The Iwawi Site and Tiwanaku Political Economy Fiom a Faunal Perspective
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Food fiom the Heartland: The Iwawi Site and Tiwanaku Political Economy fiom a Faunal Perspective by Julie Eunju Park B.A., University of Toronto, 1994 THESIS SUEMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Arc haeology OJulie Eunju Park 200 1 SIMON FRASER UNTVERSITY June 2001 Al1 rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. National Library Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seU reproduire?prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantid extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced doutthe author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Four models of Tiwanaku politicaI economy are exarnined using faunal remaùis recovered fkom the Iwawi site, located within the heartland of the Tiwanaku polity. The site spans 1000BC- AD1 000, providing an opportuniîy to examine continuities and change in the local economy fkom a site witness to the rise and fa11 of the Tiwanaku polity. Taxa, camelid species identification, camelid skeletd parts data, modified bone, age profiles and specirnens exhibiting lesions or pathologies provide the basis of this analqrsis. Faunal analysis of the Iwawï sample suggests overall continuities in faunal resource use fiom the beginning of site occupation to the end. A diverse mixed econorny included fishing, hunting, herding and collecting activities. Carnelid species identification indicates large camelids, most likely Ilamas, were the predorninant camelids used at the site - though supplemented to some degree by alpacas and vicunas. At Iwawi camelids were used for a variety of purposes that promoted cornmunity self-sufficiency. Camelids were used for cargo carryïng, local meat production and consumption, wool, and as raw materials for artifact production. The absence of significant economic shifts in resource use through time suggests the Tiwanaku state did not have significant levels of economic control over the inhabitants of Iwawi. % DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my parents Chongkook Park and Hyungja Huh Park. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 would like to thank al1 members of my thesis comrnittee for their support, encouragement and constructive comrnents throughout the process of completing this work. As thesis supervisor, Dr. Jonathon Driver helped me re-evaluate my priorities which led me to retm to my thesis. I want to thank hirn for reading nurnerous drafts and providing much valued guidance and clarity in making the research more comprehensible and manageable. Dr. A. Catherine D'Andrea provided greatly appreciated support and insightfül, thought provoking comments. Dr. Rick Garvin graciously agreed to take time out of his busy schedule to be the Extemal Examiner and his participation was very welcorne. This research would not have been possible without the support of Dr. Isbell's Iwawi Project and the Direccion Nacional de ArqueologidAntropolo~aPINAAR). They provided me with access to the faunal material from Iwawi and allowed me to export the remains for hrther analysis. Dr. Isbell was very supportive throughout the analysis and has always impressed me with his breadth of knowledge and inquisitive intellect. It was a privilege working with you. 1 would like to thank al1 the members of the 1997 Iwawi Project Field Analysis for their assistance and the fhendiy cooperative work environment: JoEllen Burkholder, Catherine Bencic, Dan Brockrnan, Alexis Gang, Joshua Berlin, and Charlene Milliken who gave up many of her free evenings to help out when 1 was most stressed. The analysis was enriched by the generosity of individuals from the FIorida Museum of Natural History who showed interest in rny work, provided me with workspace, literature, and kindly gave me permission to access their comparative collections: Elizabeth Wing, Susan Scudder, David Steadrnan, Tom Webber, Donna Ruhl, Laune Wilkins. Correspondences with Barbara Meissner regarding pathological specimens also contributed to this work. 1 would like to thank the faculty and staff of the Dept. of Archaeology for facilitating my work, in particular, Robyn Ward Banejee, Linda Bannister, Andrew Barton, Lynda Przybla, Ann Sullivan, Shannon Wood, Dr. Richard Shutler, Prof. Phi1 Hobier and Dr. Jack Nance. There are so many friends, graduate and undergraduate students who volunteered or made comrnents and contributed to making possible aspects of the research presented in the thesis as well as research that will eventually find a home elsewhere. 1 learned much from their questions and I'd like to thank them al1 here: Vicky Castille, Yvette Hall, Spencer de Gmchy, Kira Kristensen, Tracey LaRose, Vladimir Molina, Jason Nesbitt, Jeff Oliver, Cathy Pouskas, Diana Rossi, Martyna Wronski, Tina Wyatt, and Regina- My thanks to Thomas Huh who provided me with a cornputer, cornputer support and served as a knowledgeable resource while I learned various graphics prograrns. 1 especially want to thank al1 my fiends who provided listening ears, moral support and dispensed very good advice over many cups of coffee throughout this Iong journey: Michèle Wollstonecroft, Judy McLellan, Tiffany Rawlings, Sara Yoshida, Mirjana Roksandic, Baljit Sarnrai, Cheryl Takahashi, Tom Arnold, Bob Muir, Pei Pei Chu, Tracey Rogers, Suzanne Cheng, Peter Duckworth-Pilkington III, Charlton Carscallen, Judy Yi, Sue Yi, Aline Tseng, Charlene Milliken, Martin Bale, Brian Chisholm, Sammy, Lilly, Claire and Max. You have al1 enriched my life and I am gratefiil to have you al1 as fiiends. Mostly I would Like to thank my parents for standing by me in the face of my inexplicable life choices and my brother Peter who has aIways tried to keep me grounded with his measured outlook on life. 17dalso like to thank Haysook Choi, Youngtae Choi, Namsoo Oh and Cia Leander for al1 their encouragement over the years. This research would not have been possible without the Graduate Fellowships (1998, 1999), the Teaching Assistant positions, the Dept. of Archaeology Travel Bursary and the generous support of Dr. Isbell during the field season as well as my employment with Lindsay Oliver at Aegis Consultants. Thank-you all. TABLE OF CONTENTS .. APPROVAL PAGES ........................................................................................................ 11 ... ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... -111 DEDICATION .................................. ..... .................................... ... .................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. v .. TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ vil LIST OF TABLES ................................ .... ................................................................... x .. LIST OF FIGWS........................................................... ...... .................................. xi] CWTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH CESIGN Introduction ........................... ,,. .......................................................................... 1 Physical Setting ................................................................................................. 4 Climate and Paleoclimatic Research ....................................................................... 8 History of Tiwanaku Research .............................................................................. 10 Culture History ...................................................................................................... 11 Iwawi Site ..................... ,.., ................................................................................ 14 Introduction to Models of Tiwanaku Political Economy ...................................... 18 Zona1 Cornplementarity Mode1 .................................................................... 20 Altiplano Mode1 ........................................................................................... 21 Centralised Imperialist S tate ....................................................................... 23 Local Autonomous Perspective........ .... .................................................. 25 lwawi and Zooarchaeological Profiles .................................................................. 27 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY Introduction ........................................................................................................... 30 Faunal Recovery Methods ..................................................................................... 30 Description of Sample ..........................................................................................