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Mangrove Swamp (Caroni Wetland, Trinidad)
FIGURE 1.3 Swamps. (a) Floodplain swamp (Ottawa River, Canada). (b) Mangrove swamp (Caroni wetland, Trinidad). FIGURE 1.4 Marshes. (a) Riverine marsh (Ottawa River, Canada; courtesy B. Shipley). (b) Salt marsh (Petpeswick Inlet, Canada). FIGURE 1.5 Bogs. (a) Lowland continental bog (Algonquin Park, Canada). (b) Upland coastal bog (Cape Breton Island, Canada). FIGURE 1.6 Fens. (a) Patterned fen (northern Canada; courtesy C. Rubec). (b) Shoreline fen (Lake Ontario, Canada). FIGURE 1.7 Wet meadows. (a) Sand spit (Long Point, Lake Ontario, Canada; courtesy A. Reznicek). (b) Gravel lakeshore (Tusket River, Canada; courtesy A. Payne). FIGURE 1.8 Shallow water. (a) Bay (Lake Erie, Canada; courtesy A. Reznicek). (b) Pond (interdunal pools on Sable Island, Canada). FIGURE 2.1 Flooding is a natural process in landscapes. When humans build cities in or adjacent to wetlands, flooding can be expected. This example shows Cedar Rapids in the United States in 2008 (The Gazette), but incidences of flood damage to cities go far back in history to early cities such as Nineveh mentioned in The Epic of Gilgamesh (Sanders 1972). FIGURE 2.5 Many wetland organisms are dependent upon annual flood pulses. Animals discussed here include (a) white ibis (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), (b) Mississippi gopher frog (courtesy M. Redmer), (c) dragonfly (courtesy C. Rubec), and (d) tambaqui (courtesy M. Goulding). Plants discussed here include (e) furbish lousewort (bottom left; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) and ( f ) Plymouth gentian. -N- FIGURE 2.10 Spring floods produce the extensive bottomland forests that accompany many large rivers, such as those of the southeastern United States of America. -
Managing Iowa Habitats
Managing Iowa Habitats Fen Wetlands Introduction Why should I be concerned? Fens are the rarest of Iowa’s wetland commu- Fens are an important and unique wetland nities and of great scientific interest. While type. Not only are the fens themselves rare, but their geology varies, they all are the products they shelter over 200 plant species, 20 of which of the seepage of groundwater to the surface. are Iowa endangered and threatened species. Because the water is rich in calcium and other Many of the plant species have been in these minerals, only a select group of plants is able to areas for thousands of years. The fen’s vegeta- grow there. As a result, fens contain many tion, in turn, shelters wildlife by providing plant species considered endangered or valuable habitat. threatened in Iowa. Fens are valuable to humans as well. They are A few of the oldest fens contain plant remains important as sites of groundwater discharge — that date back 10,000 years, though most Iowa good indicators of shallow aquifers. Vegetation fens are less than 5,000 years old. A few of in all wetlands plays an important role in these “younger” fens may have existed 10,000 recycling nutrients, trapping eroding soil, and years ago, but because of dramatic climate filtering out polluting chemicals such as changes, they may have dried up and lost the nitrates. However, the rarity of fens and their plant remains (by burning or erosion) that relatively small size makes it important could prove their age. When the climate grew to protect them from overloading by wetter again about 5,000 years ago, these fens these materials. -
Northern Fen Communitynorthern Abstract Fen, Page 1
Northern Fen CommunityNorthern Abstract Fen, Page 1 Community Range Prevalent or likely prevalent Infrequent or likely infrequent Absent or likely absent Photo by Joshua G. Cohen Overview: Northern fen is a sedge- and rush-dominated 8,000 years. Expansion of peatlands likely occurred wetland occurring on neutral to moderately alkaline following climatic cooling, approximately 5,000 years saturated peat and/or marl influenced by groundwater ago (Heinselman 1970, Boelter and Verry 1977, Riley rich in calcium and magnesium carbonates. The 1989). community occurs north of the climatic tension zone and is found primarily where calcareous bedrock Several other natural peatland communities also underlies a thin mantle of glacial drift on flat areas or occur in Michigan and can be distinguished from shallow depressions of glacial outwash and glacial minerotrophic (nutrient-rich) northern fens, based on lakeplains and also in kettle depressions on pitted comparisons of nutrient levels, flora, canopy closure, outwash and moraines. distribution, landscape context, and groundwater influence (Kost et al. 2007). Northern fen is dominated Global and State Rank: G3G5/S3 by sedges, rushes, and grasses (Mitsch and Gosselink 2000). Additional open wetlands occurring on organic Range: Northern fen is a peatland type of glaciated soils include coastal fen, poor fen, prairie fen, bog, landscapes of the northern Great Lakes region, ranging intermittent wetland, and northern wet meadow. Bogs, from Michigan west to Minnesota and northward peat-covered wetlands raised above the surrounding into central Canada (Ontario, Manitoba, and Quebec) groundwater by an accumulation of peat, receive inputs (Gignac et al. 2000, Faber-Langendoen 2001, Amon of nutrients and water primarily from precipitation et al. -
FEN BOG from the Website North Yorkshire for the Book Discover Butterflies in Britain © D E Newland 2009
FEN BOG from www.discoverbutterflies.com the website North Yorkshire for the book Discover Butterflies in Britain © D E Newland 2009 The North Yorkshire Moors Railway passes along the western edge of Fen Bog Fen Bog is 20 ha (50 acres) of This well-known site in TARGET SPECIES boggy marshland at the head Yorkshire is noted for its Large Heath (June and early of Newtondale, near Pickering many different species of July), Small Pearl-bordered in North Yorkshire. It is 3 butterflies, moths and and Dark Green Fritillaries; miles south of Goathland and dragonflies. There is a deep commoner species. lies on the route of the North bed of peat where many Yorkshire Moors Railway different bog plants flourish. It from Pickering to Grosmont. lies within a wide valley with heather, hard fern, mat grass and purple moor grass all growing stongly. The reserve is cared for by the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust. The North York Moors became one of our first National Parks in 1952. Its moors are one of the largest areas of heather moorland in Britain and cover an area of 550 square miles. It is hard to imagine that they were once permanently covered in ice and snow. When global warming took effect at the end of the Ice Age, the snowfields began to melt and melt water flowed south. It gouged out the deep valley of Newtondale where the Pickering Beck now flows. Newtondale runs roughly north-south parallel to the A169 Whitby to Pickering road and is a designated SSSI of 940 ha (2,300 acres). -
Stow Cum Quy Fen Pond Survey
Stow Cum Quy Fen pond survey A report for the Freshwater Habitats Trust July 2017 (Version 2) 1. Introduction Stow-cum-Quy Fen Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) covers 29.6 hectares and is located 7.5 km north-east of the centre of Cambridge. It features a number of ponds, the largest being a coprolite pit from which phosphate-rich deposits were excavated in the mid to late 19th century for fertiliser (O’Connor, 2001 & 2011). Originally believed to be fossilised dinosaur dung, the ‘coprolite’ seams were in fact phosphatic nodules derived from the remains of marine molluscs, cephalopods and other organisms deposited during the Jurassic (Cambridgeshire Archaeology Field Group, 2015). The elongate shape of some smaller ponds suggests that these too originated as coprolite pits but others are likely to be stock watering ponds. This survey was commissioned by the Freshwater Habitats Trust as part of the Flagship Ponds project. Fieldwork for was undertaken by Jonathan Graham (botanical survey) and Martin Hammond (invertebrates) on 17th May 2017. This was followed by a second visit on 21st June 2017 to seek out additional species. 2. Survey methods Eight ponds (refer to location map below) were surveyed using PSYM (Predictive System for Multimetrics), the standard methodology for evaluating the ecological quality of ponds and small lakes (Environment Agency, 2002). A PSYM survey involves: Obtaining environmental data such as pond area, altitude, grid reference, substrate composition, cover of emergent vegetation, degree of shade, accessibility to livestock and water pH Collecting a sample of aquatic macro-invertebrates using a standard protocol (three minutes’ netting divided equally between each ‘meso-habitat’ within the pond basin, plus one minute searching the water surface and submerged debris) Recording wetland plants PSYM generates six ‘metrics’ (measurements) representing important indicators of ecological quality. -
A Fen Is a Rare, Low Shrub- and Herb- Dominated Wetland That Is Fed by Calcareous Groundwater Seepage
Habitat fact sheet Fen A fen is a rare, low shrub- and herb- dominated wetland that is fed by calcareous groundwater seepage. Fens almost always occur in areas influenced by carbonate bedrock (e.g., limestone and marble), and are identified by their low, often sparse vegetation and their distinctive plant community. Tussocky vegetation and small BellK. 2006 seepage rivulets are often present, and some fens have substantial areas of bare mineral Typical plants soil or organic muck. • Grasses and sedges such as spike-muhly, sterile sedge, porcupine sedge, yellow sedge, and woolly-fruit sedge • Shrubs including shrubby cinquefoil, K. BellK. 2007 alder-leaf buckthorn, and autumn willow Bog turtle • Wildflowers including grass-of- Parnassus and bog goldenrod Species of conservation concern Purple cliffbrake • More than 12 state-listed rare plants are found almost exclusively in fen habitats, including handsome sedge, Schweinitz’s sedge, bog valerian, scarlet Indian paintbrush, spreading globeflower, and swamp birch • Rare butterflies such as Dion skipper and black dash • Rare dragonflies such as forcipate emerald and Kennedy’s emerald • Bog turtle (Endangered in New York) • Spotted turtle, ribbon snake • Sedge wren, northern harrier These are just a few of the species of regional or statewide conservation concern that are known to occur in fen habitats. See Kiviat & Stevens (2001) Bell 2006 K. for a more extensive list. Fringed gentian Hudsonia Ltd. PO Box 5000, Annandale, NY 12504 (845) 758-7053 www.hudsonia.org Habitat fact sheet Page 2 Threats to fens Fens are highly vulnerable to degradation from direct disturbance and from activities in nearby upland areas. -
New Orleans, LA USA
July 28-August 1, 2014 | New Orleans, LA USA CEER 2014 Conference on Ecological and Ecosystem Restoration ELEVATING THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF RESTORATION A Collaborative Effort of NCER and SER July 28-August 1, 2014 New Orleans, Louisiana, USA www.conference.ifas.ufl.edu/CEER2014 Welcome to the UF/IFAS OCI App! The University of Florida IFAS Office of Conferences & Institutes is happy to present a mobile app for the Conference on Ecological and Ecosystem Restoration. To access the conference app, scan the QR Code or search “IFAS OCI” in the App Store or Google Play on your Apple or Android device. Log in with the email address you used to register, a social media account, or as a guest. You will be prompted to select an event – choose CEER 2014. The event password is eco14. The app allows you to build a personal conference agenda, stay updated with conference announcements, and connect with sponsors, exhibitors, and fellow attendees. Should you have any questions about the app, please stop by our registration desk for assistance. Stay connected! #CEER2014 July 28-August 1, 2014 | New Orleans, LA USA Table of Contents Welcome Letter ...................................................................................................... 3 In Honor of David Allen Vigh ................................................................................... 4 About CEER ............................................................................................................. 6 About the Society for Ecological Restoration ........................................................ -
Effects of Climate Change on Forested Wetland Soils [Chapter 9]
CHAPTER Effects of climate change on forested wetland soils 9 Carl C. Trettina,*, Martin F. Jurgensenb, Zhaohua Daia aSouthern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Cordesville, SC, United States, bSchool of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Wetlands are characterized by water at or near the soil surface for all or significant part of the year, are a source for food, fiber and water to society, and because of their position in landscapes and ecological structure help to moderate floods. They are also unique ecosystems with long-persistent flora and fauna. Because water is a driving factor for existence as a wetland, these systems are particularly vulnerable to climate change, especially as warming is accompanied by changes the quality and quantity of water moving through these systems. Because they are such diverse ecosystems, wetlands respond differently to stressors and, therefore, require different management and restoration techniques. In this chapter we consider forested wetland soils, their soil types, functions, and associated responses to climate change. Wetland processes are not well understood and therefore additional information is needed on these areas. In addition, more knowledge is needed on the interface between wetlands, uplands, and tidal waters. Introduction Wetlands are defined on the basis of saturated anaerobic soil conditions near the surface during the growing season and plants that are adapted to growing in anoxic soils (Cowardin et al., 1979). While specific definitions of wetlands vary by country or region, it is the presence of saturated soils and hydrophytic trees and understory plants that differentiate forested wetlands from upland forests. -
A-414 History of Tropical Peatland in Southeast Asia
15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016 Abstract No: A-414 HISTORY OF TROPICAL PEATLAND IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Furukawa Hisao Kyoto University, Japan * Corresponding author: [email protected] SUMMARY Geohistory of tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia and a historical retrospect of the exploitation are presented. Keywords: Age, stratigraphy, early and modern ways of exploitation. INTRODUCTION Coastal plains of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo bordering the Sunda Sea were, and still are partly, the realm of swamp forests which included mangrove at seaward outskirts, freshwater swamp forests in the tidal zone, and peat swamp forests inland. Under natural conditions, the ground surface is covered by tropical woody peat layers of varying thickness. These peatlands emerged through the Holocene submersion of the vast and flat terrains at the periphery of the former Sunda Land, and the productive tropical rain forests which expanded over the region. The tropical peatlands inhabited only by mammals, apes, birds and reptiles, remained miasmic for long periods against human interferences because of dense forests, high humidity, numberless mosquitoes, often submerged and bumpy ground surface. Now amidst the worldwide industrialism, they are swiftly changing into one of the important agro-industrial bases, and no one cannot deny that industrialism is a powerful engine to make a people richer and more free. On the other hand, we have seen negative effects of industrialism so often. London was famous for its smog by the mid 20th century. Japan in the 1960s to 1970s was an emporium with so many kinds of environmental pollution and induced diseases. These issues were met, and even now are met through dialogs, scientific studies and legislative measures supported by our own accord. -
Minesing Wetlands Natural Area Conservation Plan Executive Summary Approved in 2017
Minesing Wetlands Natural Area Conservation Plan Executive Summary Approved in 2017 Vision Statement The Minesing Wetlands is one of the largest wetland systems in southern Ontario and supports a diversity of rare species and wetland habitats including extensive marshes, fens, and treed swamps. Conservation activities focus on strategic securement of remaining private land parcels, and restoration activities in a variety of habitats to retain the full complement of ecological functions and structures. Conservation partners, compatible recreational users, researchers and community members are cooperatively engaged in the long-term conservation, promotion, and understanding of this Ramsar Wetland of International Importance. Project Team Name Organization Role Phone Email 519-826-0068 x.5222 kristyn.ferguson@ Kristyn Nature Conservancy natureconservancy.c Ferguson of Canada Plan lead a Nature Conservancy Team Laura Robson of Canada member Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Team Byron Wesson Authority member Nottawasaga Valley Dave Conservation Team Featherstone Authority member Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Team Kyra Howes Authority member Nature Conservancy Team Claire Elliott of Canada member Mhairi Nature Conservancy Team McFarlane of Canada member Doug van Nature Conservancy Project Hemessen of Canada advisor Sean Ducks Unlimited Project Rootham Canada advisor Naomi Friends of Minesing Project Saunders Wetlands advisor Danny Friends of Minesing Project Mainville Wetlands advisor Project Chris Evans Nature Barrie advisor Nottawasaga Valley -
CEDARBURG BOG WETLAND TYPES Kate Redmond Coniferous Bog, Coniferous Swamp, Fen, Lowland Hardwood Swamp, Marsh, Shrub Carr, Ephemeral Pond, Patterned Peatland
SOUTHEAST - 2 CEDARBURG BOG WETLAND TYPES Kate Redmond Coniferous bog, coniferous swamp, fen, lowland hardwood swamp, marsh, shrub carr, ephemeral pond, patterned peatland ECOLOGY & SIGNIFICANCE low strips of open sedge mat alternating with peat ridges of bog birch, leatherleaf, white cedar and tamarack. Plants Cedarburg Bog is the least disturbed large bog remaining common at the site include cranberry, bog birch, narrow- in southern Wisconsin. This wetland complex was once leaved sedge, bogbean, water horsetail, arrowgrass and part of a large glacial lake; today six lakes of varying size orchids as well as insectivorous plants like round-leaved and depth, all with high water quality, remain. The site’s • sundew, purple pitcher plant and bladderwort. More than OZAUKEE COUNTY 2500 acres support a number of different wetland plant 35 plant species at Cedarburg Bog are at or near the southern community types and an associated diversity of plants, extent of their range in Wisconsin. including many species that are regionally rare and are at the southern limits of their range here. This Wetland Gem Cedarburg Bog provides excellent habitat for both breeding also supports significant wildlife diversity including many and migrating birds. Nearly 300 species of birds have been amphibians, mammals and hundreds of birds. documented in the area, including 19 species that are near the southern extent of their range in Wisconsin. Breeding FLORA & FAUNA birds include Acadian Flycatcher, willow flycatcher, hooded This diverse wetland complex consists of extensive warbler, golden-crowned kinglet, Canada warbler, northern coniferous bog with a canopy of tamarack and black spruce waterthrush and white-throated sparrow. -
Muskoka Airport Scoped Wetland Assessment District Municipality of Muskoka
GUIDING SOLUTIONS IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Muskoka Airport Scoped Wetland Assessment District Municipality of Muskoka Prepared For: District Municipality of Muskoka Prepared By: Beacon Environmental Date: Project: June 2011 211123 MARKHAM BRACEBRIDGE GUELPH OTTAWA (SMS Aviation Safety Inc.) 144 Main St. North, Suite 206 126 Kimberley Avenue 337 Woolwich Street 275 Slater Street, Suite 900 Markham, Ontario L3P 5T3 Bracebridge, Ontario P1L 1Z9 Guelph, Ontario N1H 3W4 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H9 T) 905.201.7622 F) 905.201.0639 T) 705.645.1050 F) 705.645.6639 T) 519.826.0419 F) 519.826.9306 T) 613.238.3232 F) 613.236.3754 Muskoka Airport Scoped Wetland Assessment Table of Contents page 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 2. Study Objectives ........................................................................................ 1 3. Natural Heritage Policy and Regulation ................................................... 2 3.1 Endangered Species Act (2007) ..................................................................................... 2 3.2 Migratory Birds Convention Act (1994) ........................................................................... 3 3.3 District of Muskoka Official Plan (2010) .......................................................................... 3 3.3.1 Wetland Policy Review ..................................................................................................... 3 3.4 Town of Gravenhurst Official Plan (2008) ......................................................................