de ces possibilités, est que l’Etat prenne toute responsabilité et veille sur les institutions culturelles, qu’il les soutienne financièrement et qu’il surveille leur travail ainsi que leurs résultats. De cette manière, l’Etat veille sur toute création culturelle, crée les standards, donne des valeurs, promeut les priorités nationales culturelles
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