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The United States of America .. EFHNOLOGICAL REPORT ON THE WASCOAND TENINO INDIANS RELATIVE TO SOCIO-POLITICAL ORGANIZATION AND LAND-USE . Re: . The Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon The United States of America Before the Indian Claims Commission No. 198 . ; Submitted by: Robert J. Suphan “a Introduction - Sources The Natural Area The Culture Area Subsistence Socio-political Organization Ownership of Subsistence Areas - Boundaries Map The Wasco Dalles Wasco Hood River Indians Caseade Indians Waseo Subsistence Areas The Tenino The- Tenino proper The-Wyam or Lower Deschutes The-Tygh or Upper Deschutes The John Bay Northern Paiute Aboriginal History - Tenino Subsistence Areas Informants Sources Consulted INTRODUCTION - SOURCES This ethnological report upon several related aspects, namely the socio-political organization and land-use patterns, of several aboriginal groups of central Oregon is based upon both library research and field work conducted by the writer at the Warm Springs Indian Reservation and the Umatilla Indian Reservation in Oregon. In this study the Indian groups which entered into the Wasco Treaty of June 25, 1855 will be considered. In conformity with general ethnological and popular usage those groups which are identified in the treaty as "the Ta-ih or Upper De Chutes band of Walla-Wallas ," the "Wyam or Lower De Chutes band of Walla-Walles ," “the Tenino band of Walla Wallas," and "the Dock-spus or John Day's River band of Walla-Wallas," will be ‘re- ferred to collectively hereafter as either the Warm Springs Sahaptins or the Tenino. Likewise "the Dalles band of Wascoes," "the Dog River band of the Wascoes," and "the Ki-gal-twal-la band of the Wascoes" will be designated simply Wasco. The geographical range of this study focuses on eastern Oregon, encompassing primarily the Columbia River valley from the Cascades east- ward to a point above the mouth of the John Day River (Sherman County), and upon the drainage of that river as well as that of Deschutes. While not all the Indian peoples within eastern Oregon are expressly dealt with in this report, a satisfactory treatment of those with whom we are specif- ically concerned necessitates some knowledge of their neighbor's culture 4. and habitat in order to achieve a proper perspective. While true of any such study, it is all the more applicable here due to the nature of the subsistence quest among eastern Oregon Indians, the emphasis upon trade > we B swe the prevalence of intermarriage, and the native point of view regarding ownership and use of land areas; all of these factors worked to produce a great and continual interaction among the several Indian peoples in ab- original days. Hence in addition to research on the parties to the treaty, thethe neighboring Cayuse , Umatilla, Walla Walla, Northern Paiute, and the Sebanting of Mesiington Biate have also been considered in the prepara- a = oo emai? teed wath tion of this paper.- aA mee Me Data utilized in this report includes the narratives and jour- nals of numerous explorers, fur traders, missionaries, and pioneers. Such provide the foundation for any historical survey of this nature, for despite the endless variations on tribal or village names encountered in these sources, they can generally be reconciled sufficiently to pro- duce a coherent picture of aboriginal life. There is, however, one short- coming common to nearly all these accounts as they apply to our present region, one that cannot be accounted for and which is not due to any inherent fault of those writers; it is, rather, due to the peculiar nature of the exploration and settlement of Oregon, which in turn de- pended upon the topographicak and climatic conditions of that territory. Thus from the time of Lewis and Clark until well after the reservation period started the Columbia River served as a highway for those bound westward for the fertile valley of the Willamette and the coast, or for those fur traders going eastward to the Snake and Okanogan rivers. These travelers clung to the main river course shunning the arid country which borders it on both sides from the Cascade range to the Snake River. The country of rich farm land and the more productive trapping territories ~2- the prevalence of intermarriage, and the native point of view regarding ownership and use of land areas; all of these factors worked to produce a great and continual interaction among the several Indian peoples in ab- a original days. Hence in addition to research on the parties to the treaty, thethe neighboring ( Cayuse , Umatilla, Walle Walla, Northerna ees _and the tion of ‘this paper. Data utilized in this report includes the narratives and jour- nals of numerous explorers, fur traders, missionaries, and pioneers. Such provide the foundation for any historical survey of this nature, for despite the endless variations on tribal or village names encountered in these sources, they can generally be reconciled sufficiently to pro- duce a coherent picture of aboriginal life. There is, however, one short- coming common to nearly all these accounts as they apply to our present region, one that cannot be accounted for and which is not due to any inherent fault of those writers; it is, rather, due to the peculiar nature of the exploration and settlement of Oregon, which in turn de- pended upon the topographica% and climatic conditions of that territory. Thus from the time of Lewis and Clark until well after the reservation . period started the Columbia River served as a highway for those bound westward for the fertile valley of the Willamette and the coast, or for those fur traders going eastward to the Snake and Okanogan rivers. These travelers clung to the min river course shuming the arid country which borders it on both sides from the Cascade range to the Snake River. The country of rich farm land and the more productive trapping territories = lay at either extreme of the Oregon territory, its arid central plateau holding little attraction, As a result, while we have full accounts of experiences along the Columbia valley with numerous references to the native peoples at the cascades, the Dalles, and Celilo falls, there is but little historical material concerning native occupation and use of the country lying south of the Columbia and east ofthe Cascade Moun- tains. Fortunately there are exceptions which do help us form some picture, however thin, of aboriginal life in this sector, First in tine are the journals of Peter Skene Ogden, fur trader for Hudsons Bay a a af Company, who trapped through the valleys of the Deschutes and John Day rivers as well as the Harney lake country and the western tribu- taries of the Snake River in 1825-29; John Work, also of Hudsons Bay Company, covered much of the same territory in the years 1831-33 and has left his journals; in addition Nathanial J. Wyeth's account of his expedition along the Deschutes in 1834-35, Fremont's narrative of his explorations along the Deschutes en route to California in 1843, and the report of Lieut, Abbottof the Pacific railroad survey of his journey (1855) down the Deschutes from Klamath country, all provide valuable data in an area so little visited during those decades, In all of these narratives references to Indians are few, comments on their activities fewer; yet since they are the sole accounts of this sector prior to the establishment of the reservation they mst serve continually in this reconstruction, In addition to the historical sources ethnographic and linguistic studies conducted by Curtis, Jacobs, Mooney, Murdock, Ray, Sapir, Spier, Teit, and others have been consulted both to obtain a els general orientation in the region and in a search for specific data con- cerning the Tenino and Wasco. Although no complete ethnography has been published on either the Tenino or Wasco, Spier and Sapir (1930) have pro- vided us with a full account of the Wishram, a people cognate to the Wasco and living opposite them on the Washington shore of the Columbia, which by extension is invaluable in appraising Wasco culture; for the Tenino, Murdock's short article (1938) has been of great aid, while Ray's articles concerning the Plateau region as a whole contain many references to particular aspects of Tenino culture. : The writer's field work, in which Wasco, Tenino, Northern Paiute, Umatilla, and Cayuse Indians were interviewed, was undertaken to verify _ datapela obtained cat by previous workers in the area and tc augment and clarify our knowledge of aboriginal land use of areas lying south of the Columbia along the Deschutes, John Day, Crooked, and Metolius rivers. - 5 - THE NATURAL AREA Eastward of the Cascade range which, by serving as a barrier to the moisture-laden winds from the Pacific, divides the state of dregon into an eastern dry and a western humid section, lies a basaltic plateau of arid or semi-arid condition. This plateau is a portion of the great- er physiographic province known as the Columbia Plateau which extends on the north to the junction of the Columbia and Okanogan rivers in Wash~ ington, and east and southeast so as to include most of the Snake River drainage, the Owyhee River, and the Harney-Malheur lake district; to the southwest its extremity is probably about the head of the Deschutes River, although its entire southern front adjoining the Great Basin province is ill-defined. This vast lava plateau is furrowed by the canyons of such rivers as the Columbia, Deschutes, John Day, Crooked, and Umatilla, as well as those of smaller tributaries. Such canyons frequently run hundreds of feet in depth, the Metolius for example flowing through a gorge 800-2000 feet deep.
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