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PEMD-91-12BR Off-Label Drugs: Initial Results of a National Survey
11 1; -- __...._-----. ^.-- ______ -..._._ _.__ - _........ - t Ji Jo United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20648 Program Evaluation and Methodology Division B-242851 February 25,199l The Honorable Edward M. Kennedy Chairman, Committee on Labor and Human Resources United States Senate Dear Mr. Chairman: In September 1989, you asked us to conduct a study on reimbursement denials by health insurers for off-label drug use. As you know, the Food and Drug Administration designates the specific clinical indications for which a drug has been proven effective on a label insert for each approved drug, “Off-label” drug use occurs when physicians prescribe a drug for clinical indications other than those listed on the label. In response to your request, we surveyed a nationally representative sample of oncologists to determine: . the prevalence of off-label use of anticancer drugs by oncologists and how use varies by clinical, demographic, and geographic factors; l the extent to which third-party payers (for example, Medicare intermediaries, private health insurers) are denying payment for such use; and l whether the policies of third-party payers are influencing the treatment of cancer patients. We randomly selected 1,470 members of the American Society of Clinical Oncologists and sent them our survey in March 1990. The sam- pling was structured to ensure that our results would be generalizable both to the nation and to the 11 states with the largest number of oncologists. Our response rate was 56 percent, and a comparison of respondents to nonrespondents shows no noteworthy differences between the two groups. -
Clomifene Citrate(BANM, Rinnm) ⊗
2086 Sex Hormones and their Modulators Profasi; UK: Choragon; Ovitrelle; Pregnyl; USA: Chorex†; Choron; Gonic; who received the drug for a shorter period.6 No association be- 8. Werler MM, et al. Ovulation induction and risk of neural tube Novarel; Ovidrel; Pregnyl; Profasi; Venez.: Ovidrel; Pregnyl; Profasi†. tween gonadotrophin therapy and ovarian cancer was noted in defects. Lancet 1994; 344: 445–6. Multi-ingredient: Ger.: NeyNormin N (Revitorgan-Dilutionen N Nr this study. The conclusions of this study were only tentative, 9. Greenland S, Ackerman DL. Clomiphene citrate and neural tube 65)†; Mex.: Gonakor. defects: a pooled analysis of controlled epidemiologic studies since the numbers who developed ovarian cancer were small; it and recommendations for future studies. Fertil Steril 1995; 64: has been pointed out that a successfully achieved pregnancy may 936–41. reduce the risk of some other cancers, and that the risks and ben- 10. Whiteman D, et al. Reproductive factors, subfertility, and risk efits of the procedure are not easy to balance.7 A review8 of epi- of neural tube defects: a case-control study based on the Oxford Clomifene Citrate (BANM, rINNM) ⊗ Record Linkage Study Register. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: demiological and cohort studies concluded that clomifene was 823–8. Chloramiphene Citrate; Citrato de clomifeno; Clomifène, citrate not associated with any increase in the risk of ovarian cancer 11. Sørensen HT, et al. Use of clomifene during early pregnancy de; Clomifeni citras; Clomiphene Citrate (USAN); Klomifeenisi- when used for less than 12 cycles, but noted conflicting results, and risk of hypospadias: population based case-control study. -
Clomid (Clomiphene Citrate USP)
PRODUCT MONOGRAPH PrCLOMID® (clomiphene citrate USP) 50 mg Tablets Ovulatory Agent sanofi-aventis Canada Inc. Date of Revision: 2905 Place Louis-R.-Renaud August 9, 2013 Laval, Quebec H7V 0A3 Submission Control No.: 165671 s-a Version 5.0 dated August 9, 2013 Page 1 of 23 PRODUCT MONOGRAPH PrCLOMID® (clomiphene citrate USP) 50 mg Tablets Ovulatory agent. ACTION AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY CLOMID (clomiphene citrate) is an orally-administered, non-steroidal agent which may induce ovulation in anovulatory women in appropriately selected cases.1-16 The ovulatory response to cyclic CLOMID therapy appears to be mediated through increased output of pituitary gonadotropins, which in turn stimulate the maturation and endocrine activity of the ovarian follicle and the subsequent development and function of the corpus luteum. The role of the pituitary is indicated by increased plasma levels of gonadotropins and by the response of the ovary, as manifested by increased plasma level of estradiol. Antagonism of competitive inhibition of endogenous estrogen may play a role in the action of CLOMID on the hypothalamus. CLOMID is a drug of considerable pharmacologic potency. Its administration should be preceded by careful evaluation and selection of the patient, and must be accompanied by close attention to the timing of the dose. With conservative selection and management of the patient, CLOMID has been demonstrated to be a useful therapy for the anovulatory patient. Based on studies with 14C-labeled clomiphene, the drug is readily absorbed orally in humans, and is excreted principally in the feces. Cumulative excretion of the 14C-label averaged 51% of the oral dose after 5 days in 6 subjects, with mean urinary excretion of 8% and mean fecal excretion of 42%; less than 1% per day was excreted in fecal and urine samples collected from 31 to 53 days after 14C-labelled clomiphene administration. -
The Mechanisms and Managements of Hormone-Therapy Resistance in Breast and Prostate Cancers
Endocrine-Related Cancer (2005) 12 511–532 REVIEW The mechanisms and managements of hormone-therapy resistance in breast and prostate cancers K-M Rau1,2*, H-Y Kang3,4*, T-L Cha1,5,6, S A Miller1 and M-C Hung1 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA 2Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 3Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 4The Center for Menopause and Reproductive Medicine Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 5Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA 6Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (Requests for offprints should be addressed to M-C Hung; Email: [email protected]) *(K-M Rau and H-Y Kang contributed equally to this work) Abstract Breast and prostate cancer are the most well-characterized cancers of the type that have their development and growth controlled by the endocrine system. These cancers are the leading causes of cancer death in women and men, respectively, in the United States. Being hormone-dependent tumors, antihormone therapies usually are effective in prevention and treatment. However, the emergence of resistance is common, especially for locally advanced tumors and metastatic tumors, in which case resistance is predictable. The phenotypes of these resistant tumors include receptor- positive, ligand-dependent; receptor-positive, ligand-independent; and receptor-negative, ligand- independent. The underlying mechanisms of these phenotypes are complicated, involving not only sex hormones and sex hormone receptors, but also several growth factors and growth factor re- ceptors, with different signaling pathways existing alone or together, and with each pathway possibly linking to one another. -
Index to the NLM Classification 2011
National Library of Medicine Classification 2011 Index Disease see Tyrosinemias 1-8 5,12-diHETE see Leukotriene B4 1,2-Benzopyrones see Coumarins 5,12-HETE see Leukotriene B4 1,2-Dibromoethane see Ethylene Dibromide 5-HT see Serotonin 1,8-Dihydroxy-9-anthrone see Anthralin 5-HT Antagonists see Serotonin Antagonists 1-Oxacephalosporin see Moxalactam 5-Hydroxytryptamine see Serotonin 1-Propanol 5-Hydroxytryptamine Antagonists see Serotonin Organic chemistry QD 305.A4 Antagonists Pharmacology QV 82 6-Mercaptopurine QV 269 1-Sar-8-Ala Angiotensin II see Saralasin 7S RNA see RNA, Small Nuclear 1-Sarcosine-8-Alanine Angiotensin II see Saralasin 8-Hydroxyquinoline see Oxyquinoline 13-cis-Retinoic Acid see Isotretinoin 8-Methoxypsoralen see Methoxsalen 15th Century History see History, 15th Century 8-Quinolinol see Oxyquinoline 16th Century History see History, 16th Century 17 beta-Estradiol see Estradiol 17-Ketosteroids WK 755 A 17-Oxosteroids see 17-Ketosteroids A Fibers see Nerve Fibers, Myelinated 17th Century History see History, 17th Century Aardvarks see Xenarthra 18th Century History see History, 18th Century Abate see Temefos 19th Century History see History, 19th Century Abattoirs WA 707 2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases QU 136 Abbreviations 2,4-D see 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Chemistry QD 7 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid General P 365-365.5 Organic chemistry QD 341.A2 Library symbols (U.S.) Z 881 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Polymerase see Medical W 13 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase By specialties (Form number 13 in any NLM -
Us Anti-Doping Agency
2019U.S. ANTI-DOPING AGENCY WALLET CARDEXAMPLES OF PROHIBITED AND PERMITTED SUBSTANCES AND METHODS Effective Jan. 1 – Dec. 31, 2019 CATEGORIES OF SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED AT ALL TIMES (IN AND OUT-OF-COMPETITION) • Non-Approved Substances: investigational drugs and pharmaceuticals with no approval by a governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use. • Anabolic Agents: androstenediol, androstenedione, bolasterone, boldenone, clenbuterol, danazol, desoxymethyltestosterone (madol), dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (DHCMT), Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA , Intrarosa) and its prohormones, drostanolone, epitestosterone, methasterone, methyl-1-testosterone, methyltestosterone (Covaryx, EEMT, Est Estrogens-methyltest DS, Methitest), nandrolone, oxandrolone, prostanozol, Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (enobosarm, (ostarine, MK-2866), andarine, LGD-4033, RAD-140). stanozolol, testosterone and its metabolites or isomers (Androgel), THG, tibolone, trenbolone, zeranol, zilpaterol, and similar substances. • Beta-2 Agonists: All selective and non-selective beta-2 agonists, including all optical isomers, are prohibited. Most inhaled beta-2 agonists are prohibited, including arformoterol (Brovana), fenoterol, higenamine (norcoclaurine, Tinospora crispa), indacaterol (Arcapta), levalbuterol (Xopenex), metaproternol (Alupent), orciprenaline, olodaterol (Striverdi), pirbuterol (Maxair), terbutaline (Brethaire), vilanterol (Breo). The only exceptions are albuterol, formoterol, and salmeterol by a metered-dose inhaler when used -
Mcfeely Washington 0250E 19
© Copyright 2019 Savannah Jane Kerr McFeely Clinical Significance and Regulatory Framework for the Evaluation of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B-Based Drug-Drug Interactions Savannah Jane Kerr McFeely A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2019 Reading Committee: Isabelle Ragueneau-Majlessi, Chair Jashvant Unadkat Bhagwat Prasad Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Pharmaceutics University of Washington Abstract Clinical Significance and Regulatory Framework for the Evaluation of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B-Based Drug-Drug Interactions Savannah Jane Kerr McFeely Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Dr. Isabelle Ragueneau-Majlessi Department of Pharmaceutics This dissertation research aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the clinical role of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) 1B1 and 1B3 and the regulatory approach for their evaluation. The work included here has identified the most relevant clinical substrates and inhibitors. Additionally, the contributing factors in the variability of in vitro inhibition constants as well as real-world implications for OATP1B1/1B3 drug-drug interactions are discussed. In Chapter 2, six compounds were identified as potential clinical markers of OATP1B1/1B3 activity through the use of a novel indexing system. These drugs were identified from a list of 34 clinical substrates identified from a thorough analysis of the available in vitro and in vivo data. These findings also suggest that the risk for comedication interactions involve drugs from multiple therapeutic areas showing a reliance on hepatic uptake via the OATP transporters. Chapters 3 seeks to better understand the variability of in vitro inhibition data. By analyzing available OATP1B1/1B3 IC50 values, the primary contributing factors to in vitro variability were identified as the cell system used and inclusion of a preincubation with the inhibitor. -
Title 16. Crimes and Offenses Chapter 13. Controlled Substances Article 1
TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 13. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ARTICLE 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS § 16-13-1. Drug related objects (a) As used in this Code section, the term: (1) "Controlled substance" shall have the same meaning as defined in Article 2 of this chapter, relating to controlled substances. For the purposes of this Code section, the term "controlled substance" shall include marijuana as defined by paragraph (16) of Code Section 16-13-21. (2) "Dangerous drug" shall have the same meaning as defined in Article 3 of this chapter, relating to dangerous drugs. (3) "Drug related object" means any machine, instrument, tool, equipment, contrivance, or device which an average person would reasonably conclude is intended to be used for one or more of the following purposes: (A) To introduce into the human body any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; (B) To enhance the effect on the human body of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; (C) To conceal any quantity of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; or (D) To test the strength, effectiveness, or purity of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state. (4) "Knowingly" means having general knowledge that a machine, instrument, tool, item of equipment, contrivance, or device is a drug related object or having reasonable grounds to believe that any such object is or may, to an average person, appear to be a drug related object. -
TE INI (19 ) United States (12 ) Patent Application Publication ( 10) Pub
US 20200187851A1TE INI (19 ) United States (12 ) Patent Application Publication ( 10) Pub . No .: US 2020/0187851 A1 Offenbacher et al. (43 ) Pub . Date : Jun . 18 , 2020 ( 54 ) PERIODONTAL DISEASE STRATIFICATION (52 ) U.S. CI. AND USES THEREOF CPC A61B 5/4552 (2013.01 ) ; G16H 20/10 ( 71) Applicant: The University of North Carolina at ( 2018.01) ; A61B 5/7275 ( 2013.01) ; A61B Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC (US ) 5/7264 ( 2013.01 ) ( 72 ) Inventors: Steven Offenbacher, Chapel Hill , NC (US ) ; Thiago Morelli , Durham , NC ( 57 ) ABSTRACT (US ) ; Kevin Lee Moss, Graham , NC ( US ) ; James Douglas Beck , Chapel Described herein are methods of classifying periodontal Hill , NC (US ) patients and individual teeth . For example , disclosed is a method of diagnosing periodontal disease and / or risk of ( 21) Appl. No .: 16 /713,874 tooth loss in a subject that involves classifying teeth into one of 7 classes of periodontal disease. The method can include ( 22 ) Filed : Dec. 13 , 2019 the step of performing a dental examination on a patient and Related U.S. Application Data determining a periodontal profile class ( PPC ) . The method can further include the step of determining for each tooth a ( 60 ) Provisional application No.62 / 780,675 , filed on Dec. Tooth Profile Class ( TPC ) . The PPC and TPC can be used 17 , 2018 together to generate a composite risk score for an individual, which is referred to herein as the Index of Periodontal Risk Publication Classification ( IPR ) . In some embodiments , each stage of the disclosed (51 ) Int. Cl. PPC system is characterized by unique single nucleotide A61B 5/00 ( 2006.01 ) polymorphisms (SNPs ) associated with unique pathways , G16H 20/10 ( 2006.01 ) identifying unique druggable targets for each stage . -
New Insights for Hormone Therapy in Perimenopausal Women Neuroprotection
Chapter 12 New Insights for Hormone Therapy in Perimenopausal Women Neuroprotection Manuela Cristina Russu and Alexandra Cristina Antonescu Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74332 Abstract Perimenopause is a mandatory period in women’s life, when the medical staff may initiate hormone therapy with sex steroids for the delay of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, during the so-called “window of opportunity.” Animals’ models are helpful to sustain the still controversial results of human clinical observational and/or randomized controlled studies. Estrogens, progesterone, and androgens, with their nuclear and mem- brane receptors, genes, and epigenetics, with their connections to cholinergic, GABAergic, serotoninergic, and glutamatergic systems are involved in women’snormalbrainorin brain’s pathology. The sex steroids are active through direct and/or indirect mechanisms to modulate and/or to protect brain plasticity, and vessels network, fuel metabolism—glucose, ketones, ATP, to reduce insulin resistance, and inflammation of the aging brain through blood-brain barrier disruption, microglial aberrant activation, and neural cell survival/loss. Keywords: perimenopause, “window” of opportunity, neuroprotection, sex steroid hormones 1. Introduction The months/years of perimenopause represent an important moment during women’saging, when sex steroids and their receptors decline are evident in the hippocampal and cortical neu- rons, after estrogen exposure during the reproductive years. The sex steroid hormones decline is associated/acts synergic to other factors as hypertension, diabetes, hypoxia/obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, depression, and traumatic brain injury to promote diverse pathological mechanisms involved in brain aging, memory impairment, and AD. -
University of Groningen Multi-Residue Analysis of Growth Promotors In
University of Groningen Multi-residue analysis of growth promotors in food-producing animals Koole, Anneke IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 1998 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Koole, A. (1998). Multi-residue analysis of growth promotors in food-producing animals. s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 25-09-2021 APPENDIX 1 OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT SUBSTANCES This appendix consists of two parts. First, substances that are relevant for the research presented in this thesis are given. For each substance CAS number (CAS), molecular weight (MW), bruto formula (formula) and if available UV maxima and alternative names are given. In addition, pKa values for the ß-agonists are listed, if they were available. -
Cytoplasmic Localization of RXR Determines Outcome in Breast
cancers Article Cytoplasmic Localization of RXRα Determines Outcome in Breast Cancer Alaleh Zati zehni 1,†, Falk Batz 1,†, Vincent Cavaillès 2 , Sophie Sixou 3,4, Till Kaltofen 1 , Simon Keckstein 1, Helene Hildegard Heidegger 1, Nina Ditsch 5, Sven Mahner 1, Udo Jeschke 1,5,* and Theresa Vilsmaier 1 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich LMU, 81377 Munich, Germany; [email protected] (A.Z.z.); [email protected] (F.B.); [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (H.H.H.); [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (T.V.) 2 IRCM—Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, Parc Euromédecine, 208 rue des Apothicaires, CEDEX 5, F-34298 Montpellier, France; [email protected] 3 Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, CEDEX 09, 31062 Toulouse, France; [email protected] 4 Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR 1037, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, 31037 Toulouse, France 5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-8214-0016-5505 † These authors equally contributed to this work. Citation: Zati zehni, A.; Batz, F.; Cavaillès, V.; Sixou, S.; Kaltofen, T.; Simple Summary: Considering the immense development of today’s therapeutic approaches in on- Keckstein, S.; Heidegger, H.H.; Ditsch, cology towards customized therapy, this study aimed to assess the prognostic value of nuclear versus N.; Mahner, S.; Jeschke, U.; et al.