Les Plagues De Llagosta. Algunes Re.Lexions Sobre

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Les Plagues De Llagosta. Algunes Re.Lexions Sobre LES PLAGUES DE LLAGOSTA. ALGUNES RELEXIONS SOBRE UNA CALAMITAT NO TAN NATURAL Antonio Buj Buj* RESUM Algunes espècies de llagosta, un insecte de la família dels acrídids, tenen la capacitat de multiplicar-se enormement i formar eixams destructius ca- paços de recórrer grans distàncies. Hi ha moltes espècies perilloses, esteses per tots els continents. Algunes de les més importants són la Schistocerca gregaria, la Locusta migratoria, la Nomadacris septemfasciata i el Docios- taurus maroccanus. Aquesta última segueix provocant fortes despeses de diners a Espanya. Les plagues de llagosta han estat responsables de greus problemes alimentaris, i continuen tenint conseqüències catastròfiques a hores dara a lÀfrica, lÀsia, el Perú o Rússia. Daltra banda, coincidint amb les greus plagues dels anys vint del segle XX, es va desenvolupar una inten- sa literatura científica per tractar dentendre el problema. Va ser especial- ment important lobra de Boris P. Uvarov Locusts and Grasshoppers (Lon- dres, 1928), punt de referència per a la completa comprensió de la qüestió des del punt de vista científic. PARAULES CLAU: plagues de llagosta, calamitat natural, agricultura, proble- mes alimentaris, acridologia, Boris P. Uvarov. RESUMEN Algunas especies de langosta, un insecto de la familia de los acrídidos, tienen la capacidad de multiplicarse enormemente, formando destructivos enjambres capaces de recorrer grandes distancias. Hay muchas especies pe- ligrosas, extendidas por todos los continentes. Algunas de las más importan- tes son la Schistocerca gregaria, la Locusta migratoria, la Nomadacris sep- temfasciata y el Dociostaurus maroccanus. Esta última sigue ocasionando enormes gastos en España. Las plagas de langosta han sido responsables de * Doctor en geografia humana. Professor de lIES Dr. Puigvert (Barcelona), passeig de Santa Coloma, 46-54, 08025 Barcelona. QUADERNS AGRARIS 28 setembre 2003 # graves problemas alimentarios, y continúan teniendo consecuencias ca- tastróficas en estos momentos en África, Asia, Perú o Rusia. Por otro lado, coincidiendo con las graves plagas de los años veinte del siglo XX, se desa- rrolló una intensa literatura científica para tratar de comprender el proble- ma. Especialmente importante fue la obra de Boris P. Uvarov Locusts and Grasshoppers (Londres, 1928), punto de referencia para el total entendi- miento de la cuestión desde el punto de vista científico. PALABRAS CLAVE: plagas de langosta, calamidad natural, agricultura, pro- blemas alimentarios, acridología, Boris P. Uvarov. ABSTRACT Some species of locust, an insect of the family Acrididae, have the capa- bility of multiplying enormously, given rise to destructive swarms which co- ver enormous distances. There is a vast number of species extended through all the continents. Some of the most important are the Schistocerca gregaria, the Locusta migratoria, the Nomadacris septemfasciata, and the Dociostaurus maroccanus. These locust plagues, historical responsible for problems in alimentation, have still catastrophic results, as it has recently happened in Africa, Asia, Peru or Russia. Coincidental with the development of the African plague in 1920-1930, an intense scientific literature began to be published. Especially important was the work by Boris P. Uvarov Locusts and Grasshoppers (London, 1928), the compulsory reference for all these who research on the topic. KEYWORDS: locust plague, natural disaster, agriculture, problems of nou- rishment, acridology, Boris P. Uvarov. 1. INTRODUCCIÓ [...] vengué colp de llagosta en la orta de València, e venia de Castella, devés de Múrçia e Oriola, la qual, salmejant e malahint la portaren açí a València e ja era gran, que volava tant que prenia la volada de la un cap de València fins a lal- tre cap e alguna restava per los terrats e per les plases e carers de València, e los chichs les acasaven e les mataven, e axí, fent prosesons per los lochs e per València, malahint-la, anava volant devés la mar y sofegà molta della y los peix- cadors trobaren en lo peix que avien menjat delles; y algunes covaven per lorta y axí la mataren tot lo que pogueren fins tant que no sen trobà rastre dengú, e com les vinyes heren grans no feren mal als fruyts. Jeroni Sòria, Dietari, llagosta a València, 1548 $ QUADERNS AGRARIS 28 setembre 2003 El Dietari de Jeroni Sòria ens parla duna invasió de llagosta a la ciutat i lhorta de València ocorreguda a mitjan segle XVI. Pel que sabem ara, tant en aquesta ciutat com en daltres de la Península shan produït al llarg de la història invasions daquest insecte perillós per a lagricultura. Per exemple, tenim testimonis de les plagues de llagosta a Catalunya des de ledat mitjana i especialment des de la segona meitat del segle XVII.1 Si en citem alguns en aquesta introducció és amb la finalitat de fer veure que el problema també ha estat nostre en el passat (i ho pot ser en el futur). Això explica, en part, el títol daquest article. Aquesta calamitat natural es dóna a hores dara única- ment en aquells països que no disposen de mitjans per a combatre-la.2 Tor- nant als exemples pel que fa a casa nostra, lhistoriador Henry Kamen copia les impressions dun cronista anònim coetani de la plaga de 1687. La llagos- ta va passar des de Cervera fins a lEmpordà, [...] que son cerca de veinte y sinco leguas. En la parte de Urgel y en lo más de la Segarra no dexaron cosa verde ni grano, y fue esto desde Cervera hasta Ge- rona [...] Las vi pasar y parar días enteros y esto quando podía alcansar la vista como enxambres de abejas, de manera que parecía estar delante del sol una nie- bla, y las vi desta manera caminando quatro leguas y algunas vezes hazer som- bra al sol, siendo menester llevar un ramal para apartarlas enfadando a quien iva por los caminos [...] Estava la gente unos y otros aturdidos de manera que pa- recía ser a la fin del mundo.3 La plaga va afectar tot Catalunya. Aquell any de 1687 la invasió va ser tan espantosa que, «mientras de Tarragona pedían gente a los pueblos de la co- marca para destruir la plaga, en Valls faltaban brazos para dedicarse a tan triste faena, relevándose los hombres de cien en cien en ese ímprobo traba- jo, por riguroso turno y por orden del Consejo»; i, en veure que els porcs es menjaven les llagostes, «la Universidad decretó en junio de aquel año com- prar cien cerdos, que mandó apacentar en los terrenos más invadidos. Esta medida disminuyó la plaga, pero no la extirpó, habiendo habido necesidad de salir todo el mundo a cavar y arar los campos, a fin de mejor acabar con el germen del mal. Con tan triste motivo se hicieron en Valls muchas rogati- 1. Vegeu Albert BENET I CLARÀ, «Plaga de llagosta a Sallent els anys 1687 i 1688», LEsparver, vol. V, (agost 1979), p. 19-21; Antoni SIMON I TARRÉS, «La plaga de llagosta, de 1684-1688, a Catalunya», Re- vista de Girona, vol. XXVII, núm. 94 (gener 1981), p. 19-21; Josep M. SANS I TRAVÉ, «Notes sobre la pla- ga de la llagosta de 1686-1688 a Solivella (Conca de Barberà)», a Aplec de Treballs, núm. 5: Miscel·là- nia en honor de Josep Iglésies, Montblanc, Centre dEstudis de la Conca de Barberà, 1983, p. 233; A. PLADEVALL I YONT i Antoni SIMON I TARRÉS, Guerra i vida pagesa a la Catalunya del segle XVII: Se- gons el «Diari» de Joan Guàrdia, pagès de lEsquirol, i altres testimonis dOsona, Barcelona, Curial, 1986, p. 54-56. 2. Es poden llegir les interessants reflexions epistemològiques de Janet N. ABRAMOVITZ, «Preve- nir els desastres no naturals», a Lestat del món 2001: un informe del Worldwatch Institute sobre el progrés cap a una societat sostenible, Barcelona, Centre Unesco de Catalunya, 2001, p. 123-143. 3. Sucesos de Cataluña desde el año 1640 hasta 1693, ms. núm. 504 de la Biblioteca de Cata- lunya, de mà anònima. A Henry KAMEN, La España de Carlos II, Barcelona, Crítica, 1981, p. 155. QUADERNS AGRARIS 28 setembre 2003 % vas».4 A Tortosa, segons un escrit de lArxiu de la Catedral, «era tanta la lan- gosta, que la tierra estaba como negra; y tal daño causaba en los campos, que el rey mandó que de todas las poblaciones saliese cada día un buen número de personas para recogerla y matarla».5 Sembla que fins i tot el bis- be va sortir uns quants dies, acompanyat dalguns sacerdots, a fi de donar exemple als veïns i animar-los. La ciutat de Barcelona també va patir la plaga, segons refereix el Dietari del Antich Consell Barceloní; lany 1686 el Consell de Cent es feia ressò de la invasió de llagostes des de lany anterior en algunes poblacions properes.6 El 16 de juny de 1687 es va reunir un altre cop el Consell per a tractar de les rogatives que caldria fer contra la plaga. Las pregàries van començar cinc dies més tard. El 10 de juliol sassenyalava que tots els dies entraven a la ciu- tat gran multitud de llagostes. La plaga va continuar, i la calamitat, junt amb el fet que es va declarar un incendi al convent de la Mercè el 10 de setembre de 1687, va ser interpretada pel Consell com el senyal perquè la Mare de Déu de la Mercè fos coronada patrona de la ciutat. Anys més tard, la Mare de Déu era encara recordada com a «socorredora ante las desgracias: y al costoso precio de sus venas aliviar a los pobres de los grillos».7 4. Yrancisco PUIGJANER I GUAL, Historia de la villa de Valls, Valls, 1881, p. 216. A Pere CATALÀ I ROCA, La plaga de la llagosta a Catalunya (1686-1688), Barcelona, Rafael Dalmau, 1987, p. 24-25. 5. Ramon OCALLAGHAN, Apuntes históricos sobre la villa de Ulldecona y el ermitorio de Nuestra Señora de la Piedad, 2a ed., Tortosa, 1902, p.
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