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Home , Bolivian tin belt, Flat slab subduction, Izanagi Plate, Late Jurassic

https://doi.org/10.1130/G48615.1

Manuscript received 11 May 2020 Revised manuscript received 9 November 2020 Manuscript accepted 17 November 2020

© 2021 The Authors. Open Access: This paper is published under the terms of the CC-BY license. Published online 26 January 2021

Recognition of a Middle–Late arc-related porphyry belt along the southeast China coast: Geological characteristics and metallogenic implications Jingwen Mao1,2*, Wei Zheng2, Guiqing Xie1,2, Bernd Lehmann3 and Richard Goldfarb1 1China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China 2MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China 3Mineral Resources, Technical University of Clausthal, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany

ABSTRACT significant exploration potential for world-class Recent exploration has led to definition of a Middle–Late Jurassic copper belt with an ex- resources. tent of ∼2000 km along the southeast China coast. The 171–153 Ma magmatic-hydrothermal copper systems consist of porphyry, skarn, and vein-style deposits. These systems developed REGIONAL GOLOGY OF THE along several northeast-trending transpressive zones formed at the margins of Juras- SOUTHEAST CHINA COASTAL BELT sic volcanic basins, although the world-class 171 Ma Dexing porphyry copper system was The southeast China coastal area is geologi- controlled by a major reactivated suture zone in the South China block. cally located along the edge of the Cathaysia The southeast China coastal porphyry belt is parallel to the northeast-trending, temporally block, which amalgamated with the Yangtze overlapping, 165–150 Ma tin-tungsten province, which developed in the Nanling region in along the Qinhang suture zone ca. 1.1– a back-arc transtensional setting several hundred kilometers inboard. A new geodynamic- 0.9 Ga (Chen et al., 1991) to form the South Chi- metallogenic model linking the two parallel belts is proposed, which is similar to that char- na block (Fig. 1). The Cathaysia block consists acterizing the metallogenic evolution of the Central . of a basement overlain by Sinian to early sedimentary and late Mesozoic INTRODUCTION the active trench in an apparently irregular pat- continental clastic and volcanic cover. There are Ore deposits can be used as markers of geo- tern. Therefore, most workers have historically two important northeast-striking transpressive dynamic evolution, as initially recognized for considered the deposits to have formed in an faults in the eastern part of the Cathaysia block: porphyry copper deposits by Sillitoe (1972), and intraplate setting (Guo et al., 1982; Pirajno the Zhenghe-Dapu and the Changle-Nan’ao later generalized by Mitchell and Garson (1981) and Zhou, 2015; Zhou et al., 2015). Some re- faults. The Zhenghe-Dapu fault is regarded as and Sawkins (1984). One of the classic examples searchers, however, have proposed a relation- a translithospheric strike-slip fault, dividing the is the Central Andes, where Cenozoic porphyry ship to the oblique of the Izanagi Cathaysia block into two units (Fig. 1), locally copper deposits in are representative of or paleo– beneath the interior of known as the Interior Cathaysia and the Coastal an active continental margin setting, and the the South China block (Qi, 1990; Zhou et al., Cathaysia blocks. The newly recognized Middle Bolivian tin belt is indicative of a back-arc set- 2006; Mao et al., 2013). If this were the case, to Late Jurassic southeast China coastal cop- ting. Both metal belts formed in specific and then one must consider whether there exists a per porphyry belt is located along and close to relatively narrow time windows at the 10 m.y. recognizable Mesozoic arc along the Eurasian these two major fault systems. Pre- scale related to the regional stress field, which continental margin; such arcs typically host basement, late –Middle clastic was modulated by periods of flat-slab subduc- copper-rich porphyry and related ore systems. and carbonate rocks, and late Mesozoic conti- tion (James and Sacks, 1999; Kay et al., 1999; Data from our recent field investigations, cou- nental volcanic rocks are the major rock types Lehmann, 2004). pled with previous data from numerous work- intruded by the porphyry systems (Zhao et al., However, the tectonic setting of the major ers, confirm that there is clearly a Middle to 2015). There are numerous variably eroded late tin-tungsten province in the Nanling region of Late Jurassic porphyry copper belt along the Mesozoic volcanic edifices in the belt, includ- southeast China has remained puzzling. The southeastern continental margin of China asso- ing stratovolcanoes and volcanic domes and re- tin and tungsten deposits are mainly of Mid- ciated with the subduction of the Izanagi plate lated intrusive rocks, which mainly formed at dle to Late Jurassic age, a time period locally during that time. The regional metal polarity 140–85 Ma within an extensional regime (Chu known as early Yanshanian. Many of the de- of tin-tungsten ores in the back-arc and copper et al., 2019). Lesser igneous activity is recorded posits formed more than 1000 km inward from ores in the main arc integrates the mineral de- during the time period of 170–140 Ma, which posits of southeastern China into a comprehen- was characterized by a compressional regime *E-mail: [email protected] sive global metallogenic framework and reveals (Chu et al., 2019). Local and relatively small

CITATION: Mao, J., et al., 2021, Recognition of a Middle–Late Jurassic arc-related porphyry copper belt along the southeast China coast: Geological characteristics and metallogenic implications: Geology, v. 49, p. 592–596, https://doi.org/10.1130/G48615.1

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Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-pdf/49/5/592/5273400/592.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Figure 1. Map showing Jurassic porphyry–skarn–hydrothermal vein copper deposits in the southeast China coastal belt (continental arc set- ting) and the tin-tungsten (W-Sn) province of the Nanling region (dashed red ellipse) in a back-arc setting.

exposures of Jurassic volcanic and hypabyssal gin. Through detailed field investigations in the Andean belt because of the greater degree of intrusive rocks dated at 172–152 Ma (Table S1 coastal area over the past 10 yr, it has been rec- erosion in the older southeast China belt. The in the Supplemental Material1) are recognized ognized that there are dozens of copper-rich por- deposits have an age range from 171 Ma to within the southern, northwestern, and western phyry, skarn, and polymetallic vein deposits as- 153 Ma (mostly Re-Os ages on molybdenite) margins of the younger volcanic sociated with small magmatic centers of Middle and are coeval with the related granitic rocks cover (Fig. 1). It is these remnant igneous cen- to Late Jurassic age (Fig. 1). These discoveries ranging from 172 to 152 Ma (U-Pb on zircon; ters that host the copper mineralization. put the historic giant porphyry copper district see Table S1), which include quartz diorite por- of Dexing in a new light, where rather than an phyry, granodiorite porphyry, granodiorite, and FEATURES OF THE MIDDLE–LATE isolated ore district of uncertain tectonic affin- minor monzogranite. The host rocks of the ore JURASSIC SOUTHEAST CHINA ity, it could now be viewed as part of a partly deposits and their associated intrusions are var- COASTAL PORPHYRY COPPER BELT eroded Andean-style magmatic-hydrothermal ied. Qiguling (165 Ma), Potoumian (164 Ma), South China is well known for the excep- metallogenic belt. Chadi (165 Ma), Mang’eling (166 Ma), and tionally metal-rich Late Jurassic Nanling tin- Didougang (166 Ma) at the southwestern end tungsten province, in what we would interpret Geology of the Copper Belt of the belt are copper-rich skarn occurrences here as a back-arc setting (Fig. 1; more detailed The porphyry copper deposits are mainly in the Yangchun Basin (Fig. 1). They occur at information is provided in the Supplemental in the southern and northwestern parts of the the contact between Jurassic granodiorite plu- Material; Mao et al., 2013, 2019). The discov- Coastal Cathaysia block, as well as west of the tons and Upper Devonian carbonate rocks. The ery of the 161 Ma Xinliaodong porphyry copper extensive Cretaceous volcanic rock cover with- Zhongqiuyang (162 Ma), E’di (169 Ma), Guan- deposit associated with granodiorite porphyry in the block. Only a few deposits, such as the tian, Xinliaodong (161 Ma), Gutian (162 Ma), in eastern Guangdong Province in 2010 (Fig. 1; Dingjiashan and Fengyan Cu-rich polymetallic and Honggoushan (156 Ma) porphyry copper Wang et al., 2014) gave rise to the speculation deposits (Fig. 1), are exposed in a tectonic win- prospects are hosted in Late Jurassic intrusive that there may possibly be a Jurassic arc-related dow surrounded by younger Late Jurassic–Cre- rocks and their country rocks of Lower Jurassic copper porphyry belt near the continental mar- taceous volcanic rocks. siltstone and Upper Jurassic volcanic rocks. Ma- The Jurassic copper deposits in the southeast jor Pb-Zn-Cu skarn orebodies at both Fengyan China coastal belt comprise a spectrum from and Dingjiashan are mainly hosted in Protero- 1Supplemental Material. Appendix S1, Figures S1– S4, and Table S1. Please visit https://doi.org/10.1130/ porphyry to skarn and to epithermal vein types. zoic carbonate rocks and are spatially associated GEOL.S.13530608 to access the supplemental material, The latter veins are less abundant and economi- with minor late Jurassic subvolcanic dikes. The and contact [email protected] with any questions. cally less significant than in the well-studied northernmost part of the belt hosts the major

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Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-pdf/49/5/592/5273400/592.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Dexing porphyry copper district with a total gram (Fig. S3), zircon εHf(t) data for the igneous an age range of 171–153 Ma and related calc- resource of ∼9.2 Mt Cu (see Table S1). The rocks show a wide range and plot either below alkaline formed along the north- Dexing district includes three southeast-aligned, or along the chondritic evolution line, indicating east-trending transpressive faults and associated 171 Ma Cu-Mo-Au deposits, Tongchang, Fuji- extensive interaction between and crust. structural zones. awu, and Zhushahong, hosted in granodiorite Moreover, the diagram suggests that the ore- The association of porphyry copper systems porphyry intrusions. The 172 Ma Yinshan por- related systems in the southeast China with subduction settings is well documented from phyry copper–epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is coastal belt were mainly derived from mantle the Andes and southwestern , with located 6 km southwest of the Dexing deposits, material with minor contributions of Neopro- recurrent short-lived metallogenic epochs occur- and it is hosted by both granodiorite porphyry terozoic , as also seen in the ring during a long-lived history of subduction on and causative volcanic rocks. Nearby smaller Sr-Nd isotopic patterns (Fig. S4). the 100 m.y. scale (Sillitoe, 2012). The world- Cu-Mo porphyry and polymetallic skarn/vein class Dexing porphyry district, coupled with the deposits at Yongping, Longtougang, Tongcun, GENETIC MODEL FOR THE MIDDLE Dongxiang, Yongping, Longtougang, Linghou, Linghou, and Dongxiang have mineralization TO LATE JURASSIC SOUTHEAST and Tongcun magmatic-hydrothermal copper sys- ages of 162–154 Ma and are mainly hosted by CHINA COASTAL PORPHYRY COPPER tems in the northern part of the belt, occurs east carbonate and clastic rocks. BELT of the Qinhang suture (Fig. 1). Reactivation of the The continental blocks in East Asia were suture strands to the east during the Middle–Late Tectonic Control of Magmatic- amalgamated by the end of the Triassic after rift- Jurassic transpressive regime focused the ascent Hydrothermal Mineralization ing away from the in of mantle and lower-crustal melt from previously The continental margin of southeastern Chi- the late Paleozoic (Zhao et al., 2018). Zhou et al. subduction-metasomatized in a gen- na is traversed by several large margin-parallel (2006) recognized a period of relative tectono- eral regime close to flat-slab subduction. Such transpressive faults, of which the Zhenghe-Dapu magmatic quiescence from ca. 205 to 180 Ma melts with adakitic features pick up the metal and Changle-Nan’ao fault zones are the larg- () in the South China block. The inventory from the hydrated and metasomatized est (Fig. 1). The porphyry copper systems and dominant tectonic regime gradually changed from lower continental crust and are favorable for cop- related igneous rocks are controlled by these a Tethyan domain to a Pacific domain in the Mid- per mineralization, different from the usual calc- northeast-striking faults and parallel basin- dle Jurassic, which was triggered by the oblique alkaline main arc magmatism generated during margin faults that formed during the opening of subduction of the Izanagi plate (Maruyama et al., normal subduction (Kay et al., 1999; Haschke northeast-trending volcanic basins between the 1997). There is widespread agreement that the et al., 2002). first-order faults. The large Dexing district at the Izanagi plate subducted beneath the Eurasian con- By contrast, the original northeast-trend- northern end of the copper belt is controlled by tinent at a low angle, occasionally even close to ing transpressive faults gradually changed to a secondary faults that branch out from the Neo- flat, although the precise ages of changes in tra- transtensional style in the back-arc in the Nan- Qinhang suture zone, which became jectories are still very debated (e.g., Zhou et al., ling Range. The back-arc region was dominat- reactivated by the transpressive 2006; Li and Li, 2007; Wang et al., 2011; Mao ed by intracrustal melting and fractionation, as regime. At the deposit scale, the porphyry, skarn, et al., 2013; Chu et al., 2019). shown by the Late Jurassic S-type or ilmenite and vein deposits are controlled by either vol- Our recognition of a Middle to Late Jurassic, peraluminous granitic rocks, which reflect canic edifices along the major faults, such as at southeast China coastal magmatic arc associated large-scale crustal melting of chemically reduced Yinshan, Zhongqiuyang, Dingjiashan, and Feng- with a ca. 171–153 Ma porphyry copper belt, pelitic rock sequences. The necessary high heat yan, or secondary basin-margin faults, such as at coupled with the 165–150 Ma tin-tungsten prov- flow above the slab region was likely induced Honggoushan, Dongxiang, and Qiguling. ince in the Nanling region within an associated by upwelling mantle flow through a slab win- back-arc setting (Mao et al., 2013), provides dow, and associated lithospheric delamination, Petrological Nature of the Ore Systems convincing evidence for a subduction-related similar to the magmatic flare-up in the The porphyry copper–related granitic rocks tectono-magmatic regime throughout the Mid- central Andes (Kay and Coira, 2009). The highly in the southeast China coastal belt, ranging from dle–Late Jurassic. We propose a comprehensive evolved granites and related tin-tungsten depos- diorite to granite, are characterized by high-K metallogenic-geotectonic model based on previ- its are spatially located along several northeast- calc-alkaline, shoshonitic, and calc-alkaline ous data and our own new work (Fig. 2). When trending faults, particularly at the intersection compositions, which are similar to those of the the oceanic plate subducted obliquely beneath areas between northeast-trending and preexist- subduction-related porphyry copper systems in South China at a low angle, it formed a of ing east-west–trending faults (Mao et al., 2019). the North and South American Cordillera (Cooke regional northeast-trending transpressive faults, In contrast to the Miocene Bolivian tin province et al., 2005). Geochemically, the primitive man- opened a series of northeast-trending basins be- (Sillitoe et al., 1975; Lehmann, 1990), there are tle–normalized spider diagrams and chondrite- tween the major transpressional structures, and no volcanic rocks genetically associated with the normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns reactivated the Neoproterozoic Qinhang suture tungsten- and tin-related granites in the Nanling (Fig. S1) of the southeast China coastal porphyry zone. During the Middle and Late Jurassic, the region, indicating a relatively deeper emplace- belt are similar to those of typical subduction- slab dipped at a relatively flat angle to the north- ment position. This is therefore more similar to related continental arcs, characterized by enrich- west and reached more than 1000 km inward the Triassic tin-tungsten mineralization in the ment of the large ion lithophile elements (Rb, Th, from the Izanagi trench, located a few hundred northern Bolivian tin province. Extreme fraction- U, Ba, K) and light REEs (LREEs), and deple- kilometers seaward of the edge of the conti- ation processes there produced world-class tin- tion of high field strength elements (Nb, Ta, P, Zr, nental margin. Subduction was accompanied tungsten deposits in the apical portions of much Ti) (Pearce et al., 1984). Elevated Sr/Y ratios and by strong interplate coupling and concomitant larger granite systems and in the country rocks “adakitic” features indicate hornblende-stable compression and crustal thickening. The 300 km around the cupolas. conditions in the source region, i.e., hydrated section of the South China block closest to the In light of the newly recognized model, it lower crust (Richards, 2011). continental margin was uplifted to form a high is likely that there are as-yet undiscovered eco- In tectonic discrimination diagrams (Fig. plateau (Chen, 2000; Zhang et al., 2016), host- nomically significant Middle to Late Jurassic S2), all the felsic rocks in the belt plot within ing the copper ores along coast-parallel fault porphyry copper systems beneath the ­Cretaceous

the volcanic-arc field. In the εHf(t) versus age dia- systems. The porphyry copper ore systems with volcaniclastic cover along the ­southeast China

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Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-pdf/49/5/592/5273400/592.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Figure 2. Genetic model for coupling of Middle–Late Jurassic southeast China coastal porphyry copper belt along the continental margin, and Middle–Late Jurassic Nanling tin-tungsten province in a back-arc terrane. The relatively flat subduction setting allowed lithospheric metasomatism and formed porphyry copper systems by melting/assimilation/storage in the lower continental crust (Hildreth and Moorbath, 1988). S-type peraluminous granitic rocks in the Nanling tin-tungsten province formed by of pelitic source material, possibly induced by asthenospheric mantle upwelling through the slab window in the back-arc region.

coast. The region represents the best analog to ogy, v. 100, p. 801–818, https://doi.org/10.2113/­ Lehmann, B., 1990, Metallogeny of Tin: Berlin, the young Andean coupled copper and tin-tung- gsecongeo.100.5.801. Springer, 211 p. Guo, W.K., Liu, L.S., and Yu, Z.J., 1982, Funda- Lehmann, B., 2004, Metallogeny of the Central Andes: sten provinces. mental features of metallogenic megaprovince Geotectonic framework and geochemical evolu- and epochs of East China: Mineral Deposits, tion of the porphyry system in and Chile ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v. 1, p. 1–14 [in Chinese with English abstract], during the last 40 million , in Khanchuk, This research work was financially supported by the ­https://10.16111/j.0258–7106.1982.01.002. A.I., et al., eds., Metallogeny of the Pacific North- National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants Haschke, M., Siebel, W., Güther, A., and Scheuber, west: Tectonics, Magmatism and Metallogeny of 41820104010 and 41925011) and the Special Fund E., 2002, Repeated crustal thickening and recy- Active Continental Margins: Vladivostok, Russia, for Scientific Research in the Public Interest of the cling during the Andean in north Chile p. 118–122. Ministry of Land and Resources (grant 201411050). (21°–25°S): Journal of Geophysical Research, Li, Z.X., and Li, X.H., 2007, Formation of the 1300-km- We appreciate all the local geologists who helped us v. 107, B1, p. ECV 6-1–ECV 6-18, https://doi​ wide intracontinental orogen and postorogenic during the field trips. 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