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The --Cahuilla Indians

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The --Cahuilla Indians UNIVFRSITV. OF CALl FORNIA ~PUBLICATIONS INM ~AMERICA~N .ARCHA'EO)LOGY .AND ETHNLOG V61. ''I&, No'.. 6, :pp~. 315-8 Api 1,120 THE --CAHUILLA INDIANS- 'BY LUCILE HOOPERO UIIVERSITY Of CALiFORMIA, PESS llERkELEy ; IV, ;SITY * 'NIA PU'L, ,T*'!;S T,o,lo g publi, n; ah oIl a_ subjects4,si1e- under the dUreetlol Af the DAepatie of Ahrpolog re-st iezchange for thepuli- - ca.;t.'-ieoligoriaofthrpoloogalcl epartments and ius,enans-, and foUitoII devote to general -antheop.og or to archeologyad. etkoogy The are fir sale at the Erkesstat:" ;;E-elnis should diraced The.-haaie artm U ie Libray, Berkeley, Californis,' -0 : Uv-.; -&A. A,:odrd idta h b a ty eUiert of A1IA ARC1A;OO`. ---P H Lr. .oeberbditr.- ?rce,- bAF' $50Q~}Volumeeach,1, <$4.b;~~~~~2VOam-g2; t*-b 1, Inclsie,- $X5(-eac; Vsolm 12 and following, - - ,--; -7'8V4U-&-t nt'' olk -9 1 i '1 * t ;t-** i Cited a U-v~(&f Il AMz Arch., 0tbn 1ric ;Vol.1. 1. L)e 'id Ontue-f othe nup, by Pli Goddard ? i.148; platies ;13q#.- ~+¢iY ~ Septe ~ 1903--*. -- -- --.. $ -- 1.25 2 flu.......exts, ......... Sa,byeGl d. P. -89-368. h=:M 1904,-..'h... 3.00 _ ,i iex, fpp. $6-378. V-l 2. 1--ti. The oraoof .tb.Potterw eek vavo, byWliam 3.Ji.;SaW`.1p.1-27;' ~plate -4 Aprl, 190 .....-....-.. A40 '2.\ The L~nkaag of the Coa'0st of alifornia -outh ofa ransco, by A. -. - Krj#er. Pp. 294,-'wthA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~UP.a ma.a , 1004*St;X - -:.- u -\ .6060a4 3y of Indian, ut i Oalifora4aiby A. L. eer-. SPp 1904- .....................- -2 4.~Basket DsiLgns~of t,hie, Inians of- Northwesterni daiifolila,b .L Krebr. 'P.456;Pae 52. aiuny 9Q - - ..75~ 5~~TheYoknt$ L34g~ OUlCnrl. sgria,1 .L.Kobr Pp. '"o.3-.\-f..The Mir -Mhbolgyof the6 1Iip aguag'e, byPiyEe Goddard. 34s pp.:--'- 7 1 w $;0 6as*~~~~~'7 1 -`- Vol4.- 1. The Earliest Etoral -Re tween Mico and Japan,4 fromA iginal ,d0-0'u,m.ets. prvedi Spain wuala, by Zelia Nuttal-P.L-47.' Alnil,-1906 ~... - --..........------- 50 2*,, oa,ftribOutlon 'to tje -ia A p of ,,iiased on cOle. - t;-; onsin te! Of Anthxop7elogy of the ;U> -rsioafoniai -and In the -Y'S. Na'tiol Masutm, by Al s Igrdlica Pp 4.-64,. with. '5tbles; lae 1-10, saudj nap. :-Jlune,. -10oX ....../ ;'\;- ' t'- ts '~~~~~~~~~~~}ww -- -~~- -- -- -- 3. The? b'Shshonean iects of CaGforn,by 4 L- oeb 1 ruary, -907 -.--------_ 99_*;4*---_P. -- -. -. ..-..... 1.60 4'.Xn,t:gdiays' prom. StCentradalifoiia,"by A " Pp.I 167- 2~~G.. .L:roe.ber.T. ~ ~~Ofy,190`7-ta-'ahf .75a 5. Th.e Waso LanWgae of East nal California Land N by A. ,r'-oeber Pp. ",21-.;8epteber",1907-.--te-,.- - 6. The- --RlgoBs etfil97--B o,f th -;--S--Indan- t-- i-t----t----o aforei-x--4 s - b 4 L. 9roel-er.--------- P'95'.-"---- - septembr197-. y .0 Inhdex, pp,,Mt7-374. ... ,. -'' - .. -, VoL 5..' '' 1. The gPhoooy;:te iupa Lgl ge.tZ Tu Soud,by'' Pi--hy.-arleh G r a.P -0 plat-sK14. Mrh '1907 .-..-.---- -i- C,';'.'&-IngT'02., '-R1,a.-v-Salo'tonMyths,PrXyer¢sMatthehs,eited,adbySongs,.'witP et n Ti1saiou,iSobyt Wash".--. \".'"'. ..D' -',' b.ar, b, lin Earle Goddard. P. 21-84Se';te '.75' -{s~~3 Ea~platesTexts,1a0rleG.--'5by PJuelin,JE#rle191 (iodda,rdL-..pi;Pp. 05.8 plate C). -December,4 1909 2.50 . 4 Theu Mat;erial Qulture of t;he Rllamath Lak and Modoc Indians of North-- -' ,, ''','''., -- '?'' '' ,e-asternindex,;CaUfornia-aniS ithrWIV.381E3G4Oregon,-,'b>y S.|'A. - 1ret P.b 239-292,' '<R ''- .--- 5. e Obimariko Indian, IandLaiiarge, by,an'S d B.W# i)l2oja P 293-8 -VtoL. 6X. '.1.'T,e' ino-G-byA aphy,- ofttie.obt P*m aad Neighborig ias by Sel. 5. ; ; -;0 > Btt* mAlfred,eindiatei.,Bar8rett..................Pp.......1482,.........maps.......1-2........February,..............1908.........2 p..3.9-80 - ,.. :+3.25i@ ,--~ ~ ~.sad'-.9>-ah'=d,.h2 Geograph Dialects o ,tI'.tMwok. Indians, by'Saiuel Alfred.,'' \' ''~~~~~~~U '.;-......'.-..;. ;! ; 3. O the Ev;idenceof the Occ,upatt:o'Ca g by Nio - ,<'. ,;''S ' ...................Nos.E'- 2 ad 3, n tone cover Febur- 191)8 --- - ................................................... .50' - A n , p. 38140 _'' '½ :8 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 315-380 April 10, 1920 THE CAHUILLA INDIANS BY LUCILE HOOPER CONTENTS PAGE Editor 's note ......-........... 316 .. Origin beliefs . --------- 317 Religious life _- .--------.---- 328 Mourning commemoration and fiesta week.. --- 328 Shamanism ....................,,,. -,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,_,,,,,,,,,-,,---- 333 Spirits-.-.. 339 Future life .................. --342............... 342 Burial customs .---------------------...----.-----------------------343 Enemysongs ,,,,,,-- ,,-- ,,,,,,--,--,--,,,,,,--,,,-,,,,--------------- ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 344 Boys' initiation-........................................................................................................-345 Girls' adolescence.......--.--------------------------------- 347 Eagle ceremony .----------- - --348 Social life ....------ - ---349 Moieties and clans .,,,,,,,,,,--- - - -- 349 Naming of children ,,,--,,,,,,,,----,,,------ 349 Pregnancy and ehildbirth ......--...------- 350 Sickness ---------------------------------------------- --- 351 Social customs .-- ..---- -- -- 352 Marriage .----------------------- ....---------------------------- --353 War , ,,,_,-,,,,,,-,,,------------ 355 Property rights ----------- - -----_-.------------------ 356 Industries and knowledge . -------- ---356 Food .. - --------- -356 Clothing.-..-..,,,,-,,,,,,,,,,,_-,,,,-.,,,,-,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,-,,,,-,,,,,,,,,,,---,,,-- 357 Earth-covered houses .- -------- - 357 Bows and arrows ------- 358 Handiwork .----..----- ----359 Games .----...--......--- - - -- 360 Dogs .--.-.------ 361 Calendar --------------------- --362 The stars .....-.................--........3..... 363 Tales and beliefs -------------.....---------------...........--------...................-- - - -- 364 Takwich ......... ------- 364 Chehaum and Tukwishhenish ----- 365 Kunvachmal and Tukvachtahat ---------------------------......................-- ------366 Takweltekesnikish .............3..7....7............ 371 Origin of the birds ....................................................3............................ 376 Whirlwind -------................................------------------................-- - - -- 377 Bibliography------------------------...- .....- .....................................--...----- . 379 316 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 16 EDITOR'S NOTE This account of the Cahuilla, one of the largest surviving tribes in southern California, represents the work of Lucile Hooper as University of California research fellow in anthropology in 1918. The Cahuilla occupy three contiguous but quite different habitats. The Mountain division inhabits Coahuilla reservation and certain near-by tracts, some four thousand feet above the ocean. To the north, in San Gorgonio Pass, are the Pass Cahuilla, at about half that eleva- tion. These are now mostly on Morongo reservation. The Desert Cahuilla are inland from the two preceding groups, about Indio and Coachella in Torres, Martinez, and a number of other small reserva- tions northwest of the Salton Sea. The territory of these people is almost wholly without rainfall, and lies at about sea level, in part below it. Their habitat is thus unusually specialized. Owing to late settlement of the district by Americans, this group of the Cahuilla has also best preserved its ancient customs. Miss Hooper's investi- gations relate chiefly to the Desert Cahuilla. There is a considerable body of published literature on the Cahuilla and other Indian tribes of southern California, but no intensive monograph upon any one tribe nor a satisfactory comprehensive treat- ment of the region. The literature being so scattered, its citation would have resulted in innumerable detailed cross-references in foot- notes, which the ethnological specialist in this field would scarcely need, and which would not be of much aid to the novice. The list of the more important works given at the end of this paper will probably meet the requirements of most readers. The first comparative problem about the Desert Cahuilla has hitherto been this. They speak the same language as the Mountain and Pass divisions, and are rather closely connected in speech with the other Shoshonean groups on the west-the Luisefio, Cupeino, Juan- eiio, Gabrielino, and Serrano. To the east and northeast is the home of the alien Yuman tribes of the lower Colorado River-the Cocopa, Yuma, Mohave and others, all agricultural; and of the Chemehuevi or Southern Paiute, nomads of the Great Basin. Do the cultural connections of the Cahuilla run chiefly westward like their speech affiliations, or are they as close with the Yumans and Chemehuevi? Miss Hooper 's data, taken in their entirety, settle this question. 1 920] 9Hooper: The Cahuifla Indians 317 With all their geographical proximity to the Yuma and Mohave, the Desert Cahuilla partake essentially of the native civilization of the Shoshonean coastal tribes of southern California. ORIGIN BELIEFS' Birth of Muqkat and Tamaioit.-In the beginning, there was no earth or sky or anything or anybody; only a dense darkness in space. This darkness seemed alive. Something like lightnings seemed to pass through it and meet each other onee in a while. Two substances which looked like the white of an egg came from these lightnings. They lay side by side in the stomach of the darkness, which resembled a spider web. These substances disappeared. They were then pro- duced again, and again they disappeared. This was called the mis- carriage of the darkness. The third time
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