Uplift, Rupture, and Rollback of the Farallon Slab Reflected in Volcanic
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Master’s thesis The Department of Geosciences and Geography Physical Geography South American subduction zone processes: Visualizing the spatial relation of earthquakes and volcanism at the subduction zone Nelli Metiäinen May 2019 Thesis instructors: David Whipp Janne Soininen HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO MATEMAATTIS-LUONNONTIETEELLINEN TIEDEKUNTA GEOTIETEIDEN JA MAANTIETEEN LAITOS MAANTIEDE PL 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2) 00014 Helsingin yliopisto 0 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Faculty of Science The Department of Geosciences and Geography Tekijä – Författare – Author Nelli Metiäinen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title South American subduction zone processes: Visualizing the spatial relation of earthquakes and volcanism at the subduction zone Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Physical Geography Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Master’s thesis May 2019 82 + appencides Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract The South American subduction zone is the best example of an ocean-continent convergent plate margin. It is divided into segments that display different styles of subduction, varying from normal subduction to flat-slab subduction. This difference also effects the distribution of active volcanism. Visualizations are a fast way of transferring large amounts of information to an audience, often in an interest-provoking and easily understandable form. Sharing information as visualizations on the internet and on social media plays a significant role in the transfer of information in modern society. That is why in this study the focus is on producing visualizations of the South American subduction zone and the seismic events and volcanic activities occurring there. By examining the South American subduction zone it may be possible to get new insights about subduction zone processes. -
Experimental Constraints on Adakitic Metasomatism of Mantle Wedge Peridotites Below Patagonia
O EOL GIC G A D D A E D C E I H C I L E O S F u n 2 d 6 la serena octubre 2015 ada en 19 Experimental constraints on adakitic metasomatism of mantle wedge peridotites below Patagonia Alexandre Corgne * and Manuel Schilling D. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile *Contact email: [email protected] Abstract. We performed a series of high-pressure (1.5 and Quaternary alkali lavas in the back-arc region (e.g. GPa) and high-temperature (1000-1300 ºC) experiments to Stern and Kilian, 1996; Gorring et al., 1997). The back-arc investigate the geochemical imprints of adakitic lavas are hosts of frequent mantle xenoliths, the study of metasomatism on mantle wedge peridotite. Reaction which has contributed to a better understanding of the couples were prepared using a powdered adakite from petrological and geochemical variability of the sub- Cerro Pampa (Argentina) placed next to a fragment of continental lithospheric mantle (e.g. Stern et al., 1990, spinel lherzolite from Pali Aike (Chile). Preliminary results 1999; Gorring and Kay, 2000; Laurora et al., 2001; show that the main changes in phase relations are Bertotto, 2002; Kilian and Stern, 2002; Bjerg et al., 2005, incongruent dissolution of olivine and associated 2009; Schilling et al., 2005; Rivalenti et al., 2004; Ntaflos precipitacion of secondary orthopyroxene, incongruent dissolution of primary spinel and formation of secondary et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2008; Dantas et al. 2009). spinel, as well as precipitation of secondary clinopyroxene and in some instances zoned plagioclase. -
Thermal Modelling of the Laramide Orogeny: Testing the £At-Slab Subduction Hypothesis
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com R Earth and Planetary Science Letters 214 (2003) 619^632 www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Thermal modelling of the Laramide orogeny: testing the £at-slab subduction hypothesis Joseph M. English a;Ã, Stephen T. Johnston a, Kelin Wang a;b a School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3P6 b Paci¢c Geoscience Centre, Geological Survey of Canada, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2 Received 1 April 2003; received in revised form 7 July 2003; accepted 16 July 2003 Abstract The Laramide orogeny is the Late Cretaceous to Palaeocene (80^55 Ma) orogenic event that gave rise to the Rocky Mountain fold and thrust belt in Canada, the Laramide block uplifts in the USA, and the Sierra Madre Oriental fold and thrust belt in Mexico. The leading model for driving Laramide orogenesis in the USA is flat-slab subduction, whereby stress coupling of a subhorizontal oceanic slab to the upper plate transmitted stresses eastwards, producing basement-cored block uplifts and arc magmatism in the foreland. The thermal models presented here indicate that arc magma generation at significant distances inboard of the trench ( s 600 km) during flat-slab subduction is problematic; this conclusion is consistent with the coincidence of volcanic gaps and flat-slab subduction at modern convergent margins. Lawsonite eclogite xenoliths erupted through the Colorado Plateau in Oligocene time are inferred to originate from the subducted Farallon slab, and indicate that the Laramide flat-slab subduction zone was characterised by a cold thermal regime. -
Mineral Resources of the Abert Rim Wilderness Study Area, Lake County, Oregon
Mineral Resources of the Abert Rim Wilderness Study Area, Lake County, Oregon U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1738-C AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the cur rent-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Sur vey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" Publications that are listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" are no longer available. Prices of reports released to the open files are given in the listing "U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports," updated month ly, which is for sale in microfiche from the U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. Reports released through the NTIS may be obtained by writing to the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161; please include NTIS report number with inquiry. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. BY MAIL OVER THE COUNTER Books Books Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications of general in Books of the U.S. Geological Survey are available over the terest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single copies of Earthquakes counter at the following Geological Survey Public Inquiries Offices, all & Volcanoes, Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, and some mis of which are authorized agents of the Superintendent of Documents: cellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are obtainable by mail from WASHINGTON, D.C.-Main Interior Bldg. -
Potassic “Adakite” Magmas and Where They Come From: a Mystery Solved? John Clemens Kingston University (London) Long Xiao China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)
1 Potassic “adakite” magmas and where they come from: a mystery solved? John Clemens Kingston University (London) Long Xiao China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) 2 3 4 . Adakites are volcanic and intrusive igneous rocks with 55 to 65 wt% SiO2, Al2O3 > 15 wt%, K2O/Na2O typically < 0.6, high La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios and strong depletion in Yb, Y, and HFSE. The name is from Adak island in the Alaskan Aleutians (Aleut “adak” = father). They are typically found in island and continental arc settings. Some believe then to be equivalents of Archæan TTG rocks – hence their importance. Their geochemical and isotopic characteristics suggest an origin by partial melting of mafic crust at pressures high enough to stabilise garnet and eliminate plagioclase. 5 . Adakites that occur in arcs have been interpreted as melts of the down-going slab. Thermal models suggest that slab melting should be restricted to young, hot subduction zones. Atherton and Petford (1993) suggested melting of young lower crustal rocks, in the upper plate, as an alternative to slab melting. There is some direct geological evidence for this alternative in some areas. 6 . Late Mesozoic granitoids in eastern China occur over wide areas, and lack either temporal or spatial association with subduction. Apart from their SiO2 contents, some have all the other geochemical attributes of typical subduction-related adakites, including a lack of Eu anomalies in their REE spectra, except that their K2O/Na2O > 0.95. This is possibly an erroneous attribution as “adakitic”. However this occurrence casts doubt on the assumption of a subduction-related origin for all adakitic magmas. -
Petrogenesis of Cretaceous Adakite-Like Intrusions of the Gangdese Plutonic Belt, Southern Tibet: Implications for Mid-Ocean Ridge Subduction and Crustal Growth
Lithos 190–191 (2014) 240–263 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Lithos journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/lithos Petrogenesis of Cretaceous adakite-like intrusions of the Gangdese Plutonic Belt, southern Tibet: Implications for mid-ocean ridge subduction and crustal growth Yuan-chuan Zheng a,b,⁎, Zeng-qian Hou b, Ying-li Gong c, Wei Liang a,Qing-ZhongSunb,SongZhanga, Qiang Fu a, Ke-Xian Huang a, Qiu-Yun Li a,WeiLia a School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100082, PR China b Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, PR China c Laboratory of Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China article info abstract Article history: We have conducted a whole-rock geochemical, U–Pb zircon geochronological, and in situ zircon Hf–Oisotopic Received 15 August 2013 compositional study of rocks in southern Tibet from the Langxian igneous suite (including a lamprophyre Accepted 16 December 2013 dyke, mafic enclaves, a granodiorite, and a two-mica granite) and the Nuri igneous suite (a quartz–diorite). U– Available online 24 December 2013 Pb zircon dating indicates that the timing of crystallization of the mafic enclaves and host granodiorite of the Langxian suite are ca. 105 Ma and 102 Ma, respectively, that the Langxian lamprophyre dyke and the two- Keywords: – – Geochemistry mica granite were emplaced at ca. 96 Ma and 80 76 Ma, respectively, and that the Nuri quartz diorite was fi U–Pb zircon ages emplaced at ca. 95 Ma. With the exception of the lamprophyre dyke and ma c enclaves in the Langxian area, Zircon Hf–Oisotopes felsic rocks from the Langxian and Nuri igneous suites all show signs of a geochemical affinity with adakite- 18 Adakite-like rocks like rocks. -
Can Slab Melting Be Caused by Flat Subduction? Geology
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234073692 Can slab melting be caused by flat subduction? Geology Article in Geology · June 2000 DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<535:CSMBCB>2.0.CO;2 CITATIONS READS 428 1,167 4 authors, including: M.-A. Gutscher René C Maury Université de Bretagne Occidentale Université de Bretagne Occidentale 164 PUBLICATIONS 5,573 CITATIONS 356 PUBLICATIONS 11,783 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Erwan Bourdon CFG Services 38 PUBLICATIONS 1,092 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: ACTIVEMARGINS View project Eastern Indonesian Geodynamic Evolution View project All content following this page was uploaded by M.-A. Gutscher on 20 May 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Can slab melting be caused by flat subduction? Marc-André Gutscher* Laboratoire GTS, UMR 5573, Université Montpellier II, F-34095 Montpellier, France René Maury IUEM/Université Bretagne Occidentale, Place Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, France Jean-Philippe Eissen IRD Centre de Bretagne, B.P. 70, F-29280 Plouzané, France Erwan Bourdon ABSTRACT tion of adakitic magmas for these cases, related to Slab melting has been suggested as a likely source of adakitic arc magmas (i.e., andesitic an unusual subduction geometry known as flat and dacitic magmas strongly depleted in Y and heavy rare earth elements). Existing numerical subduction (Fig. 3) (Sacks, 1983; Pennington, and petrologic models, however, restrict partial melting to very young (<5 Ma) oceanic crust 1984; Cahill and Isacks, 1992; Abbott et al., (typically at 60–80 km depth). -
Miocene to Late Quaternary Patagonian Basalts (46–478S): Geochronometric and Geochemical Evidence for Slab Tearing Due to Active Spreading Ridge Subduction
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 149 (2006) 346–370 www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores Miocene to Late Quaternary Patagonian basalts (46–478S): Geochronometric and geochemical evidence for slab tearing due to active spreading ridge subduction Christe`le Guivel a,*, Diego Morata b, Ewan Pelleter c,d, Felipe Espinoza b, Rene´ C. Maury c, Yves Lagabrielle e, Mireille Polve´ f,g, Herve´ Bellon c, Joseph Cotten c, Mathieu Benoit c, Manuel Sua´rez h, Rita de la Cruz h a UMR 6112 bPlane´tologie et Ge´odynamiqueQ, Universite´ de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinie`re, 44322 Nantes, France b Departamento de Geologı´a. Fac. Cs. Fı´sicas y Matema´ticas, Universidad de Chile, Plaza Ercilla 803, Santiago, Chile c UMR 6538 bDomaines oce´aniquesQ, UBO-IUEM, place Nicolas-Copernic, 29280 Plouzane´, France d CRPG-CNRS UPR A2300, BP 20, 54501 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France e UMR 5573, Dynamique de la Lithosphe`re, Place E. Bataillon, case 60, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France f LMTG-OMP, 14 Avenue E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France g IRD-Departamento de Geologia de la Universidad de Chile, Chile h Servicio Nacional de Geologı´a y Minerı´a, Avda. Santa Marı´a 0104, Santiago, Chile Received 18 May 2005; received in revised form 29 August 2005; accepted 14 September 2005 Abstract Miocene to Quaternary large basaltic plateaus occur in the back-arc domain of the Andean chain in Patagonia. They are thought to result from the ascent of subslab asthenospheric magmas through slab windows generated from subducted segments of the South Chile Ridge (SCR). We have investigated three volcanic centres from the Lago General Carrera–Buenos Aires area (46–478S) located above the inferred position of the slab window corresponding to a segment subducted 6 Ma ago. -
Lunar Crater Volcanic Field (Reveille and Pancake Ranges, Basin and Range Province, Nevada, USA)
Research Paper GEOSPHERE Lunar Crater volcanic field (Reveille and Pancake Ranges, Basin and Range Province, Nevada, USA) 1 2,3 4 5 4 5 1 GEOSPHERE; v. 13, no. 2 Greg A. Valentine , Joaquín A. Cortés , Elisabeth Widom , Eugene I. Smith , Christine Rasoazanamparany , Racheal Johnsen , Jason P. Briner , Andrew G. Harp1, and Brent Turrin6 doi:10.1130/GES01428.1 1Department of Geology, 126 Cooke Hall, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA 2School of Geosciences, The Grant Institute, The Kings Buildings, James Hutton Road, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH 3FE, UK 3School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK 31 figures; 3 tables; 3 supplemental files 4Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science, Shideler Hall, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA 5Department of Geoscience, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA CORRESPONDENCE: gav4@ buffalo .edu 6Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 610 Taylor Road, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8066, USA CITATION: Valentine, G.A., Cortés, J.A., Widom, ABSTRACT some of the erupted magmas. The LCVF exhibits clustering in the form of E., Smith, E.I., Rasoazanamparany, C., Johnsen, R., Briner, J.P., Harp, A.G., and Turrin, B., 2017, overlapping and colocated monogenetic volcanoes that were separated by Lunar Crater volcanic field (Reveille and Pancake The Lunar Crater volcanic field (LCVF) in central Nevada (USA) is domi variable amounts of time to as much as several hundred thousand years, but Ranges, Basin and Range Province, Nevada, USA): nated by monogenetic mafic volcanoes spanning the late Miocene to Pleisto without sustained crustal reservoirs between the episodes. -
Andean Flat-Slab Subduction Through Time
Andean flat-slab subduction through time VICTOR A. RAMOS & ANDRE´ S FOLGUERA* Laboratorio de Tecto´nica Andina, Universidad de Buenos Aires – CONICET *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: The analysis of magmatic distribution, basin formation, tectonic evolution and structural styles of different segments of the Andes shows that most of the Andes have experienced a stage of flat subduction. Evidence is presented here for a wide range of regions throughout the Andes, including the three present flat-slab segments (Pampean, Peruvian, Bucaramanga), three incipient flat-slab segments (‘Carnegie’, Guan˜acos, ‘Tehuantepec’), three older and no longer active Cenozoic flat-slab segments (Altiplano, Puna, Payenia), and an inferred Palaeozoic flat- slab segment (Early Permian ‘San Rafael’). Based on the present characteristics of the Pampean flat slab, combined with the Peruvian and Bucaramanga segments, a pattern of geological processes can be attributed to slab shallowing and steepening. This pattern permits recognition of other older Cenozoic subhorizontal subduction zones throughout the Andes. Based on crustal thickness, two different settings of slab steepening are proposed. Slab steepening under thick crust leads to dela- mination, basaltic underplating, lower crustal melting, extension and widespread rhyolitic volcan- ism, as seen in the caldera formation and huge ignimbritic fields of the Altiplano and Puna segments. On the other hand, when steepening affects thin crust, extension and extensive within-plate basaltic flows reach the surface, forming large volcanic provinces, such as Payenia in the southern Andes. This last case has very limited crustal melt along the axial part of the Andean roots, which shows incipient delamination. -
Plate Tectonic Setting of the Andean Cordillera
183 by Victor A. Ramos Plate tectonic setting of the Andean Cordillera Laboratorio de Tectónica Andina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected] The Andes are a natural laboratory for the study of the acterize the different segments are widely variable. The present interaction between subduction of the oceanic plate and overview will focus on the major geological differences among these segments, based on today’s plate-tectonic knowledge of this moun- active geological processes. Inter- and intraplate seis- tain chain. micity, volcanic activity, thick- and thin-skinned fold and thrust belts, and foreland basin subsidence, in con- junction with space geodetic observations, contribute to Major geological provinces characterize the present plate tectonic setting of discrete The Andes north of the Golfo de Guayaquil are unique, as estab- segments of the Andes. The inherited geological history, lished by Gansser (1973). The Northern Andes record an important as well as the present tectonic setting, is responsible for accretion of oceanic crust during Jurassic, late Cretaceous, and Pale- the unique geology of the Northern, Central, and South- ogene times. As a result, the Western Cordillera of Colombia and Ecuador is mainly constituted of an oceanic basement that during ern Andes. The Northern Andes are the result of Meso- accretion was related to ophiolite obduction, important penetrative zoic and Cenozoic collisions of oceanic terranes, prior deformation and metamorphism, in cases up to blue schist facies. to the present Andean-type setting. The Central Andes Further north, the emplacement of the Caribbean nappes was related to the collision of an island arc system, the Bonaire block, during have a long history of subduction and volcanic arc Paleogene times (Bosch and Rodríguez, 1992, Kellogg and Bonini, activity, while the Southern Andes record the closing of 1982). -
Foreland Uplift During Flat Subduction Insights from the Peruvian Andes
Tectonophysics 731–732 (2018) 73–84 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Tectonophysics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto Foreland uplift during flat subduction: Insights from the Peruvian Andes and T Fitzcarrald Arch ⁎ Brandon T. Bishopa, , Susan L. Becka, George Zandta, Lara S. Wagnerb, Maureen D. Longc, Hernando Taverad a Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1040 East 4th Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA b Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA c Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA d Instituto Geofísico del Perú, Calle Badajoz 169, Lima 15012, Peru ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Foreland deformation has long been associated with flat-slab subduction, but the precise mechanism linking Basal shear these two processes remains unclear. One example of foreland deformation corresponding in space and time to Flat slab flat subduction is the Fitzcarrald Arch, a broad NE-SW trending topographically high feature covering an area Andes of > 4 × 105 km2 in the Peruvian Andean foreland. Recent imaging of the southern segment of Peruvian flat slab Crustal thickening shows that the shallowest part of the slab, which corresponds to the subducted Nazca Ridge northeast of the Lithosphere present intersection of the ridge and the Peruvian trench, extends up to and partly under the southwestern edge Fitzcarrald Arch of the arch. Here, we evaluate models for the formation of this foreland arch and find that a basal-shear model is most consistent with observations. We calculate that ~5 km of lower crustal thickening would be sufficient to generate the arch's uplift since the late Miocene.