Index Locorum S

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16431-4 — The Roman Villa in the Mediterranean Basin Edited by Annalisa Marzano , Guy P. R. Métraux Index More Information

INDEX LOCORUM S

Note: All references to these citations appear in the Endnotes

Acta Sanctorum, MAII, die XV, III, 471–474: 193 283–286: 424 1.3: 34 AE 337–48: 420 1.6: 55 1954.58: 140 1.7: 34 1955.122: 140 B Bava Batra, 8a: 326 2.7: 419 1959.271: 299 B Bava Metzia, 85a: 327 4.1: 34 1971.47: 316 B Berakhot 4.1–2: 55 1977.298: 193 43a: 326 10–22: 265 1993.1756: 299 57b: 326 12.2: 253 2003.1810: 316 B ‘Eruvin 14.1–5: 34 Agnellus, Liber Pontiﬁcalis Ecclesia Ravennatis, 94: 85b-86a: 326 16: 138 193 85b–86a: 326 38: 138 Ant. Lib., Met., 9: 451 B Ketubot 52: 363 App., B Civ.: 35 103b: 326 praef. 4: 55 App., Mith.70–77 (=12.10–11 Loeb): 423 104a: 327 Catullus, 44.1–9: 114 Apul. B Nedarim, 51a: 326 Ceas., BCiv., 3.102: 356 Apol. B Sanhedrin, 38a: 326 Cic. 56.5: 298 B Shabbat, 25b: 327 Arch., 22: 424 87.6: 298 Att. 93.4: 298 Cass. Dio 1.10: 373 Asc., Scaurus: 114 23 (fragm. 73): 252 1.13: 115, 118, 356 Athenaeus 48.38: 113 1.16: 356 1.31: 363 56.29.2: 153 1.19.6: 138 3.73B = Pylarchus FGrH 81 F 65: 362 56.46.3: 153 1.5, 2.6: 395 August. 73.4.5–6: 174 2.1: 356, 370 Conf., 9.3.5: 192 Cassiod. 2.1.11: 356 De civ D., 22.8: 463 Inst., 1.29: 463 2.14: 39 Enar. in Ps., 132.6: 421 Var. 2.20: 356 Ep. 2.22.3–5: 192 2.9.1: 138 66.1: 298 2.29: 193 3.14: 360 108.18: 421 2.39.5: 194 3.7: 362 185.15: 421 2.39.7–8: 194 4.17: 114 Ord.. 1.1.2: 305 2.39.9–10: 194 5.2: 39 Serm. 4, 50: 154 5.2.2: 39, 94, 115 137.11.14: 298 11.14.3: 192 7.5.3: 118 345.2: 298 12.22: 397 8.13.12: 118 Aur. Victor, Caes., 12.4: 32 12.22.5: 192 10.7.3: 118 Auson. Cato 12.32.2: 94 Ep., 23.90–95: 421 Agr. 12.36: 39, 118 Ephemeris, 2.2: 463 1.1–7: 94 12.40.3: 118 Mos. 1.1.1: 419 13.45.3: 39 210: 156 1.1.7: 55 13.52: 113, 118

572

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16431-4 — The Roman Villa in the Mediterranean Basin Edited by Annalisa Marzano , Guy P. R. Métraux Index More Information

INDEX LOCORUM 573

13.52.1: 118 CIL 8.21553: 302 12.12: 39 14.12.3: 118 CIL 8.25902: 299 13.24.1: 114 14.16.1: 114 CIL 8.270: 32 Gerontius 14.5.2: 118 CIL 8.6705: 299 Vita sanctae Melaniae 15.13: 114 CIL 8.897: 299 2: 39 16.3.4: 118 CIL 10.8333.3: 155 14: 421 De Or. Cod. Theod., 11.28.2: 156 21: 56 1.249: 265 Columella Gregory of Nyssa, Ep., 20: 58, 360 1.98: 94 Rust. Gregory of Tours, Liber de Gloria 2.19–20: 94 1.4: 34 Beatorum Confessorum, 2.22: 115 1.6: 253, 265 47: 421 Fam. 1.6.2: 420 2.6.2: 39 2.1: 253 Hdn., 1.8.4: 174 2.8.2: 84 3.2: 251 Hom. 3.9.2: 118 3.3: 420 Il., 18.478–608: 39 7, 16: 94 3.3.3: 420 Od. 7.1.1: 116 4.30.1: 140 1–4: 74 9.16.7: 116 8.16–17: 138 4.17: 39 9.23: 118 8.17.6: 361 Hor. 10.33.3: 252 8.17.8: 138 Carm. 13.7.1: 118 8.17.15: 138 2.1.71–74: 115 16.10.2: 118 9.2: 420 3.24.3: 173 Fin. 10.133.D: 117 Ep., 1.14.2–3: 39 3.1.7–9: 38 Praef.10: 420 Epod. 5.1–3: 363 Cornelius Nepos, Att., 14.14.3: 114 2: 419 Leg. 2.61–66: 40 2.3.7: 356 Dig. Sat., 2.7.118: 39 3.13.30: 118 1.8.9.2 (Ulpian): 463 HP, 1.17: 299 3.30: 38 8.4.13 pr.: 139 Leg. agr., 2.78: 115, 118 33.7.8.12: 35 IC Mur., 76: 137 33.7.12.1: 35 1.17.17–18: 357 Nat. D., 2.26: 155 33.7.12.23: 35 1.26.2–3: 357 Off. 33.7.12.6: 35 4.278: 356 1.10.33: 153 33.7.12.8: 35 IG 1.138–40: 357 33.8.3: 35 2[**2].1008: 94 1.151: 489 33.8.4: 35 2[**2].3606.2: 357 Orat., 2.19–20: 95 33.9.4.2–6: 137 2[**2].5185: 368 Phil., 2.43: 119 50.16.198 (Ulpian): 56 2[**2].5189: 367 Pis., 40.96: 356 50.16.211: 56 6.471: 357 QFr., 3.1.3: 94 Dio Cass. ILAfr, 111: 300 Red. sen., 6.13–14: 484 21: 114 ILS Verr. 43.22.2–3: 114 1279: 423 2.2.5: 215 44.4.4: 114 2518: 300 2.2.83–4: 74 Diod. Sic. 2927: 33 2.2.89: 74 5.12.1–4: 264 IRT, 914–16: 299 2.2.92: 215 5.13.1–14.3.1: 138 Isid., Etym., 15.13: 194 2.2.111: 74 5.26.3: 138 It. Ant. 2.2.113: 74 20.8: 360 59.7: 299 2.4.38–41: 264 Dion. Hal., Ant. Rom., 3.41.3: 140 60.3: 299 2.4.48: 215 61.2: 299 2.4.49: 74 Esther Rabbah, 2, 3: 326 62.3: 299 2.4.60: 74 63.1: 299 2.4.103: 264 Flor. 2.5.109: 74 1.40.16: 423 Joseph. CIG, 537: 367 2.18.4: 113 AJ CIL 1.532: 74 4.2: 119 13.15.4: 315 CIL 3.504: 356 14.5.3: 315 CIL 3.507–509: 356 Gal., 6.806–07: 303 BJ CIL 3.574: 356 Gell. 1.21.5: 315 CIL 4.10788: 155 NA 1.8.4: 315 CIL 5.4854: 193 1.2.1–2: 366 2.14.4: 316 CIL 6.8594: 137 2.13.4: 113 2.18.10: 316 CIL 8.1641: 33 3.10.17: 419 3.9.3: 316 CIL 8.2094: 300 5.13: 74 Julius Africanus, Kestoi, 1.14: 218

574 INDEX LOCORUM

Juv. 27.135–147: 464 15.136–7: 38 3.2–3: 118 Ep. 15.51: 362 3.21–224: 55 5.15: 464 15.8: 251, 298 14.19: 118 11.12: 464 17.173: 140 14.86–95: 55 24.11: 464 17.97–98: 363 14.91: 124 29–32: 38 18.11: 35 30.2–3: 424 18.22: 265 Livy 32: 463, 464 18.6.35: 57 1.33.9: 140 32.10: 464 19.50–1: 363 1.35: 113 32.1–4: 424 31.2: 124 1.8: 118 39: 464 31.8: 364 6.5.12–13: 38 39.6: 464 33.78: 251 21.63.3: 55 Paulinus of Pella 34.75: 373 21.63.3–4: 113 Euch. 34.92: 373 34: 118 12–16: 422 35.7: 113 38.56: 424 176–225: 421 36.109: 114 39.51.12.2: 74 246–253: 421 36.184: 264 39.6.7–9: 94 291–301: 421 36.21–24: 154 45.32.11: 114 498–515: 421 Plin. (the Younger) Per., 52: 252 516–563: 421 Ep. 570–81: 422 1.8.10: 33 M Bava Batra Paus. 1.9.6: 39, 424 1, 5: 326 1.32.4: 366 2.17: 40, 115, 265, 355, 474 5, 4: 326 1.32.7: 369 2.17.12: 305 MMa‘asrot, 3, 6: 326 2.38.4: 375 2.17.13: 96, 360 Macrob., Sat., 3.16.10: 139 2.38.6: 372, 374 2.17.16–19: 96 Marcellinus Comes 4.32.2: 357 2.17.20–22: 419 Chron. 7.21.14: 364 2.17.27: 32 68: 154 Petron. 3.17.5: 137 a. 476: 113 Sat. 3.19: 37 Mart. 26–78: 118, 119 3.19.1–5: 193 Spect. 28: 420 3.19.7: 38 1–2, 12.68: 357 29: 423 3.7.1: 119 10.14: 55 Philostr. 3.7.8: 119 Maximus of Turin, Sermo, 91.25.30: 193 Imag., 2.11: 264 4.1.4: 39 Monumenta Germaniae Historica VS 4.6.1: 32 Auctores Antiquissimi 1.521: 374 4.6.2: 32 IX 265: 154 2.547: 370, 371 4.6.2–3: 420 IX 747: 154 2.547–8: 358 5.13: 32 2.552–3: 370 5.4: 32 Nep., Att., 14.3: 356 2.554: 368, 370 5.6: 39, 40, 115, 474 2.559: 370, 371 5.6.15: 96 Oros., 6.21.19: 423 2.562: 366 5.6.19: 96 2.606: 367 5.6.29–30: 96 Palladius 545: 357 5.6.35: 361, 371 Lausiac History, 61.168: 421 546: 357 5.6.45: 115 Op. Agr. Phot., Bibl., 80: 175 6.16: 113, 116, 117, 474 1.11: 34, 192, 420 PIR2# 6.20: 113, 474 1.18: 34, 420 A 595: 299 6.3: 39 1.42: 420 IV.3.782–783: 175 6.30: 38 1.6: 420 Plin. (the Elder) 6.31: 38 1.6.8: 420 HN 7.18: 420 1.8.2: 192 1.35.2: 424 7.25.4: 39 3.25: 420 3.30: 253 7.30: 39 4.10: 420 3.5.40–42: 153 7.3.1–2: 174 7–15: 422 3.9.70: 116 8.2: 32, 420 7.2: 420 4.14: 423 9.15: 39 40: 422 5.13.69: 315 9.36: 39, 115 Paulinus of Nola 9.170: 138 9.7.1–2: 115 Carm. 9.172: 138 Plut. 20.1–21: 464 9.31: 138 C. Gracch., 19.1–2: 94, 114 21.464–487: 464 9.39.62: 139 Caes., 63: 119 21.60: 464 14.76: 362 Cat. Mai., 21: 113 21.84–104: 464 14.94: 251 Mar., 34.2: 94

INDEX LOCORUM 575

Mor. Qaest. conv. Ep. 15: 113 7.8.3: 95 1.6: 422 34.1: 138 711 E.: 95 1.6.3: 423 40.1: 153 Thes., 25.3: 368 1.6.4: 423 60.1: 38 Ti. Gracch. 2.2: 420 Symm. 8.7: 35 2.2.3: 40 Ep. 20.2: 113 2.2.11: 175 1.8: 303 Polyb. 2.9: 40, 423 2.60.2: 175 2.8.1: 356 2.9.8–9: 423 Synesius of Cyrene 6.53–54: 113 3.6: 423 Ep. 31.25.6–7: 94 4.15: 463 106: 299 39.2–3: 114 5.14: 40 148: 298 Pomponius Mela, 3.13: 423 6.6: 424 Procop., Vand., 2.6.6–9: 299 18: 423 T Shabbat, 16 (17), 18: 326 Ptol. 19: 423 Tac. Geog. Sil. It., 12.18: 153 Ann. 2.6.3: 423 Stat. 1.5: 153 5.15: 315 Silv. 3.55.1–6: 119 5.3.13: 264 1.3: 40, 55 4.57: 153 2.2: 40, 55 4.67: 38 Rolandino, Cronica, VII, 2: 194 2.2.1–146: 117 6.1: 38 Rut. Namat. 2.2.30: 118 15.13: 153 1.475: 364 2.2.91–113: 40 TCCG 1.475–90: 140 2.3: 55 X 491–510: 421 2.6.67: 357 26–7: 421 3.1: 55 27: 421 Sall., Cat., 12.3: 56, 368 Strabo 33: 421 SEG 3.1.7: 251 58–9: 421 23.121: 367 3.2.7: 251 Theoc., Id., 11.46: 217 23.131: 367 3.2.10: 251 26 546: 357 5.2.6: 138 Val. Max. 53 2003, 220: 367 5.4.7: 153 4.4.1: 94 Sen. 5.4.8: 32, 94, 113 8.1: 137 Dial., 9.2.13: 153 6.2.7: 215 Varro Ep. 8.5: 357 Ling., 8.29: 96 51: 38, 39, 418 8.5.7: 358 Rust. 51.11: 94, 137 10.2.21: 364 1.10.1–2: 32 55: 39, 418 25.4.7: 116 1.1.10: 265 55.4: 38 Suet. 1.13: 265 86: 38, 39, 55, 137, 418, 420, 424 Aug. 1.13.6: 34 86.4: 114, 115 6.1: 38 1.13.6–7: 34, 419 114: 39, 418 8.10: 113 1.13.7: 114, 137 114.9: 40 8.2.2: 113 1.16.2: 252 122.8: 137 65.1: 124 1.16.6: 55 QNat., 7.32.3: 95 92.1: 38 1.17.1: 35 SHA 98.5: 153 1.2.6: 32 Alex. Sev. 100.1: 38, 153 1.2.10: 34 29.2: 424 Claud. 1.2.14: 489 31.4: 424 12: 32 1.2.22: 138 Marc., 3.5: 424 28: 118, 124 1.3–4: 419 Sid. Apoll. Galb. 1.4: 34 Carm. 1.1: 38 2.1: 55 1.18.7.: 192 4.3: 38 2.1.1–2: 395 16: 40 Iul. 2.1.10: 34 18: 40 2.45–53: 119 2.2.1: 395 19: 40 10: 114 2.2.1–2: 356 22: 40 81: 119 2.5.1: 356 22, 142–44: 38 Ner. 2.5.10–12: 356 22.116–119: 423 31: 56 2.5.12: 356 22.142–45: 423 38.2: 113 2.5.18: 356 22.157: 423 Otho, 3.1: 113 3: 34, 138, 418 22.193–94: 423 Tib. 3.1.1–6: 34 22.200–202: 423 4.10: 153 3.1.10: 58, 419 22.218: 421 11.1: 38, 357 3.12.2: 302

576 INDEX LOCORUM

Varro (cont.) Venantius Fortunatus, Carm., 1.18: 7.5: 95 3.13.2–3: 95 192 8.3.10: 364 3.14: 55 Vitr. 3.17: 139 De arch. Xen. 3.17.2: 138, 139, 361 5.10: 420 Oec. 3.17.4: 138 5.11.1: 117 6.12–9.10: 39 3.17.5: 139 6.3: 422 8.2–9: 39 3.17.9: 138 6.3.1–11: 73 3.2.2–18: 419 6.3.8: 95 Y Berakhot, 9, 1, 13a: 326 3.2.4–5: 34 6.3.9: 396 Y Rosh Hashanah, 4, 2, 59b: 3.2.16: 138 6.3.10: 116 326 3.2.17: 56 6.4: 372 Y Shabbat, 12, 3, 13c: 326 3.5: 34 6.4.1–2: 96 3.6: 138 6.5.1: 35 Anth. Lat. 3.6.2: 32 6.5.2: 119, 371 201–5: 299 6.15: 153 6.5.3: 55, 56, 73, 114, 117, 422 287: 299 18: 356 6.5.5: 118 289: 299 Vell. Pat. 6.6: 265 299: 299 1.13.3–5: 114 6.6.5: 34, 55 327: 299 2.23.1: 153 6.7.4: 74, 95 364: 299 2.33.4: 138 6.8.1–10: 34 371–2: 299

INDEX TOPOGRAPHICUM S

Note: Page numbers in Bold refer to Maps and those in Italics to Figures.

Abdera (Thrace) 332, 333, 353, 355n, 360n, Monte de Nora 240 sculpture workshops 156n, 372n, 442, 375n see also Castelo del Lousa; São Cucufate; Torre 486 Abellinum (Campania) 330, 352 de Palma villa Apollonia (Cyrenaica) 298n Abicada (Mexilhoerira), maritime villa Alexandria 257 Apollonia (Macedonia) 331 248, 249 Canopus 348, 368n Apollonia-Arsuf (Palestine) 57n, 309, 317 Abukir Peninsula, Egypt 133, 133 Nilometer 420n harbour 308 Achaea 330, 337–9, 358n, 364n Algeria peristyle-building/mansio 308, 313–15, 315n see also Athens; Lechaion; Marathon; Patrae; Cap de Garde 305n site plan 310 Sparta villas 277–80, 298 villa plan 311 Acharavi (Corfu) 391 see also Hippo Regius; Kaoua; Nador; Tiddis; villa views 312 Acheron river 334, 362n Trois Îlots Apulia 161, 173n, 175n, 419n Aequum (Dalmatia) 377 Alianae (Carthage) 269 Gargano region, villas 163 ‘Afula (Israel) 314 Almenara de Adaja (Valladolid) 254n, 433, 434, imperial estates 168–9 ager Campanus xxxi, 115n 435, 437, 440 late antique villas 170, 176n ager Cosanus 13, 15, 23, 38n Alsium (north of Rome) 25, 126 senatorial estates 164, 174n ager Falernus xxxi, 37n, 159 Altafulla (Tarraco), Els Munts villa 441 survey evidence 160, 162, 173n ager Veientanus 7 Amalﬁ Coast see also Faragola; Posta Crusta; San Giovanni di Agios Konstantinos (Grevena, Macedonia) 331, maritime villas 120, 124n Ruoti 359n, 375n see also Positano villa Aquatraversa (north of Rome) 424n Agnone (Caltanissetta, Sicily) 215n Amalthea (Epirus), villa of Atticus near Aquileia (Friuli-Venezia Giulia) 179, 181, 182 Agrieliki, Mt. (Peloponnese) 340 Buthrotum 329, 339, 345, 356n Aquitania (Aquitaine) xxxii, 220, 221, 229, 234n, Agrigento 198, 201 Ambracia, Gulf of 336, 362n 411 Aguglia near Agosta (Syracuse, Sicily), tomb “of Ampurias (mod. Empories) 238 balnea 420n Marcellus” 215n Anas (Guadiana) river 235 Primulacium 414, 420n Aguilafuente (Segovia) 253n, 441, 446, 451n Anasartha (Syria) 459 Séviac 405 Aigai (mod. Vergina, Macedonia), palace 86, 94n Anclae (Africa), villa 269, 299n villa of Paulinus of Pella 406 Aïn Sarb (Algeria) 277 Andalusia 235, 237 villa plans 230 Ain Scersciara (Libya), villa 285 El Ruedo villa 436 villas in late antiquity 25, 38n, 231–3, 232, 324, Aïn Témouchent (Algeria), villa 279, 302n Annunziata di Mascali (Catania, Sicily) 215n 406 Ain Tounga (Tunisia) 273 Ano Doliana, quarry 330, 351, 358n, 375n Visigothic occupation 406, 413, 418 Airolo (Ticino), villa 186 Antioch (Syria) 52, 363n see also Chiragan Akoni, Mt. (mod. Mt. Kotroni, Peloponnese) House of Menander 366n Arausio (mod. Orange) 6 340, 342, 367n late-antique houses 349, 373n Arcadia 337, 352, 363n Alba (Latium) 420n palace of Seleucids 88 see also Eua Loukou Alban Hills 25, 471 road to Ptolemais 316n Ardea (north of Rome) 420n Albania 379, 388 see also Seleucia Pieria Ariminum (mod. Rimini) 180 see also Butrint; Diaporit; Epirus Antium (mod. Anzio) 22 Arno river 47 Alberquilla (Badajoz), villa 245 Aphek (Palestine) 317 Arróniz (Navarra) 276, 301n, 450n Alcalá de Henares (anc. Complutum), El Val villa Aphorismos, Mt. (Peloponnese) 342, 367n Arzaga (near Desenzano del Garda, Brescia), 428, 446 Aphrodisias (Asia Minor) cippus of 184, 193n Alentejo (Portugal) 239 “palace” 156n Asopos (Laconia) 330

577

578 INDEX TOPOGRAPHICUM

Asprovalta (Macedonia) 331, 360n, 362n Bazas (Aquitaine) 406, 421n Ca l’Estrada (Catalonia) 238 Astros (Peloponnese) 340 Beirut (Lebanon) 52, 58n Caddeddi on the Tellaro (Sicily), villa 209–12, Astrous, Bay of 351 Bella Cortina (Catania, Sicily) 215n 210, 211, 214, 218n Asturian-Cantabrian mountains 235 Benicató (Nules, Valencia), villa 244, Caere (north of Rome) 420n Atella (Venosa) 164, 174n 253n Caesarea Maritima (Palestine) 308, 313, 314, Athens (Roman Achaea) 340, 365n Benitses (Corfu) 391 315n, 323 Akropolis 330 Bergamo 184 Caesarea (Mauretania) see Iol-Caesarea Arch of Hadrian 342, 368n Beroia (Macedonia) 329, 333, 334, 361n, 362n, Caffettedda di Noto (Syracuse, Sicily) 215n Lyceum 7 364n Callaecia (Hispania) 235 Attica 94n, 331, 353, 358n, 372n, 375n Bertolon (Padova) 189 Calpe see Baños de la Reina see also Kephisia; Marathon Bétera (Valencia), L’Horta Vella villa 444, 445, Camarzana de Tera (Zamora) 441 Auﬁdus see Ofanto (river) 452n Campania 112, 141, 142 Augusta Treverorum (mod. Trier) 414, 416 Beth-Shean (Palestine) 52 deserted farms 153, 156n Augustonometum (mod. Clermont-Ferrand) 28, Biancavilla (Catania, Sicily), villa 215n villae maritimae 45, 51, 86, 97, 99, 162, 297 423n Bidente valley 189 villas 22, 47, 159, 160, 402 Aulona (Peloponnese) 340, 342 Biferno valley 156n see also Abellinum; Cumae; Herculaneum; Aumale (Auzia, Algeria) 280 Bir Cùca (Libya), villa 285, 304n Messene; Pompeii; Stabiae Ausculum (mod. Ascoli Satriano) 170 Blankenheim (Germany) 49, 49 Can Farrerons (Barcelona), villa 434, 435, 446 Avitacum (Auvergne), villa of Sidonius Boeotia (Greece) 358n, 364n, 369n Can Palau (Sentmenat, Barcelona) 436 Apollinaris 28, 167, 420n, 423n strait 334 Can Pons (Girona) 238 Boiai (Laconia) 330 Canicattini Bagni (Syracuse, Sicily) 215n Babylon 51, 95n Boscoreale Canusium (Montemilone) 168, 172, 174n Bad Kreuznach (Germany) 48 Villa alla Pisanella 11, 35n, 155n Cap Caboudia (Tunisia) 280 Baetica (Hispania) 48, 235, 246 villa of P. Fannius Synistor 12 Cap Spartel (Morocco) 134 farmsteads 239, 241 Villa Regina 46, 46, 252n Capitou (Var), villa 220, 221 villas 237, 243, 247, 252n, 450n Bouthrotum see Butrint Capo Castello (Elba), villa 128 Baetis (Guadlaquivir) river 235, 240, 246 Bradano river and valley (Apulia) 160, 164, 166, Capo d’Orlando (Messina, Sicily) 215n Bagnoli di Priolo (Syracuse, Sicily) 215n 172 Capo Soprano (Gela, Scily), villa 197 Bagradas river (Tunisia) 269, 283 Brasna (Macedonia) 331 Cappadocia (Asia Minor) 330, 333 Baiae 39n, 94n, 98, 102, 112, 136, 137n, Brentwood, Getty Center 482, 484n Capreae (mod. Capri), imperial villa(s) 25, 38n, 192n Brexiza (Peloponnese) 358n, 367n, 369n 97, 101, 112, 123, 124 hot water springs 124 port 340, 341, 367n Capua (mod. Sta. Maria Capua Vetere) 402 Punta Epitafﬁo 154n villa of Herodes Atticus 330, 340, 341, 343–5, Francolise villa 37n, 159 “villa of Caesar” (under Aragonese Castle) 86 370n, 371n Caput Adriae region 240 villa of Lucullus 101 plans 343, 344 Carmiano (Stabiae), villa 119n, 303n villa of Sulla 101 Brignon (Narbonensis) 226 Carranque (Toledo), villa of Maternus 247, 254n, see also Cumae (villa of Cicero) Brijun/Brijuni (Croatia) 378, 381 430, 440, 450n, 452n, 456 Baixo Alentejo (Portugal) 239 see also Castrum; Valbandon; Verige Bay Carrión (Mérida), villa 242 see also Alentejo Britain 455, 458, 459 Carseoli (Latium) 420n Baltaneto (Naoussa, Macedonia) 333, 334, 338 aisled house 49 Carthage (Tunisia) xxxii, 6, 9, 19, 134, 197 Baños de la Reina (Calpe, Alicante), maritime villas 56n, 192, 460 late villas 269, 281, 283 villa 249, 250, 433, 446, 452n see also Frampton; Hinton St Mary; mosaics 134, 203, 212, 273, 274, 275, 284, 303n Banzi/Mancamasone (near Oppido Lucano, Lullingstone villas 30, 51, 273 Basilicata) 160 Brixia (mod. Brescia) 179, 181, 192n Carthago Nova (Cartagena) 235, 239, 246 Bapteste, near Montcrabeau, villa 230, 231 Bruckneudorf (Austria) 58n Casae (Villa Aniciorum) 269 Barbariga (Istria), villa 136, 383, 385, 391 Bruttium 159, 161, 170–1 Casale villa see Piazza Armerina Barcino (mod. Barcelona) 441, 451n villae maritimae 162, 173n Case Adotta, Partinico (Trapani, Sicily) 215n Torre Llauder villa 444 Bu Ngem (Tripolitania), fort 269, 299n Casignana (Calabria), villa 171, 275, 300n Barcola (Trieste) 387 Budakalász (Hungary), villa 332 Casinum (mod. Cassino) 10, 402, 419n Barricelle/Marsicovetere (Potenza) 164, 168 Bulgaria 361n Cassiciacum (Cassago Brianza), villa 179 Basentello river 164, 168 Burdigala (mod. Bordeaux) 406, 407, 408 Castelinho dos Mouros (Morão) 240, 240 Basilio di Ariano Polesine (Rovigo) 178, 192n Burgos 434 Castelletto di Brenzone (Garda), villa 182, 187 Batten Zammour (Tunisia) 276, 301n Butrint (anc. Buthrotum, Bouthroton) 354n, Castelo da Lousa (Morão) 239, 239, 240, 240 Baumelles, St-Cyr-sur-Var (Var), villa 222 363n, 377 Castroreale San Biagio (Sicily) 201 Bay of Naples xxx–xxxi, 3, 22, 24, 45, 125, 133 Amalthea villa 329, 339, 345, 356n villa 199, 199, 200, 216n, 265n luxury villas 78, 85–6, 94n, 97, 101–2, 119n, amphitheatre 393 Castroreale Terme (Sicily) 175n64 141 Malathrea 355n, 380 Castrum (Brijun) 382, 392, 393 villae maritimae 42, 97, 249 Roman colony 377, 388 Castrum Novum (mod. Santa Marinella) 125, 126 villas of Republican politicians 23, 26, 97, 101, see also Diaporit; Masklenitsa Castulo (Prov. Jaen) 235 110–11, 487 Butrint, Lake 388 Catalonia 237, 238, 242 see also Baiae; Herculaneum; Misenum; Byllis (Epirus) 377 villas 236, 246 Oplontis; Pompeii; Somma Byzacena (el-Bejar), Kasserine see also Centcelles; Gerunda; Laietana; Vesuviana; Stabiae; Surrentum; region 4 Tarraconensis Vesuvius Byzantium (Thrace) 332 Cavailaire, bay of, villas 127

INDEX TOPOGRAPHICUM 579

Caystros river, Lydia 136 villa of Servilius Vatia 25, 39n Emerita Augusta (mod. Mérida) 241, 432, 441, Centcelles (near Constantí, Catalonia), villa 237, Cyrenaica 269, 298, 299n 447 249, 430, 441, 450n, 458 Cyzicus, siege of 413, 423n Emilia 180, 181, 184, 192n Centocelle (anc. Centum Cellae) 20 Ephesus (Asia Minor) 52, 156n Centum Cellae (mod. Civitavecchia) 25, 375n Dalmatia 377, 380, 387, 388, 396n Ephyra (Greece) 239 Cerro da Vila (Quarteira) coast xxxiii, 387, 395 Epidaurum (Dalmatia) 377, 388 lagoon 241, 243 estates 378 Epirus 334–7, 335, 354n, 362n port/ﬁshing 243 islands 179, 388 coast 387, 395 villa 240, 243, 247, 248, 253n Muline 456 Roman colonies 352, 356n, 377 Cervar-Porat, bay 384 Roman colonies 377 Roman intervention and incorporation 356n, Cheliotomylos (Kokkinobrysi) 329, 338, 339, villas 395 377 355n, 365n see also Iader; Spalato, 9002.bpalace of villas 339, 352, 353, 388, 395, 487 Cherchel hinterland 270–2, 273 Diocletian estates 352, 377, 395 Chiragan (Martres-Tolosane, Haute-Garonne), Dax 421n see also Amalthea; Buthrotum (Butrint); villa 416, 417, 418 Dehesa de Doña Maria (Badajoz), villa 245 Diaporit; Dyrrhachium; Hagia early phases 229, 231 Dehesa de la Cocosa (Badajoz), villa 237, 243, Pelagia; Ladochori; Riza; Stroggyle portrait collection xxxii, 413, 414, 415, 253n, 436, 456 Ercavica (Cañaveruelas) 428 424n, 441 Demna–Wadi El Ksab (Tunisia), villa maritima Erešove Bare (near Narona) 387 Cilento (Lucanian coast) 162 283 Eua Loukou (Peloponnese), villa of Herodes Cillium (mod. Kasserine) 272, 300n Demnet el-Khozba (Oued R’mel=Arremel, Atticus 329, 340, 345–6, 346, 350–1 Cirta (mod. Constantine, Algeria) 269, 273, 277, Tunisia), villa 282, 282, 298, 303n aula (j) 347 280, 300n, 302n Desana, villa (near Vercelli, Piedmont) 186 basilicas 450, 347 Città di Castello see Tifernum Tiberinum Desenzano (Garda) 96n, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185, basilica (1) 347 Ciudad Real, La Ontavia 446 187 grounds 351 Clos de la Lombarde (Narbonne), urban houses Faustinella villa 182, 185, 187, 193n heröon 348, 349, 351, 374n 407 Diaporit (Epirus), villa 380, 388–91, 389, 390, 391 heröon-cenotaph (r) 345, 348, 349, 372n Clupea (mod. Kelibia, Tunisia) 283 abandoned 390, 391, 394 later monastery 372n Cologne see Colonia Agrippina basilica 393, 457, 463n marble for 330, 358n Colombarone (Pesaro), villa 179, 185 Djemila (Algeria) 269, 274 nymphaeum 339 Colonia Agrippina (Cologne, Köln, Germany) Djerba (Tunisia) 19, 273, 298 sculptural and mosaic adornment 348–50, 48, 50 Dougga (Thugga, Tunisia) 272, 273, 298 355n, 368n, 424n Como, Lake see Larian Lake Drač evica (Naro valley) 388 temple-heröon (r) 346, 347–8, 348, 349, 371n, Complutum see Alcalá de Henares Dretelj(Naro valley) 388, 396n 372n Comum (mod. Como) 179, 5 Drinos valley 377 Euboea (Greece) 334, 353, 366n, 375n Constantine (Algeria) see Cirta Druten (Netherlands) 49 Évora 248, 462 Constantinople, as imperial capital 52, 195, 353 Durrueli di Realmonte (Sicily), villa 201, 201, see also Ebora Liberalitas; Tourega Cordillera of Baetica (Malaga) 239 202 Extremadura 235, 241 Corduba (mod. Córdoba) 246, 253n Dyrrhachium (mod. Durrës) 332, 377, 388 Corfu 388, 391 Faragola (mod. Ascoli Satriano), villa 170, 170, Corinth 337, 338–9, 351, 355n Ebora Liberalitas Iulia (mod. Évora), villa 237, 171, 172, 175n, 219n, 450n destruction 146 BCE xxxiii, 329 241 Faustinella (Desenzano), villa 182, 185, 187, 193n Roman colonies 352, 364n, 373n Ebro valley 236 Fazana (Istria), amphora workshop 381 villas 353, 365n ‘Ein ez-Zeituna in Wadi ‘Ara (Nahaḷ ‘Iron), Fiumefreddo (Messina, Sicily) 215n see also Lechaion mansio 314 Fontanellato (Cannetolo, Parma), villa 188, 192n Corte Cavanella (Loreo, Rovigo), mansio 178, El Akbia (near El Milia, Algeria), villa 280, 302n Fornač e (Istria) 383, 393 192n El Alia (Tunisia) Forum Iulii (mod. Fréjus) 220 Corte Olona (near Pavia) 179 El-Erg villa with triconchos 281, 302n Fossa Bradanica (Apulia) 165, 172 Cortija Cecilio (Fiñana, Almería) 241 villa maritima 273, 274, 275, 280, Fraga (Huesca), villa of Fortunatus 237, 253n, Costa di Piraino (Trapani, Sicily) 215n 302n 432, 443, 452n Cotta (Morocco) 134, 135 El Bardoune (Syria) 459 Frampton (Dorset) 458, 459 Courelas de Antas (Vidigueira), villa 242 El Moré (Catalunya), villa 251 Francolise (near Capua) 159, 172n Cremona El Moro villa (Tarragona) 246, 251n Posto villa 159 Palazzo Pignano, villa 179, 185, 186, 457 El Ruedo (Córdoba), villa 241, 243, 246, 247, Villa San Rocco 37n, 46, 159 Roman colony 180 252n, 436, 437 Friedberg-Pﬁngstweide (Germany) 49 Croatia 275, 365n sculpture collection 442 Friuli-Venezia Giulia 240 Croix de Fenouillé (Gard), villa 230 water supply 247, 253n Cuevas de Soria (Soria), villa 247, 253n El Saucedo (Toledo) 550n, 461, 462 Gabes (Tunisia) 269, 276 Cumae 102, 137n El Tesorillo site (Málaga) 240, 240 Gadalete river (Málaga) 240 Caputo’s villa 47 Elba (anc. Ilva) 128 Gades (mod. Càdiz) 134, 236 Cicero’s villa (Cumanum) 26, 39n, 101, 102, Els Ametllers (Girona), villa 241, 252n, 431, 451n Galeata (Ravenna) 179, 188, 189 109, 115n, 118n Els Munts (Tarragona), villa 248, 251n, 441 Galicia 235 elite villas 101, 110, 112, 118n Els Tolegassos (Girona), villa 241, 252n Gallia Belgica 415, 416 luxury villas 86, 98, 102, 115n Elvas (Quintas das Longas) 247, 254n, 432, 437, see also Welschbillig Sulla’s villa 39n 437, 442, 442, 443, 450n Gallia Narbonensis 220, 221, 224, 233, 406

580 INDEX TOPOGRAPHICUM

Gallia Narbonensis (cont.) Henchir Safia (Algeria) 301n senatorial estates 378, 381 Baeterrae 33n Heraclea Caccabaria (mod. Cavalaire-sur-Mer, stamps 381, 396n early villas of Roman type 213 Var) 127 villa rustica 385, 386 La Ramière villa near Roquemaure 221 Herakêh (Syria) 459 villae maritimae 126, 384, 385, 395n Theopolis fortified villa 412 Heraklea (Apulia) 160, 162 villas 381, 383, 391, 394, 395n villas of first and second centuries CE 222–4, Herculaneum 103, 141, 297, 477 see also Barbariga; Verige Bay 223, 226, 227, 228, 233 excavations 143, 236, 476, 484n Italica (mod. Santiponce) 243 villas in late antiquity 225, 227–9 frescoes 274 see also La Croix-Valmer; Narbo; Prés Bas House of the Hotel 116n, 119n Jaffa see Joppa Garda House of the Mosaic Atrium 78, 84n, 111 Jerba see Djerba lake 179, 182, 183, 187, 191 House of the Stags 78, 80, 103 Jericho (Judaea), Herodian villa 51 see also Desenzano; San Cassiano House V6-7 339 Jezreel, Valley of 314 Gardon river 226, 227, 234n roads 66 Joppa (mod. Jaffa) 308, 314 Garonne, estuary of 407 Samnite House 481 Judaea 51, 52, 314, 316n Garonne River 220, 412 senatorial houses 101, 110, 111, 113n, 119n Jumilla (Murcia) 237, 436, 452n Gaulos see Gozo Suburban Baths 108 Gaurus, Mt. 285 suburban villas 107, 116n, 119n Kalama (Epirus, Greece) 329 Gela (Sicily) 207 urban houses (domus) 3, 29, 47 Kalydon (Roman Achaea) 337, 364n villa at Capo Soprano 197 Villa of the Papyri 68–70, 69, 70, 101, 105, Kaoua (near Oued Sensig, Algeria), villa 280, 280 Gerace (Sicily), villa 212, 212–14, 213, 214, 215n, 476–83 Kasr Soudane (Tunisia), villa 273 219n bronzes from 478, 481, 482 Kasserine-Thelepte-Sbeitla region 4, 272, 273, Gerticos (Hispania) 433 construction on cliff 78, 154n, 484n 298, 299n, 300n Gerunda (mod. Girona) 431 corridors 307n Kastro Kalithea (Thessaly), villa 338, 365n see also Bell-lloc; Els Ametllers; Els Tolegassos; discovery and excavation 78, 118n, 476–7, 477 Kato Doliana (Peloponnese) 340, 345 Vilauba library 26, 111, 305n, 372n see also Eua Loukou Għajn Tuffieħa (Malta) 260 ownership 73, 115n Kato Souli (Peloponnese) 340, 366n baths 259, 260, 260–1, 261, 265n peristyle gardens 89 Katoro (Istria) 383, 383, 393 Gibraltar, Straits of 134, 235, 446, 452n sculpture collection 349, 372n, 373n, 374n, Kephallonia, island 334, 353, 355n, 362n, 375n Gioiosa Jonica (Bruttium), Nanoglio villa 171, 478, 483n Kephisia (Greece), villa of Herodes Atticus 328, 176n villae maritimae 47 340, 345 Gironde river 229 water supply 361n garden cemetery 363n, 366n Gouffre des Bouchers (Nîmes) 222 Herdonia (Apulia) 160 road to 342, 367n, 368n Gozo (anc. Gaulos) 255, 256 Herzliya (Palestine) 308 Kerratin (Syria) 459 see also Malta; Ramla Bay Hinton St. Mary (Dorset, Britain) 458, 459 Kharba (Algeria) 279, 302n Grassa (Carthage), maritime villa 269, 299n Hippo Regius (mod. Annaba) 268, 303n, 305n Kolci (Brijun, Croatia), villa 382, 383, 392 Gravina di Castel di Tusa (Messina, Sicily), villa Hispania Baetica see Baetica Köln (Germany) see Colonia Agrippina 215n Hispania Citerior 235, 239 Köln-Müngersdorf (Germany), villa 48, 48, 57n Gravina di Puglia (Apulia) 168, 171 Hispania Ulterior 235, 239, 240 Komboloi (Macedonia), villa 332, 332, 359n Greece 18–19, 328–9, 335, 352–4 Histria see Istria Koper (Brijun) 392 cultural influence on Rome xxxiii, 28, 45, 52, Holy Land 52 Korč ula, island 388 86 Horta Vella (Bétera, Valencia) 444, 445, 452n Kos, island, Askelpeion 87, 94n Roman annexation xxviii, xxxiii, 2 Hvar, island 377, 380, 387 Krokeai (Laconia, Greece), marble quarries 330 villa estates archaeology 331 Kythera, island 330 villa owners 329–31 Iader (Dalmatia) 377, 380, 387 see also Achaea; Athens; Corinth; Epirus; Eua Iberian peninsula 247 La Alberca (Murcia) 436 Loukou; Kephisia; Macedonia; archaeological research on villas 236–8 La Chebba (Tunisia), villae maritimae 281, 301n, Marathon; Patrae early rural settlements 238–41 303n Grémecey (France) 49, 49 early villas 241–2 La Croix-Valmer (Var) 222 Gytheion (Laconia) 330 later villas 248–50 villa Pardigon 1/3: 224–5 luxury villas (second and third centuries CE) villa Pardigon 2: 127, 128, 224 Ħal Kirkop (Malta), village 262 245 villa Pardigon 3: 127, 128, 224–5 Hadrianopolis (Epirus) 377 Roman conquest 235, 241 La Estación (Andalucia), villa 244, 253n Hagia Pelagia (Epirus), villa 334, 356n, 362n villa architecture 242–6 La Llosa (Tarragona), villa 241, 451n mausoleum 363n, 366n see also Baetica; Tarraconensis La Madala (Zaragoza), villa 248 Haidra (Ammeadara, Tunisia) 274 Igoumenitsa (Epirus) 391 La Malena (Zaragoza), villa 247, 253n, 438, 450n, Hambach region (Germany) 48 Illyricum (Greece) 332 452n Hammat Tiberias (Palestine) 322, 324 Iol-Caesarea (mod. Cherchel, Algeria) 270, 272 La Olmeda (Pedrosa de la Vega, Palencia), villa Henchir Botria (Tunisia) 139n Issa (mod. Vis, Croatia) 387 247, 251n, 253n, 254n, 429, 430, 434, Henchir El Begar (Tunisia) 299n Isthmus (Roman Achaea), Pillar of Theseus 342 451n Henchir el-Guellali (Tunisia) 300n Istria 391 La Ramière near Roquemaure (Gard), villa 221, Henchir et Touil (Tunisia) 300n fishponds 192n, 384 225, 229 Henchir Hamouda (Tunisia) 272 fullonicae 395n, 396n La Saracca (Astura), villa 131, 132 Henchir Mettich (Tunisia) 299n oil production 37n, 383 La Sevillana (Badajoz), villa 240 see also Villa Magna Variana Roman colony 377 La Spezia (Le Grazie-Portovenere) 180, 192n

INDEX TOPOGRAPHICUM 581

villa of Varignano Vecchio 180, 181, 192n Los Cipreses (Jumilla, Murcia), villa 237, 246 Oinoe 339 La Torrecilla (Madrid), villa 250 Los Quintanares (Rioseco, Soria) 434, 253n, 434, Marina di Avola (Sicily), villa in contrada Ladochori (Thesprotia, Epirus), villa 334, 353, 451n Borgellusa 198 362n, 391 Loupian (Hérault) Marina di Patti (Sicily), villa 208, 208–9 Laietana (Catalonia) 236, 242, 434 Palazzo Pignano church 457 Marina di S. Nicola (Ladispoli), villa 126, 137n Lalonquette (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) 155n, 230, Prés-Bas villa 220, 224, 225, 228, 229 Markys Yialos (Crete), villa 353 231, 233 Louros river 334, 362n Marroquies Bajos (Jaen), villa 251 Lamarque (Tarn-et-Garonne), villa 229, 230 Lucania 159, 160, 161, 171 Martigues (Bouches-du-Rhône), Laurons villa Lambaesis (mod. Lambèse) 269 imperial estates 168–9, 175n 222 Lancine near Halaesa (Messina, Sicily), villa 215n late antiquity 169–70, 176n Mas Gusó (Girona), villa 242, 252n Languedoc (Languedoc-Roussillon) senatorial estates 164, 174n Masklenitsa (Thesprotia, Epirus), villa 334, 336, villas 135, 220, 229, 460 villae maritimae 162 352, 353 see also Gallia Narbonensis; Loupian villas 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 173n Masseria Ciccotti (Oppido Lucano), villa 160, Lanuvium 22, 154n see also Masseria Ciccotti; San Giovanni di 164–8, 165, 167, 172, 174n, 175n Laos (Lucanian coast) 162 Ruoti Phase I 165 Larian Lake (Lacus Larius, mod. Lake Como) Lucentum (Alicante), Casa Ferrer I villa 246 Phase II 166–7 115n, 23, 179, 469 Lucus Feroniae (Cosa), villa 17–18, 27, 39n Massilia (mod. Marseilles) 407, 408 Las Cruces (Sevilla) 241 Lullingstone (Kent, Britain), villa 455, 455–6, 456 Paulinus’s villa at 406, 407–8 Las Motas (Badajoz), villa 243, 245, 253n Lumbarda (Korč ula) 388 Mataró (Barcelona), Torre Llauder villa 444 Las Musas (Navarra), villa 246 Lusitania see Portugal Mauretania 270, 277, 298n, 412 Las Pizarras (Segovia), villa 250 Lydia, Hypaipa inscription 136 Maxulitanum litus (Tunisia) 269 Las Rozas (Extremadura), farm 241 Mazaro del Vallo (Sicily), villa in contrada Las Tanujas (Toledo), villa 250 Macedonia 18, 114n, 335, 354n, 355n, 361n, 377 Mirabile 197, 197 Las Vegas de Pedraza (Segovia) 436 andron 197 Mdina (Malta) 255 Las Vegas de Pueblanueva (Talavera de la Reina) Roman property owners 329, 352, 356n, 358n Mediolanum (mod. Milan) 179 436, 456, 456 Roman villas 339, 352, 353 Mediolanum Santonum (mod. Saintes) 407 Latium 19, 32n, 118n, 402 royal villas 53, 360n Medjerda river see Bagradas villas 22, 160, 375n rural farmsteads and villas 332 Megalepolis (near Carthage) 332, 360n Laurentum (Latium) 22, 99 suburban villas 334 Megras (or Megradis) (Libya), Villa Aniciorum Pliny’s villa (Laurentinum) 3, 28, 31, 40n, 115n, towers 331, 358n, 359n 269 423n, 467, 470–3 Madrague stream 222 Meldola (near Ravenna), royal complex 189 amores mei pavilion 419n, 473, 473–4, 474 Magaille Est (near Nîmes) 222 Melite (chief city of anc. Malta) imaginary reconstructions 471, 471–2, 472, Magna Graecia 160, 176n domus of Rabat 255–8, 257, 258, 260, 263 473, 473–4, 475n Mahdia (Tunisia) 94n, 280 see also Malta Pliny’s descriptions 93, 137n, 305n, Mahón (Menorca) 438 Meninx (Djerba, Tunisia) 273 424n Málaga, El Tesorillo villa 240, 240 Meseta Central (Spain) 235, 236, 251n, 428, 429, Laurons, villa (Seneyme near Martigues) 222 Malathrea (Epirus) 356, 380 447 Lavello/Casa del Diavolo (Ofanto) 164 Malibu, Getty villa 476–83, 480, 481, 483 Messara, plain of (Crete) 331 Lechaion (Roman Achaea), villa 329, 338, 339, Lansdowne Herakles 479 Messene (Roman Achaea) 366n, 330, 337, 340, 339, 353, 365n, 366n Malta (anc. Melite) xxxii, 255, 256, 487 358n, 366n, 488 Leptis Magna (Libya) 51, 268, 269, 363n agricultural villas 261–3 Messina (Sicily) 199, 208, 215n, 219n amphitheatre 286, 293, 306n Għajn Tuffieħa baths 259, 260, 260–1, 261, Metapontum (Bruttium) 160 hinterland farms 285, 304n 265n Mieza (Naoussa, Macedonia) 333, 333, 365n Villa of the Maritime Odeon 275 Punic antecedents for Roman villas 263–4 Milreu (Faro, Algarve), villa 242, 243, 244, 245, villas near 265n, 286, 286, 288, 304n, 305n San Pawl Milqi 258, 261, 261–2, 264 247, 248, 250 Les Guardies (Catalonia) 238 Tad-Dawl villa 262, 262–3 baths 442 Les Teixoneres (Catalonia) 238 villas 258–9 church 444, 461 Lete (Macedonia) 332 Żejtun villa 263, 263, 264 entrance 344, 370n Country House A 332, 333, 334, 352, 353, see also Gaulos (Gozo); Melite (chief city) re-design 243, 247, 248, 250, 253n, 254n 360n Mameleiros, Cerro da Vila (Lusitania) 241 Minna (Libya), villa of Marsus 269 Leucasia (Catania, Sicily) 215n Mana Spring (Eua Loukou) 351 Minori (Amalfi) 120, 124n Leukas, island 334, 356n, 358n, 362n Manerau (Romania), villa 336, 336, 363n Misenum 23, 25, 38n, 94n Libya 285, 304n, 486 Mani (Laconia, Greece) 330 Cornelia’s villa 94n, 101, 114n baths 260, 265n Maniace (Catania, Sicily) 215n Misterbianco (Catania, Sicily) 215n see also Cyrenaica; Leptis Magna; Oea; Silin; Marathon (Roman Achaea) Mlet (Croatia), villa 275, 300n Tagiura; Tripolitania; Zliten bay of 367n Mljet, island 392 Liédena (Navarra), villa 237 roads 367n, 368n Mogador (Morocco) 277 Liternum (Cumae), villa of Scipio Africanus Marathon (Roman Achaea), villa of Herodes Moltone di Tolve (Potenza), villa 160, 160 420n, 25, 39n, 101, 137n, 413, Atticus 340–5, 341, 355n, 488 Monroy (Cáceres), villa 243, 245 424n Brexiza 343–5, 367n Montcrabeau (Lot-et-Garonne), Bapteste villa Locri (Bruttium) 171 estate 328, 329, 330, 340, 342, 354 230, 231, 233 L’Olivet d’en Pujols (Girona) 238, 238, 252n fish farm 330 Monte de Nora (Alentejo), villa 240 Lombardy 181, 184, 192n, 460 inscriptions 342, 366n, 370n Monte Gelato (near Rome) 363n, 461, 462 Loron (Istria) 384, 386, 392, 395n memorials 370n Montegrotto (Padova) 179, 189, 189

582 INDEX TOPOGRAPHICUM

Montemilone see Canusium; Venusia Olympia (Peloponnese) 363n features of 58n, 205, 206, 300n Monti Lattari (Campania) 120 balneum 346, 371n Great Hunt mosaic 203, 205, 212 Montmaurin (Haute-Garonne), villa 231, 233, palaestra 87, 94n medieval village 209 418 Onchesmos (mod. Saranda) 393, 397n plan 155n, 204 atria 409, 409, 410, 412, 418 Oplontis 75, 84n, 489 Piedmont 181, 460 larger 410 Villa B 76, 78, 118n Pinto (Madrid), Tinto Juan de la Cruz villa 446 smaller 410–11 see also Torre Annunziata, 9002.b“Villa of Pithecusae, Greek colony 141 origins 229, 234n Poppaea” Pla de l’Horta (Girona) 432, 449n water supply 422n Oppido Lucano (Potenza) 160 Pla de Nadal (Valencia) 244, 429, 447, 448, 452n Mornaguia plain (Tunisia) 283 see also Masseria Ciccotti Placentia (mod. Piacenza) 180 Morocco (Mauretania Tingitana) 272, 277, 298, Oran (Algeria) 280 Plassac (Gironde), villa 229, 231, 234n 299n Oristano (Sardinia), Muru de Bangius 175n, 178, Po river valley 47 Cotta 134, 135 179 delta 388 Moselle 49, 415 Orontes river 88 Pola (mod. Pula) 179, 377, 386–7, Muline (Dalmatia) 456 Ostia 3, 32n, 137n, 140n, 200, 473, 481 392, 395 Muru de Bangius (Sardinia), villa 175n, 178, 179 House of Cupid and Psyche 339 Polač e 392, 394 House of the Muses 155n Pompeii 47, 67, 84n, 117n, 141, 478 Nador (Algeria) 269, 271, 370n, 412 Isola Sacra 336 Amphitheatre 66 facade 38n, 275, 412 Oued Athménia (Algeria), villa 276, 277, 277–9, Capitolium 65 Nahaḷ ‘Iron (Israel) 314, 315n 278, 279, 284, 298, 302n, 303n centuriations 103, 116n Naniglio (Bruttium), villa 171, 176n Oued R’mel (Arremel, Tunisia) see Demnet el- House of the Centenary 84n Naples Khozba House of D. Octavius Quartio 361n convent of St Teresa 121 Oued R’mel basin, Segermes (Tunisia) 273 House of the Faun 87, 113n, 114n, National Archaeological Museum 372n, 513, Oued Sensig (Algeria) 280 118n, 481 478, 480 House of the Golden Bracelet 117n see also Bay of Naples; Neapolis Pag, island 387 House of the Golden Cupids 111 Narbo Martius (mod. Narbonne) 220, 407, 408 Palazzo Pignano (Cremona) 179, 185, 186, 457 House of the Labyrinth 40n Naro, valley of 388 Palazzolo Acreide (Syracuse, Sicily) 215n House of the Large Fountain 482 Narona (Dalmatia) 377, 380, 387, 388, 391, 392, Palazzolo (Ravenna) 188, 188 House of the Marine Venus 117n 396n Palencia House of the Menander 84n, 111, 372n Navarra 432 Quintanilla de la Cueza 434 House of Orpheus 95n Arellano 434, 435, 438, 439, 440, 446 villa of Dueñas 441 House of Pansa 47 El Ramalete 248, 431, 441, 450n see also La Olmeda House of Sallust 481 Las Musas 246 Palermo (Sicily) 198 House of the Vettii 365n Liédena 237 Palestine 312, 315n, 317, 320, 325n houses with double-atria 71 Neapolis (mod. Naples) 112, 141 coast xxxiii, 313 paintings 77, 77, 249, 274, 317, 369n territory of 141 see also Apollonia-Arsuf Palazzo Imperiale 40n see also Bay of Naples; Naples Paliomanna (Beroia, Macedonia) 333, 334 peristyle gardens 111, 216n Neapolis (Nabeul, Tunisia) 139n Pano Magoula (Roman Achaea), villa 338, 338, Porta Herculanea 66, 116n Nekromanteion of Ephyra 239 353, 355n Regio IV 64 Nemausus (mod. Nîmes) 222, 226 Parc Central (Tarragona) 457 as Roman colony 119n, 364n Nettuno (Lazio) 133 Pardigon villas see La Croix-Valmer Small Theatre 66 Nicopolis (Palestine) 313 Parentium (mod. Poreč ) 377, 384, 385, 392, 395 urban houses (domus) 3, 29, 40n, 297, 305n Nikopolis (Nicopolis) (Epirus) 357n, 365n, 377 Pasargadae (Persia) 89, 95n Via delle Tombe 66 Actium monument at 388 Patrae (Roman Achaea) 337–8 Via Superior 66 see also Hagia Pelagia; Masklenitsa; Riza; Roman colony 328, 329, 352, 355n, 356n, vicinity of 12, 141, 159 Stroggyle 364n, 487 villa of Gaius Vibius Pansa 101 Noheda (Castilla-La Mancha), villa 427, 428, urban houses 338 villa of M. Vipsanius Agrippa Postumus 101 450n, 451n villas 337, 353, 364n villa of Marcus Marius 101, 113n Nola (Campania) 156n viticulture 351, 364n villa of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 101, 115n imperial villa 25, 143, 153n workshops 364n villa of Sextus Pompeius 101, 115n shrine of St Felix 414, 423n Patti Marina see Marina di Patti villa of Cicero (Pompeianum) 26, 66, 101, territory xxxi, 141, 143, 153n Pax Iulia (mod. Beja) 237, 444 112, 115n Noto (Sicily) 209 Pedrosa de la Vega (Palencia) see La Olmeda Villa of Diomedes 66 Nuceria (Campania) 102, 116n Penela (Coimbra) 434, 452n Villa of the Mysteries 46, 64, 69, 70, 109, 119n Nuvolento (Brescia), villa 188 Pergamon 87, 94n, 257 Exedra 66 Nyssa (Cappadocia), villa 52, 333 Périgueux, Civitas Petrucoriorum 421n plans 64, 65 Pesaro, Colobarone 185 Sala Absidata 66 Oderzo (Treviso) 182, 182 Pharos (Dalmatia) 377 wine-pressing room 46 Oea (mod. Tripoli, Libya) 265n, 268, 285, 304n Photike (Epirus) 356n, 377 villae suburbanae 46, 47, 107, 116n Ofanto (Auﬁdus) river and valley 163, 168, 172 Piano di Carpino (Avicenna), villa 163 water installations 361n Oinoe (Peloponnese) 340, 341, 367n, 368n Piazza Armerina (Sicily), villa del Casale 196, see also Boscoreale; Oplontis; Stabiae Old Woman’s Sheepfold 341–2 202–8, 203, 213, 214, 218n, 219n, Pont du Gard 226 Olisipo (mod. Lisbon) 241 306n, 427, 429 Ponza, island, Grotto di Pilato 154n

INDEX TOPOGRAPHICUM 583

Poppaea, Villa of see Torre Annunziata Reate (Sabina) 43, 419n St.-Gaudens see Montmaurin Populonia (Livorno) 65, 128 Reilla (Messina, Sicily) 215n Saint-André-de-Codols, villa 227, 229 Poreč see Parentium Relizane area (Algeria) 280 Saint-Michel de Lescar (Pyrénées-Atlantiques), Portici (south of Naples) 476, 478 Resina (Campania) 476 villa 229 Porto Saturo (Tarentum) 163, 163 Riberia de Quarteira (Lusitania), lagoon 241, 243 Sakiet-ez-Zit (Tunisia), villa 303n Portoferraio, gulf of 129 Rielves (Toledo), villa 237, 253n Salerno, Bay of 120 Portugal (anc. Lusitania) 237 Río Verde (Marbella), villa 246 Salina Bay (Malta) 261, 262 Ebora Liberalitas Iulia 241 Rioseco, Soria see Los Quintanares Salona (Dalmatia) 365n, 377, 387, 388 Elvas region 442 Riva del Garda see San Cassiano Sambuca di Sicilia (Agrigento, Sicily) 215n see also Alentejo; Castelinho dos Mouros; Riza (Preveza, Epirus), villa 329, 334, 352, 356n, Sambuco (Etruria), villa 240 Castelo da Lousa; Milreu 362n, 363n, 391 Samnium 168 Posillipo (Naples) 478 Roggiano/Larderia (Calabria), villa 171, 176n San Cassiano (Riva del Garda), villa 179, 190, 190 Positano, villa 120–4, 489 Rome San Felice see Vagnari/San Felice eruption of Vesuvius (79 CE) 121 Ara Pacis Augustae 86 San Gilio (Apulia), villa 165, 167, 172, 174n first modern investigations 121–4 Arch of Constantine 218n San Giovanni di Ruoti (Potenza), villa 159, plan of town 121 Arch of Titus 371n 160, 169–70, 171, 173n, 228, 233n, 337 triclinum 122, 123 Auditorium Villa 19, 20, 173n, 487 San Luca (Sicily), villa 198, 198 Posta Crusta (Apulia), villa 160, 240, 252n Aventine Hill 46 San Pawl Milqi (Malta), villa 258, 261, 261–2, 264 Potenza 159, 160, 164, 173n Campus Martius 43, 100 see also Barricelle/Marsicovetere; Masseria Carinae, Esquiline hill 99 San Pietro di Tolve (Apulia), villa 165, 166, 167, Ciccotti; Montone di Tolve Circus Maximus 203, 291 172 Praeneste (mod. Palestrina) 22, 84n, 87, 102, Colosseum (Flavian amphitheatre) 371n San Pietro in Gravesano (Ticino), villa 186 115n Domus Aurea 29, 47, 81 Santa Marina, bay 384 Predore (Bergamo) 184 Forum 29, 99 Santa Pola (Alicante) 446 Premià de Mar (near Barcelona) 434, 435, 446 Comitium 100 Santo Stefano in Trino (Vercelli) 186 Prés-Bas, villa at Loupian (Hérault) 220, 224, tabernae veteres 99 Santones (mod. Saintes) 407 225, 228, 229 Forum of Caesar 100 São Cucufate (Vidigueira), villa 228, 237, 242, Prima Porta (near Rome), Villa of Livia 25, 86, House of M. Aemilius Scaurus 127 243, 244–5, 247, 249, 250, 253n, 444 107, 117n House of St John and St Paul 155n Sapri (Cilento) 162, 163 statue of Augustus 143, 415 Palatine Hill 22, 26, 46, 99, 109, 422n Šaraja (Pula), villa rustica 386, 387 Primulacium (Aquitania) 25, 414, 420n Coenatio Iovis 103 Saranda (anc. Onchesmos) 393, 397n Provence 135 Domitian’s palace 103, 347 Sardinia 44, 175n, 178, 404, 420n Ptolemais (Palestine) 268, 316n House of Livia 274 Šć edro, island 387 Puerta Oscura (Malaga), maritime villa 249 temple of Heliogabalus 107 Scythopolis-Beth Shean (Galilee), house 420n Pula see Pola Pincian Hill, villa of Lucullus 101 Sebou valley (Morocco) 272 Punta Tresino (Lucania) 162 Porticus of Metellus 87 Segermes (Tunisia) 273, 282, 298 Puteoli (mod. Pozzuoli) 98, 112, 115n, 139n Porticus Octavia 114n Segobriga (mod. Saelices) 428 Cicero’s villa 26, 39n, 97, 101, 110, 115n, 423n S. Sebastiano 155n Segovia Pyrna stream (Kephisia) 340 Saepta Iulia 100 Aguilafuente 253n, 441, 446, 451n St. Peter’s basilica 336 Las Pizzaras 250 Quarteira (Algarve), Cerro da Vila, villa 240 Sta. Costanza 186, 457 Las Vegas de Pedraza 436 Quesada (Jaén) 253n Theatre of M. Aemilius Scaurus 100 Seleucia Pieria (Antioch), House of the Drinking Quinta de Marim (Olhão, Algarve) 436 Theatre of Marcellus 100 Contest 323, 323, 366n Quinta Marin (Lusitania), villa 250 Theatre of Pompey 100 Seneyme see Martigues Quintana del Marco (Léon) 451n Velian hill 99 Senia (Dalmatia) 377 Quintas das Longas (Elvas), villa 247, 254n, 432, Villa “Farnesina” 91, 274 Sepphoris (Palestine) 51, 317, 318, 324, 325, 437, 442, 443, 450n Villa Publica 43 326n, 327n Quote San Francesco (Locri), villa 171 Roquemaure (Gard), La Ramière villa 221, 225, House of Dionysos 318–20, 319, 323, 325 229 House of Orpheus 320–2, 321, 325 Rabaçal (Coimbra), villa 248, 249, 434 Rusicade (mod. Skikda, Algeria), villa maritima Serville (Belgium) 49 Rabat (Melite), domus 255–8, 257, 258, 260, 263 280, 302n Sétif (Algeria) see Sitifis Racalmuto (Agrigento, Sicily) 215n Settefinestre villa (Cosa) 17–18, 37n, 47, 71, 73, Radès (Tunisia), villa of Geiseric 269 S. Domenica di Visinada (Istria) 385, 386 118n, 138n, 259 Radovin (Illyria) 380 S. Maria del Vocante (Messina, Sicily) 215n Carandini interpretation/report 11, 16, 36n, Ramalete (Navarra) 248, 431, 441, 450n S. Nicolò di Carini (Trapani, Sicily), villa 215n 44, 162 Ramat Hanadiv (Caesarea) 52 S. Teresa di Longarini (Syracuse, Sicily), villa oil and wine presses 37n Ramla Bay (Gozo), villa maritima 258, 259, 215n peristyle 70 259–60, 260 Sabbâ (Syria) 459 Settefrati (Palermo, Sicily) 215n, 218n Rapolla/Albero in Piano (Apulia) 164 Sabratha (Tripolitania) 155n, 268, 269, 286, Séviac (Gers), villa 229, 231, 405, 421n, 461 Rasalgone (Catania, Sicily) 215n 304n, 306n Sfax (Tunisia), villa 281, 281, 303n Ravenna 179, 185, 188, 353, 391, 392 Sabucina Bassa (Caltanissetta, Sicily) 215n Sharon plain 308, 313, 314 Byzantine church architecture 169 Sádaba (Zaragoza) 436 Sicily 213 Galeata 188, 189 Saguntum (mod. Sagunto, Valencia) 246 agricultural estates xxxii, 44, 195 Palazzolo 188, 188 St.-Cyr-sur-Mer (Var), Baumelles villa 222 fishing/maritime villas 136

584 INDEX TOPOGRAPHICUM

Sicily (cont.) Sperlonga (Latium) Thaenae (Tunisia) see Thina villas xxviii, 19, 24 Tiberius’ villa 131, 138n Thamusida (Morocco) 272 early Empire 199–202 Villa Prato 86, 137n Thelepte (Tunisia), tomb of C. Iulius Dexter Durrueli di Realmonte 201, 201, 202 Stabiae 84n, 97–113, 274, 489 near 273, 300n see also Castrolreale San Biagio “panoramic domus” 103, 103, 104 Thermae Himeraeae (mod. Termini Imerese, late Antiquity xxxii, 202–14 site plan 98 Sicily) 197 Caddeddi 209–12, 210, 211, 214, 218n Villa Arianna 37n, 70, 71, 102, 105, 106, 106–7, Thessalonica (mod. Thessaloniki, Macedonia) Gerace 212, 212–14, 213, 214, 215n, 109, 109, 115n, 116n, 154n 333, 352, 356n, 357n, 359n, 360n, 432 219n Room 7 (studio) 111, 119n Oraiokastro 352, 353, 362n Marina di Patti 208, 208–9 triclinium 106, 111, 118n Thessaly 332, 338, 359n, 365n see also Piazza Armerina Villa del Pastore 105, 106 Thina (anc. Thaenae, Tunisia) 303n under Republic 196–8 villa of Pomponianus 103, 109, 115n Thrace (Greece) 332 Marina di Avola 198 Villa San Marco 37n, 46, 103, 104, 105, 107–8, Abdera 333, 352, 353, 355n, 360n, 375n Mirabile 197 109, 116n, 117n, 154n Thyamis river (Greece) 329, 356n San Luca 198, 198 atrium 104, 107 Thyreatis, Bay of 351 see also Castroreale San Biagio; Piazza peristyle 89, 105, 108, 117n Thyreatis (Peloponnese) 345, 351, 375n Armerina triclinium 111, 118n Thysdrus (mod. El Djem, Tunisia) 411 Sidi Ghrib (Tunisia), villa and bath building 283, villae maritimae 47, 369n Tiaret (Algeria) 277 283–5, 284, 285, 298, 303n, 304n village of 103, 116n Tiber river and valley 102, 140n Sierra Morena (Andalusia) 235, 236 villas 102–3, 107, 116n Tiberias (Palestine) 317, 318, 322–4, 325 Šijana (Istria) 386 construction and contents 108 “Basilical Complex” 323, 323–4 Silin (Libya) 305n peristyles 105, 117n Great Academy of Tiberias 322, Villa of the Maritime Odeon 288, 288, 289, senatorial ownership 108–9, 119n 326 307n Stari Trogir (Dalmatia) 388 Hammat suburb 322, 324 Villa of the Small Circus 288, 289 Stora (Algeria) 280 Tibur (mod. Tivoli) villae maritimae 288 Stroggyle (Epirus), villa 334–7, 391 Flavius Valila’s church 186 Wadi Yala “Villa of Silin” (“Villa of the Bull”) Strymon river (Macedonia) 332 senatorial villas 20, 22, 23, 38n, 40n, 99, 100, 289–93, 290, 291, 292 Suessa Aurunca (Campania) 402 102, 112, 487 bathhouse 292, 292, 303n Surrentum (mod. Sorrento) 28, 78, 124 Tibur (mod. Tivoli), Hadrian’s Villa (Villa garden areas 291, 291 Augustus’s villa 101, 112 Hadriana) 111, 348, 350, 369n, 371n mosaics 290, 290–1, 297 maritime villa 28, 30, 112, 117n Heliocaminus Baths 344 Simitis (mod. Chemtou) 149, 306n Susa (Persia) 89, 95n Island Enclosure garden 345, 370n, 419n Sirmione (Brescia), “Grotte di Catullo” villa 182, Sustjepan (Dalmatia) 388, 392 marble Herakles 479 183, 187 Sybaris 171 Scenic triclinium and canal complex 38n, 349, Sisteron (Gallia Narbonensis) 412 Syria 57n, 229, 317 371n Sitiﬁs (mod. Sétif, Algeria) 277, 279, 300n, 302n Hellenistic tenant farms 52, 58n Small Baths 344 Sizzano (Novara) 186, 187 late antiquity 459 Tiddis (Algeria), tomb of Q. Lollius Urbicus 270, Skikda (Algeria) see Rusicade 270 Soline Bay (island of Hvar) 395n Ta’ Kaċ ċ atura (Malta), villa 263 Tifernum Tiberinum (Tuscanum) (mod. Città di Somma Vesuviana, “Villa of Augustus” 141–53, Tabarka (anc. Thabraca, Tunisia), villa 275, 276, Castello), villa of Pliny the Younger 142 281 21, 28, 31, 39n, 102, 371n, 423n, 467, building dates 150–1 Tad-Dawl (Malta), villa 262, 262–3 468, 474n dates of artistic and utilitarian objects 151 Taguira (Libya), Gara delle Neridi villa 32n, Timgad (Algeria) 269, 306n, 361n discovery of site 141–4, 142 286–7, 287, 297, 306n Tinto Juan de la Cruz villa (Pinto, Madrid) 446 intermediate terrace 150, 151, 152 Tal-Ħlas (Malta), villa 263 Tipasa (Mauretania) 271, 298n, 299n, 412 corridor and portico 148 Talavera de la Reina, Las Vegas de Pueblanueva Tivoli see Tibur later use 150 436, 456, 456 Toledo 250 Room 7 (large apsidal room) 148, 149 Taormina-Giardini (Catania, Sicily), villa Vega Baja 441 Room 10 (small apsidal room) 148 maritima 202, 215n see also Carranque; Rielves lower terrace, Room 12 (wine cellar) 150, 151, Tarentum (mod. Taranto) 40n, 162 Tor Caldara (Anzio), villa 129 152 Porto Saturo 163, 163 Torre Annunziata upper terrace 144, 144–7 Tarraco 235, 423n, 441 Le Mascatelle 75, 76 Area 13 (open-air paved) 144–5 Tarraconensis, province 221, 235, 241, 250 Sarno Canal (Canale del Sarno) 75, 77, Room 1 and decorations 145, 146, 147 peristyle villas 246 79 Room 1/4 147 Tave river valley 226, 228 Terme Nunziate 78 Room 2 (formal hall) 147 Tel Aviv Kurkar Bed 308 Villa B 76, 78, 118n Room 4 and decorations 145, 145, 146 Tellaro river see Caddeddi “Villa of Poppaea” (Villa A) 75–83, 77, 90, 93, views 143, 152 Tergeste (mod. Trieste) 179, 377, 383, 386, 387 154n Souk el-Lhoti (Tripolitania) 457 Terme Neroniane (near Bertolon) 189, 190 building history 81–3, 86, 92 Spalato (Spalatum) (mod. Split, Dalmatia), palace Termitito (Lucania), villa 160, 162, 162 enﬁlade windows 81, 81 of Diocletian xxx, 30, 275, 371n, 375n, Terracina (Latium), Tempio Piccolo 65 garden room 81 411 Terravecchia (Agrigento, Sicily) 215n Hellenistic design elements 87, 87 Spania, Byzantine Hispanic province 235 Terrinches (Ciudad Real), La Ontavia villa 446 landscape 85–94 Sparta (Roman Achaea) 330, 337, 338, 358n Thabraca see Tabarka plan 76, 76–7

INDEX TOPOGRAPHICUM 585

porticoes and gardens 88, 89, 90, 93 Tyndaris, Sicily (mod. Tindari) 197, 209, 216n Verige Bay (Brijun) 136, 378, 381, 381–2, 383, site (cliff-top) 77–81, 78 Tyrrhenian coast 384, 392, 393, 396n Torre Astura (Anzio), maritime villas 125, 131, port facilities 173n Verneuil-en-Halatte (France) 48, 48 132 villas 98, 125, 131, 162, 378 Verona 179 Torre de Palma (Monforte, Alentejo), villa 237, Tyrrhenian sea 13, 132, 136, 138n Vesuvius, Mt 152 243, 245, 441, 442, 450n, 451n eruption 79 CE xxxi, 45, 115n, 121, church 461, 462, 464n Umag (Istria) 392 467 Torre Lauder (Barcelona), villa 241, 250 Utica (Tunisia) 134, 254n eruption 472 CE 143 Torrox-Costa (Marbella), maritime villa 237, Uzège region 226 see also Somma Vesuviana 251n Via Gabina, villas 364n Toscolano (Lake Garda), villa 182, 183 Vada Volterrana, villa of Albinus Caecina 136 Site 10: 219n, 362n Tossa de Mar (anc. Torsa) 431 Vagnari (Apulia), vicus 168, 175n Site 11: 362n Tourega (Évora), villa 248 Vagnari/San Felice, villa 168, 171, 175n Vilamoura (Lusitania), villa 245 Trecastagni (Catania, Sicly), villa 215n Valavani plot (Naoussa, Macedonia) 333, 334, Vilauba (Girona), villa 237, 242, Tria Platania (Macedonia), villa 331, 332, 359n 361n 250 Trier (Germany) 57n, 58n, 417 Valbandon (Brijun) 383, 384, 391 Villa Magna Variana (Fundus Villae Magnae see also Welschbillig Valdetorres del Jarama (Madrid) 249, 434, 442, Varianae, Mappalia Siga, mod. Tripoli (Oea, Libya) 265n, 268, 285, 304n 443 Henchir Mettich, Tunisia) 269 Tripolitania 266, 268, 269, 298, 304n Valentine 456 Vinassan (Narbonne), La Grangette villa 221 Souk el-Lhoti 457 Valeria (mod. Las Valeras) 428 Vitaljina (Naro valley, Croatia) 388 Wadi el-Amud 270 Valletta, Grand Harbour 258 Vizula (Istria) 384, 391 see also Leptis Magna; Sabratha; Silin; Taguira; Var 226 Volcei (mod. Buccino) 159 Tripoli (Oea); Zliten see also Baumelles; La Croix Valmer Volturno river valley 47 Trois Ilôts (Algeria), maritime villa 271 Varco stream 165 Volubilis (Morocco) 254n, 272, Tsiﬂiki (Macedonia) 375n Varignano, bay of 180 273 Tudela (Navarra), El Ramalete 248, 431, 441, Varignano Vecchio (La Spezia), villa 180, 181, Vulture river (Potenza) 163 450n 192n Tunisia 134, 139n, 266, 272, 280–5 Vasio Vocontiorum (mod. Vaison-la-Romaine) Wadi el-Amud (Tripolitania), tombs 270 bathhouses 276, 301n 421n Wadi Lebda (Libya), villa 286 late antiquity 269, 298 Vega Baja (Toledo) 441 Welschbillig (Trier, Gallia Belgica) 414, 416, mosaic pavements 273, 276 Veli Brijun see Brijun 416–18, 417, 424n villas and farms 269, 272 Velia (Cilento) 162 see also Carthage; Demnet el-Khozba; Djerba; Velitrae (Alban Hills) 25, 38n Yugoslavia 379 El Alia; Kasserine; La Chebba; Veneto 33n, 41n, 178, 240 Segermes; Sfax; Sidi Ghrib; Tabarka Venice 420n Zadar (Dalmatia) 380 Tuscanum (Pliny’s villa) see Tifernum Tiberinum S. Marco 205 Zaragoza see La Madala; La Malena; Sádaba Tusculum (Latium) terraferma 31 Żejtun (Malta) villa 263, 263, 264 Cicero’s villa 23, 26, 259, 265n Venosa (anc. Venusia, Potenza) 164 Zeugma (Turkey) 51, 57n Licinius Lucullus’s villa 22, 39n, 118n Venusia (mod. Venosa, Potenza) 168, 172n Zliten (Libya), Dar Buk Amméra villa 293, villas 20, 25, 99, 102, 112, 115n, 356n, Venusia river (Potenza) 163 293–7, 296, 297, 307n 419n, 487 Vercelli (Piedmont), Desana villa 186 mosaics 295, 296

INDEX VERBORUM S

ab pseudourbanis see villa pseudourbana agri deserti (deserted farms), Campania 153 Alans, settlers in Gaul 421n Abraham, sculpture 414 agricolae (small independent farmers) 13, 16, 35n, Albinus Caecina 136 Abundantia, in mosaic 294 44, 402 Albinus, Caeonius Rufius 207 Achileas (student of Herodes) 349 see also coloni Alcibiades 417 Achilles agricultural treatises and manuals 3, 7–9, 486, Alcubierre, Roque Joachin 476 in mosaics 209, 429 487 Alexander the Great, sculpture 414 portrait sculpture 414 Carthaginian (Mago) 19 Alfonso III, King of Leon 433, 448 Achilles and Penthesilea sculptural group 349 centrality of the villa 10–11 alimenta Italiae (scheme for charitable obligation) Achilles in Skyros 440 on estate buildings 8 5, 32n, 34n Acilia, sarcophagus 155n evidence for “status creep” 402–5 Pliny and 419n Actium, Battle of (31 BCE) 99, 112, late antiquity 401 allec/hallec see fish sauce 329, 377 later rediscovery and translations 12, 31 Aloisius, architect 190 Adelphius, villa at Nyssa, Anatolia 52, 333 and traditions and antiquities 9–10 alos (agricultural land, Greece) 331, 354 adfinis (wider family), obligation 72 see also Cato; Columella; Palladius; Varro Alphius, banker/money-lender 40n, 403, 419n Adonis agriculture “Altus” (horse) 279 and Cybele, mosaic, Arellano 438 change to pasturage in late antiquity 461 Amazons, sculpture 349 mosaic, Carranque 440 commercial (“capitalist”) farming 53 Mattei-type 373n Adriatic Islands Project 380, 387 financial returns for villa estates 9, 34n ambulationes Aeacids 330 grain exports from Sicily 195 North Africa 287, 288, 297 aedes publicae (public buildings) 179, 190 and growth of cities 20, 44 Torre Annunziata 79, 83 monumentalization of 243 Hispania 236, 238 Verige Bay 382 named from builders and patrons 411 and late-antique re-ruralization 408 Villa of the Mysteries 65, 66 Tiberias 322 long-distance trade in goods 3, 32n, 44 see also corridors see also palatia moral vigor of ancient farming methods 9 Amphitrite, in mosaic 202, 280, 287 aediculae and natural resources 128 amphorae 32n, 137n fountains in 247 North Africa 266, 272 Africana IIC type 139n “Villa of Augustus” 149 pre-Roman Greece 331 Dressel 2/4 type 127 Aegialus, later owner of Scipio’s villa 424n Punic antecedents in Malta 7, 255, 263 Dressel 6B 381 Aelii family 246 role of villa in late antiquity 426 Gauloise 4 type 224, 233n Aemilius Lepidus Porcina, M. 126 specialization, Greece 331 Keay 25 and 35B types 139n Aemilius Paullus, Lucius 114n, 377 workers and slaves 15–16, 51 Lamboglia 2/Dressel 6A 387 Aeneas and Dido scene, mosaic 349 see also villas, as agricultural estates Late Roman 1 and 2: 392 aerial photography, discovery of centuriation 6 agrimensores (surveyors/“land-measurers”) 5, 6, manufacture of 127, 128, 242, 381, 384 Aesculapius, sculpture 441 162 Amymone, in mosaic 284 Aethiopia, mosaic, Piazza Armerina villa 203 Agrippa Postumus (M. Vipsanius Agrippa Anicii family 186, 269 Agathion, Herodes Atticus and 345, 370n Postumus) 101, 124, 425n Anicius Faustus, Q. 269 Ager Falernus survey 159 Agrippina Minor, mother of Nero 98, 248 Annii Caprae family 10 Ager Faliscus 461 agronomists, and elite ideology 1 annona (food dole) 170 ager publicus (public land) 5, 172n Aiòn (Time), personification 166, 167, 291 Antinöos (Antinous), sculpture 441 agglomérations rurales, North Africa 270, 272 “aisled house” villa form, Britain 49 Antinöos-Dionysos, heröon-cenotaph at Eua bath-houses 276 alae (wings) Loukou 345, 347 development from modest villas 283 three-wing villas, Hispania 242, 243, 250 Antiochus, king of Syria 73 Agnellus, bishop 188 in traditional atrium layout 64, 68, 69, 70 Antonia Minor, portrait bust 425n

586

INDEX VERBORUM 587

Antonine Itinerary, North Africa 269 use of Greek terms 45, 85 Piazza Armerina 202, 207, 214 Antoninus Pius, emperor 265n, 270, 368n variations 488 see also apsidal halls Aper, provincial governor 460 arete (virtue) 348 aule (agricultural buildings in Greece) 331, 354, Aphrodite, in mosaic 439 Aristotle 7 367n apodyterion (dressing room, in baths) 45, 216n, on being amateur 39n Aulus Gellius 72, 328 259 Arzygius, Betitius Perpetuus, governor of Sicily Ausonius of Bordeaux (Decimus Magnus Oued-Athménia (Algeria) 277 205 Ausonius) 58n, 407, 416, 417, 421n, Apolausis (pleasure) 349, 373n Asclepius 348 459 Apollinaris, Domitius, correspondent of Pliny ashlar (wall construction) Ephemeris 453, 454 467 Apollonia-Arsuf 311 Auxilium (named tower) 412 Apollo 423n Malta 258, 262 aviaries 10, 32n, 45 marble relief, Marina di Patti 209 Ashmolean Museum, model of Pliny’s villa 472 for commercial rearing of birds 130 Apollodorus of Damascus 473 Ashtart (Juno), inscription 264 Aviti family 423n Apollonios, son of Archias of Athens 477 Asiatic Corinthian capitals, “Villa of Augustus” Avitus, Caius Valerius 441 Apollonius of Tyana 414 145 Avitus, Eparchius, emperor 411 Appius Claudius Pulcher 10, 43 Asinius Celer 130 Appius Hermias, Sextus 386 Asinius Rufinus, M. 140n Bacchus 423n apses, added to rooms in late antiquity 247, 248 Assyrian royal palaces 53 Bacchus, in mosaic apsidal halls, late antique 163, 185 Ataulf, Visigoth 421n Caddedi 211 Basilical Complex, Tiberias 323 Athena Promachos marble sculpture 477 Marina di Patti 209 basilicas at Eua Loukou 345, 347–8 Athena-Farnese statue type 348 Zliten, fresco 295 Gallia Narbonensis 227 atria ambitiosa (Martial) 330 Bacchus-Liber, in mosaic 294 octagonal/circular 433 atrium (atria) 73 balnea (baths) see bath-house, bath complexes Southern Italy 169, 171 double-atria houses 71, 180 baptisteries for stibadia 23 with impluvium 160, 352, 409 Can Ferrerons 446 “Villa of Augustus” 147, 148, 151 Greece 338, 352 Hispania 433 see also aulae; triconchos tetrastyle, Macedonia 333, 334 at villa of Sulpicius Severus 414 Apuleius, Lucius 268 Torre Annunziata 77 basilicae Aquatraversa (on Via Cassia), villa with portraits Montmaurin 410–11, 418 in late villas 23, 412 424n Villa of the Mysteries 64, 66 in luxury villas 111, 347 aqueduct systems atrium Corinthium, Montmaurin 410 as public buildings 2, 347 Amalfi Coast 124n atrium lunatum 412 basis villae (artificial platform) 23, 87 Eua Loukou 351 Montmaurin 409 Loron 384 Marathon 340, 341 villa of Pontius Leontius Masseria Ciccotti 165 Masseria Ciccotti 166 atrium-peristyle sequence San Gilio 165 Piazza Armerina 203 atrium at entrance to villa 11, 43, 47, 63 Settefinestre 70–1 Arabs (conquerors), country houses in Roman peristyle at entrance to country villas 11, 43, 47 Villa of the Mysteries 65, 67 style 54 and social function of villa 68, 409 villae maritimae 126, 162 archaeological excavations, early 172 Vitruvius’s inversion 63–4 Bassus, senator 440 Balkans 379–80 Atticus Herodes, Tiberius Claudius (father of bath-houses, bath complexes (balnae) 2 Greece 328, 331 Herodes Atticus) 330, 345 Columella and 404 Herculaneum (Villa of the Papyri) (1750) Atticus, Titus Pomponius 39n, 114n, 118n, 329, remodeled for storage and manufacturing 444 476–8 339, 487 “ring-type” (half-axial) 343 Positano 120 estates in Greece 352, 377 Aquitaine 229, 231, 233, 420n see also Bourbon dynasty; field surveys; Attis, mosaic, Arellano 438 Baumelles 222 surveying auditoria (private reception rooms), “Villa Brexiza 343 arches of Augustus” 151 Casignana 171 commemorative 2 Augustine (Aurelius Augustinus) of Hippo, St Castroreale San Biagio 199–200 late antique 191 268, 406, 454 Diaporit 390 architecture Augustus, emperor 3, 25, 58n, 125, Eua Loukou 346 of agricultural buildings on villa estates 8 153n Gerace 195–214 Greek elements in luxury villas 86–9 bi-millenary celebration 143 Għajn Tuffieħa 260–1 Greek public elements 105, 111 and Hispania 235 Hispania 241 iconography of 111, 408, 488 numen 423n Montegrotto (Terma Neroniane) 189–90 of late antique villas and public buildings 191, as Octavian 97, 98 Montmaurin 231 408 Prima Porta type head at Chiragan 415 North Africa 268, 272 late antiquity regio X(Venetia et Histria) 377 agricultural villages 276 Iberia 247–8 and senators 112 Demnet el-Khozba 282 central-plan villas 433–6 villas on Capri 97, 101 Gara delle Nereidi, Tripolitania 287 double octagon, Valdetorres de Jarama aula regia (apsidal) 53 Oued-Athménia (Algeria) 277–9 434 aulae 219n, 247, 248, 250 Sidi Ghrib 284–5 uniformity in elite villas 23–4, 54, Eua Loukou 339, 346, 347 Silin 292 357n, 485, 486 octagonal/circular central halls, late antique Oinoe 341 urban forms 2 Hispania 433, 434 Piazza Armerina villa 207

588 INDEX VERBORUM

bath-houses, bath complexes (balnae) (cont.) Eua Loukou 351 ecclesiastical networks 187 Prés Bas 224 to drain marshes at Brexiza 343, 344 effect on late antique villas 443 Ramla Bay, Gozo 259 in villa gardens, Greece 333, 345, 347 effect of villas on practice and discourse 453 Sicily 201 candelabrum, “Villa of Augustus” 145, 149 elite identity and 458–60 Stabiae villas 109 Carlos III, king of Spain 237 and fashion for stibadia 438 Verige Bay 382 Carthage in Hispania 427, 428 Villa San Marco 107 and origin of Roman villa 19, 50 iconography 24, 280, 454, 489 Bede, Ecclesiastical History 192 and Punic agricultural legacy 7, 255, 263 and Latin rhetoric 401 Bellerophon, in mosaic 431, 458, 459 Caryatids 373n martyr cults 393 Bellicius Sollers 4 casas fuertes (fortified farmsteads) 239, 250 northern Italy 187 Benedict of Nursia, St, and Subiacum 457 Cassa per il Mezzogiorno 75 ritual spaces 454–6 bet midrash (study hall) 323 Cassiodorus (Flavius Magnus Aurelius role of bishops 428, 457, 462 Great Academy of Tiberias 326n Cassiodorus), senator 38n, 189–90, transition to 453 biclinium (dining room), Macedonia 333, 361n 457 villa owners and 180, 405–6 Bigelman, David 473 Institutiones 453 see also baptisteries; churches; monasteries “Bildungslandschaften” (intellectual landscapes) on Istria 391 churches 45 castela (fortified farmsteads) 239 baptismal fonts 454, 457, 461 Bourbon dynasty, and archaeology 115n, 236, 476 castella (fortified buildings) 37n, 53, 268, 280 at late-antique villa sites 405, 443, 444, 453, Boyle, John, 5th earl of Orrery and Cork 469, castrum, transformation of Sirmione villa to 183 454, 455 470 cathedra (clergy-seat) 457 Adriatic villas 392, 395 Bracciolini, Poggio 31 Cato (Marcus Porcius Cato) 19, 238 Diaporit 393 breccia (stone), Africano 260 and centrality of villa 10 Eua Loukou 350 brick and tile-making 118n, 384, 486 De Agricultura 8 former temples 282, 444 figlina Pansiana 388 and definition of villa 19, 42 in Istria 379 on villa estates 4, 225–6 on estate equipment (instrumenta) 35n São Cucufate 444 see also roof tiles; stamps; tubuli Origines 9 within abandoned villas 461 bricks and villa owner as paterfamilias 8, 402 parish or community 455, 456 Roman, at Taguira 32n, 287 Cato the Younger (Cato of Utica) 23 private chapels 24 see also opus spicatum Catullus, C. Valerius 114n, 182 relationship to mausolea 186 Brigades Topographiques, field survey 270 Ceán Bermúdez, J.A. 237 and rural settlements 426, 462 British Museum Cecilianus, villa owner 431 Tunisia 283 Carthage mosaics in 212, 274 cellae vinariae 11, 487 Cicero (M. Tullius Cicero) 26, 39n, 488 terra sigillata wares 154n Palladius’s arrangement of 404 on clusters of elite villas 22 Bronze Age 329, 380 Prés-Bas villa 224 on Diodorus Melitensis 255 Bruttia Crispina, wife of emperor Commodus “Villa of Augustus” 150, 151, 153 on fishponds 130 164 Celtiberian people 236, 241 friends of 110, 118n Bruttii Praesentes family, villa at Rapolla 164 cemeteries and Gaius Verres 72–3 Bruttius Prae[sens], C. 164 Epirus 334 on Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus 479 burgus, Pontius Leontius’s villa as 28, 38n, 412 Gallia Narbonensis 228 and obligations of negotium 27 burials Herodes Atticus’s garden 340 on otium 85, 102 Visigothic 446 see also burials; mausolea; necropoleis Verrines 197 within churches 444 centuriation 2, 5–6 villas of 26, 101, 102, 109 within villa buildings, late antiquity 392, 434, Corinth 338 visit of Julius Caesar 97 443, 446, 461 discovery of 6 Cimon, Athenian general 330 see also cemeteries; necropoleis Istria. Dalmatia and Epirus 377 Cincius Hilarianus, M. 271, 412 bybliothecae (libraries) 3, 26, 39n, 111 northern Italy 181 cippus (pillar with inscription), Arzaga 184 Eua Loukou 348, 372n Parentium 385 “Circle of the Strait” (Gibraltar) 235 Verige Bay 382 and Roman mensuration 5 Circumcelliones (Christian fanatics) 406 Villa dei Papiri 478 Stabiae 103 cista mystica (basket), “Villa of Augustus” 145, 149 byssus (for textiles) 337 Ceres 266 cisterns 6 chapels see churches barrel-vaulted 280, 294 cadasters, administrative land lists 5 Charles VII Bourbon, king of Naples 115n, 476 Brexiza 344, 369n Caius Iulis Crispus, C IVLI / CRISPI stamp on Chi-Rho (Christogram) in fortified farmsteads 239 dolia 155n fresco 455 for irrigation 387 calcei patricii (red leather shoes) 111 in mosaic 432, 458 Malta 263 Callimachus 349 chóra (agricultural environs of towns) 51, 377 cities Calpurnii Pisones family 39n, 387 Christ changes in late antiquity 401, 407–8, 426, 428 Calpurnius Candidus 304n in mosaic 458 and commercial agriculture 20, 44, Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, Lucius portrait sculpture 414 51 in Getty’s novella 479 Christianity and Christian church gardens and orchards in 46, 47, 99 Villa dei Papiri 26, 101, 478 archaeological evidence of 454–8 growth of 2 Calpurnius Piso, Gaius 116n attacks by Christians on villas and owners 406 Sicily 197 Calvia Crispinilla 384 and classical culture 438, 458 clarissimi (members of the senatorial aristocracy) canals eastern provinces 52 207

INDEX VERBORUM 589

Clarus, acolyte of Martin of Tours 460 convivium (conviviality) 322, 474 landscape elements, Macedonia 334 Claudia Corneliana 184 Pliny’s Tuscan villa as epitome of 467–70 see also coenatio; stibadium; triclinium; triconchos Claudii Attici, Marathon 330, 352, 488 Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi 94n, 101 diœcesis Hispaniarum 432, 447 see also Atticus Herodes (father); Herodes corridor-type houses, Epirus 336 Diocletian, emperor 30, 235, 411 Atticus corridors Diodorus Melitensis 256 Claudius Brasidas, Tiberius 357n Apollonia 311, 312 Diodorus Siculus 128, 332 Claudius, emperor 4, 124, 316n in later villas 248 D(iomedes?), mosaic, Caddeddi 209 statue group 257 “Villa of Augustus” 148 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 367n Claudius Frontius, Tiberius 330 zebra-stripe, indicating slave quarters Dionysus (Dionysos) clay beds, for pottery manufacture 32n, 127, 138n 36n, 80 imagery at “Villa of Augustus” 145, 146, 150, clientes (client system) 3, 26 see also ambulationes; cryptoporticus 151, 152 and social obligation 72, 99 Cossinii family 329, 352 in mosaic floors 24, 319, 427 clinae (dining couches) 247 courtyard houses sculpture 348, 441 Clodius Quirinalis, P. 387 Aquitaine 229, 230 dolia, “Villa of Augustus” 150, 151, 155n Cluvius, M. 118n, 422n with corner towers 19 dolia defossa (wine jars, sunken) 12, 127 Cneus Aevius Mysticus, CN AEVI / MYSTICI eastern provinces 51 for fermentation of must 239, 487 stamp on dolia 155n Epirus 334 Prés-Bas 224 Cneus Ateius, terra sigillata wares 154n Hispania 241 Tarraconensis 241 Coelius Publius, Marcus 357n Macedonian farmsteads 331 Verige Bay 382 coenatio (dining room) courtyards, with cellae 17, 18 “Villa of Augustus” 150 Masseria Ciccotti 166, 167 Crassius Tertius, Lucius 78, 88 dominus and domina (villa owners) 404, 405, 412, Stabiae 103 Crassus, M., Licinius 39n 489 cognatus (direct relative), obligation 72 cryptoporticus representation in frescoes 285 coin hoard, Macedonia 360n development of 45, 93 representation in mosaic 30, 207, 275, 285, 489 coloni Villa San Marco 108 wedding in mosaic (La Malena) 438 Paulinus’s view of 460 cubiculum-triclinium suites of rooms 69, 70, 73 Domitia Lepida Major 166 as small and tenant farmers 13, 16, 51, 55n, 160, cubitus 311 Domitian, emperor 119n, 243, 347, 381 402 Cucufate, St 444 Domiti.Cnidi, L. 166 see also agricolae culina (kitchen), Apollonia 312 domuncula (little house/linked suites) 69, 71 colonia (new settlements, for veterans) 6, 487 Culot, Maurice 473 domus presbiterialis 188 Corinth 338 cupids, fishing 203, 206 domus (urban houses) 3 in Gaul 128 curiae (city council buildings) 2 political function of 47, 99 Greece 329, 352 cursus honorum 100, 110 Rabat (Malta) 255–8 Hispania 241 cursus publicus (state transport system) 178, 179, representations of villas in 29, 30 Istria. Dalmatia and Epirus 377 440 Rome 22 northern Italy 180 curtis regia (Lombard royal domain) 191 rural (villa) elements in 29, 46, 47 Patrae 337, 487 Cybele, and Adonis, mosaic, Arellano 438 size of households 127 Ptolemais 316n Cylin[drus], Cn 219n as suburban houses in late antiquity 408 southern Italy 160, 172n Cyzicus, siege of, in wall painting 413 termed villas 51, 485 Stabiae 116n, 119n doorways, round stone slabs to seal (Malta) 262 colonnades Damianus, sophist 340 Doryphoros of Polykleitos 477 in representations of villas 30, 87 Daphne 479, 480 drones, for archaeological surveying 33n “villa linéaire a galerie” 248 Dardanus, Claudius Posthumus 412 Dulcitius, villa of El Ramalete 431, 441 see also peristyle decennalia 432 Columella (Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella) Decius, emperor 155n earthquakes 236, 486 decor (principle of suitability) 11 Caesarea 115 CE 313 De Re Rustica 8, 11, 403–4 decuriones (municipal councillors) 114n, 258, Crete 365 CE 218n, 287 on fish farming 130, 131–3 293 Judaea 363 CE 318 necessity of balneum 404 defensive ditches, rural sites in Gallia late third century CE 350 on parts of villa 43 Narbonensis 222 mid-sixth century CE 350 on profitability of estates 404 D’Elbeuf, Emmanuel-Maurice de Lorraine, duc Sicily 361/3 CE 208, 212 comes sacrarum largitionum (Count of the Sacred 476 Sicily c.400 CE 209 Largesse) 432 Delmatae tribe 377 édifices à trois corps (villas with three wings) 242, Commodus, emperor 119n, 164 Demetriades (family of the Anicii) 186 243, 250 portrait sculpture 350, 441 Dexo of Tyndaris 73 ekphrasis Constans, emperor 430 dextrarum iunctio 438 description of villas in literature 1, 10, 27–9, Constantina, mausoleum of 457 diaetae (day rooms) 78, 103–5 459 Constantine, emperor 449n, 457 Diana, in fresco 295 Pliny’s forms of 28, 403, 467 construction techniques 487 Digest of Justinian (530–533 CE) 13, 134 elites see also ashlar; opus caementicium; opus mixtum; dii hospitales 72 and ancestral prestige 24–5, 99, 413–14, 458 opus quadratum; opus reticulatum; opus diligentia (frugality) 10 and clustering of villas 22–3, 86 testacaeum; pisé and luxuria 403 competitiveness among 26, 100 conventus civium Romanorum (Roman dining rooms ideology of landownership 42, 401, 486 communities abroad) 329 fashions in 23, 91 ideology of Romanitas 45, 459

590 INDEX VERBORUM

elites (cont.) figlina Pansiana tiles 388 Fontana, Domenico 75 late antique 53, 191 figlinae (tile-kilns) 118n fonts, baptismal 454, 457, 461 Hispania 428 Filoserapis comp[...] inscription, in mosaic 291 fortifications preoccupation with literary pursuits 401 Filosofilo locus, in mosaic 279 and military camps 2 and transfer of land to Church 443 First Jewish War (66 CE) 314 North Africa 50 provincial 411, 413, 438, 486 fiscus (treasury) 5 urban centers in late antiquity 407–8 and social obligation 27, 486 fish farming 130 fortified farmsteads villa owners in Greece 24, 330, Boeotia 364n, 369n Adriatic 380 357n Brexiza 330, 369n Iberia 238, 239 villas and self-identity 458, 459 capital outlay 133 Lusitania 239 see also senatorial class; villa owners freshwater 130 transformation to villas 240 emblemata, mosaic elements 24, 257, 274 later antiquity 446 fortified villas “Villa of Augustus” 149 marine 130–3, 344 eastern provinces 52 Zliten 294 and transport for fresh fish 133, 139n late antique 53, 352, 392 encomia, of villas in literature 1 see also fishponds North Africa 271, 275, 280 Ennius, Quintus 413 fish salting 134, 136, 140n, 337, 338, 446 Fortuna, sculpture 441 Epaminondas, of Acraephia, Boeotia 358n later antiquity 446 Fortunatus, villa of Fraga 432, 443 epistyles (flat arches) 145–7 fish sauces (garum, allec/hallec, liquamen) 4, 134 Forty Martyrs of Sebaste 393 equites, ordo equestris (knights) 26, 100 Hispania 235 forum (fora) Erennius, son of emperor Decius 155n Istria 384 late antique cities 407–8 Eros, sculpture 441 North Africa 266 Mediolanum Santonum 407 erstagula (slave quarters) 107, 176n production in late antiquity 446 Sepphoris 318 Etruria (Etruscan world) 19 fishing, open-water commercial 134–5 Tiddis 270 euergetism (charitable activity) 45, 350, 443 Greece 333 fountains Euphrasius, senator 440 Lusitania 241, 243 fountain-basins, North Africa 287, 294, 299n Eupolemus of Calacte 73 Patrae 337 Hispanic villas 247 Euryclid family 330 weirs 135 marble water basin, Macedonia 361n Eutropius 411, 413, 423n fishponds 130, 131–3, 331 urban villas 323 Abukir Peninsula, Egypt 133 see also nymphaeum familia (household) 3, 13, 99, 402 as architectural display 131 Four Seasons theme obligations to 27 Astura, La Saracca villa 131 busts at Masseria Ciccotti 166 family names, and farming traditions 10 Baños de la Reina, Calpe 446 mosaic floors 24, 285, 291, 322 fana (temples) 2 Cassiodorus on 453 Marina di Patti 209 Fannius Synistor, P., villa 12 at Castel Porziano 138n Zliten 294, 297 farmers see agricolae; coloni Columella on 130, 138n frescoes farms and farmsteads first appearance in Italy 130 Christian-themed 455 absorbed by villa estates 160 Formia, Villa Comunale 131 planisphere, Villa San Marco 108 Catonian villas 19 in Istria 192n polychrome, Fourth Style, Sicily 200 Gallia Narbonensis 226 of L. Licinius Murena 130 Rape of Europa 281 Greece 352 Nettuno 133 see also wall paintings Hellenistic 159, 160 and oxygen content 139n Fridamal, Vandal 269 Hispanic 241 Pliny on 130 frigidarium, Castroreale San Biagio 199 late-antique, Cyrenaica 269 productivity of 32n fructus (produce) 404 Macedonia 331–4 Punta de l’Arenal, Javea 452n fullonica (cloth dyeing facility) North Africa 272 as Punta della Vipera 126, 132 Barbariga 383 Sicily 195 and sea tides 139n Istria 381, 395n Tarraconensis 238 Sperlonga (Tiberius’s villa) 131 Katoro 383 see also fortified farmsteads; villae rusticae; villas technical solutions for 130–1, 132–3, 139n Kolci villa 382 as agricultural estates Torre Astura 131 Fulvius Flaccus, Marcus 113n fastigium (pediment) 111 Varro on 131 Fundania, wife of Varro 35n, 403 Torre Annunziata 78 see also fish farming; piscinae fundus (estate), North Africa 269 fauces (entry way) 76 fishponds, fresh water 361n funerary banquets, Eua Loukou 348 Faustina Minor 424n flamen Augusti perpetuus 271 funerary inscriptions Faventinus (Marcus Cetius Faventinus), epitome Flavianus 440 epitaphs 270 of Vitruvius 409 Flavianus, Nichomachus 212 Patrae 329, 338, 357n, 364n Fecunditas, in mosaic 294 Flavii family, Crete 330 funerary monuments 164, 456 Félibien des Avaux, Jean-François 468 Flavius Ursus 357n Santo Stefano 186 Felix, St 414, 422n, 460 Flavius Valila 186 see also mausolea; tombs Ferianus, villa owner, Algeria 280 floors 24 fides 72 see also mosaic pavements; opus sectile; opus Galba, Servius Sulpicius, emperor 25 field surveys 6–7 signinum; opus spicatum; scutulatum Galerius, emperor 392 and diagnostic finds 7 Flora, painting in Villa Arianna 115n galleries, long, added to later villas 247, 248 Narbonensis 226 Floridablanca, José Moñino y Redondo, Conde Gallienus, emperor 248 North Africa 270–3 de 237 Gallus, correspondent of Pliny 467

INDEX VERBORUM 591

Gallus, C. Cestius, legate of Syria 314 heliocaminus (sun room), Pliny’s Laurentinum villa horses gardens 471 racehorses 213, 279, 440–1 Silin villa 291 Helios, in mosaic floor 291 transport of 440 see also horti; paradeisos; peristyle gardens; Helpidius, pro-consul of Africa 440 Hortensius Gaudentius, M. 299n viridarium Herakleides 330 Hortensius Hortalus, Q. 133, 138n Garrett, Stephen 480 Herculaneum Project 39n horti (gardens) garum see fish sauces “Herculaneum Women” statues 476 Roman domestic 89 Geiseric, king of Vandals 269 Hercules (Heracles, Herakles) within cities 46, 47, 99 Gelimer, Vandal 271–2 in fresco 297 Hosius, bishop of Córdoba 449n Gellius Secundus, Q. 272 Labours of 349, 424n hospes (guest), obligation to 72 geophysical methods, for archaeology 6, 33n Lansdowne marble statue 479 hospitalia (guest-quarters) 71, 107, 178 Geoponika (tenth-century encyclopedia) 12 in mosaic 203, 281 hospitium, concept of 72–3 gestatio (garden space) 127 sculpture 372n and social obligation 72 Getty, J. Paul 478–83 heredia (land-holding units) 5 humiliores (late-antique ordinary classes) 53 “A Journey from Corinth” (novella) 478–80 Hermes, sculpture 441 hunts, hunting Ranch House Museum (Malibu) 480, 482 Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea 322 frescoes 290, 430 recreation of Villa dei Papiri 480–2, 483 Herod the Great 51, 52, 313 Marathon 340 redesign of villa 482 Herodes Atticus 330, 339, 350 in mosaic 431, 441 glassworks as eponymous archon at Athens 357n North Africa 273, 278, 280, 281 Demnet el-Khozba 282 estate at Marathon 340–1 Sicily 203, 211 Eua Loukou 350 estates in Apulia 164, 174n sculpture groups 442 Glaucus, in Getty’s novella 479 estates in Epirus 356n Hygeia 348 Gnosticism 459 estates at Tusculum and Pompeii 356n sculpture 441 Gozo stone 260 fish farming 344 see also YGEI[A] Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius 35n, 113n and foundation of Canusium 174n Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius 13, 15, 17, 113n Kephisia villa 339–40 imagines (ancestor portraits and effigies) 99, Granius Rufus, Poplius 330 lodge at Oinoe 341 413–14 Gratian (Flavius Gratianus), emperor 416, 417 portrait sculptures 344, 348–9, 414 immunis (free of obligation) 184 GRATI.CAESARIS, tile stamp 168 The Old Woman’s Sheepfold 341–2 Imrar and Zut, and Nimran, tombs at Wadi el- Great Hunt, mosaic, Piazza Armerina villa 203, villa at Brexiza 343–5 Amud 270 205, 207 Egyptian sanctuary 343, 345 infrastructure 1–2, 4, 402, 403 Greece villa of Eua Loukou 345–51 deterioration of 404, 405 agricultural treatises 7 estate economy 351 and Roman hegemony 485 agricultural workers 36n later changes and continuation 350 see also roads; transport and architectural elements in luxury villas location and views 351 ingenuus, villa owner as (Columella) 403 86–9 water sources 351 Ino-Leucothea (Nereid) 148 culture of xxxiii, 28, 45, 52, 85, villa on the Via Appia 330, 372n, 373n inscriptions 88 heröon-mausoleum, Herodes’ Egyptian sanctuary epigraphic evidence of ownership 329 historians 9 as 345, 487 funerary epitaphs 270 and origins of Roman villa 18 Herulian invasions, 260sCE350, 352, 353 Greek, House of Dionysos 319 Roman annexation xxviii, xxxiii, 2 Hesiod, Works and Days 27, 39n Herodes Atticus 340, 342, 345, 366n, 367n villa estates archaeology 331 Hieron II, tyrant of Syracuse 196 curse 340, 366n villa owners 329–31, 339 Hipparchos (grandfather of Herodes Atticus) La Olmeda 430 Gregory of Nyssa, St 52, 333, 455 345, 358n name-labels in mosaics 349 Gregory of Tours 191, 462 hippocamp (sea creature), “Villa of Augustus” 148 names of villas and owners 411, 420n gromatici (surveyors) 162 Hippodamia, in mosaic 427 North Africa 268, 269, 280, 291 grottoes Historia Augusta 415 mosaicist 291 garden, Greece 333, 334 Hoageis, Vandal 269 Sidi Ghrib 285 grotto-triclinium, Eua Loukou 346, 348 Homer, descriptions of palaces (Shield of Patrae, Roman veterans 338, 364n gsur (farmstead) 269 Achilles, Telemachos’ praise of stele 340, 342 gymnasium, Cicero’s references to 87 palace of Menelaos) 27 instrumenta homines novi (new members of elite) 26, 100 agricultural estates 12–14 Hadrian, emperor 38n, 243, 248 honestiores (late-antique aristocrats) 53 instrumentum genus vocale (slaves and other and Antinöos 414 Honorius, emperor, and barbarian settlers 421n, workers) 12, 44, 55n and Athens 342, 368n 461 instrumentum mutum (tools) 12 villa at Tibur 111, 345, 419n, honos (honor, duty) 403 instrumentum semivocalis (animals) 12 473, 479 Hora, Autumn, “Villa of Augustus” 146 inutilis (unproductive) 10, 25, 486 Hallenhaus, La Tène culture 49, 332 Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) 28, 102, 403 Inventaire des Mosaiques de l’Afrique 276 Hannibal 72 horrea (granaries or warehouses) 1, 8 iron see mining Hasmonean rulers, Judaea 52 Gerace 212, 214 Iron Age 241, 308, 380 Hector, mosaic, Caddeddi 209 late antique villas 185 Ischomachus 28, 36n Helen, in mosaic 427, 439 Piazza Armerina villa 207 Isidorus of Seville, Etymologiae 191 Helicon, Mt 440 Pula 386 Isis and Osiris Heliocaminus baths, Tibur 344 Via Gabina, Site 10: 219n Eua Loukou 349

592 INDEX VERBORUM

Isis and Osiris (cont.) lararium maius 414, 424n villas 101, 118n in Herodes Atticus’s Egyptian sanctuary 343 secondary lararium 414 ludi circenses (games) 293 Isis-Hathor 349 in villa bought by Alphius 419n in mosaics 286, 291, 294, 350, 440 Itinerarium Maritimum Antonini 127 in Villa San Marco at Stabiae 107 Piazza Armerina villa 203 iugera (units of land measurement) 5 in Wadi Yala villa, Silin 292, 306n luparius (slave shepherd) 168 Iulius Dexter, C. 273 Larcius Sulpicianus, A. 330 luxuria (luxury) Iulius Eurycles, Gaius 330 latifundia (“big farms”) 13, 184 compared with magnificentia 126 Iulius Eurycles Herculanus, Gaius 357n of Hipparchos 358n, 367n, 370n criticism of 9, 85, 114n, 119n, 126 Iunius Kanus, C., C.IUNIUS.KANUS tile Lucania 176n and diligentia (frugality) 403 stamp 167 Macedonia 360n Greek 87, 94, 115n ius Latii 180, 413 slave labor on 16, 176n tryphe (Dionysiac) 348 Latin language Lycurgus and the vine, in mosaic 291 John Chrysostom, St 405 and farming tradition 9 Josephus 308, 314 and rhetoric 401 Macedonian royal family, country houses 53 Judah Ha-Nasi, Rabbi 320 latrines (lavatory/privy) 80, 190, 203 macella (market buildings) 2, 4, 435 Julius Caesar, G. 23, 72, 100 Galilee 325 Machado and Silvetti, architects 482 public works 100 House of Dionysos 319 Maecenas 482 villas 101 Malta 260 Maenads 145 visit to Cicero 97, 110 Oued-Athménia (Algeria) 278 of Callimachus 349 Jupiter Hospitalis 72 Piazza Armerina 203 magnificentia, compared with luxuria 126 Justinian, emperor (530–533 CE), Digest 13, 134 Latronianus, Domitius, governor of Sicily 205 Magnus Ausonius, Decimus 421n Juvenal (Decimus Juvenalis Junius) 44, 118n law Mago (of Carthage), agricultural treatise 19, 264 agrarian 13 Mamurra, quartermaster of Julius Caesar 98 kantharoi (wine chalices) 145 in late antiquity 401, 419n Manlius Vopiscus 40n, 119n Kanus Iunius Niger (father and son) 168 Lazzari, Francesco Ignazio, imaginary mansiones (inns for travelers) 178 kêpos (garden, smallholding) 51 reconstruction of Pliny’s Tuscan Apollonia villa as 314 kilns villa 468 ‘Ein ez-Zeituna 314 amphora 242, 285 Leander (dog) 440 at Galeata, Bidente valley (possible mansio) lime 392 Leda and the Swan, in mosaic 280 189, 193n pottery 138n, 229, 285, 337 Legio II Gallica, colony at Arausio (Orange) 6 mansio Fossis, Corte Cavanella (Loreo, see also amphorae; brick and tile-making; clay Legio X Equestris 329 Rovigo) 178 beds; pottery Legio XII Fulminata 314, 329, 364n mansio Radriani, San Basilio di Ariano Polesine komé (nucleated village) 51 letters (Rovigo) 178 Ktisis (personification), mosaic 349, 373n ekphrasis in 459 Nahaḷ ‘Iron 315n kyros (power) 348 see also literature; Pliny the Younger marble 198 Lex Claudia, 218 BCE 44, 113n africano 390, 476 La Tène culture 49 Lex Pompeia de Transpadanis 180 black African 145 Lacaenae, dancing, at Eua Loukou 349 Lex Rosica de civitate Transpadanorum 180 Carrara 198, 202 laconicum (dry-heat room, in baths) 216n, 277 liberti (freed slaves) 3, 26, 101 Carystian 468 Laecanii, amphora workshop, Istria 381, 383 wealth of 9, 26 Chian 111 Laertes 53 libraries see bybliothecae cipollino floor 300n Laetilius Clemens, Gaius 329, 339 Licinius, emperor 392 giallo antico 149, 216n, 476 lagobolon, Paris’s 439 Licinius Murena, L., marine fishponds 130 greco scritto 216n, 291, 292 Laietani people 236 LIDAR (light detection and ranging) 6, 33n imitation 149 land surveying see centuriation; surveying lime production 128, 392 Italian colored 111, 119n landownership, elite ideology of 42, 401, 486 limestone, with painted stucco, Malta 256 lapis lacedaemonius 330 landscape limitatio see centuriation Lucullan 111 and dramatic views from villas 23, 45, literature Numidian 100, 111 78, 93 as late-antique elite preoccupation 401, 418 Parian 146, 147 frescoes 29–30, 274 references to North African villas 268 Pentelic 373n luxury villas and 85, 86, 91–2, 486 see also ekphrasis portosanto 216n “sacral-idyllic” 29, 274, 295 Liutprand, Lombard king 179 red Egyptian porphyry 289 and villa design 89–91 Livia (wife of Augustus), villa at Primaporta 25 rosso antico 305n, 330, 476 in wall paintings 87, 89, 90 Lollius Urbicus, Q. 270 sectilia 174n Lansdowne family, marble statue of Herakles 479 Longinianus, comes sacrarum largitionum 440 serpentino 476 Laocoön sculpture 257 longiqua regio (distant regions) 162 verde antico 339 lararium, lararia xxxiii Lozano, D. Juan 237 marble quarries, Greece 330 in Apollonia-Arsuf villa 311, 312, 314, 315n Lucilius Africanus 4, 299n Marcellus, Gaius 72 in Eua Loukou villa 348, 372n Lucius Lucceius Proclus, L LVCCEI/PROCLI Marcius Philippus, Lucius, villa 110 at Lucus Feroniae villa 18 stamp on dolia 155n Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, theatre of 100 of Marcus Aurelius 414, 424n Lucius Verus, emperor 344, 369n, 424n Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) 97, 113n in Montmaurin villa 231 Lucullus, L. Licinius 22, 26, 39n, 113n Marcus Aurelius, emperor 330, 344, 369n near kitchens 312, 315n fishponds 130, 138n portrait collection (lararium) 414 of Severus Alexander library 39n portrait sculpture of 350

INDEX VERBORUM 593

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 101 Morro, Iane 440–1 Musée St-Raymond, Toulouse, Chiragan Marius, Gaius 23, 72, 94n, 101 mos (mores) maiorum (custom) portraits 415, 424n Marius, Marcus 101, 116n, 118n Cato on 8 Muses (Nine) 349, 442 Mars of past farming methods 9, 403 in mosaic 281, 434, 440 in fresco 295 prestige of 24 sculptures (Urania) 442 temple at Verige Bay 382 mosaic pavements (floors) 24 Mussolini, Benito 143 Martial (M. Valerius Martialis) 44, 92 Christian imagery in 458 must, fermentation into wine, Hispania 238, 242 Martin of Tours, St 414, 460 depictions of towers and balnea 412 Myron 28 martyr cult 454 iconography of 434 mythology, Graeco-Roman martyria 433, 454, 455 late antique Hispania 438–41 late antique mosaics 438 martyrs, Christian 393 late hearths built over 461 and works of art 28 Masurius Sabinus 72 personifications in 349, 373n Maternus Cynegius 430 representation of villas in 29, 30, 87, natatio (swimming pool) 108, 229, matrona (domina) 3 273–6 277 Mauretania, mosaic 203, 211 villae maritimae in 273, 275 necropoleis mausolea stock designs 274, 275, 276, 439, within late antique villas 443, 446 Christian 24 488 see also burials; cemeteries; mausolea of Constantina 457 techniques, fashion 487 negotiatores (brokers) 3, 258 conversion to churches 184, 193n examples: Macedonia 352, 356n Epirus 334, 336, 362 Bapteste villa 231 transport subcontracted to 44 Herodes’s heröon-mausoleum 345 Caddeddi 209 negotium (business, work) 26, 348 Hispania 433, 436 Casignana 171 and otium 115n Ladochori 391 Castroreale San Biagio 200 places for, in villas 26, 27, 47 Las Vegas de Pueblanueva (crypt) 436 Dominus Julius (Carthage) 274, Neptune at late villas 184–8, 411, 456 275 and Amymone, in mosaic 284 North Africa 270 Durrueli 202 in mosaic 201, 280 Rapolla 164 Eua Loukou 350, 373n temple at Verige Bay 382 within villas 366n Għajn Tuffieħa 260 Nereid (female sea-creature), “Villa Maxentius, emperor 205 Hispania 241 of Augustus” 148 Maximian, emperor 205, 449n House of Dionysos 319–20 Nero, emperor 75, 98 measurement House of Orpheus 320 Domus Aurea 29 Greek foot 212 Macedonia 333 Nerva, emperor 5 Greek and Roman stade Noheda (Cuenca) 427 Neuerburg, Norman 481 105, 117n North Africa 276, 286 Nicomedes, king of Bithynia 72 Punic 204, 217n Oued-Athménia bath-house 278–9 Nike marble relief, Marina di Patti 209 Roman 5 Piazza Armerina 202, 203, 206 Nile, personification of, mosaic 420n Roman foot 239, 306n, 309 Positano 122 Nilometer of Alexandria, mosaic 420n Roman v. Oscan foot 66–8 Prés-Bas 229 Nilotic scenes Medusa heads 295, 349 Rabat domus 256 in fresco 297 Melania the Younger 27, 56n, 117n, 212, 421n Río Verde 246 mosaics 281, 290, 293, 294 Memmius, son of Symmachus 440 Sidi Ghrib bath-house 284–5 Nonii family, Toscolano 183 Memnon (student of Herodes) 349 Silin 290, 297 Nonius Arrius Paullinus Aper, M. 192n memoria (tomb) 444, 460 Stroggyle 336 Nonius Balbus, Marcus 119n mensuration see measurement Torre Annunziata 77 Nonius Cornelianus, N. 192n Mentor, silversmith 256 “Villa of Augustus” 147, 149 Nonius Macrinus, M. 183 Messala, prefect 440 Villa of the Mysteries 65, 66 nundinae (market days) 4, 435 metalworking Zliten 294, 297 nymphaeum in converted bathhouses 444, 461 see also opus sectile added to Verige Bay villa 382 farmsteads, Macedonia 331–4 mosaic workshops 24, 486 Algeria 280 Metilia Torquata, sarcophagus 164 African 24, 212, 486 El Ruedo 437 Metilii family 164 Aquitania 229 Eua Loukou 345, 347, 349 Midas, mosaic, Arellano 438 Malta 264n Lechaion 339 Miltiades, Athenian general 330 mosaicists Masseria Ciccotti 167 mining (ores) 128, 235 African 203 Montmaurin 409 iron 128 pattern books 439, 488 Piazza Armerina 202 see also sulphur Sicilian 202, 212 Quinta das Longas 442 miqveh (ritual bath) 323 Tripolitanian 297, 306n southern Italy 171 Missorium of Theodosius 432 Mostra Augustea della Romanità of 1937 143 statues for 154n Mithridates 423n Mummius Achaicus, Lucius 119n, 329 Villa delle Grotte 129 Moderatus Augusti 175n municipales (local elites) 101, 110 Villa San Marco 108 monasteries mural decoration see frescoes; wall painting, Zliten 294 at villa sites 443, 444, 453 pinakes villas as 38n, 457–8 murex, purple dye production 277, 381 objects morbus fabricatoris (late villa-building) 171 musaeum, Arellano 434 diagnostic finds 7

594 INDEX VERBORUM

objects (cont.) Lechaion 341 building instructions 405 to establish status of villa owners 432 Masseria Ciccotti 167, 174n De Re Rustica 8, 11, 169, 404–5 Oceanus, in mosaic 281, 285, 302n Piazza Armerina 202 role of dominus 405 Octavianus (Octavian) see Augustus Sicily 200, 201 use of praetorium for residential part of villa 404 Octavii family 143 Silin 291 use of term villa 53 Octavius, Gn., Porticus Octavia, Rome 114n, Torre Annunziata 79 and villa management 401 377 “Villa of Augustus” 147 villas of 404 Octavius Quartio, D., house at Pompeii 361n Villa dei Papiri 476 pallium (matronal mantle) 438 odea (odeon) (music buildings) 2 Zliten 294 Pan Odoacer, Flavius, king of Italy 98, 392 opus signinum (terrazzo, cocciopesto) floors 24, 162 in mosaic floor 257, 294 Odysseus, mosaic 209, 420n El Ruedo 436 sculpture 477 oecus Greece 352 Papirius Paetus, L. 118n Cyzicene (Vitruvius) 103, 107 Macedonia 333, 334 paradeisos (garden) 53, 89 Egyptian, Verige Bay 382 Parentium 385 parentes, obligation to 72 with exedra 434 Sicily 197, 198 Paris, in mosaic 427, 439 Old and New Testament, imagery in mosaic Varignano Vecchio 180 parish boundaries, and villa estates 462 pavement 458 “Villa of Augustus” 145 pars fructuaria (storage facilities) 10, 224, 237, olive mill (trapetum) 11, 261, 262 opus spicatum (brick) floors 24, 294, 363n 404 olive oil, later imports to Adriatic 391, 392, 395 Epirus 334, 336, 352 Columella on 43 olive oil production Greece 352 pars rustica (farm buildings) 10, 11, 13, 63 Baetica 246 Parentium 386 Eua Loukou 353 Barbariga 383 opus tesselatum (mosaic) 24 Gaul 230 Epirus 336 opus testacaeum (wall construction) 334, 336, 337 Hispania 237 Eua Loukou 351 opus vermiculatum (mosaic) 24, 257 Prés Bas 224 Hispania 235, 237, 240, 246 opus vittatum mixtum (brick and tufa building Sicily 198 Kolci villa 382 technique) 150 southern Italy 164, 166 Malta 259, 261 opus vittatum (tufa facing), walls 66 at villae maritimae 126 Marathon 340 ornithon (aviary) 45 pars urbana (residential parts of villa) 8, 10, 11, 13, North Africa 270, 285 Orosius 423n 43, 179 Pula 386 Orpheus added to Verige Bay villa 382 Tunisia 4 in mosaic 320, 322 Hispania 238, 243–5 Varignano Vecchio 180 sculpture 414 late antique degradation 147, 402, 461 olive presses 11, 37n, 242, 262, 263 Orpheus and Arion, in mosaic 303n later called praetorium 11, 169, 404, 412 Castrum 392 Oscan foot/feet 66–8 Prés Bas 224 Istria 383 oscillum (marble disc) 145 Pasquino group (Menelaus and Patroclus), Malta 261, 262, 263 Ota(cilius) Catulus, M. 217n sculpture 349 North Africa 279, 282, 284 Otho (Marcus Salvius Otho) 113n pastiones villaticae (seasonal produce) 4, 32n Pula 386 otium (leisure) 348 paterfamilias (pater familias) 3 ollae perforatae (terracotta plant pots) 129 Greek notion of 85 villa owner as 8, 402, 403 Olympiodorus Tebanus 175n as unproductive 10, 403 patronus (patronage) 26, 27, 99 onagri (wild asses), in mosaic 284 villas and 25–7, 101–2, 115n, 159 see also clientes Oplontis Project 75–6, 77, 81–2, 83 for writing and literature 401, 418 Paulinus of Nola (Pontius Meropius Anicius oporotheca (fruit room) 45 Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) 114n Paulinus) 414, 421n oppida (towns), regional 50 on churches of Sulpicius Severus 454, 459–60 opus Africanum (wall construction) 264, 305n paideia (education) 348, 349 on transition to Christianity 453 opus caementicium (wall construction) 141, 311, and Christian culture 438 Paulinus of Pella 406–7, 418 487 painter/s (wall paintings) domus urbana in Massilia 406, 407–8 opus incertum (wall construction) 155n, 163 of Flora in Villa Arianna, Stabiae 115n Eucharisticus 408, 418 opus mixtum (wall construction) 337 at Positano villa 123 Pausanius, on Eua Loukou 351 opus musivum mosaic 24 paintings “pavilion-villas” 137n opus quadratum (wall construction) 144, 261 imperial collections 414 Payne Knight, Richard 479 opus reticulatum (wall construction) pinakes 29, 90, 92, 123, 292 pecuari(i) locus (place of cow-herd), in mosaic 279 Dalmatia 388 Sulpicius Severus’s collection 414 peculium (slaves’ money to buy freedom) 16 Katoro 383 palaestra (exercise room) 45, 111 pecunia (money) 404 Patrae 337 and peristyle gardens 86, 382 Pegasus, in mosaics 440 Positano 123 palatia Pegasus (and the nymphs), mosaic 433 southern Italy 162 imperial residences 58n Pelops, in mosaic 427 Torre Annunziata 77 late antique villas 53 Peplophorus (Greek female figure) 146, 151 opus sectile (marble pavements) 24 late “public villas” 188 peregrinatio (seasonal visits to villas) 110, 112 Barcola 387 as public buildings 179 peripteros (pergola) 45 El Ruedo 436 as royal palaces 189, 190 peristyle Faragola 170 palatium modicum (small palace), Palazzolo 188 hexagonal or polygonal, Hispania 249 in Getty’s villa 481 Palladio, Andrea 41n, 179, 420n Montmaurin 231 Gozo 258 Palladius (Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius) Settefinestre 70

INDEX VERBORUM 595

Villa of the Mysteries 64 post-antique rediscovery of letters 31 Campanian wares 240 Villa San Marco 107 and social obligation 27, 39n Phocaean Red Slipware 392 see also atrium-peristyle sequence Tuscan villa (Tuscanum) 102 Punic, Malta 264 peristyle gardens 88, 89, 244 as epitome of conviviality 467–70 see also terra sigillata Eua Loukou 345, 347 imaginary reconstructions 468, 469 praedium (farm) in Getty’s villa 481 villa at Laurentum 22, 305n, 419n Cato’s use of 43 and Greek palaestra 86 as epitome of seclusion 470–3 North Africa 269 Marina di Patti 208 imaginary reconstructions 470, 471, 472, praefurnium (furnace) 259 Villa Arianna 107, 111, 118n 478 praetorium Villa dei Papiri 477 villas 28, 43, 101, 102, 403, 419n administrative center 49, 57n, 178, 192n peristyle villas at Lake Como 179 late antique use for pars urbana 11, 53, 169, 172, Apollonia 308, 311, 313 modern emulations 473–4 178, 404, 412 Baetica 246, 247 Plotina 424n Praxiteles/Praxitelean, Dionysus at “Villa Basilical Complex, Tiberias 323 Plotinus, philosopher 423n of Augustus” 147 Hispania 248 Plutarch, “Table Talks” 91 Pr(iam), mosaic, Caddeddi 209 Lusitania 242–6 Polemokrates, sanctuary of 348, 351 proásteion (suburban estate) 51 Sepphoris 318–22, 324 polis (towns, eastern provinces) 51 procoetion (anteroom) 45 House of Dionysos 318–20 Pollius Felix, villa of 28, 40n, 117n Proculus, L. Aradius Valerius 207 House of Orpheus 320–2 Polybius, historian 9 propylon Tarraconensis 246 Polyclitus (Polykleitos), Greek sculptor 28, 477 Egyptian-type, Brexiza 343 villa bloc à peristyle à plan simple 247–8 polyconch (many-apsed) 433 Torre Annunziata 76, 83, 87, 91, 93 peristylon (colonnade) 45 Polydeukion (Vibullius Polydeuces) (adopted see also portico; vestibule Pertinax Arabicus, emperor 350, 372n son of Herodes Atticus) 344, 349, Provinces, theme in mosaic floors 24 Petronius, governor of Hispania 440 369n, 372n, 417 Prusias, king of Bithynia 72 Phidias 28 “Polydoxus” (horse) 279 Pudentilla, wife of Apuleius 268 Philippianus, villa at Gerace 213 Polyphemus, in mosaic, Sicily 203 Punic see Carthage; Second and Third Punic Philodemos of Gadara 478 Pompa (named tower) 412 Wars philokalia (love of beauty) 348 Pompeia 440 Pupienus, emperor, portrait sculpture 350 philophrosyne (friendliness) 372n Pompeianus, villa owner 279 pupillus, obligation to 72 Philoserapis (?mosaicist) 291, Pompeius Philo, Gnaeus 197 purple dye see murex 305n Pompey the Great (Gn. Pompeius Magnus) 23, Philostratus 343, 345 72, 110, 113n Quintilii, senators (brothers) 119n Imagines, descriptions of villas 44 public works 100 Quintilus Varus 119n and Second Sophistic 350, 351 suppression of piracy 101, 125, 137n Quintus Axius 10, 43 Pierius, Ostrogothic official 392 Pomponianus, villa at Stabiae 102, 108, 109, 115n pietas, churches as monuments to personal 457 Pomponii Vituli family 10 Rape of Europa, fresco 281 pileus pannonicus (flat-topped headgear) 205 Pomponius Mela 423n Real Academia de la Historia 237 pilgrims, pilgrimage 393, 438, 457 Pontius family 25 Real Academia de San Fernando 237 pinacothecae (picture galleries) 111 Pontius Leontius, villa of (burgus) 28, 38n, Recceswinth, king of Visigoths 433, 448 pinakes (paintings) 29, 90, 92, 123, 292 411–13 reed beds, for commercial use 136 Pinianus, Valerius 212, 421n Pontius, Paulinus 412, 413 Regilla, Appia Annia (wife of Herodes Atticus) Pinnius, villa of 32n Poppaea Sabina, wife of emperor Nero 75, 101 330, 341, 342, 350, 366n piracy 331, 377 Poppaeae, gens 75 death of 368n, 372n Pompey’s suppression of 101, 125, 137n Poppaeus Sabinus, Gaius 101 Rentis, Theophanes illegal excavations Greece piscinae (fishponds) 46 Porcius Cato, M. 23, 114n 329 Istria 383 Porcius, Marcus, duumvir of Pompeii 66 res repetundae (extortion) 73 Verige Bay 382 port facilities Rhomaioi engektemenoi (Roman landowners in Villa San Marco 108 Brexiza 367n Macedonia) 329, 356 piscinarii 130 private 2, 127, 137n, 162, 222, 340 roads pisé (rammed earth) walls, Sicily 197 porticoes 65, 87, 334, 382 Judaea 308, 314 Platonists 423n and gardens 88, 89 urban 2, 318 Pliny the Elder (G. Plinius Secundus) 100, 102, and landscape 92–3, 94 see also Via Aemilia; Via Appia; Via Aurelia; 115n “porticus with pavilions” villa form 49, 50 Via Egnatia death 467 porticus triplex 180 Rolandino, chronicler 190 on latifundia 13 Portumnus, “Villa of Augustus” 148–9, 152 Roman empire on marine fishponds 130 Posides, freedman of emperor Claudius 118n, loss of western provinces (late sixth century) 3 on North Africa 266 124 Mediterranean hegemony 485 Pliny the Younger (G. Plinius Caecilius possessores, late antique villa owners 165, 429 Roman foot/feet see measurement Secundus) 3, 4, 25, 470 potentiores (“more powerful men”), villa owners Romanitas, ideology of 45, 459 charitable scheme (alimenta) 5 429 Romanization and landscape 93 pottery Iberia 238, 242, 422 letter on eruption of Vesuvius 108, 467 Aegean slipware 392 Palestine 317 on libraries 3, 26 African Red Slip 392 southern Italy 160 possible purchase of second estate 21–2 Apollonia 308, 312, 315n Rome, imperial expansion 1, 2, 180, 377

596 INDEX VERBORUM

Romulus Augustulus, emperor 98 bronze 477 modern interpretation of agricultural workers roof tiles as herms 416 15–16 imported, Dalmatia 388 Malta 257 no evidence for agricultural labor in north- tegula and imbrices, Hispania 238 Sicily 196 western provinces 50 Roscius Lupus, M. 330 Torre Annunziata 80, 82, 88 replacing small farmers 13, 16, 44, 160 Rossellini, Roberto, Viaggio in Italia (film) 478 scutulatum (intarsia) floors 235–51 and shortage of manpower 22 Rufinus, historian 212 Prés-Bas 220–9 supply of after Second Punic War 19, 44 rural settlement Sicily 198, 216n social differentiation Adriatic 381 Second Punic War (218–201 BCE) 9, 19, 44, Rostovtzeff on 15 agglomérations rurales, North Africa 270, 272 238, 255 stibadia and 438 Gallia Narbonensis 226 Second Sophistic movement 350, 351 and villa organization 12, 13, 15, 36n, 244 Greece 355n Secundus (Secundo Poppaeae) 75 social obligation Hispania 238, 426 Seius, M., villa of 32n and concept of hospitium 72 North African “villa” forms 270–3 Seleucid palace, Antioch 88 elites and 27, 486 northern Italy 180 Semele (sister of Dionysus) 148 hierarchy of 72 and regional forms of villas 50, 51 senatorial class 108, 112, 114n, 243 and senatorial houses in Rome 99 Sicily 195 competition within 97, 99, 100 see also clientes rustici 10 land as only appropriate source of wealth 44, Social War (91–88 BCE) 66, 97, 101, 116n Rutilius Namatianus, Claudius 136 113n, 330, 488 Socrates 417 public building works 100 Sollertius/Sollertianus, house at Thysdrus 411 Sabucii family 207 uses of villas 110–11 sophrosyne (moderation), Christian construction “sacral-idyllic,” in landscapes 29, 274, 295 villas in Epirus 377, 395 of 454 sacrarium 454 see also elites; villa owners soros of Marathon 340 saeptum venationis (game preserve), in mosaic 279 Seneca the Younger (Lucius Annaeus) 25, 413 Sosos of Pergamon 257 Saethidae family, Messene 330, 352, 488 on villas 28, 29, 114n, 125, 137n, 403, Sousse (Tunisia), Musée de 281 Saithidas the Elder 330 418n South Etruria Survey (1950s-1970s) 7, 18 Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus), on villas 342 Septimius Severus, emperor 350 spindle whorls 166, 167 Sallustius, prefect of Rome 440 Serapeum spolia (re-used building stone) 120 salt production Eua Loukou 348 stables, stable-boxes 18, 37n Brijuni archipelago 382 Tivoli 473 Staël, Anne Louise Germaine, Madame de 97 salt pans 135, 364n Serena, wife of Stilicho 421n stamps saltua[rius?] janus, in mosaic 278 Serlio, Sebastiano 41n amphorae 269, 381, 383 saltus (estate), North Africa 269 Sertorius, revolt of 83–72 BCE 239 brick and tile 32n, 165, 167, 168, 220–2, 388 salutatorium (reception hall) 269 Servilius Marsus, C. 269 Statilii Tauri family 10 Sanhedrin, Jewish administration 323 Sestii family, Settefinestre 118n, 138n Statilius Taurus, Sisenna 384 sarcophagi Sestius Quirinalis, L. 423n stationes (relay-points) 178 Attic type, Metilia Torquata 164 Severos of Hammat Tiberias 324 Statius, Publius Papinius 28, 40n, 44 Ladochori 391 Severus Alexander, emperor 414 Sthenius of Thermae 72, 197 Las Vegas de Pueblanueva 436 Sevso treasure, silver hunt plate 276 stibadium (stibadia) 23, 52, 247, 436, 437 Melfi (Bruttii Praesentes family) 164 Sextus Pompeius 101 Arellano 434 Sicily 196 sheep ranching, Southern Italy 166, 168, El Ruedo 436 Saturnalia 471 172 in exedra, Quinta das Longas 437 Scaurus, M. Aemilius 127 shipbuilding 2 Faragola 170 Schinkel, Karl Friedrich 469–70, 471 Sicinius Aemilianus 298n in imaginary reconstructions of Pliny’s Scipio Africanus (Publius Cornelius Scipio Sidonius Apollinaris (Gaius Sollius Modestus Tuscanum 468 Africanus) 24, 42, 101, 102, 235 Apollinaris Sidonius), poet 28, 167, late antique Hispania 436–8 portrait sculptures 413 404 Tiberias 324 Scipio, Gnaeus Cornelius 235 and Eutropius 411, 413, 423n wooden 436 Scipio, Lucius Cornelius 414 on villa of Pontius Leontius 412 Stier, Wilhelm 471–2 Scipiones Orfiti family 170 Silenus Stilicho, Flavius, general 421n, 440 Scribonius Curio, Publius 110 bust of (“Villa of Augustus”) 150 stoa (veranda), Hellenistic 359n scrinium (bookcase) 3 in mosaic 303n Strabo, on expansion of villas 3, 97, 112 sculpture collections Silius Italicus 119n “Streuhof” villa form, Germany 48 Chiragan 415–16, 441 silverware 276, 304n stucco reliefs, Positano 122 Desenzano 183 Sirmio 182 suburbana regio Italiae 162 El Ruedo 442, 451n Sisenna, Lucius Cornelius 72 suburbium 31 Herodes Atticus’s 344, 348–9 slavery 1, 14 and development of villa 160, 486 late antique Iberia 441–3 in modern scholarship 14–15 Rome 20, 22 Villa dei Papiri 477 slaves Suetonius (Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus), on Welschbillig 416–18 accommodation in villas 17–18, 36n, 80, 107, Domus Aurea 40n sculpture workshops 176n Sulla Felix, Lucius Cornelius 39n, 67, 101 Aphrodisias (Asia Minor) 372n, 442, 452n, 486 on agricultural estates (instrumentum genus sulphur extraction 129 Attica 372n vocale) 12, 44, 55n Sulpicius Severus 38n, 420n sculptures, portrait 413–14, 415–16, 441, 442 interpretation in archaeology of villas 16–17 churches and baptistery 25, 454, 459

INDEX VERBORUM 597

portrait collection 414 thermae (baths) 2 Trimalchio 111, 118n, 419n, 423n Sumario de las antigüedades ...(1832) 237 imperial 344 Triton (male sea creature), “Villa of Augustus” sumptus supellectilis (moveable goods) 21 Theseus 342 148 surveying thiasos Triumph of Neptune, mosaic 303n drones 33n Dionysiac procession 319, 372n, 427 tryphe (luxury) 348 mensuration 5 marine procession 148, 152, 295, 372n tsunamis modern archaeological 6 Third Macedonian War (171–168 BCE) 114n, Caesarea 115 CE 313 modern field surveys 226, 270–3, 306n 377 Crete 365 CE 287, 304n Roman 2, 5 Third Mithradatic War (74–67 BCE), in wall tubi fittili (vaulting tubes) 213, 217n, 284 Symmachus, Q. Aurelius 171, 285, 440 painting 413, 418 tubuli (rectangular hollow wall flue-tiles) 123, synepirotae (Roman agricultural estates in Greece) Third Punic War (149–146 BCE) 262 231, 259 329 tholos (round temple), Positano wall paintings tunica laticlava (magisterial tunic) 111 Synesius of Cyrene 268 123 Tunis, Musée du Bardo 281, 303n syrinx (pan-pipes), “Villa of Augustus” 145 Thrasamund, Vandal 269 Turissa, personification of 431 Tiber Valley Project 34n Turranius Niger 403 tabernae, in villa complexes 127 Tiberius, emperor 25, 113n, 131, 138n turres (towers) 19, 37n, 176n, 412 tabernae veteres (Old Shops, Rome) 99 villas on Capri 97, 124 Casignana 171 tablinum, function of 64, 68 tiles see roof tiles; tubuli in depictions of villas 276, 412 Tabula Imperii Romani 268 Timaeus of Tauromenium, historian 9 Eua Loukou 346 Tabula Peutingeriana 75, 83n, 178, 192n, 308 timber production 4, 183, 334 Greece 19, 331 taurobolium, Arellano 440, 446 Titius Hermerotis, C., tile workshop 388 Malta 262 taxation, land valuation for 2, 50 Titurus (dog) 440 ornamental 23 Tebdemir/Tudmir 162, 447 Titus, emperor 243 Punic 37n Telemachus 74n tombs Twelve Apostles, on sarcophagus, Pueblaneuva temple-heröon, Eua Loukou 346, 347–8 monumental, North Africa 270, 272 456 temple-tomb, Demnet el-Khozba 282 Sicily 196 Tyche, sculpture 441 temples see also mausolea extra-villa 456 towers see turres Ulpian, jurist 134 Montmaurin 231 trabea (consular robes) 413 Ulpii family 243 Verige Bay 382 trade Ulysses, in mosaics 440 in villas 412 late antiquity 443, 485, 487 urban houses see domus tepidaria Mediterranean 3 urban settlement double 282, 292 in sculpture 442, 486 Greece 331 Villa San Marco 107 Trajan, emperor 5, 25, 243, 486 late antique changes 426 Terentius Iunior 26 transport late antique productivity, Istria 392 terra sigillata wares 150, 154n, 315n of fresh fish 133, 139n North Africa 266, 272 African A 150 infrastructures in Gallia Narbonensis 226 urban villas, Palestine and Syria 317–18, 485 Italic 240 riverine (Gironde) 229 Sepphoris 318–22 production at Parentium 384 sea-going 2 see also domus; peristyle villas see also pottery see also port facilities utilitas (functionality), and voluptas (pleasure) 10, terraces trapetum (olive mill) 11, 261, 262 403, 486 Diaporit 389 Tremellius Scrofa, Gnaeus 9, 34n multiple (“Villa of Augustus”) 143, 144, triclinium (triclinia) 23 Valentinian I, emperor 416, 417 148–50 addition of apses 247, 332 Valentinian II, emperor 416 to dramatize views 23, 45 Castroreale San Biagio 200 Valerii family 421n villae maritimae, Istria 383 and entertainments 91 Valerius Maximus 126 see also basis villae; cryptoporticus Galilee 319, 321, 324 valetudinarium, Suburban Baths, Herculaneum tessera hospitalis 72 later Hispanic villas 247 108 tesserae Lechaion 339 Vandals, in Tunisia 269, 285–97 blue glass wall mosaic 336 multiple 346, 360n, 477 Varro (Marcus Terentius Varro) in floors 24 round 10 antinomies of frugality and luxury 403 Prés Bas 224 Torre Annunziata 81, 83 Antiquitates 9 San Luca 198 Villa Arianna 106 aviary-dining room at Casinum 10 see also mosaic pavements (floors), opus sectile Villa San Marco 118n De Re Rustica 8, 402–3, 418n tetraconch (four-apsed) 433 see also stibadium; triconchos and definition of villa 43, 486 textrina (weaving room) 423n triconchos (trichorum) (dining room design) 92, 209, feast 91 theatre masks 91 214 on fish farming 130, 131–3 theatres 2 El Alia 281 on frugality in villa style 10–11, 403 Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths 188–9, 453 Marina di Patti 208, 209 on numbers of villas 3 Theodosian Code (438 CE) 13 Piazza Armerina 202 on ostentation 100, 126 Theodosius I, emperor 416, 429 Porto Saturo 163 on pastiones villaticae 32n Theophrastus 7 Prés-Bas 229 principles of ownership 402 Theopolis, name of villa 412 Tabarka 276, 281 on villa of Pinnius 32n Therinus, St 393 see also apsidal halls villas and estates of 403, 419n

598 INDEX VERBORUM

Varronian villa model, southern Italy 162, 166 multiple estates 402, 478 and moral character 403, 418n Vatia, Publius Servilius, villa near Cumae 25 and relations with Christian church 180, naming of 268, 269, 345, 411, 412, 423n Veidius Pollio, P., P.VEI.POLLION tile stamp 405–6 origins of 18–20, 487 168, 174n and portraits and images 413–14 from Carthage 19 velarium (canopy), “Villa of Augustus” 148, 149 Visigoths as 406 from Greece and Greek colonies 18, 52 venatores, venationes see hunts, hunting see also dominus and domina; elites; senatorial and interpretation of Auditorium Villa Venus class 19–20, 487 in mosaic floors 276, 284, 291 villa perfecta 54 and otium 25–7, 101–2, 115n, 159 sculptures 442 Settefinestre villa as 11, 162 political uses of 99, 101, 109 temple at Verige Bay 382 Varro’s notion of 11 post-antique emulation of 30–1 Vergil see Virgil Vitruvius and 63 see also Getty, J. Paul Verginius Rufus, Lucius 25 villa periferale/perferiche 56n, 162 and prestige of ancestors 24–5, 99, 413–14, 458 Veronese, Guarino 31 villa pseudourbana 11, 43, 114n regional forms 162 Verres, Gaius, Cicero and 72–3 and Vitruvius’s atrium-peristyle inversion 63 North Africa and eastern provinces 50–2 Vespasian, emperor 119n, 242, 314 “villa system” 17, 50, 53, 159, 251, 266, 460–1, north-western provinces 48–50 vestibulum 488 slave quarters 17–18, 36n, 80, 107, House of Orpheus 321, 324 villae maritimae 46, 47, 485 176n Villa of the Mysteries 63–5 architectural typology 125 social meaning of 3, 179, 486 Vestorius, C. 118n ostentation 101–2 as visual ideal 29–30 Via Aemilia 180 productivity of 51, 115n, 126–9, 136–7, 486 see also villae maritimae; villas, as agricultural Via Appia 330 ramps from beach 107, 109 estates; villas, late antique Via Aurelia 13, 126 examples: villas, as agricultural estates 3, 8–9, 44–5, 179 Via Egnatia, Macedonia 332, Apollonia 308–15 amalgamation (late antiquity) 187, 243, 401, 360n Barbariga 383 402 Via Postumia 180 Bay of Naples 86 centrality of in agricultural treatises 10–11 Vibius Pansa, Gaius 101 Corinth 339 commerce and trade 3, 4, 486, 488 Vibullia Alcia Agripinna (mother of Herodes Dalmatia 388 economy of 12, 488 Atticus) 341, 345, 364n Epirus 388–91 instrumenta 12–14 Vibullii family, Corinth 364n, 373n Gallia Narbonensis 222 maritime villas as 101, 127 vicarius Hispaniarum 432 Istria 126, 378, 383, 384, 395 organization of 10, 11, 241, 242, 251 Victorinus, comes illustris 421n near Abdera 352 production of pastiones villaticae 4, Viereckschanzen farmsteads 49 North Africa 51, 267, 269, 271, 272, 280, 298 32n vilicus (bailiff) 9, 180, 251, 383, 402 Morocco 277 and smaller farms 13, 18, 35n, 128, villa centrale 56n, 162 Tripolitania 288–97 160, 488 villa churches 186, 454, 455, 457, Tunisia 283 utilitas and voluptas of 10, 403, 486 459 Ramla Bay, Gozo 258, 259–60 see also latifundia; pars fructuaria; pars rustica; pars and baptisteries 462 Sicily 197, 198, 201 urbana; villa system Villa dei Papiri see Getty, J. Paul southern Italy 162 “villas lacustres” 46, 182–4 villa, etymology of word 9, 42, 486 Stabiae 97, 102–3 villas, late antique definitions 42, 329, 485 villae perpolitae see villae urbanae continuing occupation 187, 188–9, 353, later interpretations 191 villae privatae (Augustine) 268 405–6, 447 modern definitions villae rusticae 11–12, 159 Adriatic 352, 392–4 and chronology 52–4 Cato’s description 42, 43 Macedonia 352 as country dwelling 46–7 Columella on 43 decline of 21–2, 54, 179, 227, 229 as economic units 55n Drač evica 388 demise of (by late sixth century CE) 21, 22, 30, geographical dimension 47–52 Istria 385–7 53, 187–8, 353, 447 Roman definitions 42–4 Verige Bay 382 as haunted spaces 462 “villa linéaire a galerie” (longitudinal porticoed villae suburbanae 46, 47, 114n, 267, 486 iconography of 408, 489 villa), Iberia 248 Istria 387 modification and degradation 21, 37n, 180, villa owners 11, 13, 39n, 486 Macedonia 333, 334 201, 229 absenteeism 8, 10, 271, 272, 273 North Africa 273, 280, 281, 286, 288, 298 industrial use of main rooms 147, 353, 390, and classical culture 438, 439 Stabiae 104 402, 407–8, 434, 444–6, 461 dominus (Palladius) 404, 405, 412 villae urbanae necropoleis within 446 and evidence for “status creep” 402–5, 412, environs of Rome 10 (re)building/expansion 53, 171, 184, 227, 230, 488 late antique 54 392, 402, 488 in Greece 329–31, 339 see also domus Aquitaine 231–3 ingenuus (Columella) 403 villas (general) 20 Hispania (Iberia) 247–8, 426, 428–43 late antiquity 23, 402 as ascetic retreats 457–8 Masseria Ciccotti 166, 167 and Christian identity 458–60 clustering of 6, 22–3, 100, 110, 111, 125, 487 monumentalizing 163, 171, 227, and Christian imagery 458 descriptions in prose and poetry 27–9 445, 455 Hispania 429 homogeneity of form and architecture 23–4, Sidi Ghrib, Tunisia 283 identification 429–30 54, 357n, 485, 488 reoccupation of abandoned sites 187, 207, 209, named 430–3 ideological development of 45–6, 483, 489 446–7, 460–1 and literary life 405 imperial ownership 58n, 478 and territorial reorganization 443, 447

INDEX VERBORUM 599

parish boundaries 462 voluptas (pleasure), and utilitas (functionality) 10, wine transformation to Christian centers 405, 414 403, 486 imported to Adriatic 391, 392, 395 Greece 353 Volusii Saturnini family 17, 27 vinum Gauranum 285 Iberia 443–4 wine presses 242 ritual spaces within, Lullingstone 455–6 Wale, Samuel 469 Gallia Narbonensis 224, 228 see also churches wall paintings 24, 487 Hispania 242 villas littorales 396n First Style imitation marble 262 wine production 487 Vincentius, governor of Gaul 440 idealized landscapes in 86 in Dalmatia 387 vincti (fettered slaves) 17, 21, 176n megalographia (Vitruvius) 69, 155n at Eua Loukou 351 “vine trenches,” Malta 264 Montmaurin 415–16 in Gaul 127–8, 233 vineyards pornographic 111, 119n in Greece 332, 338 terraced 120 Positano 122 Hispania 235 use of reeds in 136 Stabiae 111 in Istria 382 see also wine; wine production Torre Annunziata 82, 87, 89–91 in North Africa 282 vinum Gauranum 285 “Villa of Augustus” 145 in Patrae 337 Virgil (P. Vergilius Maro) 86, 414 Villa of the Mysteries 65, 66 stone vats 364n Georgics 39n villa of Pontius Leontius 413, 418 Villa alla Pisanella 11 Viriathus, revolt of 147–139 BCE 239 villas in landscapes 29–30, 126 vineyards 120, 136 viridarium (garden) 77, 83, 244 Zliten 295 women, as villa owners 35n Visigoths see also frescoes wool production, southern Italy 166, 168 burning of Reggio Calabria 212 water channels, stone, Malta 263 World War Two, post-war national narratives graves 446 water features (Balkans) 379 in Hispania 427 pools, Torre Annunziata 88 southern Gaul 406, 413, 421n see also canals; nymphaeum xenia (food still-life) 72, 90, 92 as villa owners 406, 433 water supplies in mosaic 322 Vita Hilari text 189 Epirus villas 389, 391 Positano 123 Vitalis, villa of Els Ametllers 431 Hispanic villas 247 Xenophon, Oikonomikos (Oeconomicus) 28, 36n, Vitruvius Pollio 111 Montmaurin 422n 418n De architectura 8 reservoirs in Lusitanian villas 244 xystus (walkways) 93 and “Greek” house description 71, 73, 74n, urban 2 105 see also cisterns Yeats, William Butler 31 on “magisterial” domus 110, 347 Weber, Karl 120, 476 YGEI[A] (Health), mosaic inscription 319 post-antique rediscovery and influence of 31 plan of Villa dei Papiri 478, 481, Yose, Rabbi 325 private and public rooms 35n, 409 483 Yudan, Rabbi 325 and villa perfecta 63 Wehrgehöfte (fortified farmsteads) 238–41, on villa structures 8, 11, 43, 47, 63–5 250 Zeus Xenios 72 vivarium (fishpond) 340, 384 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 476 zodiac 166