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STUDY on HOST RANGE of RENIFORM NEMATODE (Rotylenchulus Reniformis LINFORD & OLIVEIRA)1)

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STUDY on HOST RANGE of RENIFORM NEMATODE (Rotylenchulus Reniformis LINFORD & OLIVEIRA)1) 26Indonesian Journal of Agriculture 3(1), 2010: 26-31 B. Marwoto STUDY ON HOST RANGE OF RENIFORM NEMATODE 1) (Rotylenchulus reniformis LINFORD & OLIVEIRA) B. Marwoto Indonesian Ornamental Plants Research Institute, Jalan Raya Ciherang, Segunung, Pacet, Cianjur 43253, West Java PO Box 8 Sindanglaya, Phone: (0263) 512607, 516684, Facs.: (0263) 512607, Email: [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT due to R. reniformis reach 30% of the total crop production. These yield losses can increase up to 80-100% when the Rotylenchulus reniformis is an important semi-endoparasitic nematodes interact with other pathogens such as bacteria, nematode that attacks different kinds of horticultural crops in fungi, and viruses under a conducive environmental Indonesia. This nematode can be found in lowland and highland condition (Robinson et al. 1997). Intensity of R. reniformis of Indonesia. The most reliable control measures of the nematode were through the application of crop rotation, environmental attack in tropical regions is generally higher than that in sanitation, and eradication of the alternative host plants. This subtropical regions. High temperatures in the tropics requires testing the status of the host plant species of R. reniformis. coupled with the availability of continuous host plants at An experiment was conducted in April 2002 to January 2003 in any time cause life cycle period of the nematode becomes the glasshouse and laboratory of the Indonesian Ornamental shorter, so that in the a year period there is an overlapping Plants Research Institute, Cianjur, West Java (1100 m above sea nematode generation. In the same period, population level, asl.). The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with five replications. A number of 84 kinds of density of the nematode in tropical regions can be doubled vegetable and ornamental plants, and various species of weeds compared to the same generation in the subtropical regions were tested. Each kind of the plants was inoculated with 1000 R. (McSorley et al. 1982). reniformis, which was a mixture of larvae, male, and pre-adult Until now, control of R. reniformis is still relied on the female nematodes. Host status of the nematode was determined by use of chemicals for soil sterilization and chemical the criteria of reproductive factors of R. reniformis, i.e >1 = host plant and <1 = non-host plant. Reproduction factor is the ratio applications in the field (Apt and Caswell 1988). Intensive between the final and the initial populations. Results showed that use of chemicals, however, disrupts biological balance of among the 41 kinds of vegetables tested, 24 kinds of them were the soil microorganisms, since many of the beneficial host plants of R. reniformis. Chillies, carrots, and onions were microbes are also experiencing death (Krishna et al. 1977). non-hosts of R. reniformis. Seven broadleaf weed species were Environmentally friendly control methods are, therefore, classified as hosts of R. reniformis. Most of the tested monocot needed to suppress populations of R. reniformis in the weeds were non-hosts of R. reniformis. The population of R. reniformis could not develop in Tagetes patula and T. erecta hybrid, field. One effective way is the application of crop rotation Crotalaria usaramoensis, and Ricinus communis. (Robinson et al. 1997). Crop rotation with the non-host plants reduced population densities of R. reniformis below [Keywords: Rotylenchulus reniformis, host plants, reproductive the economic threshold level (Kinloch and Sprenkel 1994). factors, vegetables, ornamental plants, weeds] One year of crop rotation with maize and soybeans had significantly reduced nematode population densities and increased cotton production (Davis et al. 2003). INTRODUCTION On the long term, implementation of crop rotation was reported to give a better effect on soil ecology than the Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira is a parasitic application of aldicarb (Patel and Thakar 1986). In Puerto nematode on various economically valuable crops in Rico, the control of R. reniformis could be done through tropical and subtropical countries (Dropkin 1980). This crop rotation with plant species that are resistant or immune nematode was found as a major pest of vegetables, fruits, to the nematode, such as crucifers (Brassica nigra), oats, food crops, plantations, and ornamental plants in the grass (Chloris gayana), onions, sugarcane, and Crotalaria Caribbean islands, South America, Africa, India, Pakistan, juncea (Queneherve et al. 1995). Sorghum, maize, and Southeast Asia, Australia, Japan, Hawaii, and the United soybeans significantly reduced the population of R. States (Ayala and Ramirez 1964). The mean yield losses reniformis up to 92% in the soil which is successively grown with cotton (Starr 1991; Sipes and Schmitt 2000). 1) Article in bahasa Indonesia has been published in Jurnal Hortikultura To arrange the crop rotation scheme for the control of Vol. 19 No. 4, 2009, p. 442-449. R. reniformis, information on the host status of various Study on host range of reniform nematode ... 27 cultivated plants and weeds are needed (Windham and Inoculum was obtained from pure cultures of R. Lawrence 1992). Non-host plant species can potentially reniformis on sweet potatoes of VSP variety. To obtain the be used in the development of a rotation scheme (Inserra nematode inocula, roots of sweet potatoes of VSP variety et al. 1994a). Testing the host status of R. rotylenchulus were collected, cut into 2 cm-long pieces, and then placed had been done by some researchers abroad. The results on a metal sieve with a filter paper on it. The sieve showed that at least 314 plant species were known as the containing the root pieces was placed on a Baerman funnel. hosts of R. reniformis, including cotton, peanuts, peas, The funnel was then stored in a room given fog of water soybeans, pineapples, tea, and various vegetable crops vapor continuously for 24 hours. At the next day, nematode (Robinson et al. 1997). According to Inserra et al. (1994b), larvae were extracted from the roots and accumulated at sweet potatoes, papayas, and some fruit crops were good the base of the Baerman funnel. The larvae were then hosts of R. reniformis. Other researchers indicated that collected in a glass flask and the population was counted this nematode was an important parasite in citrus, bananas, under a stereo microscope with a 100x magnification. The and tomatoes (Caswell et al. 1991). Most of the 43 species study required 420,000 nematodes consisting a mixture of of broadleaf weeds were known as hosts of R. reniformis, larvae, pre-adult female, and male nematodes. while monocot weeds were non-host of R. reniformis A mixture of Andosol soil, horse dung, and sand with a (Queneherve et al. 1995). Some of the weed species that ratio of 2:1:1 (v/v/v) was used as a plant growth medium. became hosts of R. reniformis were Amaranthus spinosus, The growth medium was sterilized with steam heat for 4 Euphorbia hirta, Parthenium hysterophorus, Portulaca hours, and then placed in 19 cm-diameter black plastic bags. oleracea, and Xanthosoma spp. (Davis and Webster 2005). Each plastic bag contained 1 l growth medium. In Indonesia, the research on the status of R. reniformis The vegetable seeds, weeds, and ornamental plants hosts has not been done, although results of field were grown in the plastic bags; each plastic bag contained observations indicated that different vegetable crops such one plant. Two weeks after planting, the plants were as tomatoes, potatoes, and crucifers cultivated at inoculated with the nematode, 1000 nematodes/plant. production centers in Java were attacked by R. reniformis Inoculation was done by injecting suspension of the (Marwoto and Wijaya 1991). Similarly, several species of inocula into the growth medium around the plant roots. ornamental plants, such as chrysanthemums, roses, and The plant growth was maintained by providing carnations grown in the highlands are also known fertilizers, irrigation, as well as pest and disease control. susceptible to R. reniformis. Urea (100 kg/ha), KCl (150 kg/ha), and TSP (200 kg/ha) The aim of the research was to identify the status of were applied a day before planting by sowing into the various species of host plants and wild plants of R. media. Additional urea (100 kg/ha) was applied into the reniformis. Hypothesis of this research was that one or media when plants were at 30 days after planting (DAP). more species of the tested plants were non-host of R. Irrigation was performed at an interval of 2 days by pouring reniformis. with water from a deep well, 0.5 l/plant. Pests and diseases were controlled by spraying the plants with sipermetrin and khlorotalonil, each with a concentration of 2 ml/l and 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS mg/l, respectively. The spraying of chemicals was intended for prevention, so the frequency of application depends A study was conducted in April 2002 until January 2003 in on the condition of pests and diseases in the glasshouse. the glasshouse and laboratory of the Indonesian Variables observed were (1) the final nematode popula- Ornamental Plants Research Institute, Cianjur, West Java tion density (number of eggs, larvae, pre-adult female, and (1100 m above the sea level, asl). The experiment was male nematodes) when the plants were at 60 DAP; (2) arranged in a completely randomized design with five nematode reproduction factor (ratio between the final replications. A number of 84 kinds of vegetables and population density at 60 DAP and the initial population of ornamental plants, and various species of weeds were R. reniformis infested, i.e, 1000 nematodes/plant), (3) host tested. status of the plants based on the nematode reproductive Each kind of the plants was inoculated with 1000 R. factors according to Taylor and Sasser (1978), i.e, >1 = the reniformis, which is a mixture of larvae, male, and pre-adult plant was a host; <1 = the plant was non-host, and 1 = the female nematodes.
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