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The Ecology of the Invertebrate Community of Borough Fen Decoy Pond

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The Ecology of the Invertebrate Community of Borough Fen Decoy Pond The ecology of the invertebrate community of Borough Fen Decoy pond MARGARET PALMER Introduction topping-up took place on 5 days -28, 29 June, 24 August and 28, 29 September. Borough Fen is the oldest surviving Duck The water in the pond and its eight curved Decoy in Britain. It was constructed 4 miles ‘pipes’ is clear and shallow. Nowhere is it north of Peterborough about 1640 for com­ more than 2 ft deep, in most places only a few mercial duck-catching and continued in that inches. The bottom of fine gravel is overlaid use until the Wildfowl Trust converted it to by a thick layer of black mud. In 1947 it was a ringing station (Cook, 1960). The 2|-acre cleaned out by dragline, and each year a pond and the 14| acres of mixed woodland different area is pumped clear of mud. in which it lies have thus formed an isolated, There are patches of algae on the mud, but managed ecological unit for well over three apart from an island of reeds there are no centuries. With the drainage of the Fens it rooted plants of duckweeds growing in the was one of the few permanent bodies of water central part of the pond. Around the margins remaining, until the relatively recent excava­ Carex acuta, Glyceria maxima and Phrag­ tion of ballast and gravel pits. Woods are mites communis flourish, and the encroaching unusual in the Fen country too, often mark­ vegetation is periodically dug out, as are the ing the sites of disused decoys. edges of the reed island. Aquatic plants grow The pond water is replenished in the sum­ readily in the pipes, which have to be cleared mer, and other times of shortage, through a annually (Figure 1). This vegetation consists drain connecting it with the River Welland. of Glyceria maxima, Lemna minor, Callitriche Indeed the first written record of the Decoy’s stagnalis, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum and existence is an application made by the Earl filamentous algae including Spirogyra. of Lincoln to the Bedford Level Commis­ The pond often has a roosting population sioners, in 1670, for permission to pierce of up to 1,500 duck during the autumn, the the embankment of that river. In 1972 such birds flighting out in the evening to feed in Figure 1. Borough Fen Decoy. The mouth of the North Pipe; a general impression of the vegetation round the pond. 144 Margaret Palmer the surrounding arable land, sometimes as Crustacea far as the coast 20 miles away. In the winter Cladocera the roosting population falls to 400-500. Few Simnocephalus vetulus (Müller) of the duck stay to nest. In 1972 one pair of Daphnia pulex (De Geer) Mute Swans, about ten pairs of Mallard and Daphnia obtusa (Kurs.) several pairs of Moorhen nested around the Daphnia magna (Straus) pond. Scapholeberis aurita (Fischer) Leydigia leydigi (Schodler) Copepoda Water analysis Cyclops agilis (Koch. Sars) Cyclops vicinus (uljannà) *** A water sample taken in June had approxi­ Isopoda mately 90 parts per million (ppm) of calcium. Asellus meridianus (Racovitza). Two samples of water were taken on a Amphipoda sunny afternoon in July from the central area Crangonyx pseudogracilis (Bousfield) of the pond, where the water was 4 in deep, over 10 in of mud, with a water temperature Insecta of21°C. Oxygen saturation was 135%/122% Hemiptera and the pH 7-98/8-02. The compounds in Gerris lacustris (L.) solution were, in ppm: oxygen 11-7/10-6; Notonecta glauca (L.) ammonia (as nitrogen) 9-2/10-2; nitrate (as Callicorixa praeusta (Fieber) nitrogen) 1 -2/1 -2 ; nitrite not detectable ; phos­ Corixa punctata (Illiger) phate (as P 0 4) 2-1/2-1; total hardness (as Hesperocorixa sahlbergi (Fieber) C aC 03) 250/250. Sigara dorsalis (Leach) Sigara/alleni (Fieber) Sigara lateralis (Leach) Animal survey Trichoptera Limnephilidae Coleoptera This was carried out between March and Haliplus lineatocollis (Marsham) July 1972. Both Pygosteus pungitius (ten- Haliplus ruficollis (Degeer) spined stickleback) and Gasterosteus aculea­ hygrotus inaequalis (Fab.) tus (three-spined stickleback) were present Ostracoda in the pond. Rana temporaria (common frog) Hydroporus granularis (L.) returned in 1972, after some years’ absence Hydroporus palustris (L.) from Borough Fen, but no tadpoles were Hydroporus pubescens (Gyllenhal.) seen. Some fifty species of invertebrates were Diptera found, half of them insects (Table 1). Ptychoptera contaminata (L.) Ptychoptera minuta (Tonnoir) Anopheles maculipennis (Meigen) Table 1. Invertebrates found in Borough Paradixa aestivalis (Mg.) Fen Decoy pond Chironomidae Ceratopogonidae Tricladida Pericoma sp. Dendrocoelum lacteum (Müller) Acarina Polycelis nigra (Müller) Nematoda ., Scarce; *, fairly frequent; **, frequent; ***, very Mermithidae frequent; »***, abundant; **»**, very abundant. Annelida Oligochaeta Tubificadae Nais sp. Notes on the ecology of the invertebrates Hirudinea Erpobdella testacea (Savigny) T ricladida Helobdella stagnalis (L.) Mollusca Gastropoda Dendrocoelum lacteum is a flatworm, found in Lymnaea peregra (Müller) productive waters where the calcium content Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) is at least 10 ppm (Reynoldson, 1967). It feeds Planorbis planorbis (L.) on arthropods, and its distribution is closely Planorbis contortus (L.) linked with that of Asellus, one item of its Lamellibranchiata diet. Polycellis nigra is a widespread species, Anodonta cygnea which feeds on oligochaetes and arthropods. Invertebrate ecology, Borough Fen Pond 145 Nematoda gracilis is a freshwater shrimp which was introduced from North Américain the 1930s Mermithidae(rainworms) are relatively large and is now fairly widespread. It appears to be roundworms, several centimetres in length, able to stand pollution better than the com­ parasitic in their early stages in insect larvae. mon freshwater shrimp, Gammarus pulex, which was not found at Borough Fen. Hirudinea Hemiptera Helobdella stagnalis is a very common leech, typical of still waters rich in calcium. Erpob- Gerris lacustris is probably the commonest della testacea, a less common species, is found species of pond skater in the Peterborough in emergent vegetation, eutrophic ponds and district, and Notonecta glauca is by far the organically polluted waters. Both species feed commonest of the back-swimming water on invertebrates such as chironomid larvae boatm en. and oligochaete worms, and Erpobdella test­ Macan (1954, 1963, 1965) has shown that acea also takes water fleas. each species of corixid has precise require­ ments, including the calcium content of the water and the amount of organic matter on Mollusca the bottom. Of the six species of corixid found at Borough Fen, the only numerous one was Lymnaea peregra is the most widespread and Sigara lateralis. This water boatman is often abundant British freshwater snail. L. stag­ abundant in ponds fouled by animals (in this nalis is common in hard-water ponds. case the waterfowl). Callicorixa praeusta is Similarly, Planorbis contortus is a widespread common in rich waters, often where there is ramshorn snail, whereas P. planorbis is re­ some degree of organic pollution. Sigara stricted to hard water. Shells of Anodonta falleni and Corixa punctata are common in cygnea found at Borough Fen measured up calcium-rich waters. Hesperocorixa sahlbergi to 5-j in. in length. Sticklebacks here would is typical of ponds with black mud on the be the hosts for the parasitic larvae of the bottom, where the water is not base-deficient. swan mussel. Sigara dorsalis is typical of waters with less organic matter than is present at Borough Fen. Crustacea The pond teems with Cladocera. Daphnia T richoptera pulex is typical of polluted ponds, as it feeds on unicellular algae with hard cuticles, which The two limnephilid caddis larvae found abound in these conditions. It can tolerate am ongst Carex stems had constructed their low oxygen concentrations, and its feeding cases from plant material. limbs are not clogged by bacteria. Daphnia obtusa is associated with ‘duck ponds’. D. magna is rather rare, occurring in hard waters in south and east England. Simnocephalus Coleoptera vetulus, which flourishes in hard, weedy waters, was restricted to the thick vegetation All the beetles found at Borough Fen are in the pipe ends. Scapholeberis aurita, a rare very common pond species. species, crawls on the underside of the surface film of the water. Before this survey it had only been recorded from Norfolk and Hamp­ Diptera ton Court (Scourfield & Harding, 1967). Ley- digia leydigi, a widespread species, lives on Anopheles maculipennis is a very common the surface of the mud. mosquito, and Paradixa aestivalis is a very The Copepoda found at Borough Fen are widespread midge. The grub-like larvae of common species. Cyclops vicinus is usually the Ptychopteridae (phantom craneflies) live associated in ponds with Daphnia pulex. in mud beneath shallow water, and breathe Asellus meridianus was not as plentiful in air at the surface by means of a long this pond as might have been expected, as it abdominal respiratory process. Ptychoptera is an abundant water skater in the Peter­ contaminata is a common species, frequenting borough district, and can stand fairly low especially woodland pools. P. minuta is local oxygen concentrations. Crangonyx pseudo- in distribution, and has not previously been 146 Margaret Palmer recorded from this vice-country (Stubbs, with wildly fluctuating oxygen levels, unless 1972). they breathe air at the surface. The Trent River Board has worked out a classification of freshwater, using inverte­ Acarina brate organisms as indicators of the degree of organic pollution. The oxygen require­ Parasitic mite larvae were found attached to ment of the members of the invertebrate the cuticle of Callicorixa praeusta. community is one of the principal criteria upon which this Biotic Index is ultimately based. The Biotic Index ranges from 0 for foully polluted to 10 for thoroughly clean. Discussion The rating for Borough Fen Decoy Pond works out at approximately 6. Many species Apart from Cladocera, Copepoda and in the pond are typical of mildly polluted Ostracoda, only a very few species of animal water, in particular Erpobdella testacea, were at all numerous in the areas of the pond Daphnis pulex, Asellus meridianus, Sigara free of rooted vegetation.
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