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Use of Behavioral Theories for the Interpretation of Human Behavior in the Costa Concordia Disaster

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Use of Behavioral Theories for the Interpretation of Human Behavior in the Costa Concordia Disaster Use of behavioral theories for the interpretation of human behavior in the Costa Concordia disaster Victor Kvamme Department of Fire Safety Engineering Lund University, Sweden Brandteknik Lunds tekniska högskola Lunds universitet Report 5514, Lund 2017 Use of behavioral theories for the interpretation of human behavior in the Costa Concordia disaster Victor Kvamme Lund 2017 Title: Use of behavioral theories for the interpretation of human behavior in the Costa Concordia disaster Author: Victor Kvamme Report 5514 ISSN: 1402-3504 ISRN: LUTVDG/TVBB—5514—SE Number of pages: 66 (including appendices) Illustrations: Victor Kvamme Photos: retrieved from Wikimedia Commons Keywords: Costa Concordia, maritime disaster, passenger ship, evacuation, evacuation complications, human behavior theories, human behavior analysis Abstract: The Costa Concordia disaster represents one of the most dramatic ship evacuations of recent years. This thesis constitutes a case study of the Costa Concordia disaster, in an attempt to identify behaviors among the evacuees that may have contributed in reducing the effectiveness of the evacuation procedures. Publicly available material – such as reports from the media, survivor accounts and scientific investigations – was critically analyzed, and current behavioral models were used to interpret the behaviors identified. The author is responsible for the contents of the report © Copyright: The Department of Fire Safety Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund 2017 / Brandteknik, Lunds tekniska högskola, Lunds universitet, Lund 2017. Brandteknik Department of Fire Safety Engineering Lunds tekniska högskola Faculty of Engineering Lunds universitet Lund University Box 118 P.O. Box 118 221 00 Lund SE-221 00 Lund Sweden [email protected] http://www.brand.lth.se [email protected] http://www.brand.lth.se Telefon: 046 - 222 73 60 Telephone: +46 46 222 73 60 Summary Large-scale cruise ships and passenger ships have lately increased significantly in numbers and popularity. As a result the number of maritime accidents with passenger ships involved has also increased. The Costa Concordia disaster represents one of the most dramatic ship evacuations of recent years. International maritime law requires all passengers to be evacuated within 30 minutes of an order to abandon the ship, but the Costa Concordia evacuation lasted for more than six hours. Of the 3229 passengers and 1023 crew known to have been on board – 32 people drowned. As the cruise- and passenger ships keep getting bigger, with higher passenger capacities, the importance of well-functioning evacuation procedures also increases. The purpose of this thesis was to perform a critical analysis of the publicly available data on human behavior during the Costa Concordia disaster as reported by the media, survivor accounts, and scientific investigations etc. The aim was to find possible behavioral factors that may have contributed in reducing the effectiveness of the evacuation, as well as identifying potential issues in the current evacuation procedures in ships – in light of the issues occurring during the disaster. In order to get familiarized with the current regulations in the passenger ship industry, and common complications in the evacuation procedures in passenger ships, a literature study was carried out. The publicly available behavior-data was thereafter evaluated in light of current evacuation behavioral theories. One conclusion from this thesis is that the behavioral models proved to be useful in the interpretation of a passenger ship evacuation disaster, and it is suggested that they may also be valuable at a design stage when trying to predict behaviors and actions of people in a maritime disaster. Furthermore, a number of behaviors were identified that might have contributed in reducing the effectiveness of the evacuation procedures, including; • Confusion • Freezing (cognitive paralysis) • Competitive behavior • Insecurity and hesitation Several management and operational issues were also identified that may have contributed in reducing the effectiveness of the evacuation procedures. • 696 passengers had not yet been briefed on the ship’s safety procedures (as this was scheduled for the following day, 14th of January). • The public and most of the staff were kept unaware of the severity of the situation, prohibiting them from getting mentally prepared for the evacuation. • The delay of the assembling and disembarking procedures caused precious time to be lost and led to a narrow time frame for effective launching of lifeboats and rafts. I • Lack of communication between passengers and staff, as well as in between staff, involved language barriers and conflicting orders and led to confusion, misunderstandings and frustration among the passengers. • Seeming lack of understanding and adequate training among part of the staff caused disbelief in the leadership among passengers. To improve the safety in passenger ships it is proposed that additional measures, beyond what is currently stated in the regulations, are taken in order to ensure that; • Passengers are given adequate information prior to and during an emergency. • Staff is familiar with the emergency equipment and procedures. • Staff is able to communicate with each other as well as with passengers. II Sammanfattning Stora kryssningsskepp och passagerarfärjor har ökat både i antal och popularitet på senare år, och följaktligen har antalet olyckor med passagerarbåtar också ökat. Costa Concordia-katastrofen utgör ett exempel på en av vår tids mest dramatiska evakueringar av passagerarfartyg. Utrymningen pågick i mer än sex timmar, trots att internationella sjöfartsregler tydliggör att alla passagerare ska vara evakuerade inom 30 minuter efter att order getts om att överge fartyget. Utav de 3229 passagerare och 1023 i besättningen som veterligen befann sig ombord vid tillfället omkom 32 människor. I takt med att kryssningsfartyg och övriga passagerarbåtar fortsätter att tillta i antal och storlek, så ökar även vikten av välfungerande utrymningsrutiner. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att kritiskt granska och analysera det allmänna material som finns att tillgå gällande mänskligt beteende under Costa Concordia-katastrofen – genom att studera såväl medias tolkningar, som vittnesuppgifter från överlevande och vetenskapliga utredningar etc. Målet har varit att försöka hitta beteendemönster som kan ha påverkat utrymningens effektivitet negativt, samt att identifiera potentiella svagheter i de nuvarande utrymningsrutinerna på passagerarfartyg. För att bli insatt i de nuvarande regelverken inom fartygsindustrin, och de vanligaste komplikationerna vid utrymning av passagerarbåtar, gjordes först en litteraturstudie. Därefter utvärderades de allmäntillgängliga uppgifterna om mänskligt beteende under Costa Concordia-katastrofen, med rådande teorier och modeller för mänskligt beteende vid utrymning i åtanke. En slutsats som dragits under arbetets gång är att modellerna är väl användbara för tolkningen av fartygsrelaterade evakueringskatastrofer. Det är också troligt att de kan bidra med värdefull information under ett planeringsstadium, för att förutspå människors beteende och handlingar vid olyckor ombord. Vidare uppdagades ett antal beteendemönster som kan ha bidragit till att reducera utrymningens effektivitet; • Förvirring • Frysning • Konkurrensbeteende (knuffar, trängsel etc.) • Osäkerhet och tvivel Flertalet organisatoriska fel och lednings-fel identifierades också som kan ha bidragit till att minska utrymningsprocedurernas effektivitet; • 696 passagerare hade vid grundstötningen ännu inte blivit instruerade om säkerhetsrutinerna, eftersom detta var schemalagt till dagen därpå. • Allmänheten, och merparten av besättningen, hölls ej informerade om situationens allvar, vilket hindrade dem från att förbereda sig mentalt på att evakuera. • Förseningen av uppsamlings- och evakueringsprocedurerna ledde till att dyrbar tid gick förlorad, vilket i sin tur gjorde att tidsramen för att sjösätta livbåtarna avsmalnade kraftigt. III • Bristande kommunikation mellan passagerare och besättning, samt besättningsmän emellan, berodde på såväl språkbarriärer som på motsägelsefulla order – vilket ledde till förvirring, frustration och missförstånd bland passagerarna. • Synbar avsaknad av utbildning och förståelse för utrymningsrutinerna orsakade misstro till ledarskapet hos passagerarna. För att förbättra säkerheten ombord på kryssningsfartyg och övriga passagerarbåtar föreslås att en ansträngning görs (utöver rådande regelverk) för att säkerställa att; • Passagerare ges tillräcklig information, dels innan en olycka inträffat, samt när den väl inträffar. • Personalen är väl insatt i säkerhetsrutiner och vet hur säkerhetsutrustning används, samt känner sig trygga i att använda den. • Personalen kan kommunicera med varandra såväl som med passagerarna. IV Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank Enrico Ronchi, at the Department of Fire Safety Engineering, for his guidance and expertise throughout the work with this thesis. A special thanks also goes to Robert Jönsson for his continuous motivation and tremendous support. V Glossary of abbreviations and acronyms AIS – Automatic Tracking System Carabinieri – Italian National Military Police FCC – Fleet Crisis Coordinator IB – Investigative Body LSA – Life-Saving Appliance IMO – International Maritime Organization ISM Code – International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention Martec system – Software that
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