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Spinoza and the Sciences Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science
SPINOZA AND THE SCIENCES BOSTON STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE EDITED BY ROBERT S. COHEN AND MARX W. WARTOFSKY VOLUME 91 SPINOZA AND THE SCIENCES Edited by MARJORIE GRENE University of California at Davis and DEBRA NAILS University of the Witwatersrand D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER ~~~.'~*"~ ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP i\"lI'4 DORDRECHT/BOSTON/LANCASTER/TOKYO Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Main entry under title: Spinoza and the sciences. (Boston studies in the philosophy of science; v. 91) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677. 2. Science- Philosophy-History. 3. Scientists-Netherlands- Biography. I. Grene, Marjorie Glicksman, 1910- II. Nails, Debra, 1950- Ill. Series. Q174.B67 vol. 91 OOI'.Ols 85-28183 101 43.S725J 100 I J ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8511-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-4514-2 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-4514-2 Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland. 2-0490-150 ts All Rights Reserved © 1986 by D. Reidel Publishing Company Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986 and copyright holders as specified on appropriate pages within No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner FROM SPINOZA'S LETTER TO OLDENBURG, RIJNSBURG, APRIL, 1662 (Photo by permission of Berend Kolk) TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix MARJORIE GRENE I Introduction xi 1. -
Newton.Indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 14:45 | Pag
omslag Newton.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 14:45 | Pag. 1 e Dutch Republic proved ‘A new light on several to be extremely receptive to major gures involved in the groundbreaking ideas of Newton Isaac Newton (–). the reception of Newton’s Dutch scholars such as Willem work.’ and the Netherlands Jacob ’s Gravesande and Petrus Prof. Bert Theunissen, Newton the Netherlands and van Musschenbroek played a Utrecht University crucial role in the adaption and How Isaac Newton was Fashioned dissemination of Newton’s work, ‘is book provides an in the Dutch Republic not only in the Netherlands important contribution to but also in the rest of Europe. EDITED BY ERIC JORINK In the course of the eighteenth the study of the European AND AD MAAS century, Newton’s ideas (in Enlightenment with new dierent guises and interpre- insights in the circulation tations) became a veritable hype in Dutch society. In Newton of knowledge.’ and the Netherlands Newton’s Prof. Frans van Lunteren, sudden success is analyzed in Leiden University great depth and put into a new perspective. Ad Maas is curator at the Museum Boerhaave, Leiden, the Netherlands. Eric Jorink is researcher at the Huygens Institute for Netherlands History (Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences). / www.lup.nl LUP Newton and the Netherlands.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 16:47 | Pag. 1 Newton and the Netherlands Newton and the Netherlands.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 16:47 | Pag. 2 Newton and the Netherlands.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 16:47 | Pag. -
The Newton-Leibniz Controversy Over the Invention of the Calculus
The Newton-Leibniz controversy over the invention of the calculus S.Subramanya Sastry 1 Introduction Perhaps one the most infamous controversies in the history of science is the one between Newton and Leibniz over the invention of the infinitesimal calculus. During the 17th century, debates between philosophers over priority issues were dime-a-dozen. Inspite of the fact that priority disputes between scientists were ¡ common, many contemporaries of Newton and Leibniz found the quarrel between these two shocking. Probably, what set this particular case apart from the rest was the stature of the men involved, the significance of the work that was in contention, the length of time through which the controversy extended, and the sheer intensity of the dispute. Newton and Leibniz were at war in the later parts of their lives over a number of issues. Though the dispute was sparked off by the issue of priority over the invention of the calculus, the matter was made worse by the fact that they did not see eye to eye on the matter of the natural philosophy of the world. Newton’s action-at-a-distance theory of gravitation was viewed as a reversion to the times of occultism by Leibniz and many other mechanical philosophers of this era. This intermingling of philosophical issues with the priority issues over the invention of the calculus worsened the nature of the dispute. One of the reasons why the dispute assumed such alarming proportions and why both Newton and Leibniz were anxious to be considered the inventors of the calculus was because of the prevailing 17th century conventions about priority and attitude towards plagiarism. -
Berkeley's Case Against Realism About Dynamics
Lisa Downing [Published in Berkeley’s Metaphysics, ed. Muehlmann, Penn State Press 1995, 197-214. Turbayne Essay Prize winner, 1992.] Berkeley's case against realism about dynamics While De Motu, Berkeley's treatise on the philosophical foundations of mechanics, has frequently been cited for the surprisingly modern ring of certain of its passages, it has not often been taken as seriously as Berkeley hoped it would be. Even A.A. Luce, in his editor's introduction to De Motu, describes it as a modest work, of limited scope. Luce writes: The De Motu is written in good, correct Latin, but in construction and balance the workmanship falls below Berkeley's usual standards. The title is ambitious for so brief a tract, and may lead the reader to expect a more sustained argument than he will find. A more modest title, say Motion without Matter, would fitly describe its scope and content. Regarded as a treatise on motion in general, it is a slight and disappointing work; but viewed from a narrower angle, it is of absorbing interest and high importance. It is the application of immaterialism to contemporary problems of motion, and should be read as such. ...apart from the Principles the De Motu would be nonsense.1 1The Works of George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, ed. A.A. Luce and T.E. Jessop (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1948-57), 4: 3-4. In this paper, all references to Berkeley are to the Luce-Jessop edition. Quotations from De Motu are taken from Luce's translation. I use the following abbreviations for Berkeley’s works: PC Philosophical Commentaries PHK-I Introduction to The Principles of Human Knowledge PHK The Principles of Human Knowledge DM De Motu A Alciphron TVV The Theory of Vision Vindicated and Explained S Siris 1 There are good general reasons to think, however, that Berkeley's aims in writing the book were as ambitious as the title he chose. -
As Above, So Below. Astrology and the Inquisition in Seventeenth-Century New Spain
Department of History and Civilization As Above, So Below. Astrology and the Inquisition in Seventeenth-Century New Spain Ana Avalos Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, February 2007 EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE Department of History and Civilization As Above, So Below. Astrology and the Inquisition in Seventeenth-Century New Spain Ana Avalos Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board: Prof. Peter Becker, Johannes-Kepler-Universität Linz Institut für Neuere Geschichte und Zeitgeschichte (Supervisor) Prof. Víctor Navarro Brotons, Istituto de Historia de la Ciencia y Documentación “López Piñero” (External Supervisor) Prof. Antonella Romano, European University Institute Prof. Perla Chinchilla Pawling, Universidad Iberoamericana © 2007, Ana Avalos No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author A Bernardo y Lupita. ‘That which is above is like that which is below and that which is below is like that which is above, to achieve the wonders of the one thing…’ Hermes Trismegistus Contents Acknowledgements 4 Abbreviations 5 Introduction 6 1. The place of astrology in the history of the Scientific Revolution 7 2. The place of astrology in the history of the Inquisition 13 3. Astrology and the Inquisition in seventeenth-century New Spain 17 Chapter 1. Early Modern Astrology: a Question of Discipline? 24 1.1. The astrological tradition 27 1.2. Astrological practice 32 1.3. Astrology and medicine in the New World 41 1.4. -
Newton and Kant on Absolute Space: from Theology to Transcendental Philosophy
Newton and Kant on Absolute Space: From Theology to Transcendental Philosophy Michael Friedman Abstract I argue that Einstein’s creation of both special and general relativity instantiates Reichenbach’s conception of the relativized a priori. I do this by show- ing how the original Kantian conception actually contributes to the development of Einstein’s theories through the intervening philosophical and scientific work of Helmholtz, Mach, and Poincaré. In my previous work on Newton and Kant I have primarily emphasized methodo- logical issues: why Kant takes the Newtonian Laws of Motion (as well as certain related propositions of what he calls “pure natural science”) as synthetic a priori constitutive principles rather than mere empirical laws, and how this point is inti- mately connected, in turn, with Kant’s conception of absolute space as a regulative idea of reason – as the limit point of an empirical constructive procedure rather than a self-subsistent “container” existing prior to and independently of all perceptible matter. I have also argued that these methodological differences explain the circum- stance that Kant, unlike Newton, asserts that gravitational attraction must be con- ceived as an “action at a distance through empty space,” and even formulates a (rare) criticism of Newton for attempting to leave the question of the “true cause” of gravitational attraction entirely open. In this paper I emphasize the importance of metaphysical and theological issues – about God, his creation of the material world in space, and the consequences different views of such creation have for the metaphysical foundations of physics. I argue, in particular, that Kant’s differences with Newton over these issues constitute an essential part of his radical transforma- tion of the very meaning of metaphysics as practiced by his predecessors. -
Determinism Is False
%&5&3.*/*4. Barry Loewer %FUFSNJOJTNJTBDPOUJOHFOUNFUBQIZTJDBMDMBJNBCPVUUIFGVOEBNFOUBMOBUVSBMMBXT UIBUIPMEJOUIFVOJWFSTF*UTBZT The natural laws and the way things are at time t determine the way things will be at later times. 5IF NBUIFNBUJDJBO 1JFSSF4JNPO -BQMBDF FYQSFTTFE IJT CFMJFG UIBU EFUFS- minism is true this way: 8F PVHIU UP SFHBSE UIF QSFTFOU TUBUF PG UIF VOJWFSTF BT UIF FGGFDU PG JUT antecedent state and as the cause of the state that is to follow. An intel- MJHFODF LOPXJOH BMM UIF GPSDFT BDUJOH JO OBUVSF BU B HJWFO JOTUBOU BT XFMM as the momentary positions of all things in the universe, would be able to comprehend in one single formula the motions of the largest bodies as well as the lightest atoms in the world, provided that its intellect were suf!ciently QPXFSGVMUPTVCKFDUBMMEBUBUPBOBMZTJTUPJUOPUIJOHXPVMECFVODFSUBJO UIF future as well as the past would be present to its eyes. The perfection that the human mind has been able to give to astronomy affords but a feeble outline of such intelligence. 5IF QIZTJDT PG -BQMBDFT EBZ UIF àSTU EFDBEFT PG UIF OJOFUFFOUI DFOUVSZ XBT /FXUPOJBO DMBTTJDBM NFDIBOJDT*TBBD/FXUPOGPSNVMBUFEQSJODJQMFTUIBUIFUIPVHIU FYQSFTTUIFMBXTEFTDSJCJOHIPXGPSDFTEFUFSNJOFUIFNPUJPOTPGCPEJFT F ma) and IPXUIFQPTJUJPOTPGCPEJFTBOEPUIFSGBDUPSTEFUFSNJOFHSBWJUBUJPOBMBOEPUIFSLJOET PGGPSDFT6TJOHUIFTFQSJODJQMFT /FXUPOBOEQIZTJDJTUTGPMMPXJOHIJNXFSFBCMFUP QSFEJDUBOEFYQMBJOUIFNPUJPOTPGDFMFTUJBMBOEUFSSFTUSJBMCPEJFT'PSFYBNQMF UIFTF laws account for the orbits of the planets, the trajectories of cannon balls, and the QFSJPET PG QFOEVMVNT-JLF/FXUPO -BQMBDFEJE OPULOPX BMM UIFGPSDFTUIFSF BSF but he envisioned that, once those forces (and the corresponding force laws) were LOPXO /FXUPOJBO QIZTJDT XPVME CF B complete physical theory. That is, its laws would account for the motions of all material particles. And since he thought that FWFSZUIJOH UIBU FYJTUT JO TQBDF JT DPNQPTFE PG WBSJPVT LJOET PG WFSZ TNBMM NBUFSJBM #"33:-0&8&3 QBSUJDMFT PSBUPNT IFUIPVHIUUIBU/FXUPOJBONFDIBOJDT PODFBMMUIFGPSDFTXFSF LOPXO XPVMECFXIBUUPEBZXFXPVMEDBMMthe theory of everything. -
Newton's Notebook
Newton’s Notebook The Haverford School’s Math & Applied Math Journal Issue I Spring 2017 The Haverford School Newton’s Notebook Spring 2017 “To explain all nature is too difficult a task for any one man or even for any one age. ‘Tis much better to do a little with certainty & leave the rest for others that come after you.” ~Isaac Newton Table of Contents Pure Mathematics: 7 The Golden Ratio.........................................................................................Robert Chen 8 Fermat’s Last Theorem.........................................................................Michael Fairorth 9 Math in Coding............................................................................................Bram Schork 10 The Pythagoreans.........................................................................................Eusha Hasan 12 Transfinite Numbers.................................................................................Caleb Clothier 15 Sphere Equality................................................................................Matthew Baumholtz 16 Interesting Series.......................................................................................Aditya Sardesi 19 Indirect Proofs..............................................................................................Mr. Patrylak Applied Mathematics: 23 Physics in Finance....................................................................................Caleb Clothier 26 The von Bertalanffy Equation..................................................................Will -
Newton As Philosopher
This page intentionally left blank NEWTON AS PHILOSOPHER Newton’s philosophical views are unique and uniquely difficult to categorize. In the course of a long career from the early 1670s until his death in 1727, he articulated profound responses to Cartesian natural philosophy and to the prevailing mechanical philosophy of his day. Newton as Philosopher presents Newton as an original and sophisti- cated contributor to natural philosophy, one who engaged with the principal ideas of his most important predecessor, René Descartes, and of his most influential critic, G. W. Leibniz. Unlike Descartes and Leibniz, Newton was systematic and philosophical without presenting a philosophical system, but, over the course of his life, he developed a novel picture of nature, our place within it, and its relation to the creator. This rich treatment of his philosophical ideas, the first in English for thirty years, will be of wide interest to historians of philosophy, science, and ideas. ANDREW JANIAK is Assistant Professor in the Department of Philosophy, Duke University. He is editor of Newton: Philosophical Writings (2004). NEWTON AS PHILOSOPHER ANDREW JANIAK Duke University CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521862868 © Andrew Janiak 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. -
The Relationship Between the Aristotelian, Newtonian and Holistic Scientific Paradigms and Selected British Detective Fiction 1980 - 2010
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ARISTOTELIAN, NEWTONIAN AND HOLISTIC SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS AND SELECTED BRITISH DETECTIVE FICTION 1980 - 2010 HILARY ANNE GOLDSMITH A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Greenwich for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2010 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the help and support I have received throughout my studies from the academic staff at the University of Greenwich, especially that of my supervisors. I would especially like to acknowledge the unerring support and encouragement I have received from Professor Susan Rowland, my first supervisor. iii ABSTRACT This thesis examines the changing relationship between key elements of the Aristotelian, Newtonian and holistic scientific paradigms and contemporary detective fiction. The work of scholars including N. Katherine Hayles, Martha A. Turner has applied Thomas S. Kuhn’s notion of scientific paradigms to literary works, especially those of the Victorian period. There seemed to be an absence, however, of research of a similar academic standard exploring the relationship between scientific worldviews and detective fiction. Extending their scholarship, this thesis seeks to open up debate in what was perceived to be an under-represented area of literary study. The thesis begins by identifying the main precepts of the three paradigms. It then offers a chronological overview of the developing relationship between these precepts and detective fiction from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Sign of Four (1890) to P.D.James’s The Black Tower (1975). The present state of this interaction is assessed through a detailed analysis of representative examples of the detective fiction of Reginald Hill, Barbara Nadel, and Quintin Jardine written between 1980 and 2010. -
The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies
The International Journal Of Humanities & Social Studies (ISSN 2321 - 9203) www.theijhss.com THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES Nature of Philosophy Mudasir Ahmad Tantray Ph.D. Scholar, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India Ateequllah Dar Ph.D. Scholar, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract: The aim of this paper is to examine the nature, scope and importance of philosophy in the light of its relation to other disciplines. This work pays its focus on the various fundamental problems of philosophy, relating to Ethics, Metaphysics, Epistemology Logic, and its association with scientific realism. It will also highlight the various facets of these problems and the role of philosophers to point out the various issues relating to human issues. It is widely agreed that philosophy as a multi-dimensional subject that shows affinity to others branches of philosophy like, Philosophy of Science, Humanities, Physics and Mathematics, but this paper also seeks, a philosophical nature towards the universal problems of nature. It evaluates the contribution and sacrifices of the great sages of philosophers to promote the clarity and progress in the field of philosophy. Keywords: wisdom, intelligence, induction, deduction, existence, sensations, aphorism Plato: “He who has a taste for every sort of knowledge and is curious to learn is a philosopher” 1. Introduction All subjects written and unwritten pertaining to some object for analysis. Philosophy is one such subject pertaining to wisdom. Wisdom is different from intelligence, Cunningness, wit, cleverness and being crafty. It is the noblest feature differentiating a man from the animal kingdom. It is this specialty of head and heart that makes a man the crown of creation or the deputy of God on earth as well as the order or decree of the first cause. -
"The Philosophy of Humanism"
THE PHILOSOPHY OF HUMANISM Books by Corliss Lamont The Philosophy of Humanism, Eighth Edition, 1997 (posthumous) Lover’s Credo: Poems of Love, 1994 The Illusion of Immortality, Fifth Edition, 1990 Freedom of Choice Affirmed, Third Edition, 1990 Freedom Is as Freedom Does: Civil Liberties in America, Fourth Edition, 1990 Yes To Life: Memoirs of Corliss Lamont, 1990 Remembering John Masefield, 1990 A Lifetime of Dissent, 1988 A Humanist Funeral Service, 1977 Voice in the Wilderness: Collected Essays of Fifty Years, 1974 A Humanist Wedding Service, 1970 Soviet Civilization, Second Edition, 1955 The Independent Mind, 1951 The Peoples of the Soviet Union, 1946 You Might Like Socialism, 1939 Russia Day by Day Co-author (with Margaret I. Lamont), 1933 (Continued on last page of book) THE PHILOSOPHY OF HUMANISM CORLISS LAMONT EIGHTH EDITION, REVISED HALF-MOON FOUNDATION, INC. The Half-Moon Foundation was formed to promote enduring inter- national peace, support for the United Nations, the conservation of our country’s natural environment, and to safeguard and extend civil liberties as guaranteed under the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. AMHERST, NEW YORK 14226 To My Mother FLORENCE CORLISS LAMONT discerning companion in philosophy Published 1997 by Humanist Press A division of the American Humanist Association 7 Harwood Drive, P.O. Box 1188 Amherst, NY 14226-7188 Eighth Edition Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-77244 ISBN 0-931779-07-3 Copyright © 1949, 1957, 1965, 1982, 1990, 1992 by Corliss Lamont. Copyright © 1997 by Half-Moon Foundation, Inc. Copy Editor, Rick Szykowny ~ Page Layout, F. J. O’Neill The following special copyright information applies to this electronic text version of The Philosophy of Humanism, Eighth Edition: THIS DOCUMENT IS COPYRIGHT © 1997 BY HALF-MOON FOUNDATION, INC.