Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
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A Brief Description of Consonants in Modern Standard Arabic
Linguistics and Literature Studies 2(7): 185-189, 2014 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/lls.2014.020702 A Brief Description of Consonants in Modern Standard Arabic Iram Sabir*, Nora Alsaeed Al-Jouf University, Sakaka, KSA *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Copyright © 2014 Horizon Research Publishing All rights reserved. Abstract The present study deals with “A brief Modern Standard Arabic. This study starts from an description of consonants in Modern Standard Arabic”. This elucidation of the phonetic bases of sounds classification. At study tries to give some information about the production of this point shows the first limit of the study that is basically Arabic sounds, the classification and description of phonetic rather than phonological description of sounds. consonants in Standard Arabic, then the definition of the This attempt of classification is followed by lists of the word consonant. In the present study we also investigate the consonant sounds in Standard Arabic with a key word for place of articulation in Arabic consonants we describe each consonant. The criteria of description are place and sounds according to: bilabial, labio-dental, alveolar, palatal, manner of articulation and voicing. The attempt of velar, uvular, and glottal. Then the manner of articulation, description has been made to lead to the drawing of some the characteristics such as phonation, nasal, curved, and trill. fundamental conclusion at the end of the paper. The aim of this study is to investigate consonant in MSA taking into consideration that all 28 consonants of Arabic alphabets. As a language Arabic is one of the most 2. -
Lenition and Optimality Theory
Lenition and Optimality Theory (Proceedings of LSRL XXIV, Feb. 1994) Haike Jacobs French Department Nijmegen University/Free University Amsterdam 1. Introduction Since Kiparsky (1968) generative historical phonology has relied primarily on the following means in accounting for sound change: rule addition, rule simplification, rule loss and rule reordering. Given that the phonological rule as such no longer exists in the recently proposed framework of Optimality theory (cf. Prince and Smolensky 1993), the question arises how sound change can be accounted for in this theory. Prince and Smolensky (1993) contains mainly applications of the theory to non-segmental phonology (that is, stress and syllable structure), whereas the segmental phonology is only briefly (the segmental inventory of Yidiny) touched upon. In this paper, we will present and discuss an account of consonantal weakening processes within the framework of Optimality theory. We will concentrate on lenition in the historical phonology of French, but take into account synchronic allophonic lenition processes as well. This paper purports to demonstrate not only that segmental phonology can straightforwardly be dealt with in optimality theory, but, moreover, that an optimality-based account of lenition is not thwarted by the drawbacks of previous proposals. This paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we will present the main facts of lenition in the historical phonology of French. After that, section 3 briefly discusses previous analyses of this phenomenon, mainly concentrating on their problematic aspects. Section 4 considers the possibilities of accounting for lenition in Optimality theory. Finally, in section 5 the main results of the present paper are summarized. -
The Violability of Backness in Retroflex Consonants
The violability of backness in retroflex consonants Paul Boersma University of Amsterdam Silke Hamann ZAS Berlin February 11, 2005 Abstract This paper addresses remarks made by Flemming (2003) to the effect that his analysis of the interaction between retroflexion and vowel backness is superior to that of Hamann (2003b). While Hamann maintained that retroflex articulations are always back, Flemming adduces phonological as well as phonetic evidence to prove that retroflex consonants can be non-back and even front (i.e. palatalised). The present paper, however, shows that the phonetic evidence fails under closer scrutiny. A closer consideration of the phonological evidence shows, by making a principled distinction between articulatory and perceptual drives, that a reanalysis of Flemming’s data in terms of unviolated retroflex backness is not only possible but also simpler with respect to the number of language-specific stipulations. 1 Introduction This paper is a reply to Flemming’s article “The relationship between coronal place and vowel backness” in Phonology 20.3 (2003). In a footnote (p. 342), Flemming states that “a key difference from the present proposal is that Hamann (2003b) employs inviolable articulatory constraints, whereas it is a central thesis of this paper that the constraints relating coronal place to tongue-body backness are violable”. The only such constraint that is violable for Flemming but inviolable for Hamann is the constraint that requires retroflex coronals to be articulated with a back tongue body. Flemming expresses this as the violable constraint RETRO!BACK, or RETRO!BACKCLO if it only requires that the closing phase of a retroflex consonant be articulated with a back tongue body. -
Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops
Title Page Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops by Eva Bacas University of Pittsburgh, 2019 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2019 Committee Page UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This thesis was presented by Eva Bacas It was defended on November 8, 2019 and approved by Alana DeLoge, Quechua Instructor, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh Melinda Fricke, Assistant Professor, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh Gillian Gallagher, Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics, New York University Thesis Advisor/Dissertation Director: Claude Mauk, Senior Lecturer, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Eva Bacas 2019 iii Abstract Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops Eva Bacas, BPhil University of Pittsburgh, 2019 Quechua is an indigenous language of the Andes region of South America. In Cochabamba, Bolivia, Quechua and Spanish have been in contact for over 500 years. In this thesis, I explore sociolinguistic variation among bilingual speakers of Cochabamba Quechua (CQ) and Spanish by investigating the relationship between the production of the voiceless uvular stop /q/ and speakers’ sociolinguistic backgrounds. I conducted a speech production study and sociolinguistic interview with seven bilingual CQ-Spanish speakers. I analyzed manner of articulation and place of articulation variation. Results indicate that manner of articulation varies primarily due to phonological factors, and place of articulation varies according to sociolinguistic factors. This reveals that among bilingual CQ-Spanish speakers, production of voiceless uvular stop /q/ does vary sociolinguistically. -
Recognition of Nasalized and Non- Nasalized Vowels
RECOGNITION OF NASALIZED AND NON- NASALIZED VOWELS Submitted By: BILAL A. RAJA Advised by: Dr. Carol Espy Wilson and Tarun Pruthi Speech Communication Lab, Dept of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Maryland, College Park Maryland Engineering Research Internship Teams (MERIT) Program 2006 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1- Abstract 3 2- What Is Nasalization? 3 2.1 – Production of Nasal Sound 3 2.2 – Common Spectral Characteristics of Nasalization 4 3 – Expected Results 6 3.1 – Related Previous Researches 6 3.2 – Hypothesis 7 4- Method 7 4.1 – The Task 7 4.2 – The Technique Used 8 4.3 – HMM Tool Kit (HTK) 8 4.3.1 – Data Preparation 9 4.3.2 – Training 9 4.3.3 – Testing 9 4.3.4 – Analysis 9 5 – Results 10 5.1 – Experiment 1 11 5.2 – Experiment 2 11 6 – Conclusion 12 7- References 13 2 1 - ABSTRACT When vowels are adjacent to nasal consonants (/m,n,ng/), they often become nasalized for at least some part of their duration. This nasalization is known to lead to changes in perceived vowel quality. The goal of this project is to verify if it is beneficial to first recognize nasalization in vowels and treat the three groups of vowels (those occurring before nasal consonants, those occurring after nasal consonants, and the oral vowels which are vowels that are not adjacent to nasal consonants) separately rather than collectively for recognizing the vowel identities. The standard Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) and the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) paradigm have been used for this purpose. The results show that when the system is trained on vowels in general, the recognition of nasalized vowels is 17% below that of oral vowels. -
Bleaching and Coloring*
386 Bleaching and Coloring* Patricia D. Miller Ohio State University Current studies in natural phonology have dealt with vowels in terms of three cardinal properties: palatality, labiality, and sonority. Palatality and labiality--the chromatic properties--are optimized by a minimally open, maximally constricted vocal tract; and sonority is optimized by a more open vowel tract) Thus the familiar triangle: A or, more exactly a a represents the maximal opposition of the three properties.2 And in many ways, the vowel space does seem to be triangular: ordinarily, the more sonorant a vowel is, the less color it has; and the more chromatic it is--the less sonorant. Thus, while i, e, and m are all palatal, i is more palatal than e, and e is more palatal than m; and, similarly, the degree of rounding varies for u, o, 3. The vowels #, A, and a are colorless or achromatic. They lack both palatality and labiality, and differ only in sonority.3 In this framework, the terms bleaching and coloring are almost self-explanatory: bleaching removes color, and coloring adds color. Bleaching Bleaching may remove palatality or labiality, or both simultaneously: V !lover -Labial !unstressed and/or !lax/short -Palatal] !mixed _(context) Full-scale operation of bleaching will produce linear vowel systems like those of the Caucasian languages reported to have k, A, a. If A lowers, it will produce the system 4, a like that of Kabardian (Kuipers 1960:23 et passim), or that of the child Curt4 (011er forthcoming); or, if all achromatics lower, it will give the single- vowel system, a. -
Manner of Articulation
An Animated and Narrated Glossary of Terms used in Linguistics presents Manner of Articulation Articulators Slide 2 Page 1 Manner of Articulation • The manner of articulation refers to the way airflow is controlled in the production of a phone (i.e. a linguistic sound). Slide 3 Manner of Articulation on the IPA Chart Plosive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap Fricative Lateral fricative Approximant Lateral approximant Manner of articulation Slide 4 Page 2 Plosive p Plosives require total obstruction of airflow. Slide 5 Nasal n Nasals require air to flow out of the nose. Slide 6 Page 3 Trill r Trills are made by rapid succession of contact between articulators that obstruct airflow. Slide 7 Tap or Flap A tap or flap is like trill, except that there is only one rapid contact between the articulators. There is some difference between tap and flap, but we shall not pursue that here. Slide 8 Page 4 Fricative f A fricative is formed when the stricture is very narrow (but without total closure) so that when air flows out, a hissing noise is made. Slide 9 Approximant An approximant is a phone made when the obstruction of airflow does not produce any audible friction. Slide 10 Page 5 Lateral l A lateral is made when air flows out of the sides of the mouth. Slide 11 Note • In this presentation, we have concentrated on the pulmonic consonants, but manners of articulation may be used to describe vowels and other linguistic sounds as well. Slide 12 Page 6 The End Wee, Lian-Hee and Winnie H.Y. -
UC Berkeley Dissertations, Department of Linguistics
UC Berkeley Dissertations, Department of Linguistics Title The Aeroacoustics of Nasalized Fricatives Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/00h9g9gg Author Shosted, Ryan K Publication Date 2006 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Aeroacoustics of Nasalized Fricatives by Ryan Keith Shosted B.A. (Brigham Young University) 2000 M.A. (University of California, Berkeley) 2003 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: John J. Ohala, Chair Keith Johnson Milton M. Azevedo Fall 2006 The dissertation of Ryan Keith Shosted is approved: Chair Date Date Date University of California, Berkeley Fall 2006 The Aeroacoustics of Nasalized Fricatives Copyright 2006 by Ryan Keith Shosted 1 Abstract The Aeroacoustics of Nasalized Fricatives by Ryan Keith Shosted Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley John J. Ohala, Chair Understanding the relationship of aerodynamic laws to the unique geometry of the hu- man vocal tract allows us to make phonological and typological predictions about speech sounds typified by particular aerodynamic regimes. For example, some have argued that the realization of nasalized fricatives is improbable because fricatives and nasals have an- tagonistic aerodynamic specifications. Fricatives require high pressure behind the suprala- ryngeal constriction as a precondition for high particle velocity. Nasalization, on the other hand, vents back pressure by allowing air to escape through the velopharyngeal orifice. This implies that an open velopharyngeal port will reduce oral particle velocity, thereby potentially extinguishing frication. By using a mechanical model of the vocal tract and spoken fricatives that have undergone coarticulatory nasalization, it is shown that nasal- ization must alter the spectral characteristics of fricatives, e.g. -
Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
Phonological Elision in Malaysian Cantonese Casual Speech
PHONOLOGICAL ELISION IN MALAYSIAN CANTONESE CASUAL SPEECH ONG YIN HSIAR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2007 PHONOLOGICAL ELISION IN MALAYSIAN CANTONESE CASUAL SPEECH ONG YIN HSIAR (B. ARTS), UM A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE STUDIES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2007 Acknowledgement How does a person say “thank you” when there are so many people to thank? This thesis is dedicated to my family, who encourage me to pursue my dream without a fear. They are my mentors and heroes that make my life complete. In my course of learning at NUS, I have had the benefit of wisdom from three supervisors. A/P Lee Cher Leng took me under her wing at the crucial moment when I was nearing completion of this research; Dr. Yan Xiuhong offered me insightful comments and guidance after my first supervisor Wee Lian Hee left NUS. But it was also Lian Hee who started me on the journey of Linguistics. Even though he had left NUS, modern technology had made it possible for me to obtain much help from him. I would have been lost if not for his suggestions and patience in keeping an eye almost word-by-word in my thesis. I would also like to thank everyone who contributed in any way to the completion of this project. I am particularly grateful for the National University of Singapore Research Scholarship (2005-2007), without which my life would be peppered with much physical hardship. On fieldwork, recordings and phonetic analyses, I am indebted to A/P Robbie Goh, Mr. -
How to Edit IPA 1 How to Use SAMPA for Editing IPA 2 How to Use X
version July 19 How to edit IPA When you want to enter the International Phonetic Association (IPA) character set with a computer keyboard, you need to know how to enter each IPA character with a sequence of keyboard strokes. This document describes a number of techniques. The complete SAMPA and RTR mapping can be found in the attached html documents. The main html document (ipa96.html) comes in a pdf-version (ipa96.pdf) too. 1 How to use SAMPA for editing IPA The Speech Assessment Method (SAM) Phonetic Alphabet has been developed by John Wells (http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa). The goal was to map 176 IPA characters into the range of 7-bit ASCII, which is a set of 96 characters. The principle is to represent a single IPA character by a single ASCII character. This table is an example for five vowels: Description IPA SAMPA script a ɑ A ae ligature æ { turned a ɐ 6 epsilon ɛ E schwa ə @ A visual represenation of a keyboard shows the mapping on screen. The source for the SAMPA mapping used is "Handbook of multimodal an spoken dialogue systems", D Gibbon, Kluwer Academic Publishers 2000. 2 How to use X-SAMPA for editing IPA The multi-character extension to SAMPA has also been developed by John Wells (http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/x-sampa.htm). The basic principle used is to form chains of ASCII characters, that represent a single IPA character, e.g. This table lists some examples Description IPA X-SAMPA beta β B small capital B ʙ B\ lower-case B b b lower-case P p p Phi ɸ p\ The X-SAMPA mapping is in preparation and will be included in the next release. -
Ohne Lös SS 11 Slides III NN
Semester Outline Introduction to English Phonology and Phonetics 1. Phonetics and phonology: basics (& introducing transcription) 2. English consonants Dr. Nadja Nesselhauf 3. English vowels 4. Beyond the phoneme (connected speech, suprasegmentals etc.) 5. Accents of English English Vowels: Outline Phonetic Classification of Vowels Phonetic criteria for the classification of vowels: 1. Classification of vowels - tongue shape (tongue height = closeness/openness + part of tongue which is highest = frontness/backness) 2. English monophthongs - lip shape (rounded vs. unrounded or spread vs. neutral vs. round) - constancy of tongue/(lip)-shape (diphthongs vs. 3. English diphthongs monophthongs) - position of velum (oral vs. nasal vowels) - duration (long vs. short) 1 Classification of Vowels: Classification of Vowels: Extreme Vowels Extreme Vowels [i]: [u]: extremely extremely front and back and close close Source: Collins/Mees 2003, 59 Source: Collins/Mees 2003, 59 Classification of Vowels: Classification of Vowels: Extreme Vowels Extreme Vowels [a]: [@]: extremely extremely front and back and open open Source: Collins/Mees 2003, 60 Source: Collins/Mees 2003, 60 2 Classification of Vowels: Classification of Vowels: Vowel Diagram Cardinal Vowels (D. Jones) “si” “gut” “thé” “Rose” “même” “Sonne” “la” “pas” Source: Collins/Mees 2003, 61 Source: Collins/Mees 2003, 61 Classification of Vowels: Cardinal Vowels (D. Jones) Vowels in the IPA chart Source: Collins/Mees 2003, 61 Daniel Jones pronouncing the cardinal vowels: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UIAe4p2I74 3 Alternative Vowel Chart Vowels - a Continuum… (Primary Cardinal Vowels) George Bernard Shaw: Pygmalion (Preface: “there are touches of [Henry] Sweet in the play”): HIGGINS: Tired of listening to sounds? PICKERING: Yes. It‘s a fearful strain.