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TREATMENT of a REACTIVE DYE, a DISPERSE DYE, and THEIR MIXTURES USING H2O2/Pyridine/Cu(II)

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TREATMENT of a REACTIVE DYE, a DISPERSE DYE, and THEIR MIXTURES USING H2O2/Pyridine/Cu(II) TREATMENT OF A REACTIVE DYE, A DISPERSE DYE, AND THEIR MIXTURES USING H2O2/pyridine/Cu(II) SYSTEM LIM CHOOI LING UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA JULY 2009 TREATMENT OF A REACTIVE DYE, A DISPERSE DYE, AND THEIR MIXTURES USING H2O2/pyridine/Cu(II) SYSTEM by LIM CHOOI LING Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science April 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research project would not have been completed without the help and support from so many people. I am incredibly grateful to all my research supervisors, Associate Professor Dr Norhashimah Morad, Professor Teng Tjoon Tow and Dr Norli Ismail for being so generous with their time and patience, and constantly providing academic and personal support to me throughout my research endeavour. I wish to express my heartfelt thanks to Mr Y. T. Yong from Penfabric, Penang for his kind co-operation in providing me the industrial textile effluents. My sincere appreciation goes to Mr Sadali, Mr Fazli, Mr Mazlan and Mr Farhan for their kind assistance rendered to me throughout my experimental studies in the laboratory. Not forgetting my fellow labmates especially Yeek Chia, Reem, Mobin, Khai Ern, and Amir. I thank them all for making my working experience in the laboratory a joyous one and I sincerely wished them all the very best in their future undertakings. Finally, I owe special thanks to my family and all my friends for their love and endless support of me and my work. LIM CHOOI LING DECEMBER 2008 ii TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .........................................................................................ii TABLE OF CONTENT............................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... x LIST OF PLATES ...................................................................................................xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................xiii LIST OF SYMBOLS .............................................................................................. xiv ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. xv ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................xvii CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION........................................................................1 1.1 GENERAL.....................................................................................................1 1.2 DYE COMPOUNDS......................................................................................2 1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF DYES.......................................................................3 1.4 NATURE OF TEXTILE EFFLUENT ............................................................4 1.4.1 Colour ....................................................................................................4 1.4.2 Persistent Organics .................................................................................5 1.4.3 Toxicants................................................................................................6 1.4.4 Surfactants..............................................................................................6 1.4.5 Absorbable Organic Halide (AOX).........................................................6 1.4.6 Heavy Metals..........................................................................................7 1.5 SYNTHETIC TEXTILE WASTEWATER.....................................................7 1.6 TREATMENT METHODS............................................................................7 1.6.1 Physical Treatment .................................................................................8 1.6.2 Chemical Treatment................................................................................8 iii 1.6.3 Biological Treatment ..............................................................................8 1.7 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY ............................................................................9 CHAPTER TWO - LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................... 12 2.1 TEXTILE DYES.......................................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Textile Fibres........................................................................................ 12 2.1.2 Dye Classes .......................................................................................... 13 2.1.2.1 Acid Dye .......................................................................................... 14 2.1.2.2 Azoic Dye......................................................................................... 14 2.1.2.3 Basic Dye ......................................................................................... 15 2.1.2.4 Direct Dye ........................................................................................ 15 2.1.2.5 Disperse Dye .................................................................................... 15 2.1.2.6 Mordant Dye..................................................................................... 16 2.1.2.7 Reactive Dye .................................................................................... 16 2.1.2.8 Sulfur Dye ........................................................................................ 18 2.1.2.9 Vat Dye ............................................................................................ 18 2.2 TREATMENT OF DYE WASTEWATER................................................... 19 2.2.1 PHYSICAL TREATMENT .................................................................. 25 2.2.2 CHEMICAL TREATMENT................................................................. 26 2.2.3 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT ............................................................. 27 2.3 ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES (AOP) ....................................... 28 2.3.1 Fenton Reagent..................................................................................... 30 2.3.2 Ozonation............................................................................................. 32 2.3.3 Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) ............................................................. 33 2.3.4 Electrochemical Oxidation.................................................................... 34 2.3.5 Photocatalysis/ Solar Radiation............................................................. 35 iv 2.3.6 Sonolysis .............................................................................................. 36 2.3.7 Irradiation............................................................................................. 36 2.3.8 H2O2/pyridine/Cu(II) System ................................................................ 37 CHAPTER THREE - MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................... 40 3.1 GENERAL................................................................................................... 40 3.2 EXPERIMENTAL CHEMICALS ................................................................ 40 3.3 EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT................................................................ 43 3.3.1 Jar Test Apparatus/Flocculator.............................................................. 43 3.3.2 pH Meter .............................................................................................. 44 3.3.3 Analytical Balance................................................................................ 44 3.3.4 COD Reactor........................................................................................ 45 3.3.5 Spectrophotometer................................................................................ 45 3.3.6 Dissolved Oxygen Meter (DO METER) ............................................... 46 3.3.7 Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) Spectrometer .............................. 46 3.4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES ............................................................. 47 3.5 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ........................................................................ 47 3.6 STATISTICAL ANALYSES ....................................................................... 53 3.7 TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL TEXTILE WASTEWATER................... 54 CHAPTER FOUR - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS............................................. 55 4.1 SAMPLE CHARACTERISTIC.................................................................... 55 4.1.1 Cibacron Red FN-R and Terasil Red R ................................................. 55 4.1.2 Industrial Dye Wastewater.................................................................... 59 4.2 SCREENING OF PROCESS VARIABLES ................................................. 59 4.2.1 Synthetic Reactive Dye Solution........................................................... 59 4.2.2 Synthetic Disperse Dye Solution........................................................... 61 v 4.2.3 Synthetic Mixed Dye Solution .............................................................. 63 4.2.3.1 Synthetic Mixed Dye Solution (RD: DD = 0.75: 0.25) ...................... 63 4.2.3.2 Synthetic Mixed Dye Solution (RD: DD = 0.50: 0.50) ...................... 64 4.2.3.3 Synthetic Mixed Dye Solution (RD: DD = 0.25: 0.75) ...................... 66 4.2.4 Industrial Dye Wastewater...................................................................
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