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Monday, March 1, 2010

Part II

Department of the Interior and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Parts 10 and 21 General Provisions; Migratory Revised List and Permits; Final Rules

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR , February 7, 1936, United name of two ; (14) correct errors States-United Mexican States (), in the scientific names of three species Fish and Wildlife Service 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912; in the taxonomic list; and (15) change (3) Japan: Convention for the the status of one taxon from protected 50 CFR Part 10 Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds to non-protected species [FWS–R9–MB–2007–0109;91200–1231– in Danger of , and Their (due to lack of natural occurrence in the 9BPP] Environment, March 4, 1972, United or its territories). In States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. accordance with the Migratory RIN 1018–AB72 No. 7990; and Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (Pub. L. 108– (4) Russia: Convention for the 447) (MBTRA), we also reaffirm our General Provisions; Revised List of Conservation of Migratory Birds and determination of March 15, 2005 (70 FR Migratory Birds Their Environment, United States- 12710), that the Mute (Cygnus AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics olor), which was never formally listed Interior. (Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. in 50 CFR 10.13 but was briefly treated 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073. ACTION: Final rule. as protected by the MBTA as the result What Is the Purpose of This of a court (Hill v. Norton, 275 F.3d SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Rulemaking? 98 (D.C. Cir. 2001)), is no longer Wildlife Service, revise the List of afforded protection because it is Migratory Birds by both adding and Our purpose is to inform the public of nonnative and human-introduced. See removing numerous species. Reasons for the species protected by the MBTA and Fund for v. Norton, 374 F. the changes to the list include correcting its implementing regulations. These Supp. 2d 91 (D. D.C. 2005, denying previous mistakes including regulations are found in Title 50, Code injunction because of the clear language misspellings, adding species based on of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, of the MBTRA). The District Court’s new evidence of occurrence in the 20, and 21. We regulate most aspects of judgment was later affirmed on appeal United States or U.S. territories, the taking, possession, transportation, (Fund for Animals v. Kempthorne, 472 removing species no longer known to sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and F.3d 872, D.C. Cir. 2006). occur within the United States, and importation of migratory birds. An The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR changing names based on new accurate and up-to-date list of species 10.13) was last revised on April 5, 1985 . The net increase of 175 protected by the MBTA is essential for (50 FR 13710). In a proposed rule species (186 added and 11 removed) regulatory purposes. published May 9, 1995 (60 FR 24686), brings the total number of species Why Is This Amendment of the List of we suggested updating the List of protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Migratory Birds Necessary? Migratory Birds by adding 20 species, removing 1 species, and revising the Act (MBTA) to 1007. We regulate most The amendment is needed to: (1) Add aspects of the taking, possession, common (English) or scientific names of two species covered by the Japanese and 23 previously listed species to conform transportation, sale, purchase, barter, Russian Conventions that were exportation, and importation of to the most recent nomenclature. The mistakenly omitted from previous lists; proposed amendments were migratory birds. An accurate and up-to- (2) add 29 species of accidental or date list of species protected by the necessitated by five published casual occurrence documented prior to supplements to the 6th (1983) edition of MBTA is essential for regulatory April 1985, but not included in prior purposes. the American Ornithologists’ Union’s lists; (3) add 65 species based on new (AOU’s) Check-list of North American DATES: This rule is effective March 31, distributional records documenting birds. Knowing that additional 2010. their occurrence in the United States amendments would be necessary FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: since April 1985; (4) add 24 species that following the anticipated publication of Terry Doyle, Wildlife Biologist, Division occur naturally in the United States a 7th edition of the Check-list, we of Migratory Bird Management, at 703– only in ; (5) add 28 species that elected to delay publication of a final 358–1799. occur naturally in the United States rule until after the appearance of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: only in the Pacific island territories of revised Check-list. The 1995 proposed , Baker and Howland rule generated just two public What Statutory Authority Does the Islands, , or the Northern Mariana comments, from the American Service Have for This Rulemaking? Islands; (6) add 38 species newly Ornithologists’ Union and the We have statutory authority and recognized as a result of taxonomic Association of Scientific Collections. responsibility for enforcing the changes; (7) remove 10 species not The comments of those organizations, Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 known to occur within the boundaries mostly editorial in nature, are reflected U.S.C. 703–711), the Fish and Wildlife of the United States or its territories; (8) in this document, as appropriate. Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. remove one species that is now treated Following publication of the 7th 712), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of as a subspecies; (9) change the common edition of the Check-list in July 1998, 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a–j). The MBTA (English) names of 48 species to administrative workloads and staff implements Conventions between the conform with accepted use; (10) change shortages prevented work on a final rule United States and four neighboring the scientific names of 66 species to until September 2000. A followup countries for the protection of migratory conform with accepted use; (11) change proposed rule was deemed necessary birds, as follows: the common and scientific names of because of the five-year delay since (1) : Convention for the seven species to conform with accepted publication of the initial proposed rule, Protection of Migratory Birds, August use; (12) change the scientific names of and the many new changes necessitated 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on four species in the alphabetical list to by the 7th edition of the Check-list. In behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. conform with accepted use and to a second proposed rule published No. 628; correct inconsistencies between the October 12, 2001 (66 FR 52282), we (2) Mexico: Convention for the alphabetical and taxonomic lists; (13) suggested adding 30 species, removing Protection of Migratory Birds and correct errors in the common (English) one species, and revising the common

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(English) or scientific names of 78 What Criteria Are Used To Identify and Sibley 1993) differs from that which previously-listed species to conform to Individual Species Protected by the appears in the Conventions. The accepted use. MBTA? following cross-reference provides a Of the 116 letters received on the A species qualifies for protection linkage between the scientific names proposed rule of October 12, 2001, 109 under the MBTA by meeting one or used in this list and those that appear dealt solely with the presumed more of the following four criteria: in the annex to the Japanese Convention and the appendix to the Russian protective status of the Mute Swan (1) It is a species covered by the Convention. The first name is the (Cygnus olor) under the MBTA. Of the Canadian Convention of 1916, as modern equivalent proposed here, and remaining seven letters, three provided amended in 1996, by virtue of meeting the second name is that which appears comments of a general nature (including the following three criteria: (a) It in one or both of the Conventions. These recommendations for adding or deleting belongs to a or group of species named in the Canadian Convention, as changes modernize the regulatory list certain species); two expressed general without revising either the Japanese or support without offering specific amended; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape the Russian Convention (indicated by J comments; one questioned the legality and R, respectively): of extending MBTA protection to recordings provide convincing evidence Accipiter gularis (Japanese species that do not cross State or of natural occurrence in the United Sparrowhawk) is listed as Accipiter international boundaries; and one States or its territories; and (c) the virgatus (J & R); expressed concern about the harvest of documentation of such records has been hypoleucos (Common ) MBTA-protected shorebirds in the recognized by the AOU or other is listed as hypoleucos (J & R); . These comments remain part competent scientific authorities. (2) It is a species covered by the Aethia psittacula (Parakeet Auklet) is of the public record and were listed as Cyclorrhynchus psittacula incorporated, as appropriate, into this Mexican Convention of 1936, as amended in 1972, by virtue of meeting (R); final rule. the following three criteria: It (a) americana (American ) is Because of the delay since publication belongs to a family or group of species listed as americana (J); of the 2001 proposed rule, plus the named in the Mexican Convention, as Anas clypeata (Northern ) is many new changes necessitated by six amended; (b) specimens, photographs, listed as clypeata (J); published supplements (AOU 2000, videotape recordings, or audiotape Anas () is 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) to the 7th recordings provide convincing evidence listed as Mareca penelope (J); edition of the Check-list, we published of natural occurrence in the United Anous minutus (Black Noddy) is listed a third proposed rule on August 24, States or its territories; and (c) the as Anous tenuirostris (J); 2006 (71 FR 50194). This allowed the documentation of such records has been Anthus rubescens (American ) is public to review and comment on all of recognized by the AOU or other listed as Anthus spinoletta (J & R); the desired changes that have come to competent scientific authorities. bernicla (Brant) incorporates light since publication of the 1995 and (3) It is a species listed in the annex Branta nigricans (R); 2001 proposed rules. In addition, this to the Japanese Convention of 1972, as alba (Sanderling) is listed as final rule incorporates the changes in amended. Crocethia alba (J); the AOU supplement published in 2007. (4) It is a species listed in the Calidris subminuta (Long-toed Stint) is appendix to the Russian Convention of listed as part of Calidris minutilla (J); What Scientific Authorities Are Used 1976. Carduelis flammea (Common Redpoll) To Amend the List of Migratory Birds? In accordance with the MBTRA, we is listed as Acanthis flammea (J); Carduelis hornemanni (Hoary Redpoll) Although bird names (common and have not listed species whose is included as part of Carduelis scientific) are relatively stable, staying occurrences in the United States are flammea (J), and is listed as Acanthis current with standardized use is solely the result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted hornemanni (R); necessary to avoid confusion in introduction(s). We hereby adopt the Charadrius morinellus (Eurasian communications. In making our definition of ‘‘human-assisted Dotterel) is listed as Eudromias determinations, we primarily relied on introduction’’ as used in the notice morinellus (J & R); the American Ornithologists’ Union’s implementing the MBTRA (70 FR Chen caerulescens (Snow ) is Check-list of North American birds 12710): ‘‘An intentional introduction is listed as caerulescens (J); (AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999, one that was purposeful—for example, Chen canagica (Emperor Goose) is listed 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and the person(s) or institution(s) involved as Anser canagicus (J), and Philacte 2007), on matters of taxonomy, intended for it to happen. An canagica (R); nomenclature, and the sequence of unintentional introduction is one that Cygnus columbianus (Tundra Swan) species and other higher taxonomic was unforeseen or unintended, for incorporates Cygnus bewickii (R); categories (orders, families, subfamilies) example, the establishment of self- Egretta sacra (Pacific Reef-Egret) is for species that occur in . sustaining populations following listed as Demigretta sacra (J); For the few species that occur outside repeated escapes from captive facilities.’’ Ficedula narcissina (Narcissus the geographic area covered by the Flycatcher) is listed as Muscicapa Check-list, we relied primarily on How Do the Scientific Names Used Here narcissina (J); Monroe and Sibley (1993). Though we Compare to Those That Appear in the Fratercula cirrhata (Tufted Puffin) is primarily rely on the above checklists, Japanese and Russian Conventions? listed as Lunda cirrhata (J & R); when informed taxonomic opinion is The Japanese and Russian gallinago (Common Snipe) is inconsistent or controversial, we Conventions list individual species of listed as Capella gallinago (R); evaluate available published and birds that are covered. For 37 of these Gallinago megala (Swinhoe’s Snipe) is unpublished information and come to species, the scientific ( or species) listed as Capella megala (R); our own conclusion regarding the name currently recognized by scientific Gallinago stenura (Pin-tailed Snipe) is validity of taxa. authorities (AOU 1998, 1999; Monroe listed as Capella stenura (R);

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Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed families covered by the Canadian and/ Scops-, Oriental, Otus sunia— Tattler) is included as part of Tringa or Mexican Conventions. They were Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); incana (J); excluded from the 1985 list because Shearwater, Streaked, Calonectris Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering their occurrence was viewed as leucomelas—California (AOU 1982, Tattler) is listed as Tringa incana (J); accidental or casual, a criterion no 1983, 1998); calliope (Siberian Rubythroat) longer viewed as inconsistent with the Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus— is listed as Erithacus calliope (J); MBTA or its underlying Conventions. A Alaska, California (AOU 1982, 1983, Melanitta fusca (White-winged ) species of accidental or casual 1998); incorporates Melanitta deglandi (J); occurrence is one whose normal range , Short-tailed, Mergellus albellus () is listed as is far enough removed from the United brachyura—U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU albellus (J & R); States as to make regular occurrence 1983, 1998); Milvus migrans (Black Kite) is listed as unlikely or improbable (AOU 1983). For , Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex— Milvus korschun (R); each species, we list the State(s) in Illinois, New Jersey, Ohio (AOU 1983, Numenius borealis (Eskimo ) is which it has been recorded plus the 1998); included as part of Numenius relevant AOU publication(s): Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris— minutus (J); , Shy, Thalassarche cauta— (AOU 1983, 1998); Phalaropus lobatus (Red-necked Washington (AOU 1982, 1983, 1997, Warbler, Dusky, Phylloscopus ) is listed as Lobipes lobatus 1998); fuscatus—Alaska, California (AOU (R); Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea 1982, 1983, 1998); Phoebastria albatrus (Short-tailed exulans—California (AOU 1982, 1983, Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis Albatross) is listed as Diomedea 1998); lachrymosa—Arizona (AOU 1982, albatrus (J & R); Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa 1983, 1998); and Phoebastria immutabilis (Laysan parellina—Louisiana, (AOU Warbler, Wood, Phylloscopus Albatross) is listed as Diomedea 1982, 1983, 1998); sibilatrix—Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, immutabilis (J & R); Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis— 1998). Phoebastria nigripes (Black-footed Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); (3) Add 65 species based on review Albatross) is listed as Diomedea Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla— and acceptance by AOU (since April nigripes (J & R); Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); 1985) of new distributional records Pterodroma hypoleuca (Bonin Petrel) is Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs— documenting their occurrence in the listed as Pterodroma leucoptera (R); Maine to Massachusetts (AOU 1982, United States, , or the U.S. bicolor (Tree ) is 1983, 1998); Virgin Islands. These species belong to listed as Iridoprocne bicolor (R); and Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops— families covered by the Canadian and/ Turdus obscurus (Eyebrowed ) is Texas, Virginia (AOU 1982, 1983, or Mexican Conventions and most are listed as Turdus pallidus (R). 1998); considered to be of accidental or casual How Do the Changes Affect the List of Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata— occurrence. For each species, we list the Migratory Birds? Massachusetts, New York (AOU 1982, State(s) in which it has been recorded 1983, 1998); plus the relevant publication(s): The amendments (186 additions, 11 Flycatcher, La Sagra’s, Myiarchus removals, 121 name changes, and 9 Albatross, Black-browed, Thalassarche sagrae—Alabama, Florida (AOU 1982, melanophris—Virginia (AOU 2002); corrections) affect a grand total of 327 1983, 1998); species and result in a net addition of Albatross, Light-mantled, Phoebetria Flycatcher, Variegated, Empidonomus palpebrata—California (AOU 1997, 175 species to the List of Migratory varius—Maine, Tennessee (AOU Birds, increasing the species total from 1998); 1982, 1983, 1998); Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger 832 to 1007. Of the 175 species that we , Belcher’s, belcheri—Florida add to the list, 38 were previously cyanurus—Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2003); Bunting, Pine, Emberiza covered under the MBTA as subspecies Hawk, Roadside, magnirostis— leucocephalos—Alaska (AOU 1995, of listed species. These amendments can Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); 1998); be logically arranged in the following 15 , Bumblebee, Atthis Bunting, Yellow-breasted, Emberiza categories: heloisa—Arizona (AOU 1982, 1983, aureola—Alaska (AOU 1989, 1998); (1) Add two species that are included 1998); Bunting, Yellow-throated, Emberiza in the Appendix of the Russian Martin, Southern, elegans— elegans—Alaska (AOU 2000); Convention and in the Annex to the Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Carib, Purple-throated, Eulampis Japanese Convention, respectively; the , Bahama, jugularis—U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU omission of these species in previous gundlachii—Florida (AOU 1982, 1998); lists was an oversight. These species 1983, 1998); Catbird, Black, Melanoptila also qualify for protection under the Petrel, Black-winged, Pterodroma glabrirostris—Texas (AOU 1998); Canadian and Mexican Conventions as nigripennis—Hawaii (AOU 1982, , Muscovy, Cairina moschata— members of the families and 1983, 1998); Texas (AOU 1998); , respectively: Petrel, Jouanin’s, Bulweria fallax— Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta— Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha; Hawaii (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus Puerto Rico, Virginia (AOU 1998); Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris. hispaniolensis—Puerto Rico (AOU Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis (2) Add 29 species based on review 1983, 1995, 1998); viridicata—Texas (AOU 1989, 1998); and acceptance by AOU (prior to April Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis—Alaska Falcon, Red-footed, Falco vespertinus— 1985) of distributional records (AOU 1982, 1983, 1995); Massachusetts, (AOU 2007); documenting their occurrence in the , Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus— Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Pennsylvania, Texas (AOU 1982, leucophalus—Florida, New Mexico, Virgin Islands. These species belong to 1983, 1998); Texas (AOU 2002);

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Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similis— Robin, White-throated, Turdus Amakihi, , Hemignathus Texas (AOU 2006); assimilis—Texas (AOU 1998); kauaiensis Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus— Amakihi, , Hemignathus flavus phaeocercus—Texas (AOU 1998); Alaska (AOU 1985, 1998); Anianiau, Magumma parva Forest-Falcon, Collared, Micrastur Shearwater, Cape Verde, Calonectris Apapane, Himatione sanguinea semitorquatus—Texas (AOU 1998) edwardsii—North Carolina (AOU Creeper, Hawaii, Oreomystis mana Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis— 2006); , Laysan, cantans Hawaii (AOU 1997, 1998); Silky-flycatcher, Gray, Ptilogonys Finch, , Telespiza ultima Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio cinereus—Texas (AOU 1998); Iiwi, Vestiaria coccinea flavirostris—New York (AOU 1991, Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus— Kakawahie, Paroreomyza flammea 1998, 2002); Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); Millerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris Golden-Plover, European, Pluvialis Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus apricaria—Alaska (Western Birds himantopus—Alaska (AOU 1985, Ou, Psittirostra psittacea 2001); 1998); , Loxioides bailleui Parrotbill, , Pseudonestor Goose, Lesser White-fronted, Anser Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus—Alaska xanthophrys erythropus—Alaska (AOU 1995, (AOU 1987, 1998, 2004); Poo-uli, Melamprosops phaeosoma 1998); Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied Fregetta Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus tropica—North Carolina (AOU 2006); (5) Add 28 species that belong to cirrocephalus—Florida (AOU 2002); Storm-Petrel, Ringed, Oceanodroma families covered by the Canadian and/ Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus— hornbyi—California (AOU 2007); or Mexican Conventions, but occur Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Texas Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta naturally in the United States only in (AOU 2002); albilinea—Florida (AOU 2005); the Pacific island territories of American Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis Swift, Alpine, melba—Puerto Rico Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, (=cachinnans)—Maryland (AOU (AOU 1998); Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands 1993, 1998, 2007); , Flame-colored, Piranga (Pratt et al. 1987). We also list the Hawk, , Geranospiza bidentata—Arizona, Texas (AOU territory or territories in which each caerulescens—Texas (AOU 1998); 1987, 1998); species is known to occur: Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo— Tern, Great Crested, bergii— Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis Alaska (AOU 1985, 1995, 1998); Hawaii (AOU 1991, 1998, 2006); (Guam); Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida— , Little Pied, Phalacrocorax rutila—Arizona, New Mexico (AOU Delaware, New Jersey (AOU 1997, melanoleucos (Northern Marianas); 1998); 1998, 2003); Crake, Spotless, tabuensis Hummingbird, Xantus’s, Hylocharis Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata— (American Samoa); xantusii—California (AOU 1998); Texas (AOU 1998); , Mariana, kubaryi (Guam, Mango, Green-breasted, Turtle-Dove, Oriental, Streptopelia Northern Marianas); prevostii—Texas (AOU 1998); orientalis—Alaska (AOU 1991, 1998); Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera— Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister—Texas (American Samoa); Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1995, (AOU 1987, 1998); Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned, 1998); Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla citreola— Ptilinopus porphyraceus (American Mockingbird, Blue, Alabama (AOU 1995, 1998); Samoa); caerulescens—Arizona, Texas (AOU Warbler, Crescent-chested, Parula Fruit-Dove, Many-colored, Ptilinopus 1998); superciliosa—Arizona (AOU 1987, perousii (American Samoa); Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed, 1998); Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus Catharus mexicanus—Texas (AOU Warbler, Lanceolated, Locustella roseicapilla (Guam, Northern 2006); lanceolata—Alaska, California (AOU Marianas); Nightingale-Thrush, Orange-billed, 1985, 1998); Greenshank, Nordmann’s, Tringa Catharus aurantiirostris—Texas (AOU Warbler, Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus guttifer (Guam); 2002); inornatus—Alaska (AOU 2002); Ground-Dove, Friendly, Gallicolumba Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata—Texas Whitethroat, Lesser, Sylvia curruca— stairi (American Samoa); (AOU 1989, 1998); Alaska (AOU 2004); and Ground-Dove, White-throated, Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius—Texas (AOU , Great Spotted, Gallicolumba xanthonura (Guam, 2002); Dendrocopos major—Alaska (AOU Northern Marianas); Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow— 1987, 1998). Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (Northern North Carolina (AOU 1998); Marianas); Petrel, Great-winged, Pterodroma (4) Add 24 species that belong to Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific, Ducula macroptera—California (AOU 2004); families covered by the Canadian and/ pacifica (American Samoa); Petrel, Stejneger’s, Pterodroma or Mexican Conventions, but occur Kingfisher, Collared, Todirhamphus longirostris—California, Hawaii (AOU naturally in the United States only in chloris (American Samoa, Northern 1989, 1998); Hawaii: Marianas); Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus— Akekee, Loxops caeruleirostris Kingfisher, Micronesian, Todirhamphus Florida (AOU 2004); Akepa, Loxops coccineus cinnamominus (Guam); Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris— Akialoa, Greater, Hemignathus Oystercatcher, Eurasian, Haematopus Texas (AOU 1998); ellisianus ostralegus (Guam); Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola Akiapolaau, Hemignathus munroi Petrel, Gould’s, Pterodroma leucoptera bacchus—Alaska (AOU 2000); Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi (American Samoa); Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis— Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (Baker Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1998); Alauahio, Maui, Paroreomyza montana and Howland Islands); Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane— Alauahio, Oahu, Paroreomyza maculata Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998); Amakihi, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens (American Samoa);

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Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus Phaeornis obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe) philippensis (American Samoa); [=Omao]) [AOU 1985, 1998]; [AOU 2002]; Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni (Guam); Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus Sparrow, Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, Reed-Warbler, Nightingale, (formerly treated as subspecies of Ammodramus nelsoni (formerly Acrocephalus luscinia (Northern Elanus caeruleus, Black-shouldered treated as subspecies of Ammodramus Marianas, formerly Guam); Kite) ([AOU 1983, 1993, 1998]); caudacutus, Sharp-tailed [=Saltmarsh Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira’s, , Pacific, Gavia pacifica (formerly Sharp-tailed] Sparrow) [AOU 1995, Oceanodroma matsudairae (Guam, treated as subspecies of Gavia arctica, 1998]; Northern Marianas); Loon) [AOU 1985, 1998]; , Puerto Rican, Spindalis Storm-Petrel, Polynesian, Nesofregata , Black-billed, hudsonia portoricensis (formerly treated as fuliginosa (American Samoa); (formerly treated as subspecies of Pica subspecies of Spindalis zena, Stripe- Storm-Petrel, White-bellied, Fregetta pica, Black-billed [=Eurasian] Magpie) headed [=Western] Tanager grallaria (American Samoa); [AOU 2000]; [=Spindalis]) [AOU 2000]; , Purple, Porphyrio Murrelet, Long-billed, Brachyramphus Thrush, Bicknell’s, Catharus bicknelli porphyrio (American Samoa); perdix—formerly treated as a (formerly treated as subspecies of , Mariana, bartschi subspecies of Brachyramphus Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked (Guam, Northern Marianas); and marmoratus, Marbled Murrelet (AOU Thrush) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Swiftlet, White-rumped, Aerodramus 1997); Titmouse, Black-crested, Baeolophus spodiopygius (American Samoa). Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (formerly atricristatus (formerly treated as (6) Add 38 species because of recent treated as subspecies of Phaeornis subspecies of Parus [=Baeolophus] taxonomic changes in which taxa obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush [=Omao]) bicolor, Tufted Titmouse) [AOU formerly treated as subspecies have [AOU 1985, 1998]; 2002]; been determined to be distinct species. Oriole, Bullock’s, Icterus bullockii Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi Given that each of these species was (formerly treated as subspecies of (formerly treated as subspecies of formerly treated as subspecies of a listed Icterus galbula, Northern [=Baltimore] Parus [=Baeolophus] inornatus, Plain species, these additions will not change Oriole) [AOU 1995, 1998]; [=Oak] Titmouse) [AOU 1997, 1998]; the protective status of any of these taxa, Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis only the names by which they are sandwichensis (formerly treated as (formerly treated as subspecies of known. In each case, we reference the subspecies of Pterodroma phaeopygia, Pipilo fuscus, Brown [=Canyon] AOU publication(s) supporting the Dark-rumped [=Galapagos] Petrel) Towhee) [AOU 1989, 1998]; change: [AOU 2002]; Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma (formerly treated as subspecies of Bean-Goose, Tundra, Anser serrirostris cervicalis (formerly treated as (formerly treated as subspecies of Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Rufous- subspecies of Pterodroma externa, sided [=Eastern] Towhee) [AOU 1995, Anser fabalis, Bean-Goose White-necked [=Juan Fernandez] [=]) [AOU 2007]; 1998]; Petrel) [AOU 1991, 1998]; Vireo, Cassin’s, Vireo cassinii (formerly Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (formerly Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens treated as subspecies of Fulica treated as subspecies of Vireo (formerly treated as subspecies of solitarius, Solitary [=Blue-headed] americana, American Coot) [AOU Anthus spinoletta, Water Pipit (AOU 1993, 1998]; Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998]; 1989, 1998); Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata (formerly treated as subspecies of (formerly treated as subspecies of (formerly treated as subspecies of Vireo solitarius, Solitary [=Blue- Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker) Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU headed] Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998]; [AOU 1995, 1998]; 1993, 1998]; Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte (formerly treated as subspecies of occidentalis (formerly treated as australis (formerly treated as Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo) subspecies of Empidonax difficilis, subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy [AOU 1987, 1998]; Western [=Pacific-slope] Flycatcher) Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998]; [AOU 1989, 1998]; Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte Wagtail, Eastern Yellow, Motacilla Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila tephrocotis (formerly treated as tschutschensis (formerly treated as californica (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy subspecies of Motacilla flava, Yellow subspecies of Polioptila melanura, Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Wagtail) [AOU 2004]; Black-tailed Gnatcatcher) [AOU 1989, Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus Woodpecker, American Three-toed, 1998]; nuchalis (formerly treated as Picoides dorsalis (formerly treated as Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva subspecies of Sphyrapicus varius, subspecies of Picoides tridactylus, (formerly treated as subspecies of Yellow-bellied Sapsucker) [AOU Three-toed [=Eurasian Three-toed] Pluvialis dominica, Lesser 1985, 1998]; Woodpecker) [AOU 2003]; and [=American] Golden-Plover) [AOU Scrub-, Island, insularis Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae 1993, 1998]; (formerly treated as subspecies of (formerly treated as subspecies of , Clark’s, Aechmophorus clarkii Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub Picoides stricklandi, Strickland’s (formerly treated as subspecies of [=Florida] Jay [=Scrub-Jay]) [AOU Woodpecker) [AOU 2000]. Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western 1995, 1998]; (7) Remove 10 species based on Grebe) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma revised taxonomic treatments and new Heron, Green, Butorides virescens californica (formerly treated as distributional evidence confirming that (formerly treated as subspecies of subspecies of Aphelocoma their known geographic ranges lie Butorides striatus, Green-backed coerulescens, Scrub [=Florida] Jay entirely outside the political boundaries [=Striated] Heron) [AOU 1993, 1998]; [=Scrub-Jay]) [AOU 1995, 1998]; of the United States and its territories. Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus Snipe, Wilson’s, Gallinago delicata In each case, we reference the AOU (formerly treated as subspecies of (formerly treated as subspecies of publication(s) supporting these changes:

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Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (AOU Hawk, Harris’, unicinctus, Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma 1993, 1998); becomes Hawk, Harris’s (AOU 1998); tristrami, becomes Storm-Petrel, Heron, Green-backed (=Striated), Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula, Tristram’s (AOU 1989, 1998); Butorides striatus (AOU 1993, 1998); becomes Owl, Northern Hawk (AOU Swift, Antillean Palm, Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus 1989, 1998); phoenicobia, becomes Palm-Swift, caeruleus (AOU 1983, 1993, 1998); Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra, Antillean (AOU 1983, 1998); Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica becomes Reef-Egret, Pacific (Monroe Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena, pica (AOU 2000); and Sibley 1993); becomes Spindalis, Western (AOU Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris (AOU Hoopoe, Upupa epops, becomes 2000); 1998; treated as conspecific with Hoopoe, Eurasian (AOU 1998); Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata, becomes Black Noddy, Anous minutus); Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma Duck, Falcated (AOU 1997, 1998); Petrel, Dark-rumped (=Galapagos), ultramarina, becomes Jay, Mexican Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus, Pterodroma phaeopygia (AOU 2002); (AOU 1995, 1998); becomes Thrush, Eyebrowed (AOU Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta (AOU Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens, 1989, 1998); 1983, 1989, 1998); becomes Scrub-Jay, Florida (AOU Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus, becomes Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava (AOU 1995, 1998); 2004); Towhee, Canyon (AOU 1989, 1998); Kite, American Swallow-tailed, Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo Woodpecker, Strickland’s, Picoides Elanoides forficatus, becomes Kite, stricklandi (AOU 2000); and erythrophthalmus, becomes Towhee, Swallow-tailed (AOU 1995, 1998); Eastern (AOU 1995, 1998); Woodpecker, Three-toed (=Eurasian Murrelet, Xantus’, Synthliboramphus Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni, Three-toed), Picoides tridactylis (AOU hypoleucus, becomes Murrelet, becomes Pipit, Olive-backed (AOU 2003). Xantus’s (AOU 1998); 1995, 1998); (8) Remove one former species that is , Jungle, indicus, now treated as a subspecies: becomes Nightjar, Gray (AOU 2004); , Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus, Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis, becomes becomes Quetzel, Eared (AOU 2002); (lugens will remain protected as a Duck, Long-tailed (AOU 2000); Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius, subspecies of Motacilla alba, White Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus becomes Vireo, Blue-headed (AOU Wagtail) [AOU 2005]. dominicensis, becomes Oriole, Greater 1997, 1998); Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica (9) Revise the common (English) Antillean (AOU 2000); angelae, becomes Warbler, Elfin- names of 48 species to conform to the Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula, woods (AOU 1998); and most recent nomenclatural treatment. becomes Oriole, Baltimore (AOU These revisions do not change the 1995, 1998); Woodpecker, Lewis’, Melanerpes lewis, protective status of any of these taxa, Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma becomes Woodpecker, Lewis’s (AOU only the names by which they are externa, becomes Petrel, Juan 1998). known. In each case, we reference the Fernandez (AOU 1991, 1998); (10) Revise the scientific names of 66 published source(s) for the name Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius species to conform to the most recent change: leschenaultii, becomes Sand-Plover, nomenclatural treatment. These Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba, becomes Greater (AOU 2004); revisions do not change the protective Owl, Barn (AOU 1989, 1998); Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius status of any of these taxa, only the Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis, mongolus, becomes Sand-Plover, names by which they are known. In becomes Bittern, Yellow (AOU 1991, Lesser (AOU 2004); each case, we reference the AOU 1998); Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza publication(s) documenting the name Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus, schoeniclus, becomes Bunting, Reed change: becomes Crow, Tamaulipas (AOU (AOU 1995, 1998); Reed-Bunting, Pallas’, Emberiza pallasi, Actitis macularia (Spotted Sandpiper) 1997, 1998); becomes Actitis macularius (AOU Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus, becomes Bunting, Pallas’s (AOU 1995, 1998); 2004); becomes Curlew, Little (AOU 1987, Ajaia ajaja (Roseate Spoonbill) becomes 1998); Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, becomes Sandpiper, Spoon- Platalea ajaja (AOU 2002); Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa Amphispiza quinquestriata (Five- griseisticta, becomes Flycatcher, Gray- billed (AOU 2004); Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis, striped Sparrow) becomes Aimophila streaked (AOU 2004); quinquestriata (AOU 1997, 1998); Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax becomes , Sky (AOU 1995, 1998); Casmerodius albus (Great Egret) difficilis, becomes Flycatcher, Pacific- Sparrow, Harris’, Zonotrichia querela, becomes Ardea alba (AOU 1995, slope (AOU 1989, 1998); becomes Sparrow, Harris’s (AOU Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis 1998); 1998); dominica, becomes Golden-Plover, Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus Catharacta maccormicki (South Polar American (AOU 1993, 1998); caudacutus, becomes Sparrow, ) becomes Stercorarius Goose, Bean, Anser fabalis, becomes Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed (AOU 1995, maccormicki (AOU 2000); Bean-Goose, Taiga (AOU 2007) 1998); Catharacta skua (Great Skua) becomes Goose, Ross’, Chen rossii, becomes Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus, Stercorarius skua (AOU 2000); Goose, Ross’s (AOU 1998); becomes Starling, White-cheeked Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (Willet) Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus (Monroe and Sibley 1993); becomes Tringa semipalmata (AOU ridibundus, becomes Gull, Black- Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus 2006); headed (AOU 1995, 1998); philippensis, becomes Starling, Ceryle alcyon (Belted Kingfisher) Gull, Ross’, Rhodostethia rosea, Chestnut-cheeked (Monroe and Sibley becomes Megaceryl alcyon (AOU becomes Gull, Ross’s (AOU 1998); 1993); 2007); Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris ruficollis, Ceryle torquatus (= Ceryle torquata) gularis, becomes Sparrowhawk, becomes Stint, Red-necked (AOU (Ringed Kingfisher) becomes Japanese (Monroe and Sibley 1993); 1995); Megaceryl torquata (AOU 2004, 2007);

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Columba fasciata (Band-tailed Pigeon) Nycticorax violaceus (Yellow-crowned Sterna elegans (Elegant Tern) becomes becomes fasciata (AOU Night-Heron) becomes Nyctanassa Thalasseus elegans (AOU 2006); 2003); violacea (AOU 1998); Sterna fuscata (Sooty Tern) becomes Columba flavirostris (Red-billed Pigeon) Orthorhynchus cristatus (Antillean Onychoprion fuscatus (AOU 2006); becomes Patagioenas flavirostris Crested Hummingbird) becomes Sterna lunata (Gray-backed Tern) (AOU 2003); Orthorhyncus cristatus (AOU 1987); becomes Onychoprion lunatus (AOU Columba inornata (Plain Pigeon) Otus asio (Eastern Screech-Owl) 2006); becomes Patagioenas inornata (AOU becomes Megascops asio (AOU 2003); Sterna maxima (Royal Tern) becomes 2003); Otus kennicottii (Western Screech-Owl) Thalasseus maximus (AOU 2006); Columba leucocephala (White-crowned becomes Megascops kennicottii (AOU Sterna nilotica (Gull-billed Tern) Pigeon) becomes Patagioenas 2003); becomes nilotica (AOU leucocephala (AOU 2003); Otus nudipes (Puerto Rican Screech- 2006); Owl) becomes Megascops nudipes Columba squamosa (Scaly-naped Sterna sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern) (AOU 2003); Pigeon) becomes Patagioenas becomes Thalasseus sandvicensis Otus trichopsis (Whiskered Screech- squamosa (AOU 2003); (AOU 2006); Contopus borealis (Olive-sided Owl) becomes Megascops trichopsis (AOU 2003); Sula bassanus (Northern Gannet) Flycatcher) becomes Contopus becomes Morus bassanus (AOU 1989, cooperi (AOU 1997, 1998); Oxyura dominica () becomes Nomonyx dominicus (AOU 1998); Cuculus saturatus (Oriental ) Tiaris olivacea (Yellow-faced Grassquit) becomes Cuculus optatus (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus atricapillus (Black-capped becomes Tiaris olivaceus (AOU 2004); 2006); and Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (Parakeet Chickadee) becomes Poecile Toxostoma dorsale (Crissal Thrasher) Auklet) becomes Aethia psittacula atricapillus (AOU 1997, 1998, 2003); becomes Toxostoma crissale (AOU (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus bicolor (Tufted Titmouse) 1985, 1998). urbica (Common House- becomes Baeolophus bicolor (AOU Martin) becomes Delichon urbicum 1997, 1998); (11) Revise the common (English) and (AOU 2004); Parus carolinensis (Carolina Chickadee) scientific names of seven species to Diomedea albatrus (Short-tailed becomes Poecile carolinensis (AOU conform with the most recent Albatross) becomes Phoebastria 1997, 1998); nomenclatural treatment. These albatrus (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus gambeli (Mountain Chickadee) revisions do not change the protective Diomedea chlororhynchos (Yellow- becomes Poecile gambeli (AOU 1997, status of any of these taxa, only the nosed Albatross) becomes 1998); names by which they are known. In Parus hudsonicus (Boreal Chickadee) Thalassarche chlororhynchos (AOU each case, we reference the becomes Poecile hudsonica (AOU 1997, 1998); publication(s) supporting the name Diomedea immutabilis (Laysan 1997, 1998, 2000); change: Parus rufescens (Chestnut-backed Albatross) becomes Phoebastria Chickadee) becomes Poecile rufescens Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax immutabilis (AOU 1997, 1998); (AOU 1997, 1998); olivaceus, becomes Cormorant, Diomedea nigripes (Black-footed Parus sclateri (Mexican Chickadee) Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus Albatross) becomes Phoebastria becomes Poecile sclateri (AOU 1997, (AOU 1991, 1998); nigripes (AOU 1997, 1998); 1998); Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia, Guiraca caerulea (Blue Grosbeak) Parus wollweberi (Bridled Titmouse) becomes Egret, Intermediate, becomes Passerina caerulea (AOU becomes Baeolophus wollweberi Mesophoyx intermedia (Monroe and 2002); (AOU 1997, 1998); Sibley 1993); Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed Phalaropus fulicaria (Red Phalarope) Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax Tattler) becomes Tringa brevipes becomes Phalaropus fulicarius (AOU melanolophus, becomes Night-Heron, (AOU 2006); 2002); Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering Polyborus plancus (Crested Caracara) (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Tattler) becomes Tringa incana (AOU becomes Caracara cheriway (AOU Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus, 2006); 1993, 1998, 2000); becomes Omao, Myadestes obscurus Helmitheros vermivora (Worm-eating Porphyrula martinica (Purple Gallinule) (AOU 1985, 1998); Warbler) becomes Helmitheros becomes Porphyrio martinica (AOU Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis vermivorum (AOU 2004); 2002); palmeri, becomes Puaiohi, Myadestes fulva ( Swallow) becomes Saurothera vieilloti (Puerto Rican palmeri (AOU 1985, 1998); fulva (AOU 1997, -Cuckoo) becomes Coccyzus Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus, becomes 1998); vieilloti (AOU 2006); Chickadee, Gray-headed, Poecile Hirundo pyrrhonota () Seiurus aurocapillus (Ovenbird) cincta (AOU 1998, 2000); and becomes Petrochelidon pyrrhonota becomes Seiurus aurocapilla (AOU Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus, (AOU 1997, 1998); 2003); becomes Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus Muscicapa narcissina (Narcissus Sterna albifrons (Little Tern) becomes inornatus (AOU 1997, 1998). Flycatcher) becomes Ficedula Sternula albifrons (AOU 2006); narcissina (AOU 1991, 1998); Sterna aleutica () becomes (12) Revise incorrect or invalid Nesochen sandvicensis (Hawaiian Onychoprion aleuticus (AOU 2006); scientific names of four species in the Goose) becomes Branta sandvicensis Sterna anaethetus (Bridled Tern) alphabetical list to reflect the most (AOU 1993, 1998); becomes Onychoprion anaethetus recent nomenclatural treatment and to Nyctea scandiaca () becomes (AOU 2006); correct inconsistencies between the Bubo scandiacus (AOU 2003); Sterna antillarum (Least Tern) becomes alphabetical and taxonomic lists: Nycticorax goisagi (Japanese Night- Sternula antillarum (AOU 2006); , Black-legged, Larus Heron) becomes Gorsachius goisagi Sterna caspia (Caspian Tern) becomes tridactyla, becomes Rissa trydactyla (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Hydroprogne caspia (AOU 2006); (AOU 1998);

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Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus (Monroe and Sibley 1993). Alaska (now considered B. h. taverneri, brevirostris, becomes Rissa TheBarbary Falcon is not subject to a subspecies of , by the brevirostris (AOU 1998); the MBTA because its known AOU) suggests that this group is most Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger, geographic range lies entirely outside closely paired with samples from South becomes Rynchops niger (AOU 1998); the political boundaries of the United Central Alaska (B. c. parvipes, and States and its territories. This does not considered a subspecies of Canada Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima, change the legal status of any other Goose by the AOU). These results are becomes Hylocichla mustelina (AOU subspecies of the Peregrine Falcon, all consistent with those reported by Van 1998). of which will continue to be protected Wagner and Baker (1990). If Cackling (13) Revise the common (English) under the MBTA. and Canada Geese are hybridizing, it is name of two species in the alphabetical We continue to consider all unclear what the outcome will be. and taxonomic lists to correct previously recognized subspecies of the Consequently, FWS is concerned misspellings: Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) as whether the sample size and geographic distribution of specimens obtained for Bittern, Schrenk’s, Ixobrychus one species. genetic analysis was adequate to eurhythmus, becomes Bittern, As a general practice, we use the AOU determine the extent of hybridization. Schrenck’s (Monroe and Sibley 1993); as a key source for taxonomic decisions. We suggest additional analysis of and However, for species that are hunted, samples collected at several potential Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus we may see a higher level of certainty zones of integration to reduce this miniatus, becomes Redstart, Slate- about taxonomic changes before uncertainty, including the north slope of throated (AOU 1998). modifying hunting regulations and management plans, and communicating Alaska (B. h. taverneri and B. c. (14) Revise the scientific names of those changes to the public. parvipes), and Arctic Canada (B. h. three species in the taxonomic list to The AOU recently adopted hutchinsii and B. c. parvipes, and B. h. correct misspellings and inconsistencies nomenclature that divides the 11 hutchinsii and B. c. interior). Some of between the alphabetical and taxonomic subspecies of the previously-recognized this work is already underway. lists: single Canada Goose species into two Issues related to monitoring and Sialis currucoides (Mountain ) species groups, Canada Goose and assessment of the proposed two species/ becomes Sialia currucoides (AOU Cackling Goose (Branta hutchinsii) Canada Goose complex also need to be 1998); (AOU 2004). However, we choose to resolved to ensure that the continuity in Sialis mexicana () include the four subspecies AOU now status assessments is maintained. We becomes Sialia mexicana (AOU considers Cackling Goose in the listing are also reluctant to begin informing the 1998); and of Canada Goose, rather than include public, both hunters and non-hunters Sialis sialis () becomes them in a separate species. Some alike, of the implications of this change Sialia sialis (AOU 1998). waterfowl specialists do not agree that until further studies confirm that this (15) Change the status of one taxon the data on which the AOU relied separation is warranted. Additional from protected subspecies to non- warranted the separation into two research on Canada/Cackling Goose protected species (because there is no species. The AOU recommendation is taxonomy and breeding distribution is known natural occurrence of the newly based on research in large part currently being conducted and better recognized species in the United States supported by analysis of mitochondrial techniques for field and harvest or its territories). In accordance with the DNA (Van Wagner and Baker 1986, identification are in development. We AOU (1998), the Barbary Falcon has Shields and Wilson 1987, Quinn et al. will consider this additional been treated as a subspecies 1991, Paxinos et al. 2002, Scribner et al. information when it is available, at (pelegrinoides) of the Peregrine Falcon 2003). These studies suggest a difference which time we may reconsider our (Falco peregrinus) in 50 CFR 10.13. We between Cackling and Canada Geese decision. In any case, we emphasize defer to the taxonomic treatment of primarily based on maternally inherited that, regardless of name, goose Monroe and Sibley (1993) in nonrecombinate mitochondrial DNA subspecies identified as Cackling Goose recognizing F. peregrinus pelegrinoides (mtDNA). We believe the mtDNA by the AOU remain protected under the as a distinct species, Falco analyzed from geese in the geographic Migratory Bird Treaty Act as Canada pelegrinoides, the Barbary Falcon. This areas sampled indicate a substantial Goose. brings our treatment of this taxon into evolutionary distance between groups For ease of comparison, changes are conformity with that adopted by the the AOU classifies as Cackling and summarized in the following table Convention on International Trade in Canada Geese. However, the nuclear (numbers reference the categories of Wild Flora and (recombinant) microsatellite DNA treated above). Species whose names Fauna (CITES), thereby removing an (nuDNA) assessment presented in have been revised (categories 9–14) inconsistency between the MBTA (50 Scribner et al. (2003: Fig. 3) suggests appear in both the left-hand column CFR 10.13) and CITES (50 CFR 23.23) either that the nuDNA has not yet sorted (old name removed) and right-hand lists. This simple taxonomic change (nuDNA takes approximately four times column (new name added). To ensure does not add or remove any species as long to consolidate as does mtDNA that these two separate actions appear from the list: [Zink and Barrowclough 2008]), or that on the same line of the table, we employ Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides, formerly this historical division is not being brackets to identify old (removed) or considered a subspecies of the maintained because hybridization is new (added) names that are listed in Peregrine Falcon, is changed to Falco occurring. An assessment of the nuDNA correct alphabetical order elsewhere in pelegrinoides, Barbary Falcon group samples from the North Slope of the table:

Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically)

Akekee, Loxops caeruleirostris (4). Akepa, Loxops coccineus (4).

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Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically)

Akialoa, Greater, Hemignathus ellisianus (4). Akiapolaau, Hemignathus munroi (4). Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi (4). Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei (4). Alauahio, Maui, Paroreomyza montana (4). Alauahio, Oahu, Paroreomyza maculate (4). Albatross, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris (3). Albatross, Black-footed, Diomedea nigripes (10) ...... Albatross, Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes (10). Albatross, Laysan, Diomedea immutabilis (10) ...... Albatross, Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis (10). Albatross, Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata (3). Albatross, Short-tailed, Diomedea albatrus (10) ...... Albatross, Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus (10). Albatross, Shy, Thalassarche cauta (2). Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea exulans (2). Albatross, Yellow-nosed, Diomedea chlororhynchos (10) ...... Albatross, Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos (10). Amakihi, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens (4). Amakihi, Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis (4). Amakihi, Oahu, Hemignathus flavus (4). Anianiau, Magumma parva (4). Apapane, Himatione sanguinea (4). Auklet, Parakeet, Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (10) ...... Auklet, Parakeet, Aethia psittacula (10). Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba (9) ...... [see Owl, Barn]. Bean-Goose, Taiga, Anser fabalis (9). Bean-Goose, Tundra, Anser serrirostris (6). Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis (5). Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis (9) ...... Bittern, Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis (9). Bittern, Schrenk’s, Ixobrychus eurhythmus (13) ...... Bittern, Schrenck’s, Ixobrychus eurhythmus (13). Bluebird, Eastern, Sialis sialis (14) ...... Bluebird, Eastern, Sialia sialis (14). Bluebird, Mountain, Sialis currucoides (14) ...... Bluebird, Mountain, Sialia currucoides (14). Bluebird, Western, Sialis mexicana (14) ...... Bluebird, Western, Sialia mexicana (14). Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus (3). Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina (2). Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis (2). Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla (2). [see Reed-Bunting, Pallas’] ...... Bunting, Pallas’s, Emberiza pallasi (9). Bunting, Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos (3). [see Reed-Bunting, Common] ...... Bunting, Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus (9). Bunting, Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola (3). Bunting, Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans (3). Carib, Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis (3). Caracara, Crested, Polyborus plancus (10) ...... Caracara, Crested, Caracara cheriway (10). Catbird, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris (3). Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs (2). Chickadee, Black-capped, Parus atricapillus (10) ...... Chickadee, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus (10). Chickadee, Boreal, Parus hudsonicus (10) ...... Chickadee, Boreal, Poecile hudsonica (10). Chickadee, Carolina, Parus carolinensis (10) ...... Chickadee, Carolina, Poecile carolinensis (10). Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Parus rufescens (10) ...... Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens (10). [see Tit, Siberian] ...... Chickadee, Gray-headed, Poecile cincta (11). Chickadee, Mexican, Parus sclateri (10) ...... Chickadee, Mexican, Poecile sclateri (10). Chickadee, Mountain, Parus gambeli (10) ...... Chickadee, Mountain, Poecile gambeli (10). Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (6). Cormorant, Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (5). Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax olivaceus (11) ...... Cormorant, Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus (11). Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops (2). Crake, Spotless, Porzana tabuensis (5). Creeper, Hawaii, Oreomystis mana (4). Crow, Mariana, Corvus kubaryi (5). Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus (9) ...... Crow, Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus (9). Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus saturatus (10) ...... Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus optatus (10). Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata (2). Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus (9) ...... Curlew, Little, Numenius minutus (9). [see Teal, Falcated] ...... Duck, Falcated, Anas falcata (9). [see Oldsquaw] ...... Duck, Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis (9). Duck, Masked, Oxyura dominica (10) ...... Duck, Masked, Nomonyx dominicus (10). Duck, Muscovy, Cairina moschata (3). Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa (5). Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha (1). Egret, Great, Casmerodius albus (10) ...... Egret, Great, Ardea alba (10). Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia (11) ...... Egret, Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia (11). Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta (3). Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata (3). [Falcon, Barbary, Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides (=Falco Falcon, Red-footed, Falco vespertinus (3). pelegrinoides)] (15). Finch, Laysan, Telespiza cantans (4). Finch, Nihoa, Telespiza ultima (4).

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Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically)

Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (7) ...... [see Rosy-Finch]. Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides (6). Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis (6). Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa griseisticta (9) ...... Flycatcher, Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta (9). Flycatcher, La Sagra’s, Myiarchus sagrae (2). Flycatcher, Narcissus, Muscicapa narcissina (10) ...... Flycatcher, Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina (10). Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus borealis (10) ...... Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi (10). Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax difficilis (9) ...... Flycatcher, Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis (9). Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus leucophalus (3). Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similis (3). Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus (3). Flycatcher, Variegated, Empidonomus varius (2). Forest-Falcon, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus (3). Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis (3). Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus (5). Fruit-Dove, Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii (5). Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla (5). Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris (3). Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrula martinica (10) ...... Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrio martinica (10). Gannet, Northern, Sula bassanus (10) ...... Gannet, Northern, Morus bassanus (10). Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila californica (6). Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis dominica (9) ...... Golden-Plover, American, Pluvialis dominica (9). Golden-Plover, European, Pluvialis apricaria (3). Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva (6). Goose, Bean, Anser fabalis (9) ...... [see Bean-Goose, Taiga]. Goose, Hawaiian, Nesochen sandvicensis (10) ...... Goose, Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis (10). Goose, Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus (3). Goose, Ross’, Chen rossii (9) ...... Goose, Ross’s, Chen rossii (9). Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivacea (10) ...... Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus (10). Grebe, Clark’s, Aechmophorus clarkii (6). Greenshank, Nordmann’s, Tringa guttifer (5). Grosbeak, Blue, Guiraca caerulea (10) ...... Grosbeak, Blue, Passerina caerulea (10). Ground-Dove, Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi (5). Ground-Dove, White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura (5). Gull, Belcher’s, Larus belcheri (2). Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus ridibundus (9) ...... Gull, Black-headed, Larus ridibundus (9). Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris (1). Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus (3). Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus (3). Gull, Ross’, Rhodostethia rosea (9) ...... Gull, Ross’s, Rhodostethia rosea (9). Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis (3). Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter gularis (9) ...... [see Sparrowhawk, Japanese]. Hawk, Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens (3). Hawk, Harris’, Parabuteo unicinctus (9) ...... Hawk, Harris’s, Parabuteo unicinctus (9). Hawk, Roadside, Buteo magnirostris (2). Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula (9) ...... [see Owl, Northern Hawk]. Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (5). Heron, Green, Butorides virescens (6). Heron, Green-backed, Butorides striatus (7) ...... [see Heron, Green]. Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra (9) ...... [see Reef-Egret, Pacific]. Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo (3). Hoopoe, Upupa epops (9) ...... Hoopoe, Eurasian, Upupa epops (9). House-Martin, Common, Delichon urbica (10) ...... House-Martin, Common, Delichon urbicum (10). Hummingbird, Antillean Crested, Orthorhynchus cristatus (10) ...... Hummingbird, Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus cristatus (10). Hummingbird, Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa (2). Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila (3). Hummingbird, Xantus’s, Hylocharis xantusii (3). Iiwi, Vestiaria coccinea (4). Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific, Ducula pacifica (5). Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma ultramarina (9) ...... Jay, Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina (9). Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens (9) ...... [see Scrub-Jay, Florida]. Kakawahie, Paroreomyza flammea (4). Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus (6). Kingfisher, Collared, Todirhamphus chloris (5). Kingfisher, Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus (5). Kingfisher, Belted, Ceryle alcyon (10) ...... Kingfisher, Belted, Megaceryle alcyon (10). Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquatus (10) ...... Kingfisher, Ringed, Megaceryle torquata (10). Kite, American Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus (9) ...... Kite, Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus (9). Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus caeruleus (7) ...... [see Kite, White-tailed]. Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus (6). Kittiwake, Black-legged, Larus tridactyla (12) ...... Kittiwake, Black-legged, Rissa trydactyla (12). Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus brevirostris (12) ...... Kittiwake, Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris (12). [see Skylark, Eurasian] ...... Lark, Sky, Alauda arvensis (9). Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, Saurothera vieilloti (10) ...... Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti (10).

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Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically)

Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica (6). Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica pica (7) ...... [see Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia]. Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia (6). Mango, Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii (3). Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera (3). Martin, Southern, Progne elegans (2). Millerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris (4). Mockingbird, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii (2). Mockingbird, Blue, Melanotis caerulescens (3). Murrelet, Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix (6). Murrelet, Xantus’, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (9) ...... Murrelet, Xantus’s, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (9). Night-Heron, Japanese, Nycticorax goisagi (10) ...... Night-Heron, Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi (10). Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax melanolophus (11) ...... Night-Heron, Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus (11). Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Nycticorax violaceus (10) ...... Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea (10). Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus (3). Nightingale-Thrush, Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris (3). Nightjar, Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus (9) ...... Nightjar, Gray, Caprimulgus indicus (9). Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris (7) ...... Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus (4). Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis (9) ...... [see Duck, Long-tailed]. Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (6). [see Thrush, Hawaiian] ...... Omao, Myadestes obscurus (11). Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula (9) ...... Oriole, Baltimore, Icterus galbula (9). Oriole, Bullock’s, Icterus bullockii (6). Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus dominicensis (9) ...... Oriole, Greater Antillean, Icterus dominicensis (9). Ou, Psittirostra psittacea (4). Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapillus (10) ...... Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla (10). [see Barn-Owl, Common] ...... Owl, Barn, Tyto alba (9). Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata (3). [see Hawk-Owl, Northern] ...... Owl, Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula (9). Owl, Snowy, Nyctea scandiaca (10) ...... Owl, Snowy, Bubo scandiacus (10). Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius (3). Oystercatcher, Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus (5). Palila, Loxioides bailleui (4). [see Swift, Antillean Palm] ...... Palm-Swift, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia (9). Parrotbill, Maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys (4). Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow (3). Petrel, Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis (2). Petrel, Dark-rumped, Pterodroma phaeopygia (7) ...... [see Petrel, Hawaiian]. Petrel, Gould’s, Pterodroma leucoptera (5). Petrel, Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera (3). Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis (6). Petrel, Jouanin’s, Bulweria fallax (2). Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma externa (9) ...... Petrel, Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa (9). Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (5). Petrel, Stejneger’s, Pterodroma longirostris (3). Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata (5). Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis (6). Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus (3). Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis (2). Phalarope, Red, Phalaropus fulicaria (10) ...... Red Phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (10). Pigeon, Band-tailed, Columba fasciata (10) ...... Pigeon, Band-tailed, Patagioenas fasciata (10). Pigeon, Plain, Columba inornata (10) ...... Pigeon, Plain, Patagioenas inornata (10). Pigeon, Red-billed, Columba flavirostris (10) ...... Pigeon, Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris (10). Pigeon, Scaly-naped, Columba squamosa (10) ...... Pigeon, Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa (10). Pigeon, White-crowned, Columba leucocephala (10) ...... Pigeon, White-crowned, Patagioenas leucocephala (10). Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta (7) ...... [see Pipit, American]. Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens (6). [see Tree-Pipit, Olive] ...... Pipit, Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni (9). Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis (2). Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris (3). Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius leschenaultii (9) ...... [see Sand-Plover, Greater]. Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius mongolus (9) ...... [see Sand-Plover, Lesser]. Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus (3). Poo-uli, Melamprosops phaeosoma (4). [see Thrush, Small Kauai] ...... Puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri (11). [see Trogon, Eared] ...... Quetzel, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus (9). Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis (5). Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni (5). Rail, Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus (2). Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus miniatus (13) ...... Redstart, Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus (13). Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza schoeniclus (9) ...... [see Bunting, Reed]. Reed-Bunting, Pallas’, Emberiza pallasi (9) ...... [see Bunting, Pallas’s]. Reed-Warbler, Nightingale, Acrocephalus luscinia (5). [see Heron, Pacific Reef] ...... Reef-Egret, Pacific, Egretta sacra (9).

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Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically)

Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis (3). Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane (3). Robin, White-throated, Turdus assimilis (3). Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata (6). Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis (6). Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis (6). Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus (3). Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (9) ...... Sandpiper, Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (9). Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis macularia (10) ...... Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis macularius (10). [see Plover, Great Sand] ...... Sand-Plover, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii (9). [see Plover, Mongolian] ...... Sand-Plover, Lesser, Charadrius mongolus (9). Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis (6). Scops-Owl, Oriental, Otus sunia (2). Screech-Owl, Eastern, Otus asio (10) ...... Screech-Owl, Eastern, Megascops asio (10). Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican, Otus nudipes (10) ...... Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes (10). Screech-Owl, Western, Otus kennicottii (10) ...... Screech-Owl, Western, Megascops kennicottii (10). Screech-Owl, Whiskered, Otus trichopsis (10) ...... Screech-Owl, Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis (10). [see Jay, Scrub] ...... Scrub-Jay, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens (9). Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis (6). Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma californica (6). Shearwater, Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii (3). Shearwater, Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas (2). Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus (2). Silky-flycatcher, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus (3). Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus (3). Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger (12) ...... Skimmer, Black, Rynchops niger (12). Skua, Great, Catharacta skua (10) ...... Skua, Great, Stercorarius skua (10). Skua, South Polar, Catharacta maccormicki (10) ...... Skua, South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki (10). Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis (9) ...... [see Lark, Sky]. Snipe, Wilson’s, Gallinago delicata (6). Sparrow, Five-striped, Amphispiza quinquestriata (10) ...... Sparrow, Five-striped, Aimophila quinquestriata (10). Sparrow, Harris’, Zonotrichia querula (9) ...... Sparrow, Harris’s, Zonotrichia querula (9). Sparrow, Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni (6). Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus (9) ...... Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus (9). [see Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow] ...... Sparrowhawk, Japanese, Accipiter gularis (9). Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis (6). [see Tanager, Stripe-headed] ...... Spindalis, Western, Spindalis zena (9). Spoonbill, Roseate, Ajaia ajaja (10) ...... Spoonbill, Roseate, Platalea ajaja (10). Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus philippensis (9) ...... Starling, Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus philippensis (9). Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus (9) ...... Starling, White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus (9). Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus (3). Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris ruficollis (9) ...... Stint, Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis (9). Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus (3). Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica (3). Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira’s, Oceanodroma matsudairae (5). Storm-Petrel, Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa (5). Storm-Petrel, Ringed, Oceanodroma hornbyi (3). Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma tristrami (9) ...... Storm-Petrel, Tristram’s, Oceanodroma tristrami (9). Storm-Petrel, White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria (5). Swallow, Cave, Hirundo fulva (10) ...... Swallow, Cave, Petrochelidon fulva (10). Swallow, Cliff, Hirundo pyrrhonota (10) ...... Swallow, Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (10). Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea (3). Swamphen, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio (5). Swift, Alpine, Apus melba (3). Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis phoenicobia (9) ...... [see Palm-Swift, Antillean]. Swift, Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura (2). Swiftlet, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi (5). Swiftlet, White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius (5). Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata (3). Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena (9) ...... [see Spindalis, Western]. Tattler, Gray-tailed, Heteroscelus brevipes (10) ...... Tattler, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes (10). Tattler, Wandering, Heteroscelus incanus (10) ...... Tattler, Wandering, Tringa incana (10). Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata (9) ...... [see Duck, Falcated]. Tern, Aleutian, Sterna aleutica (10) ...... Tern, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus (10). Tern, Bridled, Sterna anaethetus (10) ...... Tern, Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus (10). Tern, Caspian, Sterna caspia (10) ...... Tern, Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia (10). Tern, Elegant, Sterna elegans (10) ...... Tern, Elegant, Thalasseus elegans (10). Tern, Gray-backed, Sterna lunata (10) ...... Tern, Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus (10). Tern, Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii (3). Tern, Gull-billed, Sterna nilotica (10) ...... Tern, Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica (10). Tern, Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex (2). Tern, Least, Sterna antillarum (10) ...... Tern, Least, Sternula antillarum (10). Tern, Little, Sterna albifrons (10) ...... Tern, Little, Sternula albifrons (10). Tern, Royal, Sterna maxima (10) ...... Tern, Royal, Thalasseus maximus (10).

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Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically)

Tern, Sandwich, Sterna sandvicensis (10) ...... Tern, Sandwich, Thalasseus sandvicensis (10). Tern, Sooty, Sterna fuscata (10) ...... Tern, Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus (10). Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida (3). Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma dorsale (10) ...... Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma crissale (10). Thrush, Bicknell’s, Catharus bicknelli (6). Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus (9) ...... Thrush, Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus (9). Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus (11) ...... [see Omao]. Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis palmeri (11) ...... [see Puaiohi]. Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima (12) ...... Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla mustelina (12). Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus (11) ...... [see Chickadee, Gray-headed]. Titmouse, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus (6). Titmouse, Bridled, Parus wollweberi (10) ...... Titmouse, Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi (10). Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi (6). Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus (11) ...... Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus inornatus (11). Titmouse, Tufted, Parus bicolor (10) ...... Titmouse, Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor (10). Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata (3). Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis (6). Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus (9) ...... Towhee, Canyon, Pipilo fuscus (9). Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (9) ...... Towhee, Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (9). Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus (6). Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni (9) ...... [see Pipit, Olive-backed]. Trogon, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus (9) ...... [see Quetzel, Eared]. Turtle-Dove, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis (3). Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius (9) ...... Vireo, Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius (9). Vireo, Cassin’s, Vireo cassinii (6). Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus (6). Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris (2). Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis (6). Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister (3). Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens (8) ...... Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla citreola (3). Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava (7) ...... [see Wagtail, Eastern Yellow]. Wagtail, Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis (6). Warbler, Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa (3). Warbler, Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus (2). Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica angelae (9) ...... Warbler, Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae (9). Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa (2). Warbler, Lanceolated, Locustella lanceolata (3). Warbler, Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix (2). Warbler, Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus inornatus (3). Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivora (10) ...... Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorum (10). Whitethroat, Lesser, Sylvia curruca (3). Willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (10) ...... Willet, Tringa semipalmata (10). Woodpecker, American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis (6). Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae (6). Woodpecker, Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major (3). Woodpecker, Lewis’, Melanerpes lewis (9) ...... Woodpecker, Lewis’s, Melanerpes lewis (9). Woodpecker, Strickland’s, Picoides stricklandi (7) ...... [see Woodpecker, Arizona]. Woodpecker, Three-toed, Picoides tridactylis (7) ...... [see Woodpecker, American Three-toed].

How Do the Changes Implemented Here Whitethroat, Lesser, Sylvia curruca. Iiwi, Vestiaria coccinea; Differ From Those Discussed in the (3) A new category 4 is created and 24 Kakawahie, Paroreomyza flammea; Proposed Rule? species are added to this category: Millerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris; (1) Three species are added to Akekee, Loxops caeruleirostris; Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus; category 2: Akepa, Loxops coccineus; Ou, Psittirostra psittacea; Akialoa, Greater, Hemignathus Palila, Loxioides bailleui; Tern, Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex; Parrotbill, Maui, Pseudonestor Warbler, Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus; ellisianus; Akiapolaau, Hemignathus munroi; xanthophrys; and and Poo-uli, Melamprosops phaeosoma. Warbler, Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix. Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi; Akohekohe, Palmeria dole; (4) One species is added to category (2) Six species are added to category Alauahio, Maui, Paroreomyza montana; 5: 3: Alauahio, Oahu, Paroreomyza maculate; Reed-Warbler, Nightingale, Falcon, Red-footed, Falco vespertinus; Amakihi, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens; Acrocephalus luscinia Golden-Plover, European, Pluvialis Amakihi, Kauai, Hemignathus apricaria; kauaiensis; (5) One species is removed from Storm-Petrel, Ringed, Oceanodroma Amakihi, Oahu, Hemignathus flavus; category 6: hornbyi; Anianiau, Magumma parva; Goose, Cackling, Branta hutchinsii. Warbler, Lanceolated, Locustella Apapane, Himatione sanguinea; Recognition as a separate species lanceolata; Creeper, Hawaii, Oreomystis mana; deferred and will remain as Warbler, Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus Finch, Laysan, Telespiza cantans; subspecies of Branta canadensis, inornatus; and Finch, Nihoa, Telespiza ultima; Canada Goose.

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(6) One species is added to category of the public: Alphabetically in 50 CFR (), (, 6: 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR ptarmigan, and turkeys), Bean-Goose, Tundra, Anser serrirostris. 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, Odontophoridae (), (7) One species deleted from category species are listed by common (English) Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae 7 is reinstated: group names, with the scientific name (pratincoles), Psittacidae (), Kingbird, Loggerhead, Tyrannus of each species following the English Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae caudifasciatus. group name. This format, similar to that (honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarchs), used in modern telephone directories, is Timaliidae (wrentit), and Coerebidae (8) The common name of one species most useful to members of the lay (). It should be noted that is changed (category 9): public. In the taxonomic listing, species this rule supersedes the 70 FR 12710 Goose, Bean, Anser fabalis, becomes are listed in phylogenetic sequence by notice to the extent that they are Bean-Goose, Taiga. scientific name, with the English name inconsistent. Specifically, the Mexican (9) The scientific name of four species following the scientific name. To help Convention lists the family Sylviidae is changed (category 3, category 10): clarify species relationships, we also list (which includes and subfamily Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus cachinnans the higher-level taxonomic categories of Sylviinae) and the family Fringillidae becomes Larus michahellis; Order, Family, and Subfamily. This (which includes the subfamily Kingfisher, Belted, Ceryle alcyon format follows the sequence adopted by Depanidinae). Thus, all members of becomes Megaceryle alcyon; the AOU (1998, 2004) and is most useful these two subfamilies are now included Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquatus to ornithologists and other scientists. on this list. becomes Megaceryle torquata; and Partial lists of the species included in Hummingbird, Antillean Crested, What Species Are Not Protected by the categories 2 and 3 are available at Orthorhynchus cristatus becomes Migratory Bird Treaty Act? http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/ Orthorhyncus cristatus. The MBTA does not apply to: RegulationsPolicies/mbta/ (10) The scientific names of six (1) Nonnative species introduced into MBTAProtectedNonprotected.html. the United States or its territories by species spelled erroneously in the Responses to Public Comments proposed rule are corrected to conform means of intentional or unintentional to the AOU Check-list (1998) and human assistance that belong to families On August 24, 2006, we published in supplements: or groups covered by the Canadian, the Federal Register (71 FR 50194) a Bunting, Reed, Emberiza schoeniculus Mexican, or Russian Conventions, in proposed rule to revise the list of becomes Emberiza schoeniclus; accordance with the MBTRA. See 70 FR migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13. We Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similes 12710 (March 15, 2005) for a partial list solicited public comments on the becomes Myiozetetes similes; of nonnative human-introduced bird proposed rule for 60 days, ending on Owl, Snowy, Bubo scandiaca becomes species in this category. Note, though, October 23, 2006. The comment period Bubo scandiacus; that native species that are introduced was reopened on December 14, 2006 (71 Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribeaus into parts of the United States where FR 75188), extending the comment becomes Contopus caribaeus; they are not native are still protected period to December 29, 2006. Any Tanager, Puerto Rican, Neospingus under the MBTA regardless of where comments submitted from October 24, speculiferus becomes Nesospingus they occur in the U.S. or its territories. 2006, to the extension date were speculiferus; and (2) Nonnative human-introduced considered in this final rule. Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros species that belong to families or groups We received 69 comment letters in vermivorus becomes Helmitheros not covered by the Canadian, Mexican, response to the proposed rule; 32 letters vermivorum. or Russian Conventions, including were from 21 identified agencies, Tinamidae (), (11) Other editorial changes: organizations, or private firms (includes (), Megapodiidae 10 separate letters from one firm, and Crake, Paint-billed (category 2)— (megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, two from an organization). The Louisiana is deleted from, and ptarmigan, and turkeys), Turnicidae following text discusses the substantive Virginia added to, the known range; (buttonquails), Odontophoridae (New Ground-Dove, White-throated (category comments received and provides our World quail), Pteroclididae 5)—American Samoa is deleted from, responses to those comments. (), Psittacidae (parrots), Comment. The American Samoa and Guam and the Northern Marianas Dicruridae (drongos), Rhamphastidae Department of Marine and Wildlife are added to, the known range; Gull, Kelp (category 3)—Indiana and (toucans), Musophagidae (), Resources, and the Office of the Texas are added to the known range; Bucerotidae (hornbills), Bucorvidae Governor of American Samoa objected Murrelet, Long-billed—moved from (ground-hornbills), Pycnonotidae to the inclusion of 14 species native to category 3 to category 6; (bulbuls), Pittidae (), Irenidae American Samoa. They argued a Shrike, Brown (category 2)—California (fairy-), Timaliidae (babblers), ‘‘complete absence of a scientific basis is added to the known range; Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae for inclusion in a treaty based on the Storm-Petrel, Ringed (category 2)— (starlings; except as listed in the concept of ‘‘shared migratory’ species’’ Alaska is deleted from, and California Japanese Convention), Passeridae (Old and ‘‘lack of demonstrated biological added to, the known range; and World sparrows), Ploceidae (weavers), need for protection.’’ They also felt that the family Cathartidae, and its included Estrildidae (estrildid ), and the Service ‘‘did not consider the extent species, is moved from the numerous other families not currently to which the stringent requirement of Ciconiiformes to the beginning of the represented in the United States or its the new federal regulation will affect the , as they were on the territories. daily activities of our people,’’ and 1985 list. (3) Native species that belong to emphasized that ‘‘All species proposed families or groups represented in the for listing are fully protected under How Is the List of Migratory Birds United States, but which are not Chapter 8, Title 24, of the American Organized? expressly mentioned by the Canadian, Samoa Administrative Code.’’ The species are listed in two formats Mexican, or Russian Conventions, Response: We recognize and to suit the needs of different segments including the Megapodiidae appreciate the positive steps taken by

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the government of American Samoa to burdens on the government and the recent northward expansion of wild protect its native wildlife resources. The residents of American Samoa. birds into extreme south Texas, where Service looks forward to continuing a Comment. The Atlantic Flyway breeding has been confirmed. The close working relationship with the Council, Florida Fish and Wildlife unfortunate consequence of this is that Department of Marine and Wildlife Conservation Commission, South all Muscovy in the U.S., Resources, and pledges to consult with Florida Water Management District, regardless of their origin and status, will that agency before undertaking any Everglades National Park, and The also receive the protection of the MBTA. action on any species covered by this Nature Conservancy all raised concerns The has a long history rule that might affect the people of about adding the Purple Swamphen on of having been intentionally introduced American Samoa. grounds that Federal protection would to localities throughout the U.S. Small Our determination that these species ‘‘compromise efforts to remove’’ this flocks of domestic or semi-domestic merit protection under the MBTA is species from south Florida, where it has birds are found on farm ponds, in based strictly on legal, not biological, become established in recent years and municipal parks, or in zoological parks considerations. Unlike the Endangered is now viewed as an ‘‘undesirable in captive, semi-captive, and semi-wild Species Act, the MBTA requires no exotic.’’ conditions. Where present, these birds ‘‘demonstrated biological need for Response: We are aware that adding are largely or entirely dependent on protection.’’ Furthermore, the MBTA the Purple Swamphen to the list of human assistance for their survival, and implementing regulations provide MBTA-protected species (because of its especially in the form of food handouts. considerable flexibility for managing occurrence as a native species in In some parts of the southern U.S. (in bird populations, including American Samoa) will have the Florida, especially), birds have escaped establishment of hunting seasons (where undesirable consequence of affording or been released, and have subsequently deemed appropriate), the control of similar protection to the introduced formed feral populations in close nuisance bird populations, and the population now established in south association with humans. In Florida, for ‘‘ issuance of permits allowing Florida. We agree that this species has example, feral populations have been appropriate use by humans. the capacity to become a serious confirmed breeding and have apparently invasive problem.’’ been self-sustaining for more than 10 Applying the protection of the MBTA Fortunately, the MBTA provides years, with breeding now documented to these 14 species will not affect the mechanisms that allow for the prudent in all 67 of Florida’s counties. people of American Samoa to any management of species that are causing, Muscovy Ducks can foul backyards, greater or lesser degree than the or are about to cause, economic or patios, swimming pools, bathing protection of more than 900 other ecological damage. In the case of the beaches, golf courses, and docks with species of migratory birds affects the Purple Swamphen in south Florida, we their droppings. Their aggressive residents of the other 13 territories, 50 believe that a depredation order behavior can prevent landowners from States, and the District of Columbia. targeting this species in selected using their own properties, or citizens We find this action to be consistent geographic areas will address the from using public recreation facilities. with the protection of bird species concerns raised by the above agencies To alleviate this problem, today we have native to other U.S. territories (i.e., and organizations. Depredation orders revised 50 CFR part 21 to prohibit sale Hawaii prior to Statehood, the allow specified species of birds to be of muscovy ducks for hunting, and to Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the taken at specified times and places and authorize a depredation order allowing U.S. Virgin Islands) that belong to under specified conditions without their removal without a permit in families covered by the Canadian and need of a Federal permit; they are locations in which the species does not Mexican Conventions. Under those designed expressly for the types of occur naturally in the contiguous Conventions, any species that belongs to control actions envisioned in this United States, Alaska, and Hawaii, and a covered family is protected anywhere instance. The Service recognizes the in U.S. territories and possessions. and everywhere that it might occur in urgency of the problem, and today has Comment. The American Bird the U.S. and its territories, regardless of finalized a rule allowing control of Conservancy and a private individual its biological or migratory status. Purple anywhere in the expressed their concern that the We note that each of the 14 species contiguous United States, Alaska, Hawaiian honeycreepers were excluded added to the list from American Samoa Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin from the list. They countered the belong to one of seven families Islands that they are found. Service’s justification for excluding this expressly covered by the Canadian or Comment. The Atlantic Flyway group by arguing that, ‘‘The fact that the Mexican Conventions: Anatidae (ducks), Council, Florida Fish and Wildlife Drepanidinae is not expressly (petrels), Hydrobatidae Conservation Commission, South mentioned in the treaties is irrelevant (storm-petrels), Rallidae (rails), Carolina Department of Natural because the taxonomic status of the (pigeons), Apodidae Resources, Texas Parks and Wildlife, group has been changed and it now falls (swifts), Alcedinidae (kingfishers). Wisconsin Department of Natural under a family that is included under Examples of related species from the Resources, Everglades National Park, the MBTA, the Fringillidae.’’ Hawaiian Islands that have historically The Nature Conservancy, a member of Response: Species included in the been protected under the MBTA include the Brevard County (Florida) Board of subfamily Drepanidinae (which Hawaiian Duck, Hawaiian Petrel, County Commissioners, and three includes the Hawaiian honeycreepers) Tristram’s Storm-Petrel, and Hawaiian residents of Palm City, Florida, are added to the list under the family Coot. expressed concerns about adding the Fringillidae. This addition is consistent Finally, we note that several other Muscovy Duck because of various kinds with the latest edition of the AOU species of birds native to American of damages that the birds have been Checklist of North American Birds on Samoa, notably petrels, shearwaters, documented to inflict on private matters of taxonomy and also meets the , boobies, frigatebirds, properties. criteria for qualifying as an MBTA- shorebirds, and and noddies, have Response: The Service has concluded protected species requiring that a long been protected under the MBTA that the Muscovy Duck warrants species belongs to a family or group of without presenting undue regulatory protection under the MBTA because of species named in one of the MBTA’s

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underlying Conventions. In addition, Siskin was received from two importers Common Chaffinch and the same two Millerbird (Acrocephalus familiaris) or suppliers of cage birds (International members registered working with the and Nightingale Reed-Warbler Pet and Supply, International .’’ (Acrocephalus luscinia) have been Zoological Imports), five cage bird It is true that there is a long history added to the list under the Sylviidae organizations (American Federation of of importing and selling these species in family (subfamily Sylviinae), another , Michiana Bird Society, the U.S. For example, over a six-year family specifically named in the National Cage Bird Show, National period (1969–1974), 190 Common Mexican Convention of 1936. Finch and Softbill Society, Society of Chaffinches and 272 Eurasian Siskins Comment. International Zoological Breeders and Exhibitors), and 27 were imported into the U.S. (as Imports and their legal counsel private citizens. In support of their summarized by McLaren et al. 1989). If questioned the inclusion of Eurasian argument, opponents claimed that (a) figures supplied by dealers are accurate Bullfinch and Hawfinch on the list, these species are non-native to the U.S.; (see preceding paragraph), then imports citing, for example, beliefs that (a) ‘‘their (b) individuals are present in the wild have increased substantially in recent geographic ranges lie entirely outside only as a result of intentional releases years. the United States and its territories,’’ (b) or accidental escapes from captivity, It is also true that there have been they are ‘‘nonnative,’’ and (c) they ‘‘have and that sightings occur especially near many intentional releases or accidental only an accidental/casual presence in where birds are sold; (c) thousands of escapes of captive individuals of these the United States, and accidental/ breeders are raising these birds in and other European finches into the casual birds are not covered by the captivity; (d) they have been imported wild, as is acknowledge by the AOU MBTA.’’ and sold since 1998; and (e) adding (1998) and American Birding Response: There is ample scientific them to 50 CFR 10.13 will harm pet bird Association (ABA) (2002). The most documentation of the natural owners, bird enthusiasts, and breeders, notable and recent example was a series occurrence of these species in western and have a negative financial impact on of reports from throughout the Great Alaska. Given the paucity of observers the pet bird trade. Lakes and New England in spring 2004 in western Alaska to record their Response: The Common Chaffinch is of innumerable individuals of numerous presence, it seems likely that both considered to be ‘‘casual in northeastern European species—including Common species occur there annually, albeit in North American’’ south to Maine and Chaffinch and Eurasian Siskin—that small numbers. Whether these species Massachusetts, ‘‘where presumably had apparently escaped from an import are regular migrants in the U.S. or natural vagrants’’ (AOU 1998), with facility near , Illinois (Dinsmore merely vagrants is irrelevant. Vagrancy ‘‘about a dozen reports, some accepted and Silcock 2004). One major importer is a natural process inherent to many by local bird record committees, reported the intentional release or species of migratory birds and can lead reported between late September and accidental escape of 12,700 (15 percent) to the development of regular migratory late May, from e. Canada, New England, of 82,800 individuals of 19 species from patterns or the establishment of new and New Jersey’’ (American Birding one facility during the past decade; this populations (such as those of the Cattle Association 2002). It also appears on the included 1,131 Common Chaffinches Egret and the Lesser Black-backed Gull). official checklists of Maine (Maine Bird and 1,946 European Siskins. It was a previous unwritten FWS policy, Records Committee 2005) and In summary, while there is not the language of the MBTA, that Massachusetts (Massachusetts Avian documented evidence of the intentional excluded some species of casual or Records Committee 2006) as natural release or accidental escape of caged accidental occurrence from inclusion in vagrants. Common Chaffinches and Eurasian previous versions of 50 CFR 10.13. This There is one definitive specimen Siskins, we also find credible evidence policy mirrored earlier versions of the record (plus a sight report) of the to support our contention that both AOU Check-list, which flagged species Eurasian Siskin in Alaska, where species have occurred in the U.S. as of casual or accidental occurrence and considered accidental (AOU 1998). This natural vagrants unhindered by human did not treat them as regular members species is also included on the official intervention. As with the Eurasian of the North American avifauna, a list of Maine birds (Maine Bird Records Bullfinch and Hawfinch discussed practice discontinued with the 5th Committee 2005), apparently on the above, the Common Chaffinch and (1957) edition of the Check-list. basis of a bird captured in 1962 that Eurasian Siskin warrant protection Moreover, the policy was never applied showed no signs of having been in under the MBTA, regardless of their uniformly: A few accidental/casual captivity (Borrer 1963). status as casual or accidental vagrants. species, such as the, and the We cannot confirm the opponents’ Comment. One commenter cautioned Eurasian Lapwing, have long been listed statements that ‘‘thousands of breeders against listing cage-birds bought in in 50 CFR 10.13, though many others are raising these birds in captivity.’’ One Mexico, smuggled across the border, have not. We also note the precedent set dealer reported importing, purchasing, and released in Texas ‘‘just to please by the Japanese and Russian and selling ‘‘large quantities’’ of these those wanting to either raise funds for Conventions, which specifically list species ‘‘for the past 15 years;’’ while a refuge, or add to their bird life-list.’’ numerous species of casual or another claimed to have imported more Five species were specifically accidental occurrence in the U.S., such than 4,000 Common Chaffinches and mentioned in this regard: Masked as the Chinese Egret and the European 10,000 Eurasian Siskins in the past Tityra, Blue Mockingbird, Orange-billed Hoopoe. decade. But these claims are Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed In summary, neither the MBTA nor contradicted by one commenter who Nightingale-Thrush, and Blue Bunting. the Conventions explicitly exclude any noted that ‘‘these birds are bred by very Response: We are keenly aware of the species of migratory bird because it is few U.S. hobbyists and others interested problems posed by the illegal smuggling casual or accidental in the U.S. More to in . For instance, of birds into the U.S. from Mexico. Both the point, Eurasian Bullfinch and current available information reveals the AOU (1998) and the Texas Hawfinch are both specifically listed in that in 2003 NFSS [National Finch and Ornithological Society (TOS) the Japanese and Russian Conventions. Softbill Society] annual census reported (Lockwood et al. 2003) go to great Comment. Opposition to the addition only two out of eight-hundred NFSS lengths to investigate the origins of rare of Common Chaffinch and Eurasian members registered working with the birds reported in Texas near the

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Mexican border and to invalidate any specifically listed in either the Japanese in which protected species are causing records for which there is evidence of or Russian Conventions. While this economic damage, creating threats to human intervention, such as illegal treatment may not be logical, as human health and safety, or may be trafficking or smuggling. We are not suggested by ABC, it is required by the having a deleterious impact on native aware of any evidence to suggest that language of the Conventions underlying wildlife, particularly through issuance the activities alluded to by the the MBTA. of depredation permits or authorization commenter have actually taken place. Comment. The Pacific Flyway Council of depredation orders. The U.S. birding community is expressed confusion over the status of relatively small, close-knit, and self- the family Timaliidae (including Required Determinations policed, with the vast majority of babblers and Wrentit), noting that we Regulatory Planning and Review birders adhering to a voluntary ‘‘code of had listed it (71 FR 50205) both as an (Executive Order 12866) ethics’’. If anyone was conducting illegal example of a nonnative human- The Office of Management and Budget activities to pad their life-lists or to help introduced family not protected by the (OMB) has determined that this rule is raise funds for a refuge, it would most MBTA and also as an example of a not significant and has reviewed it likely become widely known and native family not specifically mentioned under Executive Order 12866. OMB condemned. Each of the species in treaties with Canada, Mexico, or bases its determination upon the mentioned by the commentator has been Russia. following four criteria: accepted by the AOU and TOS as valid, Response: The Timaliidae properly (a) Whether the rule will have an wild migrants in the U.S. As such, we belongs in category 2 as an example of annual effect of $100 million or more on deem them eligible for inclusion in 50 nonnative human- CFR 10.13. (the babblers, introduced to Hawaii) not the economy or adversely affect an Comment. The Wisconsin Department protected by the MBTA. The Timaliidae economic sector, productivity, jobs, the of Natural Resources indicated that also properly belongs in category 3 as an environment, or other units of the recognition and protection of the example of a native family and species government. Cackling Goose as distinct from the (the Wrentit) not specifically mentioned (b) Whether the rule will create Canada Goose would create in Conventions with Canada or Mexico. inconsistencies with other Federal management problems, as it is probably This section of the final rule has been agencies’ actions. unrealistic to expect hunters to be able re-written for greater clarity. (c) Whether the rule will materially to recognize and distinguish between Comment. The Pacific Flyway Council affect entitlements, grants, user fees, these similar species on the wing. It was recommended that we define ‘‘human loan programs, or the rights and requested that the Service consider introduction,’’ noting that ‘‘the issue of obligations of their recipients. professional discussions that have human-related introductions of species (d) Whether the rule raises novel legal occurred over the last two years. is potentially controversial, and defining or policy issues. Response: The Service recognizes the the term in the document would clarify Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 management concerns referred to by the the Service’s intent and eliminate the et seq.) commenter, as well as the current lack need to search for the definition of uniform agreement among waterfowl elsewhere.’’ Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act specialists. The Service has reviewed Response: We agree with the (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the many of the professional views desirability of being as specific as Small Business Regulatory Enforcement concerning the AOU decision to split possible as to what we mean by ‘‘human Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (Pub. L. the Canada Goose into two species. The introduction’’ or ‘‘human-assisted 104–121)), whenever an agency is AOU Committee on Classification and introduction.’’ Accordingly, we have required to publish a notice of Nomenclature indicated that additional added clarifying language to the end of rulemaking for any proposed or final taxonomic changes may occur as a the section entitled ‘‘What Criteria Are rule, it must prepare and make available result of further research on Canada Used to Identify Individual Species for public comment a regulatory Goose taxonomy (AOU 2004). We will Protected by the MBTA?’’ flexibility analysis that describes the consider new information when it is Comment. One commenter noted that effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., available. As discussed in the rule, at numerous species intentionally small businesses, small organizations, this time, we will continue to include introduced to the Hawaiian Islands from and small government jurisdictions). the Cackling Goose within the listing for the continental U.S. are now protected However, no regulatory flexibility the Canada Goose rather than as a under the MBTA, even though they are analysis is required if the head of an separate species. nonnative (examples: , agency certifies the rule does not have Comment. The American Bird Mourning Dove, Barn Owl, Northern a significant economic impact on a Conservancy (ABC) complained that we , House Finch). In many substantial number of small entities. continue to deny Federal protection to instances, these species are competitors SBREFA amended the Regulatory several species that are native to the for food, carriers of disease, and Flexibility Act to require Federal U.S., or occur in the U.S. as natural predators of native wildlife. agencies to provide the statement of the vagrants. They specifically mention Response: In contrast to the factual basis for certifying that a rule seven species in this regard: Oriental Endangered Species Act, the MBTA has will not have a significant economic Pratincole, Green Parakeet, Puerto Rican no provision for excluding a species impact on a substantial number of small Parrot, Red-crowned Parrot, Puerto from protection in designated parts of entities. A small number of caged bird Rican Tody, Wrentit, and Bananaquit. its range. A species protected by the dealers will be affected by this rule. Response: These species do not MBTA is protected anywhere and However, we have examined this rule’s qualify for protection under the MBTA everywhere that it might occur in the potential effects on small entities as because they (1) belong to families U.S. or its territories, even in localities required by the Regulatory Flexibility (Glareolidae, Todidae, Coerebidae, where they are nonnative and Act, and have determined that this Psittacidae, Timaliidae, Coerebidae) not introduced by humans. That being said, action does not have a significant covered by either the Canadian or we also note that the MBTA provides economic impact on a substantial Mexican Conventions, and (2) are not mechanisms for dealing with situations number of small entities. This

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determination is based on the fact that meets the requirements of sections 3(a) List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 10 we are simply updating the list of and 3(b)(2) of the Order. Exports, Fish, Imports, Law migratory bird species protected under Paperwork Reduction Act enforcement, Plants, Transportation, the Conventions. Consequently, we Wildlife. certify that because this rule does not We examined these regulations under Regulation Promulgation have a significant economic effect on a the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995. substantial number of small entities, a This regulations change has no direct ■ For the reasons discussed in the regulatory flexibility analysis is not impact on information collection. preamble, we amend title 50, chapter I, required. subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of National Environmental Policy Act This rule is not a major rule under the Federal Regulations, as follows: SBREFA (5 U.S.C. 804(2)). It does not (NEPA) have a significant impact on a PART 10—[AMENDED] substantial number of small entities. Given that the revision of 50 CFR 10.13 is strictly administrative in nature ■ a. This rule does not have an annual 1. The authority citation for part 10 and does not constitute a Federal action effect on the economy of $100 million continues to read as follows: in the context of NEPA it is categorically or more. Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703– excluded from further NEPA b. This rule will not cause a major 712; 16 U.S.C. 668a–d; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 requirements, as provided by increase in costs or prices for U.S.C. 1531–1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361–1384, Department of the Interior Manual 516 consumers, individual industries, 1401–1407; 16 U.S.C. 742a–742j–l; 16 U.S.C. DM 2, Appendix 1.10. 3371–3378.-q4 Federal, State, or local government ■ 2. Revise § 10.13 to read as follows: agencies, or geographic regions. The Endangered Species Act (ESA) updating of the list of migratory birds § 10.13 List of Migratory Birds. does not significantly affect costs or Ninety-six of the species on the List (a) Legal authority for this list. The prices in any sector of the economy. of Migratory Birds are also designated as Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) in 16 c. This rule will not have significant endangered or threatened in all or some U.S.C. 703–711, the Fish and Wildlife adverse effects on competition, portion of their U.S. range under Improvement Act of 1978, 16 U.S.C. employment, investment, productivity, provisions of the Endangered Species 712, and 16 U.S.C. 742a–j. The MBTA innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531, et seq.; see implements Conventions between the enterprises to compete with foreign- 50 CFR 17.11). No legal complications United States and four neighboring based enterprises. arise from the dual listing since the two countries for the protection of migratory lists are developed under separate Unfunded Mandates Reform Act birds, as follows: authorities and for different purposes. (1) Canada: Convention for the In accordance with the Unfunded Because the rule is strictly Protection of Migratory Birds, August Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et administrative in nature, it does not 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on seq.), we have determined the following: require ESA consultation. behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. a. This rule does not ‘‘significantly or Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use No. 628, as amended; ’’ uniquely affect small governments. A (Executive Order 13211) (2) Mexico: Convention for the small government agency plan is not Protection of Migratory Birds and Game required. b. This rule does not produce On May 18, 2001, the President issued Mammals, February 7, 1936, United a Federal mandate of $100 million or Executive Order 13211 addressing States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), greater in any year; i.e., it is not a regulations that significantly affect 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912, as amended; ‘‘significant regulatory action’’ under the energy supply, distribution, and use. (3) Japan: Convention for the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Takings to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Environment, March 4, 1972, United In accordance with Executive Order Because this rule only affects the listing States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. 12630, the rule does not have significant of protected species in the United No. 7990; and takings implications. This rule does not States, it is not a significant regulatory (4) Russia: Convention for the contain a provision for taking of private action under Executive Order 12866, Conservation of Migratory Birds and property. A takings implication and does not significantly affect energy Their Environment, United States- assessment is not required. supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. Federalism this action is not a significant energy action and no Statement of Energy 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073, 16 U.S.C. 703, 712. This rule does not have sufficient Effects is required. (b) Purpose of this list. The purpose Federalism effects to warrant is to inform the public of the species preparation of a Federalism assessment Regarding Government-to- protected by regulations designed to under Executive Order 13132. It does Government relationships with Tribes enforce the terms of the MBTA. These not interfere with the States’ ability to (59 FR 22951) and Executive Order regulations, found in parts 10, 20, and manage themselves or their funds. No 13175, these revisions to existing 21 of this chapter, cover most aspects of significant economic impacts are regulations are purely administrative in the taking, possession, transportation, expected to result from the updating of nature. They will have no effect on sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and the list of migratory bird species. Federally recognized Tribes or Tribal importation of migratory birds. trust resources. (c) What species are protected as Civil Justice Reform References Cited migratory birds? Species protected as In accordance with Executive Order migratory birds are listed in two formats 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has A complete list of all references cited to suit the varying needs of the user: determined that the rule does not is available upon request (see Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of unduly burden the judicial system and ADDRESSES above). this section and taxonomically in

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paragraph (c)(2) of this section. BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga, Anser fabalis CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila Taxonomy and nomenclature generally Tundra, Anser serrirostris glabrirostris follow the 7th edition of the American BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, Gray, Dumetella carolinensis Ornithologists’ Union’s Check-list of Camptostoma imberbe CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla North American birds (1998, as BECARD, Rose-throated, Pachyramphus coelebs amended through 2007). For species not aglaiae , Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens treated by the AOU Check-list, we BITTERN, American, Botaurus CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile generally follow Monroe and Sibley’s A lentiginosus atricapillus World Checklist of Birds (1993). Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis Boreal, Poecile hudsonica (1) Alphabetical listing. Species are [Chinese (see Yellow)] Carolina, Poecile carolinensis listed alphabetically by common Least, Ixobrychus exilis Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens (English) group names, with the Schrenck’s, Ixobrychus eurhythmus Gray-headed, Poecile cincta scientific name of each species Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis Mexican, Poecile sclateri following the common name. It is BLACK-HAWK, Common, Mountain, Poecile gambeli possible that alphabetical listing by anthracinus CHUCK-WILL’S-WIDOW, Caprimulgus common group names may create BLACKBIRD, Brewer’s, Euphagus carolinensis confusion in those few instances in cyanocephalus CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps which the common (English) name of a Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus californianus species has changed. The species Rusty, Euphagus carolinus COOT, American, Fulica americana formerly known as the Falcated Teal, for Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius Caribbean, Fulica caribaea example, is now known as the Falcated humeralis Eurasian, Fulica atra Duck. To prevent confusion, the Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor Hawaiian, Fulica alai alphabetical list has two entries for Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus CORMORANT, Brandt’s, Phalacrocorax : ‘‘DUCK, Falcated’’ and xanthocephalus penicillatus ‘‘[TEAL, Falcated (see DUCK, Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus Falcated)].’’ Other potential ambiguities xanthomus Great, Phalacrocorax carbo are treated in the same way. BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis Little Pied, Phalacrocorax Mountain, Sialia currucoides melanoleucos ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella Western, Sialia mexicana Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus montanella BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger [Olivaceous (see Neotropic)] AKEKEE, Loxops caeruleirostris cyanurus Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus AKEPA, Loxops coccineus BLUETHROAT, Luscinia svecica Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile AKIALOA, Greater, Hemignathus BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus ellisianus BOOBY, Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii Brown-headed, Molothrus ater AKIAPOLAAU, Hemignathus munroi Brown, Sula leucogaster Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis AKIKIKI, Oreomystis bairdi Masked, Sula dactylatra CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex AKOHEKOHE, Palmeria dolei Red-footed, Sula sula Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops ALAUAHIO, Maui, Paroreomyza BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla Spotless, Porzana tabuensis montana Oahu, Paroreomyza maculata BRANT, Branta bernicla Yellow-breasted, Porzana flaviventer ALBATROSS, Black-browed, BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola CRANE, Common, grus Thalassarche melanophris BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula Sandhill, Grus canadensis Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes pyrrhula Whooping, Grus americana Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis Puerto Rican, Loxigilla portoricensis CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa Hawaii, Oreomystis mana Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus parellina CROSSBILL, Red, Loxia curvirostra Shy, Thalassarche cauta Gray, Emberiza variabilis White-winged, Loxia leucoptera Wandering, Diomedea exulans Indigo, Passerina cyanea CROW, American, Corvus Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche Little, Emberiza pusilla brachyrhynchos chlororhynchos Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys Fish, Corvus ossifragus ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga Lazuli, Passerina amoena Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga McKay’s, Plectrophenax hyperboreus Mariana, Corvus kubaryi sulcirostris Painted, Passerina ciris [Mexican (see Tamaulipas)] Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani Pallas’s, Emberiza pallasi Northwestern, Corvus caurinus AMAKIHI, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus White-necked, Corvus Oahu, Hemignathus flavus Rustic, Emberiza rustica leucognaphalus ANIANIAU, Magumma parva Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus APAPANE, Himatione sanguinea Varied, Passerina versicolor erythropthalmus AUKLET, Cassin’s, Ptychoramphus Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola Common, Cuculus canorus aleuticus Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans Mangrove, Coccyzus minor Crested, Aethia cristatella BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus Oriental, Cuculus optatus Least, Aethia pusilla CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus Parakeet, Aethia psittacula CARACARA, Crested, Caracara CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata cheriway tahitiensis Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis Eskimo, Numenius borealis AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra cardinalis Eurasian, Numenius arquata americana CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis Far Eastern, Numenius [BARN-OWL, Common (see OWL, holosericeus madagascariensis Barn)] Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis [Least (see Little)]

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Little, Numenius minutus Alder, Empidonax alnorum Lawrence’s, Carduelis lawrencei Long-billed, Numenius americanus Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens Lesser, Carduelis psaltria , Spiza americana Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons [Bean, (see BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga)] DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis Canada, Branta canadensis (including morinellus Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri Cackling Goose, Branta hutchinsii) DOVE, Inca, Columbina inca Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer Emperor, Chen canagica Mourning, Zenaida macroura Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi Gray, Empidonax wrightii Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis White-winged, Zenaida asiatica [Gray-spotted (see Gray-streaked)] Lesser White-fronted, Anser Zenaida, Zenaida aurita Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta erythropus DOVEKIE, Alle alle Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus Ross’s, Chen rossii , Long-billed, Hammond’s, Empidonax hammondii Snow, Chen caerulescens Limnodromus scolopaceus La Sagra’s, Myiarchus sagrae GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus Least, Empidonax minimus GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina Common, Quiscalus quiscula Falcated, Anas falcata Nutting’s, Myiarchus nuttingi Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis -WARBLER, Laysan, Anas laysanensis Piratic, Legatus leucophalus Middendorff’s, Locustella Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum ochotensis Masked, Nomonyx dominicus Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Tiaris bicolor Mottled, Anas fulvigula Social, Myiozetetes similis Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus Muscovy, Cairina moschata Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes GREBE, Clark’s, Aechmophorus clarkii Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa luteiventris Eared, nigricollis Ring-necked, Aythya collaris Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus Horned, Podiceps auritus Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis Variegated, Empidonomus varius Least, Tachybaptus dominicus Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps Tufted, Aythya fuligula [Western (see Cordilleran and Pacific- Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena Wood, sponsa slope)] Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis , Calidris alpina Willow, Empidonax traillii GREENFINCH, Oriental, Carduelis , Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus Yellow-bellied, Empidonax sinica Golden, Aquila chrysaetos flaviventris GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur nebularia EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis semitorquatus Nordmann’s, Tringa guttifer Chinese, Egretta eulophotes FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus Great, Ardea alba Lesser, Fregata ariel melanocephalus Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia Magnificent, Fregata magnificens Blue, Passerina caerulea Little, Egretta garzetta FROG-HAWK, Gray, Accipiter soloensis Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis [Plumed (see Intermediate)] FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, celaeno Reddish, Egretta rufescens Ptilinopus porphyraceus Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus Snowy, Egretta thula Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii Pine, Pinicola enucleator , Common, Somateria mollissima Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla Rose-breasted, Pheucticus King, Somateria spectabilis FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis ludovicianus Spectacled, Somateria fischeri , Anas strepera Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus Steller’s, Polysticta stelleri GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio GROUND-DOVE, Common, Columbina ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica flavirostris passerina Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata Purple, Porphyrio martinica Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus Ruddy, Columbina talpacoti maugaeus , Anas querquedula White-throated, Gallicolumba EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, xanthonura musica Polioptila nigriceps GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle FALCON, Aplomado, Falco femoralis Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura Pigeon, Cepphus columba Peregrine, Falco peregrinus Blue-gray, Polioptila caerulea GULL, Belcher’s, Larus belcheri Prairie, Falco mexicanus California, Polioptila californica Black-headed, Larus ridibundus Red-Footed, Falco vespertinus , Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris Black-tailed, Limosa limosa Bonaparte’s, Larus philadelphia FINCH, Cassin’s, Carpodacus cassinii Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica California, Larus californicus House, Carpodacus mexicanus Marbled, Limosa fedoa [Common Black-headed (see Black- Laysan, Telespiza cantans GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis headed)] Nihoa, Telespiza ultima dominica Franklin’s, Larus pipixcan Purple, Carpodacus purpureus European, Pluvialis apricaria Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus [Rosy (see ROSY–FINCH)] [Lesser (see American)] Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens , Greater, Phoenicopterus Pacific, Pluvialis fulva Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus ruber , Barrow’s, Bucephala Great Black-backed, Larus marinus FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides islandica Heermann’s, Larus heermanni Northern, Colaptes auratus Common, Bucephala clangula Herring, Larus argentatus FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax GOLDFINCH, American, Carduelis Iceland, Larus glaucoides virescens tristis Ivory, Pagophila eburnea

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Kelp, Larus dominicanus Rufous, Selasphorus rufus LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris Laughing, Larus atricilla Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps Sky, Alauda arvensis Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna Little, Larus minutus Xantus’s, Hylocharis xantusii LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, Mew, Larus canus IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus Coccyzus vieilloti Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, Ross’s, Rhodostethia rosea White, Eudocimus albus Calcarius ornatus Sabine’s, Xema sabini White-faced, Plegadis chihi Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus IIWI, Vestiaria coccinea McCown’s, Calcarius mccownii Thayer’s, Larus thayeri IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula Smith’s, Calcarius pictus Western, Larus occidentalis pacifica LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica Yellow-footed, Larus livens JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria Common, Gavia immer Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa Pacific, Gavia pacifica GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius Red-throated, Gavia stellata , Northern, Circus cyaneus longicaudus Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia coccothraustes Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli HAWK, [Asiatic Sparrow (see JAY, Blue, cristata , Anas platyrhynchos SPARROWHAWK, Japanese)] Brown, morio MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax Broad-winged, Buteo platypterus Gray, canadensis dominicus Cooper’s, Accipiter cooperii [Gray-breasted (see Mexican)] Green, Anthracothorax viridis Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens Green, Cyanocorax yncas Green-breasted, Anthracothorax Ferruginous, Buteo regalis Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina prevostii Gray, Buteo nitidus Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera Harris’s, Parabuteo unicinctus [Scrub (see SCRUB-JAY)] Caribbean, Progne dominicensis Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius Steller’s, Cyanocitta stelleri Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus Purple, Progne subis Roadside, Buteo magnirostris KAKAWAHIE, Paroreomyza flammea Southern, Progne elegans Rough-legged, Buteo KAMAO, Myadestes myadestinus MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius magna Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus Western, Sturnella neglecta Swainson’s, Buteo swainsoni KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus MERGANSER, Common, Mergus White-tailed, Buteo albicaudatus KINGBIRD, Cassin’s, Tyrannus merganser Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus vociferans Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson’s, Cuculus Couch’s, Tyrannus couchii Red-breasted, Mergus serrator fugax Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus MERLIN, Falco columbarius [HAWK-OWL, Northern (see OWL, Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis MILLERBIRD, Acrocephalus familiaris Northern Hawk)] Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris gundlachii Great Blue, Ardea herodias Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus Blue, Melanotis caerulescens Green, Butorides virescens Western, Tyrannus verticalis Northern, Mimus polyglottos [Green-backed (see Green)] KINGFISHER, Belted, Megaceryle MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula Little Blue, Egretta caerulea alcyon chloropus [Pacific Reef (see REEF-EGRET, Collared, Todirhamphus chloris MURRE, Common, Uria aalge Pacific)] Green, Chloroceryle americana Thick-billed, Uria lomvia Tricolored, Egretta tricolor Micronesian, Todirhamphus MURRELET, Ancient, HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo cinnamominus Synthliboramphus antiquus HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops Ringed, Megaceryle torquata Craveri’s, Synthliboramphus craveri HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus Kittlitz’s, Brachyramphus brevirostris urbicum satrapa Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix HUMMINGBIRD, Allen’s, Selasphorus Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus sasin KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus Xantus’s, Synthliboramphus Anna’s, Calypte anna KITE, [American Swallow-tailed (see hypoleucus Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus Swallow-tailed)] NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, cristatus Black, Milvus migrans caudacutus Berylline, Amazilia beryllina [Black-shouldered (see White-tailed)] NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri Hook-billed, Chondrohierax Nycticorax nycticorax Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae uncinatus Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis [Malay (see Malayan)] Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus , Rostrhamus sociabilis Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa White-tailed, Elanus leucurus NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles Calliope, Stellula calliope KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa gundlachii Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila tridactyla Common, Chordeiles minor Costa’s, Calypte costae Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black- Magnificent, Eugenes fulgens Red, Calidris canutus headed, Catharus mexicanus Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus Orange-billed, Catharus

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aurantiirostris PELICAN, American White, Pelecanus POCHARD, Baer’s, Aythya baeri NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Caprimulgus erythrorhynchos Common, Aythya ferina ridgwayi Brown, Pelecanus occidentalis POND-HERON, Chinese, Ardeola Gray, Caprimulgus indicus PETREL, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow bacchus [Jungle (see Gray)] Black-capped, Pterodroma hasitata POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus Puerto Rican, Caprimulgus Black-winged, Pterodroma nuttallii noctitherus nigripennis POO-ULI, Melamprosops phaeosoma NODDY, Black, Anous minutus Bonin, Pterodroma hypoleuca PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri Blue-gray, Procelsterna cerulea Bulwer’s, Bulweria bulwerii PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica Brown, Anous stolidus Cook’s, Pterodroma cookii Horned, Fratercula corniculata [Lesser (see Black)] [Dark-rumped (see Hawaiian)] Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata NUKUPUU, Hemignathus lucidus Gould’s, Pterodroma leucoptera PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, Glaucidium , Clark’s, Nucifraga Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera brasilianum columbiana Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis Northern, Glaucidium gnoma NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta Herald, Pterodroma arminjoniana PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus pusilla Jouanin’s, Bulweria fallax QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa mystacea Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis Kermadec, Pterodroma neglecta Key West, Geotrygon chrysia White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis Mottled, Pterodroma inexpectata Ruddy, Geotrygon montana [OLDSQUAW (see DUCK, Long-tailed)] Murphy’s, Pterodroma ultima QUETZEL, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus OLOMAO, Myadestes lanaiensis Phoenix, Pterodroma alba RAIL, Black, Laterallus jamaicensis OMAO, Myadestes obscurus Stejneger’s, Pterodroma longirostris Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata Clapper, longirostris Audubon’s, Icterus graduacauda White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis Guam, Gallirallus owstoni Baltimore, Icterus galbula [White-necked, Pterodroma externa King, Rallus elegans [Black-cowled (see Greater Antillean)] (see Petrel, Juan Fernandez)] Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus Black-vented, Icterus wagleri PEWEE, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus Virginia, Rallus limicola Bullock’s, Icterus bullockii Greater, Contopus pertinax Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis Greater Antillean, Icterus Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus dominicensis Lesser Antillean, Contopus latirostris cryptoleucus Hooded, Icterus cucullatus PHAINOPEPLA, Phainopepla nitens Common, Corvus corax [Northern (see Baltimore and PHALAROPE, Red, Phalaropus RAZORBILL, Alca torda Bullock’s)] fulicarius , Aythya americana Orchard, Icterus spurius Red-necked, Phalaropus lobatus REDPOLL, Common, Carduelis flammea Scott’s, Icterus parisorum Wilson’s, Phalaropus tricolor Hoary, Carduelis hornemanni Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus PHOEBE, Black, Sayornis nigricans REDSHANK, Spotted, Tringa erythropus OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus Eastern, Sayornis phoebe REDSTART, American, Setophaga OU, Psittirostra psittacea Say’s, Sayornis saya ruticilla OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla PIGEON, Band-tailed, Patagioenas Painted, Myioborus pictus OWL, Barn, Tyto alba fasciata Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus Barred, Strix varia Plain, Patagioenas inornata [REED-BUNTING, Common (see Boreal, Aegolius funereus Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris BUNTING, Reed)] Burrowing, Athene cunicularia Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa [Pallas’ (see BUNTING, Pallas’s)] Elf, Micrathene whitneyi White-crowned, Patagioenas REED-WARBLER, Nightingale, Flammulated, Otus flammeolus leucocephala Acrocephalus luscinia Great Gray, Strix nebulosa PINTAIL, Northern, Anas acuta REEF-EGRET, Pacific, Egretta sacra Great Horned, Bubo virginianus White-cheeked, Anas bahamensis REEF-HERON, Western, Egretta gularis Long-eared, Asio otus PIPIT, American, Anthus rubescens ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx Mottled, Ciccaba virgata Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni californianus Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula Pechora, Anthus gustavi ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius Red-throated, Anthus cervinus Clay-colored, Turdus grayi acadicus Sprague’s, Anthus spragueii Rufous-backed, Turdus rufopalliatus Short-eared, Asio flammeus Tree, Anthus trivialis Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane Snowy, Bubo scandiacus [Water (see American)] White-throated, Turdus assimilis Spotted, Strix occidentalis PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis ROSEFINCH, Common, Carpodacus Stygian, Asio stygius squatarola erythrinus OYSTERCATCHER, American, Collared, Charadrius collaris ROSY-FINCH, Black, Leucosticte atrata Haematopus palliatus Common Ringed, Charadrius Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis Black, Haematopus bachmani hiaticula Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus [Great Sand (see Sand-Plover, RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Luscinia PALILA, Loxioides bailleui Greater)] calliope PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius RUFF, Philomachus pugnax phoenicobia [Mongolian (see Sand-Plover, Lesser)] SANDERLING, Calidris alba PARROTBILL, Maui, Pseudonestor Mountain, Charadrius montanus SANDPIPER, Baird’s, Calidris bairdii xanthophrys Piping, Charadrius melodus Broad-billed, Limicola falcinellus PARULA, Northern, Parula americana Semipalmated, Charadrius Buff-breasted, Tryngites subruficollis Tropical, Parula pitiayumi semipalmatus Common, Actitis hypoleucos PAURAQUE, Common, Snowy, Charadrius alexandrinus Curlew, Calidris ferruginea albicollis Wilson’s, Charadrius wilsonia Green, Tringa ochropus

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Least, Calidris minutilla Pine, Carduelis pinus Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis SKIMMER, Black, Rynchops niger philippensis Pectoral, Calidris melanotos SKUA, Great, Stercorarius skua [Violet-backed (see Chestnut- Purple, Calidris maritima South Polar, Stercorarius cheeked)] Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis maccormicki White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla [SKYLARK, Eurasian (see LARK, Sky)] STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata SMEW, Mergellus albellus Heliomaster constantii Solitary, Tringa solitaria SNIPE, Common, Gallinago gallinago STILT, Black-necked, Himantopus [Spoonbill (see Spoon-billed)] (rare in western Alaska; also see mexicanus Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus SNIPE, Wilson’s) Black-winged, Himantopus pygmeus Jack, Lymnocryptes minimus himantopus Spotted, Actitis macularius Pin-tailed, Gallinago stenura STINT, Little, Calidris minuta Stilt, Calidris himantopus Swinhoe’s, Gallinago megala Long-toed, Calidris subminuta Terek, Xenus cinereus Wilson’s, Gallinago delicata (the Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis Upland, Bartramia longicauda ‘‘common’’ snipe hunted in most of [Rufous-necked (see Red-necked)] Western, Calidris mauri the U.S.) Temminck’s, Calidris temminckii White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis SOLITAIRE, Townsend’s, Myadestes STONECHAT, Saxicola torquatus Wood, Tringa glareola townsendi , Wood, Mycteria americana SAND-PLOVER, Greater, Charadrius SORA, Porzana carolina STORM-PETREL, Ashy, Oceanodroma leschenaultii SPARROW, American Tree, Spizella homochroa Lesser, Charadrius mongolus arborea Band-rumped, Oceanodroma castro SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, Bachman’s, Aimophila aestivalis Black, Oceanodroma melania Sphyrapicus ruber Baird’s, Ammodramus bairdii Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis Black-chinned, Spizella atrogularis Fork-tailed, Oceanodroma furcata Williamson’s, Sphyrapicus thyroideus Black-throated, Amphispiza bilineata Leach’s, Oceanodroma leucorhoa Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius Botteri’s, Aimophila botterii Least, Oceanodroma microsoma SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila Brewer’s, Spizella breweri Matsudaira’s, Oceanodroma Lesser, Aythya affinis Cassin’s, Aimophila cassinii matsudairae SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, Otus sunia Chipping, Spizella passerina Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa SCOTER, Black, Melanitta nigra Clay-colored, Spizella pallida Ringed, Oceanodroma hornbyi Surf, Melanitta perspicillata Field, Spizella pusilla [Sooty (see Tristram’s)] White-winged, Melanitta fusca Five-striped, Aimophila Tristram’s, Oceanodroma tristrami SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Megascops quinquestriata Wedge-rumped, Oceanodroma tethys asio Fox, Passerella iliaca White-faced, Pelagodroma marina White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes Golden-crowned, Zonotrichia Wilson’s, Oceanites oceanicus Western, Megascops kennicottii atricapilla SURFBIRD, Aphriza virgata Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis Grasshopper, Ammodramus SWALLOW, Bahama, Tachycineta SCRUB-JAY, Florida, Aphelocoma savannarum cyaneoviridis coerulescens Harris’s, Zonotrichia querula Bank, riparia Henslow’s, Ammodramus henslowii Island, Aphelocoma insularis Barn, Hirundo rustica Western, Aphelocoma californica Lark, Chondestes grammacus Cave, Petrochelidon fulva SEA-EAGLE, Steller’s, Haliaeetus Le Conte’s, Ammodramus leconteii Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota pelagicus Lincoln’s, Melospiza lincolnii Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea SEEDEATER, White-collared, Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus Northern Rough-winged, Sporophila torqueola nelsoni serripennis SHEARWATER, Audubon’s, Puffinus Olive, Arremonops rufivirgatus Tree, Tachycineta bicolor lherminieri Rufous-crowned, Aimophila ruficeps Violet-green, Tachycineta thalassina Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas Rufous-winged, Aimophila carpalis SWAMPHEN, Purple, Porphyrio Buller’s, Puffinus bulleri Sage, Amphispiza belli porphyrio Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, SWAN, Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator Christmas, Puffinus nativitatis Ammodramus caudacutus Tundra, Cygnus columbianus Cory’s, Calonectris diomedea Savannah, Passerculus sandwichensis Whooper, Cygnus cygnus Flesh-footed, Puffinus carneipes Seaside, Ammodramus maritimus SWIFT, Alpine, Apus melba Greater, Puffinus gravis [Sharp-tailed (see Nelson’s Sharp- [Antillean Palm (see PALM-SWIFT, Little, Puffinus assimilis tailed and Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed)] Antillean)] Manx, Puffinus puffinus Song, Melospiza melodia Black, Cypseloides niger Pink-footed, Puffinus creatopus Swamp, Melospiza georgiana Chimney, Chaetura pelagica Short-tailed, Puffinus tenuirostris Vesper, Pooecetes gramineus Common, Apus apus Sooty, Puffinus griseus White-crowned, Zonotrichia Fork-tailed, Apus pacificus Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas leucophrys Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura Townsend’s, Puffinus auricularis White-throated, Zonotrichia albicollis Vaux’s, Chaetura vauxi Wedge-tailed, Puffinus pacificus Worthen’s, Spizella wortheni White-collared, Streptoprocne zonaris SHOVELER, Northern, Anas clypeata SPARROWHAWK, Japanese, Accipiter White-throated, saxatalis SHRIKE, Brown, Lanius cristatus gularis SWIFTLET, Mariana, Aerodramus Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianus SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, Spindalis bartschi Northern, Lanius excubitor portoricensis White-rumped, Aerodramus SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, Ptilogonys Western, Spindalis zena spodiopygius cinereus SPOONBILL, Roseate, Platalea ajaja TANAGER, Flame-colored, Piranga SISKIN, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus STARLING, [Ashy (see White-cheeked)] bidentata

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Hepatic, Piranga flava [Plain (see Juniper and Oak)] Blackburnian, Dendroica fusca Puerto Rican, Nesospingus Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor Blackpoll, Dendroica striata speculiferus TITYRA, Masked, Tityra semifasciata Blue-winged, Vermivora pinus Scarlet, Piranga olivacea TOWHEE, Abert’s, Pipilo aberti Canada, Wilsonia canadensis [Stripe-headed (see SPINDALIS, [Brown (see California and Canyon)] Cape May, Dendroica tigrina Puerto Rican and Western)] California, Pipilo crissalis Cerulean, Dendroica cerulea Summer, Piranga rubra Canyon, Pipilo fuscus Chestnut-sided, Dendroica Western, Piranga ludoviciana Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus pensylvanica TATTLER, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes Green-tailed, Pipilo chlorurus Colima, Vermivora crissalis Wandering, Tringa incana [Rufous-sided (see Eastern and Connecticut, Oporornis agilis TEAL, Baikal, Anas formosa Spotted)] Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa Blue-winged, Anas discors Spotted, Pipilo maculatus Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus Cinnamon, Anas cyanoptera [TREE-PIPIT, Olive (see PIPIT, Olive- Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae [Falcated (see DUCK, Falcated)] backed)] Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa Green-winged, Anas crecca TROGON, [Eared (see QUETZEL, Golden-cheeked, Dendroica TERN, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus Eared)] chrysoparia Arctic, Sterna paradisaea Elegant, Trogon elegans Golden-crowned, Basileuterus Black, Chlidonias niger , Red-billed, Phaethon culicivorus Black-naped, Sterna sumatrana aethereus Golden-winged, Vermivora Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus Red-tailed, Phaethon rubricauda chrysoptera Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia White-tailed, Phaethon lepturus Grace’s, Dendroica graciae Common, Sterna hirundo , Black, Arenaria Hermit, Dendroica occidentalis Elegant, Thalasseus elegans melanocephala Hooded, Wilsonia citrina Forster’s, Sterna forsteri Ruddy, Arenaria interpres Kentucky, Oporornis formosus Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, Streptopelia Kirtland’s, Dendroica kirtlandii Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii orientalis Lanceolated, Locustella lanceoloata Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica VEERY, Catharus fuscescens Lucy’s, Vermivora luciae Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex VERDIN, Auriparus flaviceps MacGillivray’s, Oporornis tolmiei Least, Sternula antillarum VIOLET-EAR, Green, Colibri thalassinus Magnolia, Dendroica magnolia Little, Sternula albifrons VIREO, Bell’s, Vireo bellii Mourning, Oporornis philadelphia Roseate, Sterna dougallii Black-capped, Vireo atricapillus Nashville, Vermivora ruficapilla Royal, Thalleseus maximus Black-whiskered, Vireo altiloquus Olive, Peucedramus taeniatus Sandwich, Thalleseus sandvicensis Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius Orange-crowned, Vermivora celata Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus Cassin’s, Vireo cassinii Palm, Dendroica palmarum Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida Gray, Vireo vicinior Pine, Dendroica pinus White, Gygis alba Hutton’s, Vireo huttoni Prairie, Dendroica discolor White-winged, Chlidonias Philadelphia, Vireo philadelphicus Prothonotary, Protonotaria citrea leucopterus Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus Red-faced, Cardellina rubrifrons THRASHER, Bendire’s, Toxostoma Puerto Rican, Vireo latimeri Rufous-capped, Basileuterus rufifrons bendirei Red-eyed, Vireo olivaceus Swainson’s, Limnothlypis swainsonii Brown, Toxostoma rufum [Solitary (see Blue-headed, Cassin’s, Tennessee, Vermivora peregrina California, Toxostoma redivivum and Plumbeous)] Townsend’s, Dendroica townsendi Crissal, Toxostoma crissale Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris Virginia’s, Vermivora virginiae Curve-billed, Toxostoma curvirostre Warbling, Vireo gilvus Willow, Phylloscopus trochilus Le Conte’s, Toxostoma lecontei White-eyed, Vireo griseus Wilson’s, Wilsonia pusilla Long-billed, Toxostoma longirostre Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis Wood, Phylloscopus siilatrix Pearly-eyed, Margarops fuscatus Yellow-throated, Vireo flavifrons Worm-eating, Helmitheros Sage, Oreoscoptes montanus Yucatan, Vireo magister vermivorum THRUSH, Aztec, Ridgwayia pinicola VULTURE, Black, Coragyps atratus Yellow, Dendroica petechia Bicknell’s, Catharus bicknelli , Cathartes aura Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus Blue Rock, Monticola solitarius WAGTAIL, [Black-backed (see White)] inornatus Dusky, Turdus naumanni Citrine, Motacilla citreola Yellow-rumped, Dendroica coronata Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus Eastern Yellow, Motacilla Yellow-throated, Dendroica dominica Gray-cheeked, Catharus minimus tschutschensis WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, Seiurus [Hawaiian (see KAMAO, OLOMAO, Gray, Motacilla cinerea motacilla and OMAO)] White, Motacilla alba Northern, Seiurus noveboracensis Hermit, Catharus guttatus [Yellow (see Eastern Yellow)] WAXWING, Bohemian, Bombycilla Red-legged, Turdus plumbeus WARBLER, Adelaide’s, Dendroica [Small Kauai (see PUAIOHI)] adelaidae Cedar, Bombycilla cedrorum Swainson’s, Catharus ustulatus Arctic, Phylloscopus borealis WHEATEAR, Northern, Oenanthe Varied, Ixoreus naevius Bachman’s, Vermivora bachmanii oenanthe Wood, Hylocichla mustelina Bay-breasted, Dendroica castanea WHIMBREL, Numenius phaeopus [TIT, Siberian (see CHICKADEE, Gray- Black-and-white, Mniotilta varia WHIP-POOR-WILL, Caprimulgus headed)] Black-throated Blue, Dendroica vociferus TITMOUSE, Black-crested, Baeolophus caerulescens WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, atricristatus Black-throated Gray, Dendroica Dendrocygna autumnalis Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi nigrescens Fulvous, Dendrocygna bicolor Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi Black-throated Green, Dendroica West Indian, Dendrocygna arborea Oak, Baeolophus inornatus virens WHITETHROAT, Lesser, Sylvia curruca

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WIGEON, American, Anas americana Dendrocygna arborea, West Indian Goldeneye Eurasian, Anas penelope Whistling-Duck Mergellus albellus, Smew WILLET, Tringa semipalmata Dendrocygna bicolor, Fulvous Lophodytes cucullatus, Hooded WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, Contopus Whistling-Duck Merganser virens Subfamily Mergus merganser, Common Western, Contopus sordidulus Anser fabalis, Taiga Bean-Goose Merganser , American, Scolopax Anser serrirostris, Tundra Bean-Goose Mergus serrator, Red-breasted minor Anser albifrons, Greater White-fronted Merganser Eurasian, Scolopax rusticola Goose Nomonyx dominicus, Masked Duck WOODPECKER, Acorn, Melanerpes Anser erythropus, Lesser White- Oxyura jamaicensis, Ruddy Duck formicivorus fronted Goose Order American Three-toed, Picoides Chen canagica, Emperor Goose Family GAVIIDAE dorsalis Chen caerulescens, Snow Goose Gavia stellata, Red-throated Loon Arizona, Picoides arizonae Chen rossii, Ross’s Goose Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon Black-backed, Picoides arcticus Branta bernicla, Brant Gavia pacifica, Pacific Loon Downy, Picoides pubescens Branta leucopsis, Barnacle Goose Gavia immer, Gila, Melanerpes uropygialis Branta canadensis, Canada Goose Gavia adamsii, Yellow-billed Loon Golden-fronted, Melanerpes aurifrons (including Branta hutchinsii, Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major Cackling Goose) Family PODICIPEDIDAE Hairy, Picoides villosus Branta sandvicensis, Hawaiian Goose Tachybaptus dominicus, Least Grebe Ivory-billed, Campephilus principalis Cygnus buccinator, Trumpeter Swan Podilymbus podiceps, Pied-billed Ladder-backed, Picoides scalaris Cygnus columbianus, Tundra Swan Grebe Lewis’s, Melanerpes lewis Cygnus cygnus, Whooper Swan Podiceps auritus, Nuttall’s, Picoides nuttallii Subfamily Podiceps grisegena, Red-necked Grebe Pileated, Dryocopus pileatus Cairina moschata, Muscovy Duck Podiceps nigricollis, Eared Grebe Puerto Rican, Melanerpes Aix sponsa, Wood Duck Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western portoricensis Anas strepera, Gadwall Grebe Red-bellied, Melanerpes carolinus Anas falcata, Falcated Duck Aechmophorus clarkii, Clark’s Grebe Red-cockaded, Picoides borealis Anas penelope, Eurasian Wigeon Order Red-headed, Melanerpes Anas americana, Family DIOMEDEIDAE erythrocephalus Anas rubripes, Thalassarche chlororhynchos, [Strickland’s (see Arizona)] Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard Yellow-nosed Albatross [Three-toed (see American Three- Anas fulvigula, Thalassarche cauta, Shy Albatross toed)] Anas wyvilliana, Hawaiian Duck Thalassarche melanophris, Black- White-headed, Picoides albolarvatus Anas laysanensis, browed Albatross WOODSTAR, Bahama, Calliphlox Anas poecilorhyncha, Spot-billed Phoebetria palpebrata, Light-mantled evelynae Duck Albatross WREN, Bewick’s, Thryomanes bewickii Anas superciliosa, Diomedea exulans, Wandering Cactus, Campylorhynchus Anas discors, Blue-winged Teal Albatross brunneicapillus Anas cyanoptera, Phoebastria immutabilis, Laysan Canyon, Catherpes mexicanus Anas clypeata, Northern Shoveler Albatross Carolina, Thryothorus ludovicianus Anas bahamensis, White-cheeked Phoebastria nigripes, Black-footed House, Troglodytes aedon Pintail Albatross Marsh, Cistothorus palustris Anas acuta, Phoebastria albatrus, Short-tailed Rock, Salpinctes obsoletus Anas querquedula, Garganey Albatross Sedge, Cistothorus platensis Anas formosa, Family PROCELLARIIDAE Fulmarus glacialis, Northern Fulmar Winter, Troglodytes troglodytes Anas crecca, Green-winged Teal Pterodroma macroptera, Great-winged WRYNECK, Eurasian, Jynx torquilla Aythya valisineria, Canvasback Petrel YELLOWLEGS, Greater, Tringa Aythya americana, Redhead Pterodroma neglecta, Kermadec Petrel melanoleuca Aythya ferina, Common Pochard Pterodroma arminjoniana, Herald Lesser, Tringa flavipes Aythya baeri, Baer’s Pochard Petrel YELLOWTHROAT, Common, Aythya collaris, Ring-necked Duck Aythya fuligula, Tufted Duck Pterodroma ultima, Murphy’s Petrel Geothlypis trichas Aythya marila, Greater Scaup Pterodroma inexpectata, Mottled Gray-crowned, Geothlypis Aythya affinis, Petrel poliocephala Polysticta stelleri, Steller’s Eider Pterodroma cahow, Bermuda Petrel (2) Taxonomic listing. Species are Somateria fischeri, Spectacled Eider Pterodroma hasitata, Black-capped listed in phylogenetic sequence by Somateria spectabilis, King Eider Petrel scientific name, with the common Somateria mollissima, Common Eider Pterodroma externa, Juan Fernandez (English) name following the scientific Histrionicus histrionicus, Harlequin Petrel name. To help clarify species Duck Pterodroma sandwichensis, Hawaiian relationships, we also list the higher- Melanitta perspicillata, Surf Scoter Petrel level taxonomic categories of Order, Melanitta fusca, White-winged Scoter Pterodroma cervicalis, White-necked Family, and Subfamily. Melanitta nigra, Black Scoter Petrel Order Clangula hyemalis, Long-tailed Duck Pterodroma hypoleuca, Bonin Petrel Family ANATIDAE Bucephala albeola, Bufflehead Pterodroma nigripennis, Black- Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE Bucephala clangula, Common winged Petrel Dendrocygna autumnalis, Black- Goldeneye Pterodroma cookii, Cook’s Petrel bellied Whistling-Duck Bucephala islandica, Barrow’s Pterodroma longirostris, Stejneger’s

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Petrel Tropicbird Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Pterodroma alba, Phoenix Petrel Phaethon rubricauda, Red-tailed Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE Pterodroma leucoptera, Gould’s Petrel Tropicbird Eudocimus albus, White Ibis Pterodroma rostrata, Tahiti Petrel Family SULIDAE Eudocimus ruber, Scarlet Ibis Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer’s Petrel Sula dactylatra, Masked Booby Plegadis falcinellus, Glossy Ibis Bulweria fallax, Jouanin’s Petrel Sula nebouxii, Blue-footed Booby Plegadis chihi, White-faced Ibis Calonectris leucomelas, Streaked Sula leucogaster, Brown Booby Subfamily PLATALEINAE Shearwater Sula sula, Red-footed Booby Platalea ajaja, Roseate Spoonbill Calonectris diomedea, Cory’s Morus bassanus, Northern Gannet Family CICONIIDAE Shearwater Family PELECANIDAE Jabiru mycteria, Jabiru Calonectris edwardsii, Cape Verde Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, American Mycteria americana, Wood Stork Shearwater White Pelican Order Puffinus creatopus, Pink-footed Pelecanus occidentalis, Brown Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE Shearwater Pelican Phoenicopterus ruber, Greater Puffinus carneipes, Flesh-footed Family PHALACROCORACIDAE Flamingo Shearwater Phalacrocorax melanoleucos, Little Order FALCONIFORMES Puffinus gravis, Greater Shearwater Pied Cormorant Family CATHARTIDAE Puffinus pacificus, Wedge-tailed Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Brandt’s Coragyps atratus, Black Vulture Shearwater Cormorant Cathartes aura, Turkey Vulture Puffinus bulleri, Buller’s Shearwater Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Neotropic Gymnogyps californianus, California Puffinus griseus, Sooty Shearwater Cormorant Condor Puffinus tenuirostris, Short-tailed Phalacrocorax auritus, Double-crested Family Shearwater Cormorant Subfamily PANDIONINAE Puffinus nativitatis, Christmas Phalacrocorax carbo, Great Cormorant Pandion haliaetus, Osprey Shearwater Phalacrocorax urile, Red-faced Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE Puffinus puffinus, Manx Shearwater Cormorant Chondrohierax uncinatus, Hook- Puffinus auricularis, Townsend’s Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pelagic billed Kite Shearwater Cormorant Elanoides forficatus, Swallow-tailed Puffinus opisthomelas, Black-vented Family ANHINGIDAE Kite Shearwater Anhinga anhinga, Anhinga Elanus leucurus, White-tailed Kite Puffinus lherminieri, Audubon’s Family FREGATIDAE Rostrhamus sociabilis, Snail Kite Shearwater Fregata magnificens, Magnificent Ictinia mississippiensis, Mississippi Puffinus assimilis, Little Shearwater Frigatebird Kite Family HYDROBATIDAE Fregata minor, Great Frigatebird Milvus migrans, Black Kite Oceanites oceanicus, Wilson’s Storm- Fregata ariel, Lesser Frigatebird Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Petrel Order CICONIIFORMES Haliaeetus albicilla, White-tailed Pelagodroma marina, White-faced Family ARDEIDAE Eagle Storm-Petrel Botaurus lentiginosus, American Haliaeetus pelagicus, Steller’s Sea- Fregetta tropica, Black-bellied Storm- Bittern Eagle Petrel Ixobrychus sinensis, Yellow Bittern Circus cyaneus, Northern Harrier Fregetta grallaria, White-bellied Ixobrychus exilis, Least Bittern Accipiter soloensis, Gray Frog-Hawk Storm-Petrel Ixobrychus eurhythmus, Schrenck’s Accipiter gularis, Japanese Nesofregetta fuiginosa, Polynesian Bittern Sparrowhawk Storm-Petrel Ixobrychus flavicollis, Black Bittern Accipiter striatus, Sharp-shinned Oceanodroma furcata, Fork-tailed Ardea herodias, Great Blue Heron Hawk Storm-Petrel Ardea cinerea, Gray Heron Accipiter cooperii, Cooper’s Hawk Oceanodroma hornbyi, Ringed Storm- Ardea alba, Great Egret Accipiter gentilis, Northern Goshawk Petrel Mesophoyx intermedia, Intermediate Geranospiza caerulescens, Crane Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Leach’s Egret Hawk Storm-Petrel Egretta eulophotes, Chinese Egret Buteogallus anthracinus, Common Oceanodroma homochroa, Ashy Egretta garzetta, Little Egret Black-Hawk Storm-Petrel Egretta sacra, Pacific Reef-Egret Parabuteo unicinctus, Harris’s Hawk Oceanodroma castro, Band-rumped Egretta gularis, Western Reef-Heron Buteo magnirostris, Storm-Petrel Egretta thula, Snowy Egret Buteo lineatus, Red-shouldered Hawk Oceanodroma tethys, Wedge-rumped Egretta caerulea, Little Blue Heron Buteo platypterus, Broad-winged Storm-Petrel Egretta tricolor, Tricolored Heron Hawk Oceanodroma matsudairae, Egretta rufescens, Reddish Egret Buteo nitidus, Matsudaira’s Storm-Petrel Bubulcus ibis, Cattle Egret Buteo brachyurus, Short-tailed Hawk Oceanodroma melania, Black Storm- Ardeola bacchus, Chinese Pond- Buteo swainsoni, Swainson’s Hawk Petrel Heron Buteo albicaudatus, White-tailed Oceanodroma tristrami, Tristram’s Butorides virescens, Green Heron Hawk Storm-Petrel Nycticorax nycticorax, Black-crowned Buteo albonotatus, Zone-tailed Hawk Oceanodroma microsoma, Least Night-Heron Buteo solitarius, Storm-Petrel Nyctanassa violacea, Yellow-crowned Buteo jamaicensis, Red-tailed Hawk Order Night-Heron Buteo regalis, Family PHAETHONTIDAE Gorsachius goisagi, Japanese Night- Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Hawk Phaethon lepturus, White-tailed Heron Aquila chrysaetos, Golden Eagle Tropicbird Gorsachius melanolophus, Malayan Family FALCONIDAE Phaethon aethereus, Red-billed Night-Heron Subfamily MICRASTURINAE

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Micrastur semitorquatus, Collared Ringed Plover Calidris tenuirostris, Great Knot Forest-Falcon Charadrius semipalmatus, Calidris canutus, Red Knot Subfamily CARACARINAE Semipalmated Plover Calidris alba, Sanderling Caracara cheriway, Crested Caracara Charadrius melodus, Piping Plover Calidris pusilla, Semipalmated Subfamily FALCONINAE Charadrius dubius, Little Ringed Sandpiper Falco tinnunculus, Eurasian Kestrel Plover Calidris mauri, Western Sandpiper Falco sparverius, American Kestrel Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer Calidris ruficollis, Red-necked Stint Falco vespertinus, Red-footed Falcon Charadrius montanus, Mountain Calidris minuta, Little Stint Falco columbarius, Merlin Plover Calidris temminckii, Temminck’s Falco subbuteo, Eurasian Hobby Charadrius morinellus, Eurasian Stint Falco femoralis, Aplomado Falcon Dotterel Calidris subminuta, Long-toed Stint Falco rusticolus, Gyrfalcon Family HAEMATOPODIDAE Calidris minutilla, Least Sandpiper Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian Calidris fuscicollis, White-rumped Falco mexicanus, Prairie Falcon Oystercatcher Sandpiper Order Haematopus palliatus, American Calidris bairdii, Baird’s Sandpiper Family RALLIDAE Oystercatcher Calidris melanotos, Pectoral Coturnicops noveboracensis, Yellow Haematopus bachmani, Black Sandpiper Rail Oystercatcher Calidris acuminata, Sharp-tailed Laterallus jamaicensis, Black Rail Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE Sandpiper Gallirallus philippensis, Buff-banded Himantopus himantopus, Black- Calidris maritima, Purple Sandpiper Rail winged Stilt Calidris ptilocnemis, Rock Sandpiper Gallirallus owstoni, Guam Rail Himantopus mexicanus, Black- Calidris alpina, Dunlin Crex crex, Corn Crake necked Stilt Calidris ferruginea, Curlew Sandpiper Rallus longirostris, Clapper Rail Recurvirostra americana, American Calidris himantopus, Stilt Sandpiper Rallus elegans, King Rail Avocet Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, Spoon- Rallus limicola, Virginia Rail Family JACANIDAE billed Sandpiper Porzana carolina, Sora Jacana spinosa, Northern Jacana Limicola falcinellus, Broad-billed Porzana tabuensis, Spotless Crake Family SCOLOPACIDAE Sandpiper Porzana flaviventer, Yellow-breasted Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE Tryngites subruficollis, Buff-breasted Crake Xenus cinereus, Terek Sandpiper Sandpiper Neocrex erythrops, Paint-billed Crake Actitis hypoleucos, Common Philomachus pugnax, Ruff Pardirallus maculatus, Spotted Rail Sandpiper Limnodromus griseus, Short-billed Porphyrio martinica, Purple Gallinule Actitis macularius, Spotted Sandpiper Dowitcher Porphyrio porphyrio, Purple Tringa ochropus, Green Sandpiper Limnodromus scolopaceus, Long- Swamphen Tringa solitaria, Solitary Sandpiper billed Dowitcher Porphyrio flavirostris, Azure Gallinule Tringa brevipes, Gray-tailed Tattler Lymnocryptes minimus, Jack Snipe Gallinula chloropus, Common Tringa incana, Wandering Tattler Gallinago delicata, Wilson’s Snipe Moorhen Tringa erythropus, Spotted Redshank (the ‘‘common’’ snipe hunted in Fulica atra, Eurasian Coot Tringa melanoleuca, Greater most of the U.S.) Fulica alai, Hawaiian Coot Yellowlegs Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe Fulica americana, American Coot Tringa nebularia, Common (rare in western Alaska; also see Fulica caribaea, Caribbean Coot Greenshank Gallinago delicata) Family ARAMIDAE Tringa guttifer, Nordmann’s Gallinago stenura, Pin-tailed Snipe Aramus guarauna, Limpkin Greenshank Gallinago megala, Swinhoe’s Snipe Family GRUIDAE Tringa semipalmata, Willet Scolopax rusticola, Eurasian Grus canadensis, Tringa flavipes, Lesser Yellowlegs Woodcock Grus grus, Tringa stagnatilis, Marsh Sandpiper Scolopax minor, American Woodcock Grus americana, Tringa glareola, Wood Sandpiper Subfamily PHALAROPODINAE Order Bartramia longicauda, Upland Phalaropus tricolor, Wilson’s Family CHARADRIIDAE Sandpiper Phalarope Subfamily VANELLINAE Numenius minutus, Little Curlew Phalaropus lobatus, Red-necked Vanellus vanellus, Northern Lapwing Numenius borealis, Eskimo Curlew Phalarope Subfamily CHARADRIINAE Numenius phaeopus, Whimbrel Phalaropus fulicarius, Red Phalarope Pluvialis squatarola, Black-bellied Numenius tahitiensis, Bristle-thighed Family LARIDAE Plover Curlew Subfamily LARINAE Pluvialis apricaria, European Golden- Numenius madagascariensis, Far Larus atricilla, Plover Eastern Curlew Larus pipixcan, Franklin’s Gull Pluvialis dominica, American Golden- Numenius arquata, Eurasian Curlew Larus minutus, Plover Numenius americanus, Long-billed Larus ridibundus, Black-headed Gull Pluvialis fulva, Pacific Golden-Plover Curlew Larus philadelphia, Bonaparte’s Gull Charadrius mongolus, Lesser Sand- Limosa limosa, Black-tailed Godwit Larus heermanni, Heermann’s Gull Plover Limosa haemastica, Hudsonian Larus cirrocephalus, Gray-hooded Charadrius leschenaultii, Greater Godwit Gull Sand-Plover Limosa lapponica, Bar-tailed Godwit Larus belcheri, Belcher’s Gull Charadrius collaris, Collared Plover Limosa fedoa, Marbled Godwit Larus crassirostris, Black-tailed Gull Charadrius alexandrinus, Snowy Arenaria interpres, Ruddy Turnstone Larus canus, Mew Gull Plover Arenaria melanocephala, Black Larus delawarensis, Ring-billed Gull Charadrius wilsonia, Wilson’s Plover Turnstone Larus californicus, Charadrius hiaticula, Common Aphriza virgata, Surfbird Larus argentatus, Herring Gull

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Larus michahellis, Yellow-legged Gull Alca torda, Razorbill Subfamily CUCULINAE Larus thayeri, Thayer’s Gull Cepphus grylle, Black Guillemot Cuculus canorus, Larus glaucoides, Cepphus columba, Pigeon Guillemot Cuculus optatus, Oriental Cuckoo Larus fuscus, Lesser Black-backed Brachyramphus perdix, Long-billed Cuculus fugax, Hodgson’s Hawk- Gull Murrelet Cuckoo Larus schistisagus, Slaty-backed Gull Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled Coccyzus americanus, Yellow-billed Larus livens, Yellow-footed Gull Murrelet Cuckoo Larus occidentalis, Brachyramphus brevirostris, Kittlitz’s Coccyzus minor, Mangrove Cuckoo Larus glaucescens, Glaucous-winged Murrelet Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Black- Gull Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, billed Cuckoo Larus hyperboreus, Xantus’s Murrelet Coccyzus vieilloti, Puerto Rican Larus marinus, Great Black-backed Synthliboramphus craveri, Craveri’s Lizard-Cuckoo Gull Murrelet Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE Larus dominicanus, Synthliboramphus antiquus, Ancient Geococcyx californianus, Greater Xema sabini, Sabine’s Gull Murrelet Roadrunner Rissa tridactyla, Black-legged Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Cassin’s Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE Kittiwake Auklet Crotophaga ani, Smooth-billed Ani Rissa brevirostris, Red-legged Aethia psittacula, Parakeet Auklet Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed Kittiwake Aethia pusilla, Least Auklet Ani Rhodostethia rosea, Ross’s Gull Aethia pygmaea, Whiskered Auklet Order STRIGIFORMES Pagophila eburnea, Ivory Gull Aethia cristatella, Crested Auklet Family TYTONIDAE Subfamily STERNINAE Cerorhinca monocerata, Rhinoceros Tyto alba, Barn Owl Anous stolidus, Brown Noddy Auklet Family STRIGIDAE Anous minutus, Black Noddy Fratercula arctica, Atlantic Puffin Otus flammeolus, Flammulated Owl Procelsterna cerulea, Blue-gray Fratercula corniculata, Horned Puffin Otus sunia, Oriental Scops-Owl Noddy Fratercula cirrhata, Tufted Puffin Megascops kennicottii, Western Gygis alba, White Tern Order COLUMBIFORMES Screech-Owl Onychoprion fuscatus, Sooty Tern Family COLUMBIDAE Megascops asio, Eastern Screech-Owl Onychoprion lunatus, Gray-backed Patagioenas squamosa, Scaly-naped Megascops trichopsis, Whiskered Tern Pigeon Screech-Owl Onychoprion anaethetus, Bridled Patagioenas leucocephala, White- Megascops nudipes, Puerto Rican Tern crowned Pigeon Screech-Owl Onychoprion aleuticus, Aleutian Tern Patagioenas flavirostris, Red-billed Bubo virginianus, Great Horned Owl Sternula albifrons, Little Tern Pigeon Bubo scandiacus, Snowy Owl Sternula antillarum, Least Tern Patagioenas inornata, Plain Pigeon Surnia ulula, Northern Hawk Owl Phaetusa simplex, Large-billed Tern Patagioenas fasciata, Band-tailed Glaucidium gnoma, Northern Pygmy- Gelochelidon nilotica, Gull-billed Pigeon Owl Tern Streptopelia orientalis, Oriental Glaucidium brasilianum, Ferruginous Hydroprogne caspia, Caspian Tern Turtle-Dove Pygmy-Owl Chlidonias niger, Black Tern Zenaida asiatica, White-winged Dove Micrathene whitneyi, Elf Owl Chlidonias leucopterus, White- Zenaida aurita, Zenaida Dove Athene cunicularia, Burrowing Owl winged Tern Zenaida macroura, Mourning Dove Ciccaba virgata, Mottled Owl Chlidonias hybridus, Whiskered Tern Columbina inca, Inca Dove Strix occidentalis, Spotted Owl Sterna dougallii, Roseate Tern Columbina passerina, Common Strix varia, Barred Owl Sterna hirundo, Ground-Dove Strix nebulosa, Great Gray Owl Sterna paradisaea, Arctic Tern Columbina talpacoti, Ruddy Ground- Asio otus, Long-eared Owl Sterna forsteri, Forster’s Tern Dove Asio stygius, Stygian Owl Sterna sumatrana, Black-naped Tern Leptotila verreauxi, White-tipped Asio flammeus, Short-eared Owl Thalasseus maximus, Royal Tern Dove Aegolius funereus, Boreal Owl Thalasseus bergii, Great Crested Tern Geotrygon chrysia, Key West Quail- Aegolius acadicus, Northern Saw- Thalasseus sandvicensis, Sandwich Dove whet Owl Tern Geotrygon mystacea, Bridled Quail- Order Thalasseus elegans, Elegant Tern Dove Family CAPRIMULGIDAE Subfamily RYNCHOPINAE Geotrygon montana, Ruddy Quail- Subfamily CHORDEILINAE Rynchops niger, Dove Chordeiles acutipennis, Lesser Family STERCORARIIDAE Gallicolumba xanthonura, White- Nighthawk Stercorarius skua, Great Skua throated Ground-Dove Chordeiles minor, Common Stercorarius maccormicki, South Gallicolumba stairi, Friendly Ground- Nighthawk Polar Skua Dove Chordeiles gundlachii, Antillean Stercorarius pomarinus, Pomarine Ptilinopus perousii, Many-colored Nighthawk Jaeger Fruit-Dove Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE Stercorarius parasiticus, Parasitic Ptilinopus roseicapilla, Mariana Fruit- Nyctidromus albicollis, Common Jaeger Dove Pauraque Stercorarius longicaudus, Long-tailed Ptilinopus porphyraceus, Crimson- Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, Common Jaeger crowned Fruit-Dove Poorwill Family ALCIDAE Ducula pacifica, Pacific Imperial- Caprimulgus carolinensis, Chuck- Alle alle, Dovekie Pigeon will’s-widow Uria aalge, Common Murre Order CUCULIFORMES Caprimulgus ridgwayi, Buff-collared Uria lomvia, Thick-billed Murre Family CUCULIDAE Nightjar

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Caprimulgus vociferus, Whip-poor- Hummingbird Picoides nuttallii, Nuttall’s will Archilochus colubris, Ruby-throated Woodpecker Caprimulgus noctitherus, Puerto Hummingbird Picoides pubescens, Downy Rican Nightjar Archilochus alexandri, Black-chinned Woodpecker Caprimulgus indicus, Gray Nightjar Hummingbird Picoides villosus, Hairy Woodpecker Order Calypte anna, Anna’s Hummingbird Picoides arizonae, Arizona Family APODIDAE Calypte costae, Costa’s Hummingbird Woodpecker Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE Stellula calliope, Calliope Picoides borealis, Red-cockaded Cypseloides niger, Black Swift Hummingbird Woodpecker Streptoprocne zonaris, White-collared Atthis heloisa, Bumblebee Picoides albolarvatus, White-headed Swift Hummingbird Woodpecker Subfamily CHAETURINAE Selasphorus platycercus, Broad-tailed Picoides dorsalis, American Three- Chaetura pelagica, Hummingbird toed Woodpecker Chaetura vauxi, Vaux’s Swift Selasphorus rufus, Rufous Picoides arcticus, Black-backed Chaetura brachyura, Short-tailed Hummingbird Woodpecker Swift Selasphorus sasin, Allen’s Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker Hirundapus caudacutus, White- Hummingbird Colaptes chrysoides, Gilded Flicker throated Needletail Order TROGONIFORMES Dryocopus pileatus, Pileated Aerodramus spodiopygius, White- Family TROGONIDAE Woodpecker rumped Swiftlet Subfamily TROGONINAE Campephilus principalis, Ivory-billed Aerodramus bartschi, Mariana Trogon elegans, Elegant Trogon Woodpecker Swiftlet Euptilotis neoxenus, Eared Quetzel Order PASSERIFORMES Subfamily Order UPUPIFORMES Family TYRANNIDAE Apus apus, Family UPUPIDAE Subfamily ELAENIINAE Apus pacificus, Fork-tailed Swift Upupa epops, Eurasian Hoopoe Camptostoma imberbe, Northern Apus melba, Alpine Swift Order Beardless-Tyrannulet Aeronautes saxatalis, White-throated Family ALCEDINIDAE Myiopagis viridicata, Greenish Swift Subfamily HALCYONINAE Elaenia Tachornis phoenicobia, Antillean Todirhamphus cinnamominus, Elaenia martinica, Caribbean Elaenia Palm-Swift Micronesian Kingfisher Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE Family TROCHILIDAE Todirhamphus chloris, Collared Mitrephanes phaeocercus, Tufted Subfamily Kingfisher Flycatcher Colibri thalassinus, Green Violet-ear Subfamily CERYLINAE Contopus cooperi, Olive-sided Anthracothorax prevostii, Green- Megaceryle torquata, Ringed Flycatcher breasted Mango Kingfisher Contopus pertinax, Greater Pewee Anthracothorax dominicus, Antillean Megaceryle alcyon, Belted Kingfisher Contopus sordidulus, Western Wood- Mango Chloroceryle americana, Green Pewee Anthracothorax viridis, Green Mango Kingfisher Contopus virens, Eastern Wood-Pewee Eulampis jugularis, Purple-throated Order Contopus caribaeus, Cuban Pewee Carib Family PICIDAE Contopus hispaniolensis, Hispaniolan Eulampis holosericeus, Green- Subfamily JYNGINAE Pewee throated Carib Jynx torquilla, Eurasian Wryneck Contopus latirostris, Lesser Antillean Orthorhyncus cristatus, Antillean Subfamily PICINAE Pewee Crested Hummingbird Melanerpes lewis, Lewis’s Empidonax flaviventris, Yellow- Chlorostilbon maugaeus, Puerto Rican Woodpecker bellied Flycatcher Emerald Melanerpes portoricensis, Puerto Empidonax virescens, Acadian Cynanthus latirostris, Broad-billed Rican Woodpecker Flycatcher Hummingbird Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Red- Empidonax alnorum, Alder Hylocharis leucotis, White-eared headed Woodpecker Flycatcher Hummingbird Melanerpes formicivorus, Acorn Empidonax traillii, Willow Flycatcher Hylocharis xantusii, Xantus’s Woodpecker Empidonax minimus, Least Hummingbird Melanerpes uropygialis, Gila Flycatcher Amazilia beryllina, Berylline Woodpecker Empidonax hammondii, Hammond’s Hummingbird Melanerpes aurifrons, Golden-fronted Flycatcher Amazilia yucatanensis, Buff-bellied Woodpecker Empidonax wrightii, Gray Flycatcher Hummingbird Melanerpes carolinus, Red-bellied Empidonax oberholseri, Dusky Amazilia rutila, Cinnamon Woodpecker Flycatcher Hummingbird Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Williamson’s Empidonax difficilis, Pacific-slope Amazilia violiceps, Violet-crowned Sapsucker Flycatcher Hummingbird Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Empidonax occidentalis, Cordilleran Lampornis clemenciae, Blue-throated Sapsucker Flycatcher Hummingbird Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Red-naped Empidonax fulvifrons, Buff-breasted Eugenes fulgens, Magnificent Sapsucker Flycatcher Hummingbird Sphyrapicus ruber, Red-breasted Sayornis nigricans, Black Phoebe Heliomaster constantii, Plain-capped Sapsucker Sayornis phoebe, Eastern Phoebe Starthroat Dendrocopos major, Great Spotted Sayornis saya, Say’s Phoebe Calliphlox evelynae, Bahama Woodpecker Pyrocephalus rubinus, Vermilion Woodstar Picoides scalaris, Ladder-backed Flycatcher Calothorax lucifer, Lucifer Woodpecker Subfamily TYRANNINAE

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Myiarchus tuberculifer, Dusky-capped Perisoreus canadensis, Gray Jay Poecile hudsonica, Boreal Chickadee Flycatcher Cyanocitta stelleri, Steller’s Jay Poecile cincta, Gray-headed Myiarchus cinerascens, Ash-throated Cyanocitta cristata, Blue Jay Chickadee Flycatcher Cyanocorax yncas, Green Jay Baeolophus wollweberi, Bridled Myiarchus nuttingi, Nutting’s Cyanocorax morio, Brown Jay Titmouse Flycatcher Aphelocoma coerulescens, Florida Baeolophus inornatus, Oak Titmouse Myiarchus crinitus, Great Crested Scrub-Jay Baeolophus ridgwayi, Juniper Flycatcher Aphelocoma insularis, Island Scrub- Titmouse Myiarchus tyrannulus, Brown-crested Jay Baeolophus bicolor, Tufted Titmouse Flycatcher Aphelocoma californica, Western Baeolophus atricristatus, Black- Myiarchus sagrae, La Sagra’s Scrub-Jay crested Titmouse Flycatcher Aphelocoma ultramarina, Mexican Family REMIZIDAE Myiarchus antillarum, Puerto Rican Jay Auriparus flaviceps, Verdin Flycatcher Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, Pinyon Family AEGITHALIDAE Pitangus sulphuratus, Great Kiskadee Jay Psaltriparus minimus, Bushtit Myiozetetes similis, Social Flycatcher Nucifraga columbiana, Clark’s Family SITTIDAE Myiodynastes luteiventris, Sulphur- Nutcracker Subfamily SITTINAE bellied Flycatcher Pica hudsonia, Black-billed Magpie Sitta canadensis, Red-breasted Legatus leucophalus, Piratic Pica nuttalli, Yellow-billed Magpie Nuthatch Flycatcher Corvus kubaryi, Mariana Crow Sitta carolinensis, White-breasted Empidonomus varius, Variegated Corvus brachyrhynchos, American Nuthatch Flycatcher Crow Sitta pygmaea, Pygmy Nuthatch Tyrannus melancholicus, Tropical Corvus caurinus, Northwestern Crow Sitta pusilla, Brown-headed Nuthatch Kingbird Corvus leucognaphalus, White- Family CERTHIIDAE Tyrannus couchii, Couch’s Kingbird necked Crow Subfamily CERTHIINAE Tyrannus vociferans, Cassin’s Corvus imparatus, Tamaulipas Crow Certhia americana, Brown Creeper Kingbird Corvus ossifragus, Family TROGLODYTIDAE Tyrannus crassirostris, Thick-billed Corvus hawaiiensis, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Kingbird Corvus cryptoleucus, Chihuahuan Cactus Wren Tyrannus verticalis, Western Kingbird Raven Salpinctes obsoletus, Rock Wren Tyrannus tyrannus, Eastern Kingbird Corvus corax, Common Raven Catherpes mexicanus, Canyon Wren Tyrannus dominicensis, Gray Family ALAUDIDAE Thryothorus ludovicianus, Carolina Kingbird Alauda arvensis, Sky Lark Wren Tyrannus caudifasciatus, Loggerhead Eremophila alpestris, Horned Lark Thryomanes bewickii, Bewick’s Wren Kingbird Family HIRUNDINIDAE Troglodytes aedon, House Wren Tyrannus forficatus, Scissor-tailed Subfamily HIRUNDININAE Troglodytes troglodytes, Winter Wren Flycatcher Progne subis, Cistothorus platensis, Sedge Wren Tyrannus savana, Fork-tailed Progne cryptoleuca, Cuban Martin Cistothorus palustris, Marsh Wren Flycatcher Progne dominicensis, Caribbean Family CINCLIDAE Pachyramphus aglaiae, Rose-throated Martin Cinclus mexicanus, American Dipper Becard Progne chalybea, Gray-breasted Family REGULIDAE Tityra semifasciata, Masked Tityra Martin Regulus satrapa, Golden-crowned Family LANIIDAE Progne elegans, Kinglet Lanius cristatus, Brown Shrike Progne tapera, Brown-chested Martin Regulus calendula, Ruby-crowned Lanius ludovicianus, Loggerhead Tachycineta bicolor, Kinglet Shrike Tachycineta albilinea, Mangrove Family SYLVIIDAE Lanius excubitor, Northern Shrike Swallow Subfamily SYLVIINAE Family VIREONIDAE Tachycineta thalassina, Violet-green Locustella ochotensis, Middendorff’s Vireo griseus, White-eyed Vireo Swallow Grasshopper-Warbler Vireo crassirostris, Thick-billed Vireo Tachycineta cyaneoviridis, Bahama Locustella lanceolata, Lanceolated Vireo latimeri, Puerto Rican Vireo Swallow Warbler Vireo bellii, Bell’s Vireo Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Northern Acrocephalus luscinia, Nightingale Vireo atricapillus, Black-capped Vireo Rough-winged Swallow Reed-Warbler Vireo vicinior, Gray Vireo Riparia riparia, Bank Swallow Acrocephalus familiaris, Millerbird Vireo flavifrons, Yellow-throated Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, Cliff Phylloscopus trochilus, Willow Vireo Swallow Warbler Vireo plumbeus, Plumbeous Vireo Petrochelidon fulva, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Wood Vireo cassinii, Cassin’s Vireo Hirundo rustica, Warbler Vireo solitarius, Blue-headed Vireo Delichon urbicum, Common House- Phylloscopus fuscatus, Dusky Warbler Vireo huttoni, Hutton’s Vireo Martin Phylloscopus inornatus, Yellow- Vireo gilvus, Warbling Vireo Family PARIDAE browed Warbler Vireo philadelphicus, Philadelphia Poecile carolinensis, Carolina Phylloscopus borealis, Arctic Warbler Vireo Chickadee Sylvia curruca, Lesser Whitethroat Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo Poecile atricapillus, Black-capped Subfamily POLIOPTILINAE Vireo flavoviridis, Yellow-green Vireo Chickadee Polioptila caerulea, Blue-gray Vireo altiloquus, Black-whiskered Poecile gambeli, Mountain Chickadee Gnatcatcher Vireo Poecile sclateri, Mexican Chickadee Polioptila californica, California Vireo magister, Yucatan Vireo Poecile rufescens, Chestnut-backed Gnatcatcher Family Chickadee Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed

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Gnatcatcher Toxostoma redivivum, California throated Blue Warbler Polioptila nigriceps, Black-capped Thrasher Dendroica coronata, Yellow-rumped Gnatcatcher Toxostoma crissale, Crissal Thrasher Warbler Family MUSCICAPIDAE Toxostoma lecontei, Le Conte’s Dendroica nigrescens, Black-throated Ficedula narcissina, Narcissus Thrasher Gray Warbler Flycatcher Melanotis caerulescens, Blue Dendroica chrysoparia, Golden- Muscicapa griseisticta, Gray-streaked Mockingbird cheeked Warbler Flycatcher Margarops fuscatus, Pearly-eyed Dendroica virens, Black-throated Family TURDIDAE Thrasher Green Warbler Luscinia calliope, Siberian Rubythroat Family STURNIDAE Dendroica townsendi, Townsend’s Luscinia svecica, Bluethroat Sturnus philippensis, Chestnut- Warbler Luscinia cyane, Siberian Blue Robin cheeked Starling Dendroica occidentalis, Hermit Monticola solitarius, Blue Rock Sturnus cineraceus, White-cheeked Warbler Thrush Starling Dendroica fusca, Blackburnian Tarsiger cyanurus, Red-flanked Family PRUNELLIDAE Warbler Bluetail Prunella montanella, Siberian Dendroica dominica, Yellow-throated Oenanthe oenanthe, Northern Accentor Warbler Wheatear Family Dendroica graciae, Grace’s Warbler Saxicola torquatus, Stonechat Motacilla tschutschensis, Eastern Dendroica adelaidae, Adelaide’s Sialia sialis, Eastern Bluebird Yellow Wagtail Warbler Sialia mexicana, Western Bluebird Motacilla citreola, Citrine Wagtail Dendroica pinus, Pine Warbler Sialia currucoides, Mountain Motacilla cinerea, Gray Wagtail Dendroica kirtlandii, Kirtland’s Bluebird Motacilla alba, White Wagtail Warbler Myadestes townsendi, Townsend’s Anthus trivialis, Tree Pipit Dendroica discolor, Prairie Warbler Solitaire Anthus hodgsoni, Olive-backed Pipit Dendroica palmarum, Palm Warbler Myadestes myadestinus, Kamao Anthus gustavi, Pechora Pipit Dendroica castanea, Bay-breasted Myadestes lanaiensis, Olomao Anthus cervinus, Red-throated Pipit Warbler Myadestes obscurus, Omao Anthus rubescens, American Pipit Dendroica striata, Blackpoll Warbler Myadestes palmeri, Puaiohi Anthus spragueii, Sprague’s Pipit Dendroica cerulea, Cerulean Warbler Catharus aurantiirostris, Orange- Family BOMBYCILLIDAE Dendroica angelae, Elfin-woods billed Nightingale-Thrush Bombycilla garrulus, Bohemian Warbler Catharus mexicanus, Black-headed Waxwing Mniotilta varia, Black-and-white Nightingale-Thrush Bombycilla cedrorum, Cedar Warbler Catharus fuscescens, Veery Waxwing Setophaga ruticilla, American Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Family PTILOGONATIDAE Redstart Thrush Ptilogonys cinereus, Gray Silky- Protonotaria citrea, Prothonotary Catharus bicknelli, Bicknell’s Thrush flycatcher Warbler Catharus ustulatus, Swainson’s Phainopepla nitens, Phainopepla Helmitheros vermivorum, Worm- Thrush Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE eating Warbler Catharus guttatus, Hermit Thrush Peucedramus taeniatus, Olive Limnothlypis swainsonii, Swainson’s Hylocichla mustelina, Wood Thrush Warbler Warbler Turdus obscurus, Eyebrowed Thrush Family PARULIDAE Seiurus aurocapilla, Ovenbird Turdus naumanni, Dusky Thrush Vermivora bachmanii, Bachman’s Seiurus noveboracensis, Northern Turdus pilaris, Fieldfare Warbler Waterthrush Turdus grayi, Clay-colored Robin Vermivora pinus, Blue-winged Seiurus motacilla, Louisiana Turdus assimilis, White-throated Warbler Waterthrush Robin Vermivora chrysoptera, Golden- Oporornis formosus, Kentucky Turdus rufopalliatus, Rufous-backed winged Warbler Warbler Robin Vermivora peregrina, Tennessee Oporornis agilis, Connecticut Warbler Turdus migratorius, American Robin Warbler Oporornis philadelphia, Mourning Turdus plumbeus, Red-legged Thrush Vermivora celata, Orange-crowned Warbler Ixoreus naevius, Varied Thrush Warbler Oporornis tolmiei, MacGillivray’s Ridgwayia pinicola, Aztec Thrush Vermivora ruficapilla, Nashville Warbler Family MIMIDAE Warbler Geothlypis trichas, Common Dumetella carolinensis, Gray Catbird Vermivora virginiae, Virginia’s Yellowthroat Melanoptila glabrirostris, Black Warbler Geothlypis poliocephala, Gray- Catbird Vermivora crissalis, Colima Warbler crowned Yellowthroat Mimus polyglottos, Northern Vermivora luciae, Lucy’s Warbler Wilsonia citrina, Hooded Warbler Mockingbird Parula superciliosa, Crescent-chested Wilsonia pusilla, Wilson’s Warbler Mimus gundlachii, Bahama Warbler Wilsonia canadensis, Canada Warbler Mockingbird Parula americana, Northern Parula Cardellina rubrifrons, Red-faced Oreoscoptes montanus, Sage Thrasher Parula pitiayumi, Tropical Parula Warbler Toxostoma rufum, Brown Thrasher Dendroica petechia, Yellow Warbler Myioborus pictus, Painted Redstart Toxostoma longirostre, Long-billed Dendroica pensylvanica, Chestnut- Myioborus miniatus, Slate-throated Thrasher sided Warbler Redstart Toxostoma bendirei, Bendire’s Dendroica magnolia, Magnolia Euthlypis lachrymosa, Fan-tailed Thrasher Warbler Warbler Toxostoma curvirostre, Curve-billed Dendroica tigrina, Cape May Warbler Basileuterus culicivorus, Golden- Thrasher Dendroica caerulescens, Black- crowned Warbler

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Basileuterus rufifrons, Rufous-capped Sparrow Agelaius xanthomus, Yellow- Warbler Ammodramus nelsoni, Nelson’s shouldered Blackbird Icteria virens, Yellow-breasted Chat Sharp-tailed Sparrow Sturnella magna, Eastern Meadowlark Family THRAUPIDAE Ammodramus caudacutus, Saltmarsh Sturnella neglecta, Western Nesospingus speculiferus, Puerto Sharp-tailed Sparrow Meadowlark Rican Tanager Ammodramus maritimus, Seaside Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, Piranga flava, Hepatic Tanager Sparrow Yellow-headed Blackbird Piranga rubra, Summer Tanager Passerella iliaca, Fox Sparrow Euphagus carolinus, Rusty Blackbird Piranga olivacea, Scarlet Tanager Melospiza melodia, Song Sparrow Euphagus cyanocephalus, Brewer’s Piranga ludoviciana, Western Tanager Melospiza lincolnii, Lincoln’s Blackbird Piranga bidentata, Flame-colored Sparrow Quiscalus quiscula, Common Grackle Tanager Melospiza georgiana, Swamp Sparrow Quiscalus major, Boat-tailed Grackle Spindalis zena, Zonotrichia albicollis, White-throated Quiscalus mexicanus, Great-tailed Spindalis portoricensis, Puerto Rican Sparrow Grackle Spindalis Zonotrichia querula, Harris’s Sparrow Quiscalus niger, Greater Antillean Euphonia musica, Antillean Euphonia Zonotrichia leucophrys, White- Grackle Family EMBERIZIDAE crowned Sparrow Molothrus bonariensis, Shiny Sporophila torqueola, White-collared Zonotrichia atricapilla, Golden- Cowbird Seedeater crowned Sparrow Molothrus aeneus, Bronzed Cowbird Tiaris olivacea, Yellow-faced Junco hyemalis, Dark-eyed Junco Molothrus ater, Brown-headed Grassquit Junco phaeonotus, Yellow-eyed Junco Cowbird Tiaris bicolor, Black-faced Grassquit Calcarius mccownii, McCown’s Icterus wagleri, Black-vented Oriole Loxigilla portoricensis, Puerto Rican Longspur Icterus dominicensis, Greater Bullfinch Calcarius lapponicus, Lapland Antillean Oriole Arremonops rufivirgatus, Olive Longspur Icterus spurius, Orchard Oriole Sparrow Calcarius pictus, Smith’s Longspur Icterus cucullatus, Hooded Oriole Pipilo chlorurus, Green-tailed Towhee Calcarius ornatus, Chestnut-collared Icterus pustulatus, Streak-backed Pipilo maculatus, Spotted Towhee Longspur Oriole Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Eastern Emberiza leucocephalos, Pine Icterus bullockii, Bullock’s Oriole Towhee Bunting Icterus gularis, Altamira Oriole Pipilo fuscus, Canyon Towhee Emberiza pusilla, Little Bunting Icterus graduacauda, Audubon’s Pipilo crissalis, California Towhee Emberiza rustica, Rustic Bunting Oriole Pipilo aberti, Abert’s Towhee Emberiza elegans, Yellow-throated Icterus galbula, Baltimore Oriole Aimophila carpalis, Rufous-winged Bunting Icterus parisorum, Scott’s Oriole Sparrow Emberiza aureola, Yellow-breasted Family FRINGILLIDAE Aimophila cassinii, Cassin’s Sparrow Bunting Subfamily FRINGILLINAE Aimophila aestivalis, Bachman’s Emberiza variabilis, Gray Bunting Fringilla coelebs, Common Chaffinch Sparrow Emberiza pallasi, Pallas’s Bunting Fringilla montifringilla, Brambling Aimophila botterii, Botteri’s Sparrow Emberiza schoeniclus, Reed Bunting Subfamily Aimophila ruficeps, Rufous-crowned Plectrophenax nivalis, Snow Bunting Leucosticte tephrocotis, Gray-crowned Sparrow Plectrophenax hyperboreus, McKay’s Rosy-Finch Aimophila quinquestriata, Five- Bunting Leucosticte atrata, Black Rosy-Finch striped Sparrow Family CARDINALIDAE Leucosticte australis, Brown-capped Spizella arborea, American Tree Rhodothraupis celaeno, Crimson- Rosy-Finch Sparrow collared Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator, Spizella passerina, Chipping Sparrow Cardinalis cardinalis, Northern Carpodacus erythrinus, Common Spizella pallida, Clay-colored Cardinal Rosefinch Sparrow Cardinalis sinuatus, Pyrrhuloxia Carpodacus purpureus, Purple Finch Spizella breweri, Brewer’s Sparrow Pheucticus chrysopeplus, Yellow Carpodacus cassinii, Cassin’s Finch Spizella pusilla, Field Sparrow Grosbeak Carpodacus mexicanus, House Finch Spizella wortheni, Worthen’s Sparrow Pheucticus ludovicianus, Rose- Loxia curvirostra, Red Crossbill Spizella atrogularis, Black-chinned breasted Grosbeak Loxia leucoptera, White-winged Sparrow Pheucticus melanocephalus, Black- Crossbill Pooecetes gramineus, Vesper Sparrow headed Grosbeak Carduelis flammea, Common Redpoll Chondestes grammacus, Lark Sparrow Cyanocompsa parellina, Blue Bunting Carduelis hornemanni, Hoary Redpoll Amphispiza bilineata, Black-throated Passerina caerulea, Blue Grosbeak Carduelis spinus, Eurasian Siskin Sparrow Passerina amoena, Lazuli Bunting Carduelis pinus, Pine Siskin Amphispiza belli, Sage Sparrow Passerina cyanea, Indigo Bunting Carduelis psaltria, Lesser Goldfinch Calamospiza melanocorys, Lark Passerina versicolor, Varied Bunting Carduelis lawrencei, Lawrence’s Bunting Passerina ciris, Painted Bunting Goldfinch Passerculus sandwichensis, Savannah Spiza americana, Dickcissel Carduelis tristis, American Goldfinch Sparrow Family ICTERIDAE Carduelis sinica, Oriental Greenfinch Ammodramus savannarum, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Bobolink Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Eurasian Bullfinch Grasshopper Sparrow Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged Coccothraustes vespertinus, Evening Ammodramus bairdii, Baird’s Blackbird Grosbeak Sparrow Agelaius tricolor, Tricolored Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Ammodramus henslowii, Henslow’s Blackbird Hawfinch Sparrow Agelaius humeralis, Tawny- Subfamily DREPANIDINAE Ammodramus leconteii, Le Conte’s shouldered Blackbird Telespiza cantans,

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Telespiza ultima, Nihoa Finch species is not native: the contiguous group of species that belong to families Psittirostra psittacea, Ou United States, Hawaii, Alaska, the protected under treaties with Canada Loxioides bailleui, Palila Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the and Mexico. Pseudonestor xanthophrys, Maui U.S. Virgin Islands. This rule also The purple swamphen was Parrotbill requires the use of nontoxic shot or introduced in southern Florida through Hemignathus virens, Hawaii Amakihi bullets if firearms are used to control escapes from aviculturalists and from Hemignathus flavus, Oahu Amakihi purple swamphens. the Miami Metro in the early 1990s Hemignathus kauaiensis, Kauai DATES: This rule will be effective on (Anonymous 2007). In Florida, the Amakihi March 31, 2010. purple swamphen competes with native species and may impact the plant life of Hemignathus ellisianus, Greater FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr. wetlands (Anonymous 2007). The Akialoa George T. Allen, Division of Migratory purple swamphen has an international Hemignathus lucidus, Nukupuu Bird Management, U.S. Fish and reputation for eating and chicks, Hemignathus munroi, Akiapolaau Wildlife Service, 703–358–1825. Magumma parva, Anianiau including ducklings, of other ground or Oreomystis bairdi, Akikiki SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: near-ground nesting species Oreomystis mana, Hawaii Creeper Background (Anonymous 2007). As far as we know, Paroreomyza maculata, Oahu counties in the southern half of Florida The Fish and Wildlife Service is the Alauahio are the only place in the contiguous Federal agency delegated the primary Paroreomyza flammea, Kakawahie United States, Hawaii, Alaska, the responsibility for managing migratory Paroreomyza montana, Maui Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or the birds. This delegation is authorized by Alauahio U.S. Virgin Islands where the purple the MBTA (16 U.S.C. 703 et seq.), which Loxops caeruleirostris, Akekee swamphen is found. implements conventions with Great Loxops coccineus, Akepa This Control Order allows the Britain (for Canada), Mexico, Japan, and Vestiaria coccinea, Iiwi removal of introduced purple the Soviet Union (Russia). Palmeria dolei, Akohekohe swamphens in the contiguous United We implement the MBTA through Himatione sanguinea, Apapane States, Alaska, Hawaii, the regulations found in title 50 of the Code Melamprosops phaeosoma, Poo-uli Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the of Federal Regulations (CFR). In 50 CFR U.S. Virgin Islands from any location Dated: February 3, 2010. 10.13, we list all species of migratory where they are found. This removal is Thomas L. Strickland, birds protected by the MBTA that are in keeping with our other actions to Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and subject to the regulations protecting reduce the spread of introduced species Parks. migratory birds in title 50, subchapter B that compete with native species or [FR Doc. 2010–3294 Filed 2–26–10; 8:45 am] (Taking, Possession, Transportation, harm that they use. (see BILLING CODE 4310–55–P Sale, Purchase, Barter, Exportation, and http://www.fws.gov/invasives/). Importation of Wildlife and Plants). In 50 CFR part 13 (General Permit Comments on the Proposed Rule DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Procedures) and part 21 (Migratory Bird We received two comments on the Permits), regulations allow us to issue proposed rule published on August 22, Fish and Wildlife Service permits for certain activities otherwise 2008 (70 FR 49631–49634). One prohibited in regard to migratory birds. commenter stated that (1) purple 50 CFR Part 21 In part 21, we issue permits for the swamphens are not migratory and (2) Docket Number [FWS–R9–MB–2007–0018; taking, possession, transportation, sale, are invasive and should be removed. 91200–1231–9BPP] purchase, barter, importation, Though the species is a migratory bird exportation, and banding and marking species under the MBTA, it is invasive RIN 1018–AV33 of migratory birds. We also provide in the continental U.S. and other Migratory Bird Permits; Control of certain exceptions to permit locations outside its native range. We Purple Swamphens requirements for public, scientific, or agree with the commenter’s assertion educational institutions, and establish that the species should be removed AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, depredation and control orders that where it has been introduced by Interior. provide limited exceptions to the humans. ACTION: Final rule. MBTA. A State agency requested that ‘‘the requirement to bury or incinerate SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Purple Swamphen carcasses be removed. The nature of Wildlife Service, change the regulations The purple swamphen, a - control programs, i.e., shooting purple governing control of depredating or sized bird in the family Rallidae, is swamphens in heavily vegetated , introduced migratory birds. The purple native to the Old World. In the United precludes this as a practical disposal swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio) is not States and its territories, it is native only method.’’ We changed this rule to native to any State, and competes with in American Samoa, Baker and accommodate this request. native species. However, we have added Howland Islands, Guam, and the Required Determinations it to the list of species protected under Northern Mariana Islands (Pratt et al. our Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) 1987). Because of the species’ Regulatory Planning and Review obligations because it occurs naturally occurrence in these territories, it is In accordance with the criteria in in the U.S. Territories of American protected under the MBTA Act Executive Order 12866, this rule is not Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, (effective March 1, 2010.) Therefore, we a significant regulatory action. The Guam, and the Commonwealth of the included this species in the proposed Office of Management and Budget Northern Mariana Islands. We amend rule (71 FR 50194, August 24, 2006) to makes the final determination of the regulations to allow removal of revise the list of migratory birds found significance under E.O. 12866. purple swamphens without a Federal at 50 CFR 10.13. We proposed to add a. This rule will not raise novel legal permit in the following areas where the the species to the list because it is in a or policy issues. The provisions are in

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