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Dynamique Du Pin Blanc (Pinus Strobus Linnaeus) Dans Les Tourbières Ombrotrophes Du Sud Du Québec

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Dynamique Du Pin Blanc (Pinus Strobus Linnaeus) Dans Les Tourbières Ombrotrophes Du Sud Du Québec Dynamique du pin blanc (Pinus strobus Linnaeus) dans les tourbières ombrotrophes du sud du Québec Mémoire Sarah-Kim Lavoie Maîtrise en sciences géographiques Maître en sciences géographiques (M. Sc. Géogr.) Québec, Canada © Sarah-Kim Lavoie, 2017 Dynamique du pin blanc (Pinus strobus Linnaeus) dans les tourbières ombrotrophes du sud du Québec Mémoire Sarah-Kim Lavoie Sous la direction de : Martin Lavoie directeur de recherche Martin Simard codirecteur de recherche ii RÉSUMÉ Plusieurs tourbières du Québec sont aujourd’hui caractérisées par un processus de boisement qui est souvent une conséquence des activités anthropiques in ou ex situ ayant affecté leurs conditions hydrologiques. Bien que le pin blanc (Pinus strobus) soit une espèce arborescente que l’on rencontre plutôt rarement dans les tourbières ombrotrophes, les individus qui y poussent semblent afficher dans plusieurs cas une bonne croissance, autant en hauteur qu’en diamètre. Les objectifs de la présente étude étaient (1) de déterminer l’époque d’établissement de l’espèce dans quelques tourbières de la région écologique de la Plaine du Saint-Laurent et les facteurs ayant favorisé cet établissement, (2) de caractériser leur croissance radiale et (3) de déterminer les facteurs qui ont régi la croissance. Cinq tourbières ont été étudiées. Des analyses dendrochronologiques ont été réalisées pour des individus sur tourbe et sur sol minéral à proximité afin de comparer la croissance entre les deux types de milieu. Des fonctions de réponse et de corrélation ont été effectuées sur les séries dendrochronologiques afin de déterminer l’influence du climat sur la croissance. Enfin, des monolithes de tourbe de surface furent l’objet d’une analyse macrofossile afin de trouver des restes de pin blanc. La présence du pin blanc en milieu tourbeux semble être un phénomène relativement récent, la colonisation ayant débuté au plus tôt un peu avant la moitié du XIXe siècle. Cette installation récente concorde avec la présence de macrorestes de l’espèce dans les seuls premiers centimètres de la tourbe en surface. Bien qu’elle soit majoritairement inférieure à celle des individus sur sol minéral, la croissance radiale des individus sur tourbe s’avère très bonne. Le climat ne semble pas avoir influencé la croissance des individus et ce, autant sur tourbe que sur sol minéral ce qui suggère que d’autres facteurs régissent la croissance. Les précipitations moins abondantes durant certaines périodes du XXe siècle et le feu sont, selon les sites, des facteurs ayant fort probablement favorisé l’établissement du pin blanc sur les tourbières. iii TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ ............................................................................................................................................. iii TABLE DES MATIÈRES ...................................................................................................................... iv LISTE DES TABLEAUX ....................................................................................................................... vi LISTE DES FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... vii REMERCIEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1 Objectifs et hypothèses ................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPITRE PREMIER ......................................................................................................................... 9 1 Sites à l’étude .............................................................................................................................. 9 DEUXIÈME CHAPITRE ..................................................................................................................... 15 2 Méthodologie ............................................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Travaux de terrain .............................................................................................................. 15 2.2 Travaux de laboratoire ....................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 Analyses dendrochronologiques ................................................................................ 15 2.2.2 Données météorologiques ......................................................................................... 16 2.2.3 Analyses macrofossiles.............................................................................................. 17 TROISIÈME CHAPITRE .................................................................................................................... 18 3 Résultats ................................................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Analyses dendrochronologiques ........................................................................................ 18 3.1.1 Dates d’établissement du pin blanc ........................................................................... 18 3.1.2 Croissance radiale ..................................................................................................... 20 3.1.3 Données météorologiques ......................................................................................... 23 3.1.4 Fonctions de réponse et de corrélation ...................................................................... 25 3.2 Analyses macrofossiles ..................................................................................................... 27 QUATRIÈME CHAPITRE .................................................................................................................. 29 4 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 29 4.1 Époques d’établissement ................................................................................................... 29 4.2 Les facteurs pouvant expliquer l’établissement et la croissance du pin blanc sur les tourbières ...................................................................................................................................... 30 4.2.1 Le feu ......................................................................................................................... 30 4.2.2 Les facteurs climatiques............................................................................................. 31 4.2.3 Le drainage ................................................................................................................ 33 iv CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 35 RÉFÉRENCES .................................................................................................................................. 37 ANNEXE 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 43 ANNEXE 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 48 ANNEXE 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 53 ANNEXE 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 72 ANNEXE 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 91 v LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1 : Statistiques des séries dendrochronologiques ................................................................ 20 Tableau 2 : Largeur moyenne des cernes par site en fonction du substrat ........................................ 21 vi LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1 : Aire de répartition du pin blanc en Amérique du Nord ......................................................... 1 Figure 2 : Présence du pin blanc dans des tourbières du Québec méridional : ................................... 4 Figure 3 : Système racinaire du pin blanc en surface dans deux tourbières du Québec méridional : .. 5 Figure 4 : Localisation des sites d’étude .............................................................................................. 9 Figure 5 : Vue de la Grande tourbière de Villeroy .............................................................................. 10 Figure 6 : Vue de la tourbière la Grande-plée-Bleue .......................................................................... 11 Figure 7 : Vue de la tourbière de La Durantaye ................................................................................. 12 Figure 8 : Vue du complexe tourbeux de Lanoraie ............................................................................ 13 Figure 9 : Vue de la tourbière de Granby ........................................................................................... 14 Figure 10 : Dates d’établissement du pin blanc sur tourbe et sur sol minéral pour chaque site ......... 19 Figure 11 : Chronologies maîtresses des individus sur tourbe et sur sol minéral pour
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