Modeling, Visualizing, and Understanding Complex Tectonic Structures on the Surface and in the Sub-Surface Steven Wild Old Dominion University
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Uplift, Rupture, and Rollback of the Farallon Slab Reflected in Volcanic
PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth RESEARCH ARTICLE Uplift, rupture, and rollback of the Farallon slab reflected 10.1002/2017JB014517 in volcanic perturbations along the Yellowstone Key Points: adakite hot spot track • Volcanic perturbations in the Cascadia back-arc region are derived from uplift Victor E. Camp1 , Martin E. Ross2, Robert A. Duncan3, and David L. Kimbrough1 and dismemberment of the Farallon slab from ~30 to 20 Ma 1Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA, 2Department of Earth and • Slab uplift and concurrent melting 3 above the Yellowstone plume Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric promoted high-K calc-alkaline Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA volcanism and adakite generation • Creation of a seismic hole beneath eastern Oregon resulted from thermal Abstract Field, geochemical, and geochronological data show that the southern segment of the ancestral erosion and slab rupture, followed by Cascades arc advanced into the Oregon back-arc region from 30 to 20 Ma. We attribute this event to thermal a period of slab rollback uplift of the Farallon slab by the Yellowstone mantle plume, with heat diffusion, decompression, and the release of volatiles promoting high-K calc-alkaline volcanism throughout the back-arc region. The greatest Supporting Information: • Supporting Information S1 degree of heating is expressed at the surface by a broad ENE-trending zone of adakites and related rocks • Data Set S1 generated by melting of oceanic crust from the Farallon slab. A hiatus in eruptive activity began at ca. • Data Set S2 22–20 Ma but ended abruptly at 16.7 Ma with renewed volcanism from slab rupture occurring in two separate • Data Set S3 regions. -
0 Master's Thesis the Department of Geosciences And
Master’s thesis The Department of Geosciences and Geography Physical Geography South American subduction zone processes: Visualizing the spatial relation of earthquakes and volcanism at the subduction zone Nelli Metiäinen May 2019 Thesis instructors: David Whipp Janne Soininen HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO MATEMAATTIS-LUONNONTIETEELLINEN TIEDEKUNTA GEOTIETEIDEN JA MAANTIETEEN LAITOS MAANTIEDE PL 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2) 00014 Helsingin yliopisto 0 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Faculty of Science The Department of Geosciences and Geography Tekijä – Författare – Author Nelli Metiäinen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title South American subduction zone processes: Visualizing the spatial relation of earthquakes and volcanism at the subduction zone Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Physical Geography Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Master’s thesis May 2019 82 + appencides Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract The South American subduction zone is the best example of an ocean-continent convergent plate margin. It is divided into segments that display different styles of subduction, varying from normal subduction to flat-slab subduction. This difference also effects the distribution of active volcanism. Visualizations are a fast way of transferring large amounts of information to an audience, often in an interest-provoking and easily understandable form. Sharing information as visualizations on the internet and on social media plays a significant role in the transfer of information in modern society. That is why in this study the focus is on producing visualizations of the South American subduction zone and the seismic events and volcanic activities occurring there. By examining the South American subduction zone it may be possible to get new insights about subduction zone processes. -
Thermal Modelling of the Laramide Orogeny: Testing the £At-Slab Subduction Hypothesis
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com R Earth and Planetary Science Letters 214 (2003) 619^632 www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Thermal modelling of the Laramide orogeny: testing the £at-slab subduction hypothesis Joseph M. English a;Ã, Stephen T. Johnston a, Kelin Wang a;b a School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3P6 b Paci¢c Geoscience Centre, Geological Survey of Canada, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2 Received 1 April 2003; received in revised form 7 July 2003; accepted 16 July 2003 Abstract The Laramide orogeny is the Late Cretaceous to Palaeocene (80^55 Ma) orogenic event that gave rise to the Rocky Mountain fold and thrust belt in Canada, the Laramide block uplifts in the USA, and the Sierra Madre Oriental fold and thrust belt in Mexico. The leading model for driving Laramide orogenesis in the USA is flat-slab subduction, whereby stress coupling of a subhorizontal oceanic slab to the upper plate transmitted stresses eastwards, producing basement-cored block uplifts and arc magmatism in the foreland. The thermal models presented here indicate that arc magma generation at significant distances inboard of the trench ( s 600 km) during flat-slab subduction is problematic; this conclusion is consistent with the coincidence of volcanic gaps and flat-slab subduction at modern convergent margins. Lawsonite eclogite xenoliths erupted through the Colorado Plateau in Oligocene time are inferred to originate from the subducted Farallon slab, and indicate that the Laramide flat-slab subduction zone was characterised by a cold thermal regime. -
Geologic History of Siletzia, a Large Igneous Province in the Oregon And
Geologic history of Siletzia, a large igneous province in the Oregon and Washington Coast Range: Correlation to the geomagnetic polarity time scale and implications for a long-lived Yellowstone hotspot Wells, R., Bukry, D., Friedman, R., Pyle, D., Duncan, R., Haeussler, P., & Wooden, J. (2014). Geologic history of Siletzia, a large igneous province in the Oregon and Washington Coast Range: Correlation to the geomagnetic polarity time scale and implications for a long-lived Yellowstone hotspot. Geosphere, 10 (4), 692-719. doi:10.1130/GES01018.1 10.1130/GES01018.1 Geological Society of America Version of Record http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse Downloaded from geosphere.gsapubs.org on September 10, 2014 Geologic history of Siletzia, a large igneous province in the Oregon and Washington Coast Range: Correlation to the geomagnetic polarity time scale and implications for a long-lived Yellowstone hotspot Ray Wells1, David Bukry1, Richard Friedman2, Doug Pyle3, Robert Duncan4, Peter Haeussler5, and Joe Wooden6 1U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefi eld Road, Menlo Park, California 94025-3561, USA 2Pacifi c Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, 6339 Stores Road, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada 3Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1680 East West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA 4College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 CEOAS Administration Building, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503, USA 5U.S. Geological Survey, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4626, USA 6School of Earth Sciences, Stanford University, 397 Panama Mall Mitchell Building 101, Stanford, California 94305-2210, USA ABSTRACT frames, the Yellowstone hotspot (YHS) is on southern Vancouver Island (Canada) to Rose- or near an inferred northeast-striking Kula- burg, Oregon (Fig. -
Fate of the Cenozoic Farallon Slab from a Comparison of Kinematic Thermal Modeling with Tomographic Images
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 204 (2002) 17^32 www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Fate of the Cenozoic Farallon slab from a comparison of kinematic thermal modeling with tomographic images Christian Schmid Ã, Saskia Goes, Suzan van der Lee, Domenico Giardini Institute of Geophysics, ETH Ho«nggerberg (HPP), 8093 Zu«rich, Switzerland Received 28May 2002; received in revised form 11 September 2002; accepted 18September 2002 Abstract After more than 100 million years of subduction, only small parts of the Farallon plate are still subducting below western North America today. Due to the relatively young age of the most recently subducted parts of the Farallon plate and their high rates of subduction, the subducted lithosphere might be expected to have mostly thermally equilibrated with the surrounding North American mantle. However, images from seismic tomography show positive seismic velocity anomalies, which have been attributed to this subduction, in both the upper and lower mantle beneath North America. We use a three-dimensional kinematic thermal model based on the Cenozoic plate tectonic history to quantify the thermal structure of the subducted Farallon plate in the upper mantle and determine which part of the plate is imaged by seismic tomography. We find that the subducted Farallon lithosphere is not yet thermally equilibrated and that its thermal signature for each time of subduction is found to be presently detectable as positive seismic velocity anomalies by tomography. However, the spatially integrated positive seismic velocity anomalies in tomography exceed the values obtained from the thermal model for a rigid, continuous slab by a factor of 1.5 to 2.0. -
Driving the Upper Plate Surface Deformation by Slab Rollback and Mantle Flow Pietro Sternai, Laurent Jolivet, Armel Menant, Taras Gerya
Driving the upper plate surface deformation by slab rollback and mantle flow Pietro Sternai, Laurent Jolivet, Armel Menant, Taras Gerya To cite this version: Pietro Sternai, Laurent Jolivet, Armel Menant, Taras Gerya. Driving the upper plate surface defor- mation by slab rollback and mantle flow. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Elsevier, 2014, 405, pp.110-118. 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.08.023. insu-01064803 HAL Id: insu-01064803 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01064803 Submitted on 17 Sep 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Driving the upper plate surface deformation by slab rollback and mantle flow Pietro Sternai*1, Laurent Jolivet1, Armel Menant1 and Taras Gerya2 1 Institut de Sciences de la Terre d’Orléans (ISTO) - University of Orléans, France 2 Institute of Geophysics - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland *Correspondence to: [email protected] The relative contribution of crustal and mantle processes to surface deformation at convergent plate margins is still controversial. Conflicting models involving either extrusion mechanisms or slab rollback, in particular, were proposed to explain the surface strain and kinematics across the Tethyan convergent domain. -
Andean Flat-Slab Subduction Through Time
Andean flat-slab subduction through time VICTOR A. RAMOS & ANDRE´ S FOLGUERA* Laboratorio de Tecto´nica Andina, Universidad de Buenos Aires – CONICET *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: The analysis of magmatic distribution, basin formation, tectonic evolution and structural styles of different segments of the Andes shows that most of the Andes have experienced a stage of flat subduction. Evidence is presented here for a wide range of regions throughout the Andes, including the three present flat-slab segments (Pampean, Peruvian, Bucaramanga), three incipient flat-slab segments (‘Carnegie’, Guan˜acos, ‘Tehuantepec’), three older and no longer active Cenozoic flat-slab segments (Altiplano, Puna, Payenia), and an inferred Palaeozoic flat- slab segment (Early Permian ‘San Rafael’). Based on the present characteristics of the Pampean flat slab, combined with the Peruvian and Bucaramanga segments, a pattern of geological processes can be attributed to slab shallowing and steepening. This pattern permits recognition of other older Cenozoic subhorizontal subduction zones throughout the Andes. Based on crustal thickness, two different settings of slab steepening are proposed. Slab steepening under thick crust leads to dela- mination, basaltic underplating, lower crustal melting, extension and widespread rhyolitic volcan- ism, as seen in the caldera formation and huge ignimbritic fields of the Altiplano and Puna segments. On the other hand, when steepening affects thin crust, extension and extensive within-plate basaltic flows reach the surface, forming large volcanic provinces, such as Payenia in the southern Andes. This last case has very limited crustal melt along the axial part of the Andean roots, which shows incipient delamination. -
Plate Tectonic Setting of the Andean Cordillera
183 by Victor A. Ramos Plate tectonic setting of the Andean Cordillera Laboratorio de Tectónica Andina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected] The Andes are a natural laboratory for the study of the acterize the different segments are widely variable. The present interaction between subduction of the oceanic plate and overview will focus on the major geological differences among these segments, based on today’s plate-tectonic knowledge of this moun- active geological processes. Inter- and intraplate seis- tain chain. micity, volcanic activity, thick- and thin-skinned fold and thrust belts, and foreland basin subsidence, in con- junction with space geodetic observations, contribute to Major geological provinces characterize the present plate tectonic setting of discrete The Andes north of the Golfo de Guayaquil are unique, as estab- segments of the Andes. The inherited geological history, lished by Gansser (1973). The Northern Andes record an important as well as the present tectonic setting, is responsible for accretion of oceanic crust during Jurassic, late Cretaceous, and Pale- the unique geology of the Northern, Central, and South- ogene times. As a result, the Western Cordillera of Colombia and Ecuador is mainly constituted of an oceanic basement that during ern Andes. The Northern Andes are the result of Meso- accretion was related to ophiolite obduction, important penetrative zoic and Cenozoic collisions of oceanic terranes, prior deformation and metamorphism, in cases up to blue schist facies. to the present Andean-type setting. The Central Andes Further north, the emplacement of the Caribbean nappes was related to the collision of an island arc system, the Bonaire block, during have a long history of subduction and volcanic arc Paleogene times (Bosch and Rodríguez, 1992, Kellogg and Bonini, activity, while the Southern Andes record the closing of 1982). -
Foreland Uplift During Flat Subduction Insights from the Peruvian Andes
Tectonophysics 731–732 (2018) 73–84 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Tectonophysics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto Foreland uplift during flat subduction: Insights from the Peruvian Andes and T Fitzcarrald Arch ⁎ Brandon T. Bishopa, , Susan L. Becka, George Zandta, Lara S. Wagnerb, Maureen D. Longc, Hernando Taverad a Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1040 East 4th Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA b Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA c Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA d Instituto Geofísico del Perú, Calle Badajoz 169, Lima 15012, Peru ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Foreland deformation has long been associated with flat-slab subduction, but the precise mechanism linking Basal shear these two processes remains unclear. One example of foreland deformation corresponding in space and time to Flat slab flat subduction is the Fitzcarrald Arch, a broad NE-SW trending topographically high feature covering an area Andes of > 4 × 105 km2 in the Peruvian Andean foreland. Recent imaging of the southern segment of Peruvian flat slab Crustal thickening shows that the shallowest part of the slab, which corresponds to the subducted Nazca Ridge northeast of the Lithosphere present intersection of the ridge and the Peruvian trench, extends up to and partly under the southwestern edge Fitzcarrald Arch of the arch. Here, we evaluate models for the formation of this foreland arch and find that a basal-shear model is most consistent with observations. We calculate that ~5 km of lower crustal thickening would be sufficient to generate the arch's uplift since the late Miocene. -
AN ABSTRACT of the THESIS of Sarah Ashley Bromley for the Degree of Master of Science in Geology Presented on June 7, 2011. Titl
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Sarah Ashley Bromley for the degree of Master of Science in Geology presented on June 7, 2011. Title: Evolution and Inheritance of Cascadia Sub-arc Mantle Reservoirs Abstract approved: Anita L. Grunder Inheritance from pre-existing mantle domains and fluid and melt contributions from active subduction together produce the geochemical signatures of mantle-derived arc basalts. In this context, this work evaluates the evolution of Cascadia mantle sources by documenting the isotopic and compositional characteristics of primitive basalts along a transect across the Eocene-Oligocene Proto-Cascadia (EOPC) arc at ~44.5-45.5° N. Primitive EOPC flows, dikes, and sills are exposed across a ~300 km transect that includes the Oregon Coast Range in the Cascadia forearc, the Western Cascades, flanking the modern arc, and the John Day and Eastern Clarno formations east of the Cascades. Like the modern arc, EOPC was built upon accreted terranes of western North America and within the Columbia embayment, which is lithosphere of oceanic affinity that crops out as the Siletzia terrane in the forearc and extends beneath the arc to the backarc. Potential mantle source reservoirs for EOPC magmas include contributions from mantle domains related to pre-existing underlying terranes, distinct North America lithosphere, and depleted Pacific-like upper mantle. In addition, the geochemical characteristics of EOPC magmas have likely been overprinted by subduction processes. Major, trace element, and isotopic data from the EOPC reveal a heterogeneous mantle source that was variably influenced by subduction processes. In the forearc, the high field strength (HFSE) enriched basalts of the Oregon Coast Range represent low degree partial melts of a relatively enriched mantle source. -
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Marine and Petroleum Geology 117 (2020) 104341 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine and Petroleum Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpetgeo Review article A tectono-stratigraphic review of continental breakup on intraplate T continental margins and its impact on resultant hydrocarbon systems ∗ Tiago Alvesa, , Marcos Fetterb, Cathy Busbyc, Rogerio Gontijob, Tiago A. Cunhad, Nathalia H. Mattosa,e a 3D Seismic Lab – School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University – Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom b Petrobras-E&P, Av. República do Chile 65, Rio de Janeiro, 20031-912, Brazil c Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA d Integrated Geochemical Interpretation Ltd., The Granary, Hallsannery, Bideford, Devon, EX39 5HE, United Kingdom e Applied Geophysics Group, Institute of Geosciences - Universidade Estadual de Campinas Rua Carlos Gomes, 250 Campinas, 13083-855, Brazil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Intraplate Continental Margins comprise fully rifted areas of continents and cratons recording the tectonic events Continental margins associated with plate breakup and subsequent continental drift. In contrast to extensional basins, this tectonism Continental breakup post-dates the initial stages of continental rifting of tectonic plates and is specifically associated with the breakup Subsidence and ‘drifting’ of continents. Seismic and outcrop data from eight (8) Intraplate Continental Margins are reviewed Sedimentation in this work -
Geological Framework of the Mineral Deposits of the Collahuasi District
413 Collahuasi Mineral District / References REFERENCES CITED Aceñolaza, F. G., and Toselli, A. J., 1976, Consideraciones estratigráficas y tectónicas sobre el Paleozoico inferior del noroeste Argentino: 2º Congreso Latinoamericano de la Geología, p. 755-764. Aeolus-Lee, C.-T., Brandon, A. D. and Norman, M. D., 2003, Vanadium in peridotites as a proxy for paleo-fO2 during partial melting: prospects, limitations, and implications. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67, 3045–3064. Aeolus-Lee, C.-T., Leeman, W. P., Canil, D., and Xheng-Xue, A. L., 2005, Similar V/Sc Systematics in MORB and Arc Basalts: Implications for the Oxygen Fugacities of their Mantle Source Regions: Journal of Petrology, v. 46, p. 2313-2336. Allen, S. R., and McPhie, J., 2003, Phenocryst fragments in rhyolitic lavas and lava domes: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 126, p. 263-283. Allmendinger, R. W., Jordan, T. E., Kay, S. M., and Isacks, B. L., 1997, The evolution of the Altiplano-Puna Plateau of the Central Andes: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 25, p. 139-174 Allmendinger, R. W., Gonzalez, G., Yu, J., and Isacks, B. L., 2003, The East-West fault scarps of northern Chile: tectonic significance and climatic clues: Actas - 10º Congreso Geológico Chileno, Concepción, 2003. Alonso-Perez, R., Müntener, O., and Ulmer, P., 2009, Igneous garnet and amphibole fractionation in the roots of island arcs: experimental constraints on andesitic liquids: Contributions to Mineralpgy and Petrology, v. 157, p. 541–558. Alpers, C. N., and Brimhall, G. H., 1988, Middle Miocene climatic change in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile; evidence from supergene mineralization at La Escondida; with Suppl.