Využitie Multimédií V Tvorbe Hudobnej Skupiny Radiohead the Use of Multimedia in the Art of the Music Group Radiohead

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Využitie Multimédií V Tvorbe Hudobnej Skupiny Radiohead the Use of Multimedia in the Art of the Music Group Radiohead UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA KATEDRA MUZIKOLÓGIE BAKALÁRSKA PRÁCA Využitie multimédií v tvorbe hudobnej skupiny Radiohead The Use of Multimedia in the Art of the Music Group Radiohead Autor: Irena Zemenčíková Vedúci práce: Mgr. Jan Blüml Olomouc 2013 1 Prehlasujem, že som bakalársku prácu Využite multimédií v tvorbe hudobnej skupiny Radiohead vypracovala úplne samostatne, s použitím uvedených prameňov a literatúry. V Olomouci 19.8.2013 …...…................................................ 2 Ďakujem všetkým, ktorí akýmkoľvek spôsobom prispeli k realizácii tejto práce. Osobitne ďakujem vedúcemu práce Mgr. Janovi Blümlovi za jeho rady, kritické pripomienky, ochotu a trpezlivosť. 3 OBSAH Úvod..................................................................................................................................5 1 História kapely Radiohead..........................................................................................8 1.1 Rané obdobie (1985-1995)..............................................................................8 1.2 Obdobie medzi rokmi 1995-2004................................................................... 9 1.3 Obdobie po odchode z EMI (2005-2013)......................................................10 2 Multimédium: terminologicko-pojmové vymedzenie..............................................13 3 Médiá a multimediálne vzťahy v tvorbe skupiny Radiohead................................16 3.1 Východiská a princípy....................................................................................17 3.1.1 Pôvod a vzdelanie členov skupiny........................................................17 3.1.2 Kolektívny charakter diela...................................................................19 3.2 Typy médií a spôsob ich využitia..................................................................22 3.2.1 Hudba a text piesní...............................................................................22 3.2.2 Prebaly albumov...................................................................................34 3.2.3 Video: hudobný klip a dokument.........................................................38 3.2.4 Internet..................................................................................................39 3.2.5 Noviny..................................................................................................41 4 Kid A............................................................................................................................43 4.1 Historické pozadie vzniku albumu................................................................43 4.2 Typy médií a spôsob ich využitia..................................................................44 4.2.1 Hudobný a ideový výraz albumu..........................................................44 4.2.2 Prebal albumu a ikonografia.................................................................49 4.2.3 Sprievodné videá..................................................................................51 Záver...............................................................................................................................53 Zoznam prameňov a literatúry.....................................................................................54 Resumé............................................................................................................................57 Zoznam príloh................................................................................................................58 4 ÚVOD „Don't hate the media, become the media.“1 Jello Biafra, bývalý spevák a textár skupiny Dead Kennedys, 2000 Počiatky multimediálnej tvorby siahajú do roku 3000 p. n. l., keď čínski zabávači používali svetlo ohňa na to, aby premietli siluety bábok na plátno. Podľa všetkého boli tieto vystúpenia sprevádzané hlasovými prejavmi. Podľa Randalla Packera a Kena Jordana sa moderné dejiny multimédií datujú do roku 1849, keď Richard Wagner napísal svoju rozpravu zvanú Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft, v ktorej predstavil koncept „totálneho diela“. Bol teda prvým novodobým umelcom, snažiacim sa o systematickú integráciu všetkých druhov umenia. Zatiaľ čo v 60. rokoch 20. storočia sa Wagnerov model často premietal do vtedajšej rockovej hudby, dnes už nie je veľmi bežný. S vývojom digitálnych technológií dostalo slovo multimédium nový rozmer. Americký vedec Nicolas Negroponte napísal vo svojej eseji v roku 1994, že rozvoj multimédií dospeje k demokratizácii umenia a vytvorí dospelú populáciu, ktorá bude „vizuálne gramotnejšia“ a umelecky nadanejšia, než bola vtedy. Ďalej sa ohľadom vplyvu multimédií na budúce generácie vyjadril takto: „Ten years from now […] teenagers are likely to enjoy much richer panorama of options because the pursuit of intellectual achievement will not be tilted in favor of bookworms, but cater to a range of expressive tastes.“2 Z Negroponteho hľadiska by sa mal za obdobie 1994 – 2004 uskutočniť veľký pokrok v ľudskom myslení, chápaní a tvorení. Prvý album kapely Radiohead vyšiel v roku 1993, no materiál bol pozbieraný aj z konca 80. rokov. Keď sa oxfordská pätica vrátila po zrejme najnáročnejšom období svojej kariéry naspäť do štúdia, písal sa rok 1999. Prešlo vyše desaťročie od vzniku kapely, ktorá si začala uvedomovať, že musí opustiť dovtedajšiu poetiku. Členovia Radiohead sa potom sami prirovnali k deťom objavujúcim nepoznaný svet. Myslím si, že paralela medzi Negroponteho víziou a Radiohead, je tu dostatočne jasná. Mojím cieľom je ukázať, s akými médiami Radiohead pracujú, ako a v akých oblastiach ich používajú. Primárne sa venujem oblasti umenia, no čiastočne zasahujem aj do mimoumeleckých činností skupiny. Predovšetkým chcem vyzdvihnúť to, ako použité média časom menia svoju podobu. Špeciálne sa venujem projektu Kid A, 1 http://www.markedbyteachers.com/university-degree/media-studies/don-t-hate-the-media- become-the-media-jello-biafra-is-the-relationship-between-producers-and-consumers-changing.html 2 JONES, Steve. Encyclopedia of New Media. New York, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2003, s. 331 5 pretože predstavuje najmarkantnejší odklon od toho, čo bolo u Radiohead považované širokou verejnosťou za normu. Vyjadrujem sa aj ku vzťahu médií voči kapele. Prácu delím na štyri kapitoly. V prvej kapitole sa zaoberám stručnou biografiou kapely od jej vzniku až po súčasnosť. V druhej kapitole vymedzujem pojem média a multimédia s ohľadom na obsah tejto práce. V tretej kapitole zdôvodňujem tendencie k multimedialite a rozoberám tvorbu skupiny skrz mnou stanovené médiá. Za najelementárnejšie zložky považujem hudbu a text piesní, ktoré kráčajú ruka v ruke a ovplyvňujú ďalšie zložky. Venovala som im teda najváčšiu pozornosť. Detailnejšie rozoberám album OK Computer ako medzník tvorby, ktorým si Radiohead upevnili svoju pozíciu. Vizuálna zložka, prebal albumu, stojí podľa tradícií v populárnej hudbe najbližšie k hlavným zložkám. Tretím médiom je video. Vnímam ho ako terciárnu zložku, pretože vzniká spojením predchádzajúcich zložiek. Pre zostručnenie rozsahu a prehľadnosť práce som vybrala len tri videá, ktoré postačujú pre ilustráciu audiovizuálnej zložky. Ďalej sa zaoberám najinteraktívnejším z uvedených médií – internetom. Ide o stručný faktografický prehľad významných medzníkov. Nakoniec uvádzam ojedinelé využitie novín. Bližšie redukcie tém uvádzam v jednotlivých podkapitolách. V štvrtej kapitole sa kvôli vyššie zmienenému dôvodu venujem práve projektu Kid A. Pre lepšie pochopenie súvislostí opisujem historické pozadie vzniku Kid A. Potom prechádzam k jednotlivým médiám, kde postupujem podobne ako v tretej kapitole. Zámerne vynechávam médium internetu, keďže je jeho podstata vystihnutá v tretej kapitole. Pre nedostatok, ba dokonca takmer úplnu absenciu literatúry o skupine Radiohead v slovenskom alebo českom jazyku vychádzam z britskej a americkej literatúry. Kompletná biografia kapely od Maca Randalla podáva ucelený pohľad na pôsobenie skupiny a jej členov od samotných počiatkov až po nedávnu minulosť, historiografické fakty prekladá stručnými muzikologickými výkladmi. Stala sa teda kľúčovým zdrojom pre túto prácu. Analýzy jednotlivých piesní Jamesa Dohenyho používam predovšetkým v podkapitolách 3.2.1 a 4.2.1. V prípade Radiohead treba počítať s tým, že často ide o popularizačnú literatúru. Len dve použité publikácie o kapele sú napísané na akademickej úrovni. Prvá od Marianne Tatom Letts sa podrobne sústreďuje na albumy Kid A a Amnesiac, druhá od Josepha Tatea je súborom štúdií od viacerých autorov, ktorí sa na dielo Radiohead pozerajú z rôznych aspektov. Obe hojne využívam v štvrtej kapitole. Najnovšie poznatky o kapele väčšinou čerpám z elektronických zdrojov. Teoretický základ o multimédiách poskytuje najmä 6 Encyclopedia of New Media od Steva Jonesa, ale tiež slovník od Ireny Reifovej a veľmi hodnotný príspevok Markéty Dvořákovej a Iva Medka v publikácii Umění a nová média. Poznatky z uvedenej literatúry a prameňov systematicky zhŕňam, aby som predstavila postup, s akým kapela narába s médiami. V texte práce uplatňujem faktografické, ale aj analytické metódy, zachytávam teda nielen historické, ale aj technické aspekty tvorby. Na konci kapitol poskytujem drobné námety k zamysleniu, ktoré by mohli podnietiť nové prístupy k problematike. Práca má skôr kompilačný charakter, preto môže slúžiť ako podklad k podrobnejšiemu rozboru. Tiež sa dá vnímať ako svedectvo o populárnej hudbe a civilizácii konca 20. a začiatku 21. storočia. 7 1 HISTÓRIA KAPELY RADIOHEAD 1.1 RANÉ OBDOBIE (1985-1995) Kapela Radiohead
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