Un Aspecto De La Técnica Dramática De Calderón: La Geografía Y Toponimia En El Tuzaní De Las Alpujarras

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Un Aspecto De La Técnica Dramática De Calderón: La Geografía Y Toponimia En El Tuzaní De Las Alpujarras Un aspecto de la técnica dramática de Calderón: la geografía y toponimia en El Tuzaní de las Alpujarras Por Brent W. De Vos Existen varios estudios sobre cómo Calderón de la Barca adaptaba libremente los hechos históricos —según figuraban en las crónicas de su época— para que cumplieran con sus propios fines dramáticos y poéticos (véase Blue; Fox; Parker; Ruano de la Haza “Introducción”; Wilson e Yndurain). Pero apenas se ha explorado la cuestión de si Calderón hacía lo mismo con la geografía y la toponimia. Que yo sepa el único crítico moderno que ha tratado el tema en la Comedia es José Ruano de la Haza, quien comenta el efecto dramático de la ubicación de Jerusalem en la costa mediterránea en El mayor monstruo del mundo de Calderón (231 nota 14). En el presente estudio investigaremos el uso de la geografía a El Tuzaní de las Alpujarras; comedia de base histórica sobre la última rebelión morisca en la región de Granada entre 1567 y 1571. Aunque la rebelión histórica se extendió por gran parte de la provincia de Granada, en El Tuzaní de las Alpujarras Calderón restringe la acción principal de la rebelión a la sierra de las Alpujarras. En la comedia se describe la región de las Alpujarras como fragosa y difícil de transitar a causa de sus muchos riscos y peñones (El Tuzaní vv. 940-8); como un laberinto rocoso “donde el sol / aun se pierde por momentos / con andarlos cada día” (vv. 1735-7). Se señala que, a pesar de su aspereza, había en las valles de la sierra muchas villas y aldeas moriscas. Y se hace hincapié en la habilidad agrícola de los moriscos de las Alpujarras quienes: “aprendices de su azada / hacen fecundas las piedras” (vv. 978-9). Efectivamente, en lo que se refiere a la topografía de las Alpujarras y la productividad de los moriscos de la región, las descripciones de Calderón son bastante fieles a las tres crónicas principales que se habían publicado sobre la rebelión de las Alpujarras: Historia de la rebelión y castigo de los moriscos de Granada (Málaga: 1600) de Luis de Mármol Caravajal; la Guerra de Granada (Lisboa: 1627) de Diego Hurtado de Mendoza; y La segunda parte de las Guerras de Granada (Cuenca: 1619) de Ginés Pérez de Hita. Sin embargo, hay problemas en la comedia en cuanto a la exactitud geográfica. Calderón reduce las más de cien villas y aldeas implicadas en la rebelión de las Alpujarras a solamente tres villas principales: Galera; Gavia la Alta y Berja. Luego, el dramaturgo las ubica a unos pocos kilómetros la una de la otra. En un relato pronunciado desde una altura, don Juan de Mendoza afirma que las tres villas se pueden ver al mismo tiempo: Gavia la alta a la derecha, Berja a la izquierda y Galera en medio (vv. 1690-7). El protagonista, Don Álvaro, afirma en una ocasión que Gavia se encuentra a sólo dos leguas —aprox. 5 km— de Galera (v. 1630). Y la villa de Berja se encuentra tan cerca de Galera que don Juan de Mendoza es capaz de irse del campamento español en las afueras de Galera al principio de un cuadro, viajar a Berja, presentar allí una embajada y regresar al campamento español al final de ese mismo cuadro. En un mapa moderno se pueden ver los problemas que presentan la geografía de Calderón. La villa llamada “Gavia la Alta” en El Tuzaní de las Alpujarras parece corresponder a dos villas auténticas: Gavia la Grande y Gavia la Chica, las cuales se encuentran a unos cuatro kilómetros al sureste de la cuidad Granada. Por su parte, la villa de Galera se encuentra a unos doscientos kilómetros al noreste de la cuidad de Granada, cerca de las villas de Huéscar y Baza. Finalmente, la villa de Berja se encuentra cerca de la costa mediterránea, a cincuenta kilómetros al oeste de Almería. Estas tres villas no se encuentran, en realidad, cercanas la una de la otra. Imposible, pues, verlas simultáneamente desde una altura. Además, de las tres villas, solamente Berja se ubica realmente en la región de las Alpujarras. Jornadas de Investigación Literaria y Lingüística de los estudiantes graduados del Programa de Español 27 No podemos sino preguntarnos si Calderón era consciente de estos errores geográficos. Parece dudoso que hubiera conocido personalmente la geografía de la región, porque no hay evidencia biográfica para sugerir que el dramaturgo hubiera visitado en su vida la provincia de Granada. Menos probable sería que hubiera estado alguna vez en las Alpujarras. Sin embargo, es probable que Calderón conociera indirectamente la geografía de la región a través de las fuentes historiográficas que utilizó. Según Hurtado de Mendoza, “...se alzó Galera, una legua de Güéscar, en tierra de Baza; lugar fuerte para ofender y desasosegar la comarca, en el paso de Cartagena al reino de Granada, y no lejos del de Valencia” (107). Según Mármol Caravajal, Galera se encontraba, junto con Huéscar, en “...la hoya y comarca de Baza” (275). Pérez de Hita indica que Galera: “estava en tierra de Christianos metido, y que al lado tenía Huescar” (La guerra 211). En cuanto a la villa de Berja, Mármol Caravajal afirma que, “La taa de Berja confina a poniente con la tierra de Adra, a levante con la taa de Dalías, al mediodía con el mar Mediterráneo, y a tramontana tiene la sierra de Gádor y parte de la taa de Andarax. [...] Berja es el lugar principal desta taa: está media legua de la orilla de la mar” (201). Pérez de Hita comenta que Berja era “un lugar Bueno y marítimo” (La guerra 103), y que en una ocasión, el Marqués de los Vélez, “dexando la plaça de Verja libre y desembarasada [...] mandó que el campo se retirase de allí y se fuesse a Adra, que estava de allí sólo una legua...” (151). Curiosamente, la villa de “Gavia la Alta”, o sea las dos Gavias, no se encuentra en ninguna de estas tres crónicas. Parece que, al contrario de las villas de Galera y Berja, las cuales desempeñaron papeles relativamente importantes en la rebelión, no pasó nada en las Gavias que mereciera la atención de los cronistas de la rebelión. Posiblemente, Calderón encontrara las Gavias al principio de la Primera parte de las Guerras de Granada (Zaragoza: 1595) de Pérez de Hita, crónica sobre la conquista de Granada por los Reyes Católicos. Allí, efectivamente, se refiere a “Gavia la grande” y “Gavia la chica”, las cuales, según Pérez de Hita, se encontraban en: “el reino y Vega de Granada”, junto con varias otras poblaciones que hoy se encuentran en las afueras de Granada, como son los pueblos de Alhendín, Cogollos, Padul, Zubia y Pinos (Guerras civiles 22). En cuanto a la ubicación de las Alpujarras, Hurtado de Mendoza dice que es: “la montaña sujeta a Granada, como corre de levante a poniente prolongándose entre tierra de Granada y la mar” (125). Según Mármol Caravajal, las Alpujarras es la región montañosa que se extiende entre la vertiente sur de la sierra Nevada y el mar (128). Por su parte, Pérez de Hita es bastante menos directo en cuanto a la localización de las Alpujarras. En su Segunda parte Pérez de Hita parece indicar que la villa más norteña asociada con las Alpujarras es Guéjar, pues cuenta en un romance que, “El hijo de Carlos Quinto [don Juan de Austria] / se salía de Granada [...] para yr a la Alpujarra. [...] a Guéjar hacen camino / junto a la tierra Nevada” (241). En numerosas ocasiones en esta misma crónica, cuando las personas viajan entre Granada y Berja o Almería tienen que pasar primero por las Alpujarras, por lo cual resulta claro que las Alpujarras se encuentra entre la sierra Nevada y el mar. Si Calderón hubiera tenido dudas sobre la localización de Galera con respecto a las villas de Huéscar y Baza, o sobre la posición de Berja, o sobre dónde estaba Granada y, por lo tanto, dónde estaban las Gavias con respecto a las Alpujarras, podría haber consultado uno de los varios mapas de la península que circulaban durante la primera mitad del siglo XVII. El mapa de España que aparece en el Atlas Europæ de Gerardus Mercator demuestra, claramente dónde están las villas de Berja, Granada, Huéscar y Baza. Galera y las dos Gavias no figuran este mapa, pero ya que en las crónicas las villas de Granada, Huéscar y Baza se emplean como puntos de referencia, Calderón podía haber averiguado, aproximadamente, dónde se encontraban Galera y las Gavias. En el mapa de España que aparece en el Theatrvm orbis terrarvm de Abraham 28 Contactos interculturales a través de la lengua, la cultura y la literatura Ortelius se ven también las villas de Granada, Berja, Huéscar y Baza (fols. 15v-16r). Estas mismas cuatro ciudades aparecen también en mapas de Jodocus Hondius, de Willem Janzoon Blaeu y los de su hijo, Joan Blaeu. En fin, a través de las crónicas y los mapas de la época, Calderón habría tenido a su disposición suficiente información para saber que, al ubicar Galera y Gavia en las Alpujarras y al poner las villas de Galera, Gavia y Berja en un mismo espacio dramático, estaba traicionando la realidad geográfica de la rebelión. ¿Con qué propósito? La respuesta, creo, se encuentra en tres elementos de la comedia: (1) en el lenguaje empleado para describir las Alpujarras; (2) en la relación entre este lenguaje y los nombres de las tres villas; y (3) en un anacronismo. Empecemos con la primera descripción de las Alpujarras, la que da don Juan Malec en la primera jornada. Dice Malec: La Alpujarra (aquesa sierra que al sol la cerviz levanta y que, poblada de villas, es mar de peñas y plantas adonde sus poblaciones ondas navegan de plata, por quien nombres la pusieron de Galera, Berja y Gabia) toda es nuestra; retiremos a ella bastimentos y armas.
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