opposite sex.’”128 Clearly, in the case of Allan, Elizabeth J. and Mary Madden. Chilly Classrooms my university, students widely reported for Female Undergraduate Students: A Question Marcell Jankovics and that both males and female students were of Method? Columbus, OH: Journal of Higher Education, valued differently and treated differently 2006. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/ Ferenc Rofusz: from each other based on their sex.129 I summary_0286-17330974_ITM [Accessed February hope that in some small way, the very 2008.] presence of my survey provoked thoughts Carr, Dr. Phyllis, et. al. Faculty Perception of Gender Discrimination The Grand Master and the in and conversations among my students. and Sexual Harassment in Academic Awareness, indeed, often catalyzes greater Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Journal of American College of Enfant Terrible of change. Physicians- American Society of Internal Medicine,2000. http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/132/11/889. Hungarian Animation Still, changing gender bias in Hungarian pdf. [Accessed February 2008.] higher education will ultimately be most CIA World Factbook. Washington, D.C.: effective if and when taken up by scholars Central Intelligence Agency, and activists who study these problems 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/ in the Hungarian language. Perhaps the-world-factbook/geos/hu.html [Accessed February Paul Morton future scholarship in Magyar will not 2008.] only validate these equality issues and ............................................................................................... gendered experiences, but will start a Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Hungary. Washington, wider public conversation about the need D.C.: Bureau of Democracy, Human Columbia University Eötvös Loránd University for greater gender equality both inside Rights, and Labor, 2003. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/ 2960 Broadway New York, NY 10027-6902 H-1088 Budapest Rákóczi út. 5 and outside the Hungarian classroom. hrrpt/2003/27841.htm, [Accessed February www.columbia.edu www.elte.hu Truly, “acknowledging the reality of 2008.] [email protected] Advisor: Tibor Frank sexism can be deeply troubling, as it Estruth, Jeannette. Surveys: Gender Bias in Hungarian Higher requires reframing one’s worldview.”130 In Education. Budapest, Hungary: Karoli Gaspar ............................................................................................... Hungary, as in every country around the University. (Administered 20 February 2008): Surveys #1-22. globe, wide re-negotiation and re-framing Hungary: Country Profile. Europa: Gateway to the European of sexist worldviews is required to realize Union’s Online Publication. a more gender-equal society. Perhaps with http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/eu_members/ This paper draws biographical sketches of two major figures of Hungarian animation. Marcell further scholarship, public conversation, hungary/index_en.htm [Accessed February Jankovics began working at Pannonia Studio in Budapest in the early 1960s and established and time, my students, the future leaders 2008.] himself as a multi-faceted talent. He has been a naïve slapstick artist (in his Gustav shorts), an of Hungary, can help re-shape those Sexual Harassment In Central And Eastern Europe. New York, NY: eerie interpreter of Hungarian myths (in his adaptations of Johnny Corncob and Son of the worldviews. The New York Times, 9 January 2000. White Mare) and an angry anti-communist jester (in “Inauguration.”) Ferenc Rofusz had a Bibliography http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2872/is_2_26/ comparatively unprolific career, making only three major shorts at Pannonia in the early 1980s: ai_62140815/pg_1 [Accessed February 2008.] “The Fly,” “Gravity,” and “Deadlock.” The three short films are, in their way, the work of a Stop Violence Against Women. Minnesota Advocates for Human dissident. Each tells the story of a doomed bid for freedom and individuality within three very Rights: Regional Laws and Standards. different Kafkaesque landscapes. This paper examines both artists’ changing concerns through 128 Allan and Madden, Chilly Classrooms for Female Undergraduate http://www.stopvaw.org/Regional_Law_and_Standards5. the communist and post-communist eras up to their most recent projects.. Jankovics’ The Students: A Question of Method?, 3. html [Accessed February 2008.] Tragedy of Man is an indictment of Hungary’s current political troubles. Rofusz’s “Ticket” is 129 Ibid., #1-#22. his first major non-political art film. 130 Allan and Madden, Chilly Classrooms for Female Undergraduate Students: A Question of Method?, 14. 60 61 AY 2007-2008 Paul Morton: Jankovics and Rofusz: Hungarian Animation Marcell Jankovics seen the original incarnation of this Jankovics also provided himself. The film “The realistic style helped the idea in this cartoon, Marcell Jankovics’ 1974 short ends with a long shot of the cave in which film,” he says. “There was a colleague During the 2008 Super Bowl, GMC “Sisyphus,” that narration and that music the drowning man is fighting for his life. who asked me why I didn’t make it in aired an ad for its new hybrid SUV is a terrible bastardization, as awful as In “Fight,” for the first time in his career, a humorous cartoon style. I wanted to featuring, as incongruously as any any of Microsoft’s co-optations of rock Jankovics depicts heavily detailed and cry at the end of the film.” Of the three car commercial, a black-and-white standards. The original soundtrack of subtle facial expressions. The two-minute films in the trilogy, though, it is the one ink drawing of a pulsating muscular “Sisyphus” was spare, nothing more than short is about a sculptor at war with the most likely to engender laughter. The Sisyphus pushing a giant boulder up a the sound of heavy breathing that grew sculpture of a beautiful youth he is trying image of an artwork at war with the artist mountain. At the beginning of the clip increasingly more desperate and more to carve out of a block of stone with a is inherently humorous. The moment the faceless Sisyphus is a well-defined primal; in the last few seconds before chisel. As the statue starts to take form, it the statue makes his first chip into the Michelangelo muscleman, containing Sisyphus rests the boulder atop the also takes on a life of its own and fights sculptor’s forehead carries the firm beat of more weight than any real human being mountain and the sound goes quiet, his back, using its own chisel. The statue chips a surprise joke. Jankovics doesn’t take the could possibly possess and he moves a desperate breathing almost reaches into wrinkles into the sculptor’s face, grinds off reaction very well. “Of course it’s funny small boulder. Gradually, as the boulder an infantile scream. “Sisyphus” is the work his hair, and then systematically knocks if I have no teeth,” he says. “People can gets too large to remain on the screen, of someone who sees himself, in the words out each of his teeth. The soundtrack is laugh at me. It’s a real drama, but always, the Sisyphus becomes less defined, his of GMC, pushing, changing, growing and spare, unmusical, nothing more than the [every time it’s played] they laugh at me.” muscles disappear, he becomes a skinny dreaming. It’s also the work of someone sound of chipping rock. Jankovics shoots who is constantly aware of himself the scene intimately. The film was made figure made up of little more than a The Dissident Jester few black lines, more like a being of us fighting, aging and dying. Jankovics three years before Raging Bull, but it has than above us. The ink lines of his form provided those sounds himself. “I wanted a weirdly similar approach to depicting Marcell Jankovics was born in Budapest 1 alternately become thicker and thinner people to feel hard work,” he says. two bodies entangled in conflict. It’s as if in 1941. As a child, his family was sent to with each step, giving the impression of There are two other films with which, Jankovics were resting a camera right over the countryside after his father, an official an entire body consumed in a struggle. At “Sisyphus” forms a trilogy: “Deep Water the shoulder of one fighter while staring in the Hungarian National Bank was sent 2 one point, for the length of two seconds, / Mélyviz” (1970) and “Fight / Küzdök” at his opponent’s face. In a departure from to prison by the communist government. the entire figure dissolves into a single (1977). He’s not resistant to political his previous work, the facial expressions “There was one cinema in town and every line – one can almost see the hand of interpretations of any of them. But they are organic, the wrinkles on the statue’s week I could go there to see Russian the artist making a quick dash across the are more personal than political. The forehead are focused and his mouth is films, Eisenstein for instance, and page – as the figure musters his strength. stories are more about man in conflict pursed into a state of frustration and Italian opera films.” The first cartoon he The camera which at first shoots Sisyphus with himself than with society. rage. The sculptor’s eyes look bewildered, remembers seeing is Ivan Ivanov-Vano’s and the bottom part of the boulder from a “Deep Water” depicts a drowning and then old and defeated. “Fight” ends The Hunchbacked Horse (1947)4, a major medium shot, subtly zooms back to reveal man who makes at least several dozen with a long-shot of the sculptor, now a example of Walt Disney-inspired Russian the full weight of the rock and to, by the grotesque facial expressions in the course defeated old man sitting down before his animation. But cartoons were not a big end of the commercial, reduce Sisyphus of one minute. His face becomes huge masterwork – a clean white, serene statue, part of his youth. He poured through to a tiny black figure on the mountain.