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Five-And-A-Half Years in ESO Council

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Five-And-A-Half Years in ESO Council FIVE-AND-A-HALF YEARS IN ESO COUNCIL Piet van der Kruit ‘Astronomen zijn pas tevreden als er op elke molshoop een teleskoop staat.’ ‘Astronomers will not be satisfied until they have built a telescope on every molehill.’ Jan Bezemer (1938–2012) Cover: The southern sky. Adapted from http://home.arcor.de/axel.mellinger/images/mwpan polar2 s.jpg. c 2000 Axel Mellinger Contents Chapter 1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 1 2 Vice-president and the UK/NL In-Kind Working Group................................. 5 3 Accession of the UK and the ALMA decision.................................................. 11 4 ALMA Search Committee and the ALMA Board............................................ 17 5 The Science Strategy Working Group and the Extremely Large Telescope..... 23 6 ALMA Groundbreaking.................................................................................... 29 7 The accession of Finland................................................................................... 35 8 Japan and ALMA............................................................................................. 39 9 Visiting Committee and committee structure.................................................. 43 10 Portugal’s delayed payments............................................................................ 49 11 Voting procedure in Council............................................................................. 55 12 Level of contributions....................................................................................... 57 13 Spain and ESO................................................................................................. 63 14 Minister van der Hoeven’s visit to Chile........................................................... 69 15 ALMA antenna procurement and other ALMA matters.................................. 77 16 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 97 Addendum (summer 2007)................................................................................ 107 Appendix I The history of ESO........................................................................................... 113 ESO and European astronomy: four decades of reciprocity.............................. 113 About La Silla................................................................................................... 115 ESO Press Release: UT1 first light event photos............................................. 120 II NOVA Press Release on election to Council President..................................... 135 III ESO Press Release: ESO and NSF sign agreement on ALMA: Green light for world’s most powerful radio observatory.................................. 137 IV ESO Press Release: Astronomers break ground on Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) – World’s largest millimeter wavelength telescope................... 143 V Speech at the occasion of the Groundbreaking of ALMA................................ 149 VI ESO Press Release: Finland to join ESO: Finland will become eleventh member state of the European Southern Observatory....................................... 153 VII ESO Council Resolution on Scientific Strategy.................................................. 157 VIII ESO Press Release: Dutch Minister of Science visits ESO facilities in Chile.... 159 IX ESO Press Release: ESO signs largest-ever European industrial contract for ground-based astronomy project ALMA............................................................. 165 X ESO Press Release: Spain to join ESO – ESO will welcome its 12th member state on 1 July 2006........................................................................................... 169 XI Farewell note to Council, ALMA Board and European ALMA Board.............. 173 XII Parts on Council in the Annual Report for 2000 through 2005......................... 177 i ii 1. Introduction In the summer of 2000 I was designated astronomical delegate to ESO Council on behalf of the Netherlands. I really looked forward to that, since the European Southern Observatory was in a very exciting period. The Very Large Telescope (VLT) with its four 8.2-meter telescopes had been opened at Paranal (although only two were operating at that time) and was quickly establishing itself as the best ground-based optical/near-IR observatory in the world. VLTI (interferometry1 with the VLT unit telescopes and a few smaller auxiliary telescopes2) was expected soon. ESO had just completed negotiations with Portugal to join ESO.3 At the same time the UK had expressed interest to join and a decision to go ahead and build the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), an array of 64 12-meter (sub)millimeter antennas at 5000 meter altitude together with North-America (USA and Canada), was expected soon. Japan might also join in the ALMA project. It seemed a very interesting time in Council and the prospect to be associated with these significant developments was very exciting indeed. My association with ESO had been on and off. Of course I had used the La Silla telescopes; in the eighties I had traveled to Chile myself a few times to observe, later it were mainly my graduate students and collaborators that went and performed the observations. At the committee level I had in the seventies been a member of an ad hoc advisory committee on the desirability to build a long-slit, intermediate-dispersion spectrograph for the 3.6-meter telescope. In the eighties I was for five years (1983 to 1987) the Dutch national member of the Observing Programs Committee (OPC) and from 1986 to 1989 chairman of the User’s Committee of the ESO/ESA Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (before the launch of HST4 really a general advisory committee to the ECF) and in 1995 chairman of an ad hoc advisory Working Group on Large Programmes. I had been part of the Netherlands delegation when the VLT was inaugurated in 1999, when I also visited Chajnantor, the site where ALMA was expected to be constructed. My expectation was, based on what I knew from other Council members, that the time it would take me was not too much. Two regular Council meetings per year and if I wanted to go two so-called Committee of Council meetings (meetings originally intended for the non- astronomer delegates; the meeting could not take decisions). And two meetings per year of the national ESO committee in preparation of the Council meeting. A very modest investment of time indeed. It proved to be completely different, but also much, much more exciting than I had anticipated! Before me my Amsterdam colleague Ed van den Heuvel was the astronomical delegate for the Netherlands to Council. The diplomatic delegate from the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science was Jan Bezemer, who had been in ESO Council for many years (and also in that of CERN, as a number of the other diplomatic delegates of Council). Jan was a geologist by training, but had been at the Ministry for a long time. I knew him reasonably well for a number 1Interferometry is the technique to combine the signals from a few telescopes to simulate a telescope with the dimension (diameter of the primary mirror or dish; the so-called aperture) of the separation of the telescopes. Since the angular resolution is inversely proportional to the aperture this technique produces high resolution images. Interferometry has been applied already many decades in radio astronomy. e.g. in the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope. 2Eventually the VLTI will encompass four 1.8-meter telescopes in addition to the four 8.2-meter VLT unit telescopes 3Portugal formally joined ESO on January 2001 after signing an agreement in June 2000 with ESO, followed by parliamentary ratification of the ESO convention in Portugal. ESO had been supporting the development of astronomy in Portugal under a co-operative agreement since 1990. 4The Hubble Space Telescope is a joint observatory, funded by NASA and the European Space Agency ESA. ESO and ESA together have established a European Coordinating Facility at the ESO Headquarters in Garching to support use of the HST by European astronomers. 1 Figure 1: The homepage of ESO in early 2006 (http://www.hq.eso.org/about-eso/). of years from whenever I had to do with the Ministry in various capacities. I had talked a lot to Jan when we were both on the trip to Chajnantor after the VLT inauguration in 1999 and I had told him at the time that I would be interested to take Ed van den Heuvel’s place if ever Ed and/or the Ministry decided not to extend Ed’s term. Jan and I seemed to go along very well and he said he actually liked the idea. I also mentioned this to Ed at some later time, but he was somewhat reserved; it turned out that he felt that there were other possible candidates as well (he mentioned Leiden but was not more specific than that). Before it makes an appointment of the astronomical Council delegate the Ministry usually asks the Netherlands Committee for Astronomy (NCA) for advice, which is a body coordinating astronomical affairs in the Netherlands, comprising the directors of the university institutes and other institutions in the country. Ed was chair of the NCA and I was vice-chair. Jan, however, seemed to have decided he would prefer me. He suggested to me that he write a letter to the NCA saying that the Minister proposed to appoint me as representative for the Netherlands and would ask the NCA what it thought about that. As far as I am aware this letter
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