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Development and Horticultural Characteristics of Hibiscus Hybrids

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Development and Horticultural Characteristics of Hibiscus Hybrids Philippine Journal of Crop Science (PJCS) August 2011, 36 (2):56-62 Copyright 2011, Crop Science Society of the Philippines Development and HorticulturalCharacteristicsof Hibiscus Hybrids `Women in Public Service Series' Pablito M. Magda lite, Virma Rea C. Gonzales-Lee' and Reynold B. Pimentel2 'Crop Science Cluster-Institute of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Batios,College, 4031Laguna,Philippines; 2 Del Monte PhilippinesInc., Camp Phillips,Bukidnon; *Corresponding Author, [email protected] Breeding hibiscus using different parents from local sources and those from Hawaii, USA and Queensland, Australia was conducted in 1995-1997 to develop new hybrids with unique flower colors for variety release and registration. Out of thousand progenies, four hybrids were selected based on floral characteristics and plant growth habit. The four hybrids were collectively called 'Women in Public Series' which were named after outstanding women public servants in the Philippines. These hybrids are: Hibiscus rosa- sinensis 'Rosa Rosal', a scarlet or bloody red flower named after Ms. Rosa Rosal, the former Governor of the Philippine Red Cross; Hibiscus rosa-sinensis `Kristie Kenney', a bluish or violet (RHS 85 A) flower named after Hon. Kristie Kenney, the former US Ambassador to the Philippines; Hibiscus rosa-sinensis `Loren B. Legarda', a dark tangerine orange (RHS 28 A) flower in the morning turning golden yellow orange (RHS 21 B) in the afternoon, named after Senator Loren B. Legarda, a legislator and an environmentalist; and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Tina B. De Lima', a deep yellow orange (RHS 22 A) flower in the morning turning canary yellow (RHS 12 A) in the afternoon, after Atty. Lilia B. De Lima, Director General of the Philippine Economic Export Zone Authority (PEZA). These hibiscus hybrids were registered with the National Seed Industry Council of the Department of Agriculture. Key words: cross-pollination, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, hybrid gumamela INTRODUCTION of vegetablesalad,while thedriedflowers are considered a special delicacy in Mexico. The leaves The hibiscusbelongstothefamilyMalvaceae arealsousedasfoodofgoatsandsome consisting of 400 species of flowering plants including Lepidopteran insects like the turnip and nutmeg moth. cotton and okra (Pancho and Gruezo 2006).The Itis also used for religious purposes such as an garden hibiscus or gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) offering to the Goddess Kali and Lord Ganesha in is a diploid species with a chromosome number x = 7, Hindu traditional worship. 8-39 (Purseglove 1968).The Chinese traders are believedto have introduced the hibiscus to the The petals and the leaves are used as a herbal tea Philippines long before the coming of the Spaniards, which is gaining worldwide popularity especially in while the American colonizers who came to the Asia because itis associated with longevity.The country in the 1890's introduced new forms and natives of Southern India use the red hibiscus as hair cultivars. The beauty of the hibiscus makes it one of shampoo for the remedy of hair-fall and dandruff on the most widely cultivated flowers in brilliant hues ofthe scalp by inducing the hair follicles to make red, orange, or purplish-red, yellow, white, purple, pink protective oils (Rummel 2005). The root decoction of and several other color combinations that are either the white hibiscus is used to treat various ailments single or double petals. From a flower bud, the flower suchasbronchitis,cough,sorethroat,fever, emerges in less than 18 hours usually in the morning dysentery, urinary tract infection, bladder infection, during sunny days. The plant has short-lived flowers, high blood pressure, constipation, and headache. It is usually lasting for 1-2 days, but produces continuing also used for treating skin diseases like boils, swelling blooms throughout the year. Under natural conditions, abscesses and mumps. However, intake of large the hibiscus rarely produces fruit and seeds (Howie quantities of gumamela drink alone or mixed with 1980). papaya puree or papaya seed extracts can be an abortifacient (Philippine Herbal Medicine 2006). In the Philippines, the hibiscus has become a popular ornamental plant adorning many home gardens and In the Dutch Indies, the midwives use the mucilage of public places such as schools, parks and resortsthe hibiscus flower to induce delivery of the baby because of its attractive flowers.It is used either as a during labor. The juice of the leaves along with that of potted plant, fence or hedge plant and landscape Vernonia cinereaisalso used by midwives to shrub (Magdalita et al. 2009).It is also used for food, stimulate the expulsion of the afterbirth.The red feed, industrial and medicinal preparations. The fresh hibiscus flowers are used to regulate menstruation, flowers are used as food coloring and as component and are purgative. The Chinese use the flowers to treat paralysis and dysmenorrhea while the infusion to prevent contamination. The pollinated flower was after exposure allnight to dew is used to treat allowed to develop for a month, and the seeds were gonorrhea (BPI-DA 2006). extracted and sown in a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of soil and sand. The germinated seedlings were allowed to The flowers contain the compounds called flavonol grow for a month before transferring to individual pots, quercetin and anthocyanin cyanidin (Rummel 2005) and were finallyplanteddirectlyinthe hibiscus and also used as sources of extracts like benzene and breeding blocks until flowering.The whole process alcohol which possess antiestrogenic or antifertility took almost 1 year. The selected candidate hybrids properties (Kholkute et al. 1977). The hibiscus flower were further grown for 2-4 yearsuntilsufficient also contains two most common flavonoid aglycones vegetativegrowth isattainedreadyforclonal i.e. flavanol quercetin and anthocyanin cyanidin. The multiplication. white or cream colored hibiscus varieties contain high levelsof quercetinwhilethedark magenta-red Selection,characterization and propagation of varieties are very rich in cyanidin.In experimental hybrids mice, the application of flower extracts for 20 weeks Selection of hybrids with the most beautiful flowers significantly reduced the number of tumors per mouse and are prolific bloomers from among hundreds of and delayed the appearance of the first tumor when progenies was conducted. Unfortunately, the specific mice were pre-treated with theextract (Rummel parentalvarietiesof eachhybridarepresently 2005). unknownbecausethelabelswerelostduring "TyphoonMilenyo"thathitthePhilippineson The hibiscus is used as a national symbol in some September 26-27, 2006, and the breeding notebook countries.Malaysia's national flower is the Hibiscus including the computerized pedigree records were rosa-sinensis ("Bunga Raya" or "Chinese hibiscus") burned at Module A, IPB on August 8, 2007. Despite while Hawaii's state flower is theHibiscus the situation, four hybrids growing in the established brackenridge ("ma'o hau hele") (Peebles 1998). The breedingblocks were selected based on flower Hibiscus syriacus ("Mugunghwa" or "Rose of Sharon") characteristics and growth habit. The criteria for is Korea's national flower.Furthermore, the native flower traitsincluded: uniqueness of flower color, hibiscusisthenational emblem of theStolen retention of flower color, elegant display of the flower Generation of the indigenous peopleinAustralia on the plant, and non-folding of the petals (The (Wikipedia 2008). Australian Hibiscus Society Inc 2007). Selection criteriaforgrowthhabitincluded:prolificacyin The commercial potential of the hibiscus both as a producing blooms, sturdiness and bushiness. Hybrids potted ornamental and a garden plant could be having the most unique flower color and the sturdiest exploited, hence the breeding of new idiotypes is were chosen, and were characterized phenotypically necessary. The variability in flower colors and form, based on their individual growth habit and flower plant growth habit and in situ field reaction to pests characteristics. Flower and leaf color were described and diseases of different local varieties and foreign based from the Color Chart of the Royal Horticultural hybrids in the hibiscus germplasm were exploited for Society (RHS) of London (1966). hybrid breeding by the breeders-researchers of the Crop Science Cluster-Institute of Plant Breeding (CSC After identification of candidate hybrids, cuttings with 3 -IPB),CollegeofAgriculture,Universityofthe -4 nodes or 15.0 cm in length were severed from each PhilippinesLos Banos (UPLB)(Pimentel1999; mother plant. The cuttings were dipped quickly in a Magda lita et al. 2009).Thus, a breeding work was rooting powder (indole butyric acid), insertedina done to:i) select new hibiscus hybrids with unique small block of wet floral foam, and placedina flower colors and, ii) characterize, release and register seedling tray under intermittent mist. When profuse the hybrids to the National Seed Industry Council roots developed after 3 weeks, the cuttings were (NSIC). planted in a pot containing 1:1 (v/v) mixture of sand and garden soil, and were allowed to grow for 2 months until flowering stage. Alternatively, pencil- MATERIALS AND METHODS sized branches were also marcotted, and the rooted marcots were harvested ready for planting in pots Production of hibiscus hybrids after 1 month. Tocarryoutcross-pollination,plantbreeders- researchers used parents from Hawaii, USA; and Registration of the hybrids Queensland, Australia
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