1

The Indian Grassland and CROP IMPROVEMENT Dichanthium, Fodder Research Institute pedicellatum and Cenchrus has made significant Genetic Resources species were conserved at progress in conducting, IGFRI Gene Bank in collating and coordinating Four explorations were medium-term storage. research, training and conducted in the parts of extension programmes on all Rajasthan, Gujarat, Breeding aspects of grasses, grasslands Bundelkhand region of UP and fodder crops during last and Western Ghats of Kerala Six hundred seventeen forty two years. The research and Tamil Nadu. Two accessions of Sorghum work in the field of crop hundred thirty eight bicolor were evaluated and improvement, crop accessions of different 28 were selected for production, grassland and grasses and forage legumes desirable fodder traits. silvopasture management, were collected. Five hundred seed technology, plant seventy eight accessions of Oat variety Bundel Jai 992 animal relationship, farm different forage crops for (JHO 99-2) was identified machinery and post harvest long-term storage and 358 and notified for cultivation technology has helped to accessions for medium-term under single cut system for evolve high yielding storage were sent to National north-east and north-west varieties and various forage Gene Bank at NBPGR, New zone. The variety has shown production systems. The Delhi for conservation and superiority for green fodder technolgy transfer allocation of IC number. yield (GFY), dry matter yield programmes have made (DMY) and crude protein significant progress. The More than 3200 accessions (CP) content. important findings on these of various forage crops, facets during the year 2003- mainly berseem, maize, Among 152 germplasm lines 04 have been enumerated in sorghum, oats, Sehima, of cowpea, 14 were selected the summary. Chrysopogon, Heteropogon, for high yield potential, medium maturity and good Plant Protection Plant Physiology and 2 crop canopy. Biochemistry Trifolium apertum was In advanced varietal trial of identified as resistant to Two sorghum stay green AICRP, berseem entries JHB lesion (Pratylenchus zeae) lines, ICSA-1 x 8429 1-1-2- 2001-2 ranked second in and stunt (Tylenchorhynchus 4-1-2-3 and ICSA-1 x 8428 central zone for GFY and vulgaris) nematodes (RLI & 1-1-2-4-2-3-2 showed JHB 2001-1 ranked second Rf=0.5-1.0). Similarly, two potential for drought in hill zone for DMY cowpea lines, IL-40 and IL- tolerance based on showing 14.4% superiority 2000-182 were found chlorophyll index, higher over check. 108 single plant resistant to root-knot accumulation of stem progenies of T. alexandrinum nematodes Meloidogyne sugar, leaf proline and x T. apertum and 75 single incognita and M. javanica minimum decrease in plant progenies of T. (GI & EMI=1.0-1.5). biomass. Higher starch alexandrinum x T. contents in roots (123.82- resupinatum were evaluated For cowpea root rot, seed 142.93 mg/g dw) in and lines with no disease treatments with Thiram Cenchrus ciliaris hybrids incidence, high vigour and 0.25% + Bavistin and for HS-3, HS-5, HS-7 and Hyb late flowering have been berseem root and stem rot 53 indicated potential for selected. disease management rapid regrowth and longer application of Neem cake persistence. Low In advance varietal trial, C. @ 1.0 t/ha. and bio-control chlorophyll a/b ratio setigerus, entry IGFRI-366 agent (Trichoderma recorded in HS-5 and Hyb.52 and C. ciliaris, entry IGFRI- harzianum) as seed (6.13 and 6.14, respectively) 727 ranked first for GFY treatment or soil indicated their potential for (32.0 and 37.3 t/ha) and application were most shade tolerance. DMY (10.2 and 11.8 t/ha), effective showing respectively against the best maximum disease reduction Lucerne lines, IL-03-42, check CAZRI-76 (30.4 t/ha (86.36-100%) and increase 45, 52, 55, 157, 56, 113 and GFY and 8.8 t/ha DMY). in GFY. RL-88 had Lowest weevil infestation. , G-1-02, Sehima IGS 9901 and Studies on pest management D-2-01, D-3-01, H-1-02 Chrysospogon IGC 9903 in intensive fodder and C-6-01 have been entries excelled all other for production system showed identified as promising all the traits on all that soil application of resistance source in weevil basis. These were better than Trineem and spray of as they have shown low check by a margin of 25.2% Endosulfan + Dithane M-45 infestation and high level of and 31.5% for GFY and at 20 days after each cut was trypsin, chymotrypsin and 21.1% and 31.5% for DMY. most effective in berseem + amylase enzyme inhibitor mustard. This treatment activities. Guinea grass variety JHGG reduced plant parasitic 96-5 was identified for nematodes (41%) and Genetics and Cytogenetics rainfed conditions for yielded 123-160 t/ha GFY.

Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Cytological analysis of F1

central Uttar Pradesh, Soil fauna population, in and BC1 plants indicated that Maharastra and Tamil Nadu. general, were higher in FYM Penisetum squamulatum The variety has special treatments. Peak population (2n=56) is an octoploid characteristics for cultivation of nematodes (2698 x based on x=7. Partial under rainfed and shade 1022/m ) and collembolan tetraploid was obtained in a conditions, possessed good (164 x 1022/m ) were recorded diploid pearl millet line. forage yield potential and in lucerne treated with the Successful tetraploidy was had less seed shattering. FYM. Similarly, peak induced in P. schweinfurthii . Guinea grass entry JHGG population of cryptostigmata Panicum maximum plants 2001-2 ranked first for GFY (1152 x 1022/m ) were also possessed 2n=32 in central zone and first for recorded with the FYM chromosomes, however, one CP, IVDMD (%) and leaf treatment in association with plants was found to have stem ratio on all India basis. cowpea + maize. 2n=48 chromosomes. Biotechnology 11.80 t/ha dry matter and 382 30 cm soil layer in sorghum kg/ha root biomass of + cowpea cropping sequence In Cenchrus ciliaris, two berseem during rabi season with two harrowing in each 3 primers, viz. OPE-11 and OPF- were obtained with 100% season + one deep summer 8 were identified showing FYM-N. ploughing was observed. polymorphism in sexual and apomictic plants. The maximum increase in Microbiological and Histochemical examination green (162.98 t/ha) and dry Enzymatic Studies using GUS expression (36.77 t/ha) fodder yield revealed occurrence of genetic from napier grass + seasonal Soil microbial biomass and transformation by both PIG legumes (cowpea and activity with FYM-N and and Agrobacterium methods in berseem) was recorded with urea-N in 3:1 ratio was the calli. These transgenic calli sulphur application of 40 maximum under subabool + survived on hygromycin kg/ha in kharif and 40 kg/ha trispecific hybrid + maize selection medium. On the basis in rabi season through (grain) + cowpea (SMB-C- of occurrence of numbers of single super phosphate. 466.6 mg/kg soil: respiration

GUS spots, PIG-mediated 209.9 mg CO2-C/kg soil) in transformation was more Forage Production in rainy season. Relatively effective. Rainfed Conditions higher population of bacteria, fungi and nitrifying Putative transgenic calli were Annual crops/intercrops bacteria was recorded during maintained and multiplied on showed higher total green rainy season in soil treated selection medium. The in fodder, dry matter and crude with FYM in conjunction vitro regenerated shoots from protein yield (12.10 t/ha, 1.84 with urea N in 3:1 ratio. this calli, on histochemical t/ha and 338.02 kg/ha, examination, also exhibited respectively) from cowpea in The in terms of GUS expression in subabul + guinea grass + organic carbon (0.565%) and Dichathium annulatum. cowpea (fodder) - gram - available N (247.5 kg/ha) linseed (grain). Among was highest with 100% CROP PRODUCTION nutrient sources, 25% organic FYM. The soil microbial + 75% inorganic sources biomass carbon was Forage Production in produced significantly higher maximum under 3:1 ratio of Irrigated Conditions dry matter yield (1.6 t/ha) and FYM and urea (291.1 mg- crude protein yield (232.74 C/kg) followed by 1:1 ratio The highest berseem kg/ha). (279.9 mg-C/kg) and 100% equivalent GFY was FYM (275.5 mg-C/kg soil). recorded by guinea grass + Subabul + trispecific hybrid berseem crop sequence under + sorghum (fodder) + The highest CO2 evolution 100% organic manuring pigeonpea (grain) system was found in sorghum + (159.8 t/ha) producing 28% produced significantly higher pigeonpea cropping system higher GFY than the same total green (55.61 t/ha) and in association with guinea sequence under sole dry biomass (12.72 t/ha). grass with 25% inorganic + inorganic . The sorghum green fodder 75% organic nutrient Improvement in soil fertility equivalent yield was 53.08 application. in terms of organic carbon, t/ha. available N&P and total N The urease enzyme activity was also maximum in guinea Higher green fodder (47.27 was maximum in maize + grass + cowpea - berseem t/ha), dry matter (8.54 t/ha) cowpea cropping system in sequence under sole organic and crude protein yield association with guinea grass source. (984.3 kg/ha) were recorded with 75% inorganic + 25% under bajra (fodder) organic nutrient application

Maximum green forage mustard - (grain) cropping (18.9 mg NH4 evolved/g (40.00 t/ha), dry matter system. This was equivalent soil/2 hr at 37oC). (10.25 t/ha) and root biomass to 47.39 t/ha sorghum green (874 kg/ha) of sorghum + fodder yield. Higher Agroclimatological Studies cowpea during kharif and moisture content 20.49% in 86.76 t/ha green forage, 0-15 cm and 23.50% in 15- The water use efficiency was maximum during third In another trial (7 year old) Studies on grass-legume strip 4 cutting of lucerne (23.28 kg involving six species and 15 intercropping involving DM/ha mm). The crop co- provinces of , peak Guinea grass and Caribbean efficient (Kc) from I to IV mean annual increment in all stylo indicated highest total cutting was 1.39, 1.95, 0.70 growth parameter viz. height, dry matter yield (4.24 t/ha) and 0.62, respectively. Kc cd, dbh (1.79 m, 2.65 cm, from alternate strips of grass was 1.37 for entire crop 2.14 cm) were attained by L. and legume at 1.0 m. Highest growth period of teosinte. leucocephala (K-8). It was decline in legume yield, followed by L. collinsii (1.65 when compared to pure stand CERES-sorghum model is m, 2.0 cm, 1.55 cm) and L. (2.58 t/ha) was recorded in found reasonably capable of pulverulenta (1.36 m, 1.89, 0.5 m treatment (46.9%) simulating phenology, N 1.46 cm), respectively. followed by 1.0 m (37.98%), uptake and total dry biomass 1.5 m (36.82%) and 2.0 m in response to different Among twenty-nine (36%). Higher land nitrogen levels under accessions of Grewia optiva equivalent ratio was recorded different aerial collected from different in 1.0 m strip (1.28), when environments. Total dry localities of Himachal compared to 0.5 m (1.18), biomass predicted was fairly Pradesh and Uttaranchal 1.5 m (1.26) and 2.0 m well for all the treatment showed a wide range of (1.26) strips. combinations except in case variability in plant height of M.P.Chari at moderate late (59.2-111.2 cm), collar FYM application (@ 5.0 sowing. The mean predicted diameter (0.68-1.54 cm), t/ha) resulted in higher and observed grain yield canopy spread (28.2-45.2 pasture yield in combination were 2381 and 2417 kg/ha cm) and number of branches with 75% of the with a standard deviation of (3.8-11.4) under field recommended NPK dose ± 905.6 and ± 1036.5 kg/ha conditions. (5.32 t/ha) and 50% of the respectively, for normal recommended NPK dose sowing. Assessment characterization (4.37 t/ha) over the treatment and spatial distribution of applied with recommended The mean annual maximum grazing lands in NPK dose (4.1 t/ha). and minimum temperature Bundelkhand region ranged between 31.2-33.6 OC accomplished through use of The current status of and 16.9-21.4 OC in GIS and Remote Sensing traditional grazing lands Bundelkhand region. The revealed that after 1980, the (about 10,000 ha) in year-to-year variations were natural grazing lands Kangayam tract of Tamil minor in both maximum and declined by 13.53 per cent. Nadu was assessed. The minimum temperature. The The grazing lands were paddocks (2-4.5 ha), rate of increase per year adversely affected on separated through live fence ranged between 0.03 to account of advancement of of Balsmodendon berryi 0.2OC. The mean annual ravines (+15.65%) especially (thorny and highly drought PET ranged between 1344.1 in the northern parts and land resistant shrubs) were to 1513.5 mm in brought under cultivation dominated by C. ciliaris Bundelkhand region. (+8.25%). However, the (IVI 97-200) and trees of forest cover increased by Acacia leucophloa (42- GRASSLAND AND 2.70% in this period. 50/ha). 58 species (42 SILVOPASTURE herbaceous and 16 woody MANAGEMENT The study on land use/land species) have been covers change in Baragaon identified. The average Out of five promising lines block of Jhansi district pasture productivity of such (S-24, KXI, KX3, K636 and indicated an increase in grazing areas varied from 2.1 K8) of L. leucocephala, S-24 cultivated area (28.3%) on to 8.3 t/ha depending on the performed better compared account of raise in area under level of managements such to other lines in mean height irrigation (16.07%) and also as reseeding/cultivation of (4.9 m). However, KXI line marketing facilities after pasture species coupled with exhibited higher mean 1980. The impact of such a regulation of stocking rate. growth in cd (4.2 cm) and change is reflected in the dbh (3.2 cm). decline of grazing lands In the fourth year of study of (24.82%). silvipastoral system, more pasture yield (4.93 t DM/ha) N (40 kg/ha) to the grass. GA3 (300 ppm) and 0.2 % on account of higher KNO3, respectively after four 5 proportion of introduced In the third year of months of storage. pasture species viz., experiment on pruning Cenchrus ciliaris (IVI-87), management on established The germination in Chrysopogon fulvus (IVI- Ber orchard (12 year old), 40 Brachiaria brizantha was 83), Stylosanthes hamata cm treatment gave 10% after 4 months and 38% (IVI-50) in association with significantly higher fruit after eight months of storage Azadirachta indica was yield (18.3 kg/tree) as at (20-300C; 16h/8h, light, obtained, when compared to compared to 20 cm (13.26 GA3 300ppm) followed by D. sissoo (3.53 t DM/ha). kg/tree). 26% germination at alternate However, higher growth rate temperature of 20-30 0C; attained by D. sissoo yielded Under Annona trees (8 year 16h/8h, light, 0.2% KNO3. additional top-feed (0.46 t old), higher contribution of GA3 300 ppm has induced DM/ha) and firewood (0.42 t legume in total pasture yield the germination to 23 per DM/ha) through a lopping was obtained in Caribbean cent over the control (15%) regime at 50 per cent stylo (22.93 %), when after eight months of after intensity twice in a year. This compared to shrubby stylo ripening period. (14.83 %) in association with resulted into higher total nd system yield (10%) as Cenchrus ciliaris in the 2 In Sehima nervosum no compared to A. indica. year of establishment. These germination was observed in sown grass-legume systems freshly harvested seeds and In the validation studies on were superior in term of total even after seeds stored for modeling silvopastoral pasture yield by 42 and 31 four months at room systems on multi-location per cent over the treatment temperature. Only 12% basis tree growth models for having natural pasture + germination has been diameter and height data in stylo (3.59 t DM/ha), recorded after 8 months of respectively. storage at an alternating respect of 5 trees viz., A. 0 tortilis, L. leucocephala, H. temperature of 20-35 C, SEED TECHNOLOGY binata, A. nilotica and D. 16h/8h, light and GA3 300 sissoo and incorporating 4 ppm treatment over the The residual effect of control (5%). readily available climatic potassium fertilizer applied parameters viz., rainfall, during October was reflected In Paspalum notatum no temperature, humidity and on the seed yield of Panicum germination was observed in number of rainy days, were maximum collected in freshly harvested seeds but formulated. Out of these succeeding July. 15% germination was climatic parameters, average recorded after four months of relative humidity and The Setaria sphacelata storage at alternating minimum temperature were recorded the higher seed temperature of 20 - 35 0C, identified as the most yield with the application of 16h/8h, light condition and significant site-specific 75 kg K2O/ha. The GA (300 ppm) followed by characters. Even on exchangeable K content of 3 2 12 % in 0.2% KNO3 multilocation basis D H was soil decreased at a faster rate treatment at alternate identified as the most ideal during the reproductive temperature of 20 - 35 0C, predictor variable for above phase in control plots in 16h/8h and light condition ground biomass. comparison to treated plots. over the control (4%). Potassium removal by S. In Aonla (8 year old) based sphacelata increased with PLANT ANIMAL hortipastoral system, highest the rate of potassium applied. RELATIONSHIP fruit yield (21.5 t ha) was In S. sphacelata freshly recorded in Aonla + harvested seeds recorded Fractionation of Dichanthium + 60 kg N/ha 10% germination which Carbohydrate and Protein treatment. However, the fruit increased to 45% and 35% at in Forages quality in term of size and the environmental condition physical appearance was of alternate temperature of Fractionation of carbohydrate superior in the treatment 20-35 0C, 16h/8h and light and protein by CNCP method with moderate application of condition in the treatment of revealed that CP content varied from 12.27 to 21.79, contaminated with respectively, with adequate 6 11.27 to 17.49 and 3.49 to organochlorinated DMI (3.75-4.01% of body 4.27% in tree leaves, shrubs compounds like DDT, BHC weight). and grasses, respectively. and endosulfan; 23.61% with Highest CP content (21.79%), organophosphates like Sheep and goats were was found in L. Leucocephala malathion, chlorpyriphos; allowed for in situ grazing on among tree leaves and and 73.61% with synthetic stylo green cafeteria (2 hr 17.18% in Dichrostachys pyrethroids like daily) after 4 hr grazing on cinerea among shrubs. cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, natural pasture. The average Grasses were the richest in fenvalerate etc. In case of daily weight gain(g/d) was total carbohydrate (84.75%) feed samples the 47.6 in sheep and 59.5, for compared (p<0.01) to shrubs contamination was up to the goats. Both sheep and goats (74.22%) and tree leaves level of 56.7%, 51.42% and performed better than those (67.85%). Significantly 45.34%, respectively. grazing continuously on (p<0.01) less quantity of Mustard, cotton and linseed natural pasture. fraction C was present in cake and gram chunni Grewia optiva (14.38%), samples were most S. sebarana was found rich Securengia virosa (10.57%) contaminated than others. in essential and non-essential and H. controtus(17.72%) in Among the green fodders, amino acid, particularly, tree leaves, shrubs and 52.73%, 38.18% and 29.09% sulphur containing amino grasses, respectively. The samples were contaminated acids followed by S. hamata, instant degradable fraction A with OC, OP and SP, S. scabra and S. viscose. S. of nitrogen was higher respectively. sebarana was found to (p<0.01) in tree leaves contain (mg/g) Cystein (25.07%) followed by grasses Phenolics in Top Feed (1.92), Methionine (4.28), (12.93%) and shrubs lysine(4.14), Leucine (8.64), (10.95%), where as, rapidly NDF fraction of Acacia Iso- leusine (3.35), Valine degradable fraction B1 was formanciana was rich in PA (6.21), Phenylealanine (6.14) higher (p<0.01) in grasses (Proanthocyanidins) and the Threonine (2.57), Arginine followed by shrubs and tree content (mg PA/g NDF) (6.0), Glutamaate (16.42), leaves. varied between 2.23-2.89, Asparate (11.92), Glycine followed by A.tortolis (1.11- (5.64), Histidine (2.5) and Mineral Requirement for 2.02), A. albida (0.22-2.54) Serine (5.5). The content of Animal Production and A.nilotica (0.31-1.89). this amino acids in S. Epicatechin, catechin and sebarana of stylo were No differences were epictechin gallate moieties comparatively higher than observed in blood mineral were common in the other species. profiles of growing heifers, Protnhocyanidin molecules when supplemented with of A. formanciana, A.nilotica Nutritional Evaluation mineral mixture having Ca, and A.tortolis, where as in P, Cu and Zn. Macro and A. albida the epiicatechin Sole feeding of QPM trace minerals and were gallate moiety was not cultivars of maize forage within the normal range of present. resulted in better DMI (3.11 variation. Marginal vs 2.78% of bwt) and fiber deficiency of Cu and Zn did Stylo- As Supplementary utilization (ADF not adversely affect the Livestock Feed digestibility.: 54.3 vs 40.5%) growth performance of in growing heifers than heifers. About 50% of concentrate mixed ration of wheat straw mixture can be replaced with and QPM forage. Pesticide Residues in Feed, stylo leaf meal in the ration Fodder and Milk of sheep without any adverse Small Ruminant effect on nutrient utilization, Production under Different Pesticide monitoring studies intake and blood metabolites. Plane of Nutrition indicated that 83.33% Exclusive feeding of stylo samples of milk collected meal and leaf meal sustained Supplementation of from different places of 65.7 and 67.8 g average daily concentrate mixture (1-2% of Bundelkhand were , gain in growing sheep, body weight) to grazing goats during their gestation Institute herd average fat, AND POST HARVEST period resulted improvement total solid and solid non fat TECHNOLOGY 7 in birth weight (2.00 vs 2.85 were 7.52, 17.98 and kg) of kids. 10.05%, respectively. Use of a Self Propelled Average weight at birth, 3, 6. Vertical Conveyor Reaper Under stall-fed conditions, and 12 months of age were successfully harvested wheat local goat and Jalauni sheep 24.85, 46.41, 67.55 and and oat in the farmers' field had dressing percentage of 118.90 kg, in female and and saved approximately Rs. 52.61% and 48.12%, 27.60, 49.29, 74.80 and 709 and 6.0 days time in the respectively, but under 133.20 kg, in male, four neighboring villages. grazing condition it was respectively. 45.46 and 44.42%, The swept material of stylo respectively. Ethogram of Bhadawari seed comprised of 11.04% buffalo varied with feeding seed, 59.09% soil particle Mean DMI of sheep and regime and physical and 29.87% leaves and goats was significantly properties of feed offered. trashes per hectare in Jhansi higher (P<0.05) on D. Daily time spent for eating, condition. The hopper of the annulatum + H. isora (3.26) idle standing, sitting, cleaning machine was against lowest on D. sleeping and rumination designed for 35° hopper annulatum + H. binata were 20.28, 18.38, 11.55, angle instead of presently (2.46%). Irrespective of 24.69 and 25.10% for available 23°, as angle of dietary regimen goat had chaffed fodder fed group and repose for swept material of higher DM, CP, NDF, ADF, corresponding values for stylo seed was recorded as cellulose and hemicellulose unchaffed mixed grass fed 34-36 °. digestibility (53.76, 50.77, buffaloes were 25.97, 17.10, 45.83, 41.33, 56.64 and 8.82, 15.28 and 32.83%, The unprocessed seed of 58.61) than sheep (46.00, respectively. berseem (Variety JHB 146) 38.64, 43.07, 38.49, 53.51 having 90.21% physical and 52.40%). Sheep and goat Traditional system of milk purity was cleaned and consumed more than 90% of feeding adopted to graded up to 99.8% purity in feed up to 6-7th hour of Bhadawari and Murrah three pass using two screen feeding. Mean ingestion of buffalo calves up to the age seed cleaner and graders feed DM (g/ h) was highest of 3 months ensured daily with an intermediate purity on D. annulatum + H. isora body weight gain of 226g. of 98.4% in second cleaning. (36.16) and lowest on D. Digestibility of nutrients 100 seed weight for pure annulatum + H. binata namely DM, OM, CF, CP seed outlet was 0.262 g. The (26.65) based diet. Sheep and NFE were comparatively germination of cleaned and had higher TVFA(meq/l) higher in Bhadawari than graded seed was 95%. concentration (91.64) Murrah buffalo calves. than goat (83.52), while the DCP% and TDN% were also Maximum green fodder later had higher Total-N, higher in the diet fed to production of sorghum + Bhadawari (8.28% and cowpea crop was observed NH3-N and TCA N (mg/ 100 ml) concentration (97.26, 59.71%) than Murrah (7.03% as 53.1 t/ha by means of MB 21.13 and 49.91) than and 56.14%) buffalo calves. plough + disc harrow former (82.32, 19.51 and followed by rotavator, disc 46.60). Murrah and Bhadawari harrow and cultivator. The animals consumed 1 and sole subabool litter biomass Bhadawari Buffalo 0.7% DM of their body application at the rate of Production under Semi- weight from grazing. The 2t/ha + 40 Kg N /ha (through arid Tropics intake of grazing animals in urea fertilizer) yielded the month of December maximum green fodder from Bhadawari buffalo produced declined to 0.1% of their DM sorghum + cowpea (58.5 on an average 1067.95 l. requirement from grazing t/ha) followed by subabool 1 milk in its average lactation fields. t/ha + wheat straw 2.5 t/ha + period of 296 day @ 3.44 40 kg N/ha through urea, l/day as wet average. In ge FARM MACHINERY wheat straw 5t/ha + 40 kg N/ha through urea and Water overflowed the check Average yield of 50.0 t/ha 8 control. dam for nearly 40 days. was obtained from guinea Water was available in the grass in 4 cuttings and In studies on mechanized pond up to the 10th June. average yield of 7.5 t/ha was cropping systems for obtained from Stylosanthes increasing food- fodder and SOCIAL SCIENCE hamata at farmers' field. fuel yield and income under varying level of inputs, sorghum + cowpea produced The green fodder yield and REGIONAL RESEARCH higher green and dry fodder benefit cost ratio for (74.7 t/ha and 26.1 t/ha, sorghum, berseem and oat At RRC, Dharwad five local respectively). were 64.94 t/ha, 1.42; 91.58 forage sorghum populations, t/ha, 1.48; and 50.0 t/ha, commonly grown in Tamil Urea treatment of paddy 0.57, respectively. Nadu, were collected and straw increased temperature evaluated for morphological of bales. The CP of paddy Under Tejpura Watershed characters and palatability. straw was raised from 4.39% area, there has been to 7.82% when treated with increase in number of milch The bajra composite DRSB- 3% urea and kept for 21days and dry cows, buffaloes, 12 exhibited good conditioning time. The CP sheep and goats in 2002 over performance in second year was 13.32% for immediate the year 1995, while the in advanced trial of AICRP. baling after urea treatment. number of bullocks has It was superior to the check CP value reduced gradually decreased considerably, UUJ-IV-M and was next to during storage, however, the indicating an overall increase check Giant Bajra at national loss of CP content was less of 1058 in livestock level. in the immediately baled population. The population paddy straw after urea density in terms of number Sorghum lines FM-179, treatment. of animals / ha of area has 237, 595, 1067 were found increased from 1.39 to 2.07 resistant to head mould, Effect of chopping (particle The value of agricultural ergot , oval leaf spot, size of 5-6 cm ) of baled produce per unit area (ha) charcoal rot, zonate leaf paddy straw (3% urea was estimated to Rs.2971 spot and downy mildew. treated) on DM intake and and Rs.4886 at constant DM digestibility in growing prices, for the periods 1991- Trivandrum was the most heifer was assessed. DM 92 and 2002-03, respectively productive site for intake and digestibility of indicating an increase of 164 Stylosanthes hamata, S. chopped paddy straw was per cent. scabra and S. seabrana with significantly higher than un- an average DMY of 13.7 chopped straw. DM intake % Farmers preferred JHO-822 t/ha, followed by Rahuri body weight were 3.015 and than JHO-851 variety of (11.7 t/ha), Dharwad (7.8 2.866 and DM digestibility oat. Fodder availability t/ha), Anand (1.8 t/ha) and % were 63.15 and 51.09 in period (10 days) was Coimbatore. One or more S. chopped and un-chopped noted more in JHB-146 seabrana accessions were paddy straw, respectively. variety of berseem. Net among the most productive return was more in entry at each site. Positive response was berseem cultivation than observed in the water tables other fodder crops. Farmers Pearl millet (dual purpose) of wells due to Ram Madhi need multicut fodder entry AVKB-19 developed at watershed development varieties of cowpea and guar. RRC, Avikanagar ranked programme. Runoff behavior Application of Rhizobium first in initial varietal trial in of the watershed indicated a culture resulted good north-west zone for GFY maximum of 60cm water germination, healthy plant (31.5 t/ha) and DMY (7.85 overflowed the check dam. and better yield. t/ha) and its superiority was 15.4 and 20.6% respectively Of five fodder tree species, exhibitions and village Hatts, over Giant Bajra (check)). Bauhinia variegata, Grewia farm advisory services, etc. 9 AVKB-69 ranked first in optiva and Morus alba were The awareness was created south zone for GFY (30.1 found best suited for the area. among the farmers towards t/ha) and DMY (12.31 t/ha) latest technology on forage with 22.7% (GFY) and The silage made from production and utilization 13.1% (DMY) superior over preserved chaffed grass at through distribution of Giant Bajra (check). AVKB- Palampur by adding 3% extension literature, TV and 19 also ranked first on all molasses and 1% urea (on Radio talks, etc. India basis for plant height fresh weight basis) was the (172.7 cm.). best, which could reduce the Under Institution Village requirement of concentrate Linkage Programme, CSV- RRC, Palampur collected feeding by 25%. 15 (Sorghum), P.K.1042 twenty-seven germplasm of (Soybean), ICGS-44 lucerne from Laddakh (J&K). TECHNOLOGY (Groundnut), HD-2189 The elite genotypes of white TRANSFER (Wheat), K-560 (Barley) RRCP-L-100, RRCP- varieties were found L-99, RRCP-L-27 and RRCP- The transfer of technology suitable for this region. L-10 yielded more biomass at activities during the year The farmers had 47.20 and low P level. White clover comprised of training 35.73 percent knowledge genotypes RRCP-L-13 and programmes, technology and adoption on RRCP-L-10 were identified as demonstrations, Kisan Mela, recommended dairy maximum nitrogen (193 and Kisan Goshthi, Livestock husbandry practices, 157 kg/ha) fixers Day, participation in e respectively. 10 ORGANOGRAM

DIRECTOR GENERAL, ICAR

Dy. Director General (CS)

RAC

DIRECTOR

IMC SRC

DIVISIONS UNITS

Crop Improvement Administration Crop Production Audit and Accounts Grassland & Silvipasture Management Estate Plant Animal Relationship Central Research Farm Seed Production Informatics & Support Services Farm Machinery & PHT Library Social Science HRD Unit Medical Unit

RRS LINKAGES

Dharwad (Karnataka) AICRP (Forage Crops) Avikanagar (Rajasthan) Externally Aided Projects Palampur (H.P.) NATP Projects Srinagar (J & K) International Collaborations