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Characteristics of Parasitism of Diamondback Moth by Oomyzus Sokolowksii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

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Characteristics of Parasitism of Diamondback Moth by Oomyzus Sokolowksii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Characteristics of parasitism of diamondback moth by Oomyzus sokolowksii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) N. S. Talekar Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Tainan 741, Taiwan, ROC Abstract Laboratory, greenhouse and field studies were conducted on Oomyzus sokolowskii Kurdjumov, a parasite of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), to judge its suitability for introduction in the field to control the plutellid. Oomyzus sokolowskii preferred the third and fourth instar diamondback moth larvae over fresh pupae for parasitization. It is thus a larval parasite. Within the range of 10 °C to 35 °C, the higher the temperature the higher was the parasitism rate. High parasitism at temperatures of 30 °C and 35 °C indicates that this insect is suitable for introduction in the tropical lowlands. In a no-choice test where only fresh pupae of Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov (another potentially competing larval parasite of diamondback moth) were offered, O. sokolowskii failed to parasitize the pupae. In a choice test where the fourth instar diamondback moth larvae and fresh C. plutellae pupae were offered, O. sokolowskii parasitized only diamondback moth larvae. This parasite, therefore, is not a hyperparasite of diamondback moth. When C. plutellae-oviposited diamondback moth larvae were offered at intervals for parasitism by O. sokolowskii, it parasitized only freshly oviposited host larvae. The longer the period that elapsed after C. plutellae oviposition of diamondback moth larvae, the lesser was the parasitism of these larvae by O. sokolowskii. In a field cage study, as the diamondback moth population increased, the parasitism of the pest by the eulophid increased, parasitism by C. plutellae, however, decreased. Host-plant (cabbage) age did not affect the parasitism of diamondback moth larvae by O. sokolowskii; in both seedlings and mature plants the level of parasitism of the plutellid larvae was comparable. Most organic insecticides tested were toxic to both pupae and adults of O. sokolowskii but Bacillus thuringiensis was not toxic. Introduction of O. sokolowskii in a large field cage erected over a cabbage field reduced the infestation of cabbage by diamondback moth and doubled the yield of cabbage over the control plot where no parasite was used. Key words: Oomyzus sokolowskii, diamondback moth, parasitism, temperature effect, hyperparasitism, parasite competition Introduction this braconid is an important mortality factor in the In tropical to subtropical Asia, major cruciferous lowlands, its effectiveness in controlling diamondback vegetables are grown in two distinct ecological zones: moth has not been consistent. Therefore, another cool highlands and hot lowlands. In both areas, parasite, Oomyzus sokolowskii Kurdjumov diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), which has given very (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a serious pest. The effective control of the plutellid pest in Cape Verde climate, especially temperatures, in the highlands Island (Lima and van Harten, 1985; Carl, 1992), was resembles that of temperate areas. In the lowlands, high imported from that tropical West African country via temperatures reaching and at times exceeding 35 °C the International Institute of Biological Control for are common. In Europe, where the diamondback moth introduction in lowlands of Asia. Several laboratory, originated, the pest is kept under control by a plethora greenhouse, and field experiments have been of temperate-climate natural enemies, mainly parasites conducted to study characteristics of its parasitism to (Mustata, 1992). Introduction of some of these judge the suitability of this parasite for introduction temperate-climate parasites, especially Diadegma in tropical to subtropical areas of Asia. semiclausum Hellen, and to some extent Diadromus collaris Gravenhorst, in countries in Asia, has resulted Preference of O. sokolowskii for various immature in their establishment in highlands resulting in stages of diamondback moth considerable reduction in the severity of diamondback Several reports indicate that O. sokolowskii is a pupal moth damage (Talekar, 1996a). In lowlands, however, parasite (Bennet and Yaseen, 1972; Wakisaka et al. none of these parasites is effective due to their 1991; Chelliah and Srinivasan, 1986). In our first study sensitivity to high tempeatures. Cotesia plutellae we compared the parasitism of diamondback moth Kurdjumov, which is tolerant to the high temperatures pupae with that of third and fourth instar larvae. commonly found in the tropical lowlands (Talekar and Ten third and fourth instar larvae and freshly Yang, 1991), occurs naturally in Taiwan (Wu, 1968), formed diamondback moth pupae were placed on a Philippines (Velasco, 1983), Malaysia (Lim and Ko, cabbage leaf in a 1.5-liter plastic container. Thirty 1975) and Thailand (Keinmeesuke, 1992). Although 5-day-old O. sokolowskii adults were then introduced Biologically-based technologies 97 in the container for oviposition. We then removed the Table 1. Preference of O. sokolowskii for parasitism of host larvae and maintained them until pupation. The various immature stages of diamondback moth numbers of larvae pupating into diamondback moth Test Parasitism (%) or parasite pupae were recorded. We maintained the plutellid pupae that were also exposed to O. 3rd instar 4th instar Pupae larvae larvae sokolowskii for oviposition and recorded the number of pupae that produced the plutellid adults and the First 66.6±20.8 52.2±19.5 0 ± ± number that produced parasite adults. This experiment Second 68.9 20.1 67.5 27.0 0 ± ± was conducted three times, each time with three Third 75.2 4.5 81.8 5.1 0 Mean 70.2± 4.5 67.2±14.8 0 replicates. In the second experiment, 20 first, second, third, Ten larvae or fresh pupae of diamondback moth were and fourth instar larvae and 20 freshly formed pupae exposed to 30 O. sokolowskii adults for oviposition. of diamondback moth were placed on large cabbage Table 2. Preference of O. sokolowskii for parasitism of leaves inside each of four 1.5-liter round jars. Two various instars and pupae of diamondback moth hundred O. sokolowskii adults were then introduced (a) in each jar and allowed 24 hours for oviposition. The Instar Parasitism (%) number of pupae that developed into plutellid adults First 25.00 + 14.14 and the number that produced parasite adults were Second 41.25 + 17.01 recorded. Host larvae were reared until pupation and Third 73.75 + 16.01 Fourth 76.25 + 14.36 the number of those pupating into diamondback moth Pupae 0 or O. sokolowskii pupae was recorded. LSD(b) 20. 80 The rates of parasitism of immature stages from (a) the above two experiments were analyzed by ANOVA. Parasitism data are means + standard deviation of 4 replicates Mean percentage parasitism was compared by the test (b)LSD = Least significant difference of Least Significant Difference (LSD). Oomyzus sokolowskii parasitized the third and O. sokolowskii adults were then introduced in a 15- fourth instar diamondback moth larvae (average 70% cm-diameter, 30-cm-long acrylic cylinder containing and 61%, respectively) but failed to parasitize pupae 50 plutellid larvae feeding on a cabbage leaf. Both ends (Table 1). It is thus a larval parasite. Cotesia plutellae, of the cylinder were covered with a single layer of another larval parasite of diamondback moth with fine muslin cloth. Four such cylinders containing similar ecological requirements as O. sokolowskii, parasite adults and host larvae were maintained at 10, parasitizes second, third, and fourth instar plutellid 15, 20, 25, 30 or 35 °C for 24 hours. During this period, larvae with preference for the second instar (Talekar O. sokolowskii adults laid eggs in diamondback moth and Yang 1991). larvae. After 24 hours, the pest larvae were maintained In most of southeast Asia where C. plutellae is at 25 ± 2 °C and reared until pupation. At pupation established, the introduction of O. sokolowskii might the number of larvae developing into diamondback result in competition between the two parasites. This moth pupae and parasite pupae were recorded and led us to study the preference of O. sokolowskii adults percent parasitism was calculated. A simple linear to parasitize various instars of diamondback moth. regression correlation between temperature and Results (Table 2) indicate that O. sokolowskii prefers percentage parasitism was calculated (Little and Hills, third and fourth instars over first and second instars. 1975). The preference of O. sokolowskii for third and fourth As the temperature increased from 10 °C to 35 °C, instars and that of C. plutellae for second instar could parasitism of diamondback moth by O. sokolowskii reduce competition between these two larval parasites, increased significantly (r = 0.987, p = 0.01, Figure 1). assuring survival of both. This could contribute to the High parasitism at temperatures of 30 °C and 35 °C biological control of diamondback moth in lowland indicates that this parasite might be suitable for the areas of Asia where this plutellid pest is especially tropical lowlands. Parasite mortality ranged from 4.5% serious. However, the reduction of competition will to 14.6% and was not related to temperature. Oomyzus depend on the interval between parasitism of second sokolowskii is now being introduced in crucifer- instar host larvae by C. plutellae and molting into third growing lowland areas of Taiwan, Thailand, and instar when chances of its being attacked by Malaysia. O. sokolowskii increases. The longer the interval,
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