Biological control of crop pests and weeds

M. Sc. (Ag.) Entomology I year II Semester Credit hrs: 2 (1+1)

Dr. Akhilesh Kumar Scientist (Plant Protection) JNKVV-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, CoA, Rewa (MP) Lecture-1 History of biological control

 In 900 A.D. Chinese citrus growers used red , Oecophylla smaragdina on mandarin trees to control chewing . This was the first use of predators.  In 1602, an Italian, Aldrovandi noted the hymenopteran parasite, Apanteles glomeratus laying eggs in the pupae of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae.  In 1762, Indian mynah , Gracula religiosa was exported from to Mauritius to control red locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata.  In 1888, vadalia , Rodolia cardinalis was brought from Austrilia and introduced into California (USA) to control cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi on citrus.  In 1989, cocoinellid lady bird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri was introduced into India from Austrialia for the control of Coffee green scale, Coccus viridis.  In 1929, Vadalia beetle, Rodalia cardinalis was introduced into india (Tamil Nadu) for control cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchase.  In 1937, mali was introduced from North America into Tamil Nadu for control of apple wooly aphid, .  In 1960, a tachnid, Spogossia bezziana was introduced into India from Srilanka for the control of black headed caterpillar, arenosella.

Biological Control The use of natural enemies for the control of harmful insect, other and plants is known as biological control. The term biological control was first used by Smith 1919 to signify the use of natural enemies. In other word collecting and rearing of natural enemies in great numbers in the laboratories and releasing them on harmful insects, other animals and plants is known as biological control. In general we can say that the study and utilization of predators, parasites and pathogens for the control of injurious insects is known as biological control.

Lecture-2 Bio-control agents The different bio-control agents are 1) Predators 2) 3) Insect pathogens

1. Predators Predators are free living and require several preys to complete the life cycle. They tend to feed on preys smaller than themselves. Ex: Coccinellid , ground beetles, anthocorid bugs, syrphid flies, predatory mites. Coccinellid beetles are commonly called as ladybirds. These feed on aphids, scale insects, mealy bugs and mites. Both grubs and adults are voracious feeders. Vadalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis is used for the control of cottony cushion scale on citrus. Australian lady bird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri is commonly used for the management of mealy bugs and scale insects. Coccinellids, Pharoscymnus horni and Chilocorus nigrita and Stichlotis madagassa are used in sugarcane for the control of scale insect, glomerata. Lady bird beetle, Curinus coerulens is used for the control of phyllid, Heteropsylla cubana on subabul plantations. Chrysoperla carnea and Mallada boninensis are used in cotton and citrus ecosystem for protection from aphids and other soft bodied insects. C. carnea feed on aphids, red mites, , white and black flies, eggs of leaf hoppers, , leaf miners and small caterpillars. Anthocorid bugs are used in sunflower for the management of thrips, aphids, eggs and young larvae of mouth. Syrphid or hover flies are important predators of aphids of several crops. Syrphid, Ischiodon scutellaris is used in large scale in mustard and other crops. Crytorhinus livedipennis is the most promising predator for the control of brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens in paddy. Predatory mites, Phytoseiulus spp. Amblyseius spp. are important in controlling phytophagous mites in several crop ecosystem.

2. Parasitoids Each requires only one host, which it kills for its development into a free living adult. Parasitoids are of the same size as the hosts, or sometimes even smaller. The adult food of parasitoids is different from that of larvae. Many adult parasitoids feed on nectar or pollen. Parasitoids may be specific polyphagous. The specific parasitoids are generally preferred for classical biological control for the management of introduced pests.

Parasitoids are of different types a) Egg prasitoids: egg parasitoids are used the management of tissues borers in sugarcane, stem borer in rice, boll worms in cotton and pests of several crops. Trichogramma chilonis is used for the control of bollworms in cotton, intermodal borer in sugarcane and rice leaf folder. Telenomus remus is used for the control of tobacco caterpillar. b) Egg larval parasitoids: Chelonus balackburni is used for the control of spotted boll worm. c) Larval parasitoids: Campolestis chloridae is used the control of Helicoverpa armigera. Bracon hebetor and Bracon brevicornis for the control of coconut black headed caterpillar Platygaster oryzae is used for the control of rice gal midge. d) Larval pupal parasitoids: Isotima javensis is used for the control of top shoot borer of sugarcane. e) Pupal parasitods: Trichospilus pupivora, and Brachymeria nephantidis are used for the control of coconut black headed caterpillar. f) Nymphal and adult parasitoids: Aphelinus mali is used for the control of apply wooly aphid. Encarsia formosa for the control of whitefly. g) Ecto-parasitoid: Ecto-parasitoid, melanoleuca is used for the control of on sugarcane

3. Entomopathogens Entomopathogens are disease causing organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa in insect , which kill their host or debilitate the future generations. The infected insects are unable to feed properly, remain stunted, lose their body colour and gets immobile or paralyzed. Under certain conditions they cause disease epizootics in the field. The various entomophatogens are a) Entomopathogenic bacteria b) Baculoviruses c) Entomo-fungi d) Protozoans e) Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) a) Entomopathogenic bacteria They are extra cellular associated with insects and enter the body cavity through contaminated feed and multiply. Death of the insect may be either due to intoxication, sudden lack of oxygen, chemical changes in the gut or by the toxins or crystal produced in the bacterial cells. Several commercial products based on Bacillus thuringiensis and its sub sp. are available and are widely used for controlling lepidopteran pests. B thruingiesnsis is recommended for the suppression of Helicoverpa armigera on tobacco, sunflower and pulses; Achaea janata on castor; Spodotera litura on tobacco and beet root and atkinsoni on field beans. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki against . Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleraie against wax Bacillus thuringiensis var. sandiego and Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionsis against beetles and weevils. Paenibacillus popilliae is used against several of white grubs including Holotrichia consaguinea and Leucopholis coneophora on groundnut and L. lepidophora on sugarcane. b) Baculoviruses Viruses are sub microscopic, obligate, intracellular pathogenic entities. Viruses in the family of baculoviridae are the best known of all the insect viruses because the disease symptoms are easily recognized and they have potential for the development as microbial insecticides. Baculoviruses are double stranded DNA viruses having bacilliform or rod shaped virions. Important sub groups with in the family are Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses (NPV) and the Granulosis Viruses (GV) which are widely used in pest control the NPVs are specific to host species or genus. GVs are more specific than the NPVs and are reported from Lepidoptera. Commercial formulation of NPVs are commonly used by the farmers for the management to tobacco caterpillar and gram caterpillar. Addition of optical brighteners, tannic acid, boric acid, jaggery improves the effectiveness of NPVs. NPV of Amsacta albistrigs and A. moorei are used on groundnut for the control of red hairy caterpillars. Ha-NPV is used for the control of Helicoverpa armigera on cotton, chickpea and groundnut. SI-NPV is used for the control of Spodoptera litura on tobacco, groundnut, black gram and cotton. GV of Chilo infuscutellus is used for the management of shoot borer on sugarcane c) Entomofungi Different enotmofungal pathogens such as white muscardine, green muscardine and yellow muscardine are known to attack various pest. The spores of the fungus directly penetrate integument of pest and body cavity is attack. The fungus with its mycelium and spores cover the body of host. Beauveria basiana against rice hispa, Spodoptera litura and lepidopteran tissue borers sugarcane. Metarrhizium anisopliae and Beauveria brongniartii against Holotrichia serrata and Leucopholis lepidophora on sugarcane and Holotrichia consanguinea on groundnut and on Oryctes rhinoceros. Nomurae rileyi against Spodoptera litura; Fusarium oxysporum on Nilaparvata Lugens, Verticllium lecanii on Coccus viridis and Hirsutella thompsoni on mites. d) Protozoans Protozo kill the insect either directly or by reducing the fecundity of the adult. Their effect on host is chronic. The prolong the larval life in the field, thus exposing the insect longer to predators and parasitoids. These are called debilitating infections. They are always associated with other pathogens. Ex : Nosema melolonthae against chaffer beetles Farinocystis triboli against red flour beetle Nosema locustae against grasshoppers e) Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) (Steinernematids and Heterorhabdits) directly attack the insect pest. The invasive larvae of EPNs carry the associated bacteria Xenorhabdus sp. or Photorhabdus sp. In their gut, which not only kill the invaded host with in 24-48 hr but also produce a biostatic substance that retards the purification of the cadaver. The nematodes feed on these bacteria and are capable of producing several generations in their dead hosts. The EPNs are susceptible to desiccation. Ex: Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabdits bacteriophora against soil inhabiting insects and tissue borers. Biological control: A tool for pesttt management

Akhilesh Kumar JNKVV, Jabalpur Biological Controls

• BfiilBeneficial anilimals and itinsects • Beneficial microorganisms ‐ Bt, milky spore, Beauveria bassiana (fungus), Nosema (protozoan) Biological Control in Action

• Importation: Foreign exploration is conducted to identify and collect natural enemies in the country from which an exotic pest has been introduced. • Conservation: A variety of management activities can be used to optimi ze the surviilval and/or effec tiveness of natural enemies. • Augmentation: Natural enemies that are unable to survive and/or persist in a new environment can sometimes be reared in large numbers and periodically released to suppress a pest population. Characteristics of effective biocontrol agents

• Narrow host range. Generalized predators may be good natural enemies but they don't kill enough pests when other types of prey are also available.

• Climatic adappytability. Natural enemies must be able to survive the extremes of temperature and humidity that they will encounter in the new habitat.

• Synchrony with host (prey) life cycle. The predator or parasite should be present when the pest first emerges or appears.

• High reproductive potential. Good biocontrol agents produce large numbers of offspring. Ideally, a parasite completes more than one generation ddiuring each generation of the pest. Characteristics of effective biocontrol agents • Effic ient search abilitbility. Inorder tosurvive, effecti ve natltural enemies must be able to locate their host or prey even when it is scarce. In general, better search ability results in lower pest popultilation ditidensities. • Short handling time. Natural enemies that consume prey rappyidly or lay eggs qqyuickly have more time to locate and attack other members of the pest population. Small populations of efficient natural enemies may be more effective biocontrol agents than larger pppopulations of less efficient species. • Survival at low host (prey) density. If a natural enemy is too efficient, it may eliminate its own food supply and then starve to death. The most effective biocontrol agents reduce a pest population below its economic threshold and then maintain it at this lower equilibrium level. Successes full Examples of Bio control Agents of Insect Pests in world • Cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi). This pest of citrus is kept in check by Rodolia cardinalis, a ladybeetle introduced from Australia. • Woolly apple aphids (Eriosoma lanigerum). In apple orchdhards of the northeast ern and northwest ern U. S., these aphids are controlled by Aphelinus mali, a chalcid parasite native to Europe. • Alfalfa weevils (Hypera postica). An tachinidae (Bathyplectes curculionis) parasitizes this beetle’s larvae and a braconid wasp (Microtonus aethiopoides) parasitizes the adults. • Cassava mealybugs (Phenacoccus manihoti). This pest spread throughout much of tropical Africa in the 1980’s , but it has been largely brought under control by an achinid wasp (Apoanagyrus lopezi) discovered in South America. Successes full Examples of Bio control Agents of Insect Pests in world

• Oriental fruit flies (Dacus dorsalis). In Hawaii, these pests of mangoes and other fruits are commonly held in check by Opius oophilus, a braconid wasp from the Philippine Islands. • Purple scale (Lepidosaphes beckii). In California citrus groves, this pest is successfully controlled by ladybeetles (Chilocorus spp.) and parasitic (e.g. Aphytis lepidosaphes). • Winter moths (Operophtera brumata). In Canada, these insects are pests of forest and shade trees. They have been successfully controlled by (a tachinid fly) and flaveolatum (an ichneumonid wasp). • Cereal leaf beetles (Oulema melanopus). This species is a pest of small grains in the achinidn U. S. Its eggs are attacked by a mymarid wasp (AhAnaphes flav ipes), its larvae are parasitized by a eulophid wasp (Testrastichus julus), and adults are susceptible to a fungal pathogen (Beauveria bassiana). Successes full Examples of Bio control Agents of Insect Pests in world

• Blot ch lfileafminers (Agromyza ftllfrontella). In the eastern U. S., this pest of alfalfa is parasitized by a braconid wasp (Dacnusa dryas) and a eulophid wasp (Aphytis yanonensis) itintrod uced from . • Coconut moths (Levuana iridescens). In Fiji, these pests were brought under control by introducing Ptyyychomyia remota, a tachinid fly from Malaysia. • Green stink bugs (Nezara viridula). Tachinid flies (Trichopoda spp.) from Antigua and Monserrat were released in Hawaii to control this pest of vegetable crops. • Palm scale (Chrysomphalus dictyospermi). This insect pest attack s ornamentltals and greenhouse pltlants. In Greece, it is largely controlled by Aphytis melinus, a eulophid wasp introduced from California. Successes full Examples of Biocontrol Agents of Insect Pests in India • Cotesia vestalis (Haliday) (=Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov)): A solitary larval parasitoid of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). • Ashmead: An egg parasitoid of several lepidopterous hosts. Recommended against graminaceous stem and tissue borers on rice, sugarcane, etc. • Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem: Introduced parasitoid of coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari); established in southern India. • Cotesia flavipes Cameron Larval parasitoid of graminaceous stem borers. • Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani. A fortuitously introduced parasitoid of spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, established and providing substantial control. • Bracon brevicornis Wesmael. A common larval ectoparasitoid of several lepidopterous hosts. Successes full Examples of Biocontrol Agents of Insect Pests in India

• GiGoniozus nephhtidiantidis MMbkuesebeck An effec tive ectitidtoparasitoid of coconut blackheaded caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker. • Leptomastix dactylopii Howard. An exotic parasitoid of Planococcus spp., established in southern India. • Stenobracon deesae: A common larval parasitoid of graminaceous stemborers. • Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff):A common pupal parasitoid of several hosts • Chelonus blackburni Cameron: An introduced egg‐larval parasitoid, now established on several lepidopterous hosts. • Campoletis chlorideae Uchida: A larval parasitoid of Helicoverpa armigera Successes full Examples of Biocontrol Agents of Insect Pests in India

• Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov):A pupal parasitoid of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) • Trichogramma chilonis Ishii: Egg parasitoid of several lepidopterous hthosts, commonly proddduced by IdiIndian itiinsectaries for augmenttitative releases in crops like sugarcane, cotton, etc. • Cotesia vestalis (Haliday) (=Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov)): A solitary larval parasitoid of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) . • Trichospilus pupivorus Ferriere A gregarious pupal parasite of several lepidopterous pests; also hyperparasitic through tachinids • Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja: An indigenous egg parasitoid of several lepidopterous hosts like Bactra venosana, Chilo spp., Helicoverpa armigera, Pelopidas mathias, etc. • Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (=T. brasiliensis auctt.)An introduced egg parasitoid of several lepidopterous hosts on sugarcane, cotton, tomato, etc • Xanthopimpla stemmator (Thunberg), A larval parasitoid of graminaceous stem borers. Some Common Beneficial Insects What are Natural Enemies?

• Organisms that kill, decrease reproductive potential, or otherwise reduce the numbers of another organism

• How do they do this? Through predation, paras it is m, heberbivo oy,ry, com petto,petition, atbossantibiosis (e(when organisms secrete substances that inhibit vital activities of other orgg)anisms) Beneficial Organisms

• PdtPredators: or addltult hthunts, attack s, and consumes prey; examples include lady beetles, lilacewings, praying mantids, syrphid flies, assassin bugs, minute pirate bugs, , and predtdatory mites • Each one eats many insects in its lifetime • Not picky eaters Beneficial Organisms

• PitidParasitoids: itimmatures ddlevelop on or iiidnside a hhtost, killing it as they mature; they emerge as adults and continue the cycle; examples ildinclude parasitic flies and wasps • Each one eats only one insect in its lifetime • Usually very ppyicky eaters Beneficial Organisms

• PthPathogens: colilonize and kill hhtost; examples include nematodes, bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa • Weed Feeders: weeds can be attacked by , vertebrates, and pathogens (fungi, viruses, bacteria, and nematodes) Beneficial Organisms Commercially Available for Pest Management Beneficial organism Target Pest PitiParasitic wasps, E ncarsi ifa formosa Whitefli es Parasitic wasps, Aphytis melinus Scales Leaf min er par asi te, D acn usca si birii ca an d Ser pent ine lea f Diglyphus isaea miners, fungus gnats Predatory mites, Amblyseius californicus, mites Phytoseiulus longipes and Phytoseiulus persimilis Predatory mites, Amblyseius cucumeris and Thrips Amblyseius mckenziei Lady beetles, Hippodamia convergens and Various soft-bodied Cryptolaemus montrouzeri insects and eggs Various soft-bodied GliGreen lacewings, Chrysoperl a carnea insects and eggs Beetles

Order Coleoptera Beetles

• 1/3 of all animals – 40% of all insects – are beetles • Hard opaque wing covers are called elytra • Beetles undergo complete metamorphosis • Larvae and adults have chewing mouthparts • Larvae have well‐developed heads and 3 pairs of legs Lady Beetles

Order Coleoptera

Family LdLady BtlBeetles

Larvae and adults eat soft‐bodied insects such as aphids, mealybugs, spider mites, caterpillars, insect eggs Voracious aphid feeders! Two main body types: 1. Round (hemispherical) 2. Oval Round Lady Beetles Seven‐spotted Lady Beetle 2 white spots on thorax

7 spots in a 1-4-2 pattern Seven‐spotted lady beetle lunches at the aphid café Seven‐spotted lady beetle larvae like aphids too!

Larvae hatching MltilMulticolored AiAsian LdLady BtlBeetle

Black spots form “M”

larva Oval Lady Beetles Convergent Lady Beetle

Thorax has two converging white lines and a white margin

larva and eggs Pink Spotted Lady Beetle Plant ‐fdifeeding LLdady BBtleetles

Squash beetle Mexican bean beetle

larvae and pupa

parasitized mummy Other Predatory Beetles

Order Coleoptera

larva feeding Larvae and adults attack on caterpillar app,g,,hids, slugs, snails, cutworms, caterpillars nocturnal foragers

adult

adult feeding on snail Rove Beetle

Adults attack aphids, nematodflides, flies; some larvae are parasitic on maggots

short elytra Soldier Beetle

Adults feed on grasshopper eggs, aphids, and various caterpp;illars; larvae feed on a ddfdead fungus-ifinfected variety of insects and snails and slugs soldier beetle

look-alike lightning bug Tiger Beetle

Adults attack many different insects Blister Beetle

Larvae fee d on grass hopper eggs, a du lts fee d on fo liage an d fru its

striped blister beetle margined blister beetle True Bugs

Order True Bugs

• Two pairs of wings usually present • Forewings modified to hemelytra, hind wings entilirely membranous • Mouthparts enclosed in a piercing‐sucking beak that curves bbheneath the bbdody • Incomplete metamorphosis: egg, nymph, adult • Some groups (e.g., stink bugs) have scent glands on the sides of thorax • Order includes both plant feeders and predators Predatory Bugs

OdOrder HitHemiptera Minute Pirate Bug adult feeding on egg Adults and nymphs attack aphids, mites, thrips, small caterpillars, and insect eggs

adult feeding on aphid

nymph Bigeyed Bug

adult

Adults and nymphs attack mites, thrips, flea beetles, small caterpillars, and insect eggs

egg nymphs Bigeyed Bug: LkLook‐ Alikes

Bigeyed B ug Tarnished Plant Bug Boxelder Bug

Pest Beneficial Pest small head and eyy;es; wide head,,gy; big eyes; small head and eyy;es; bright coloration dull brown or black dull coloration DlDamsel Bug

Adu lts a ttac k ap hids, thr ips, leafhoppers, flea beetles, plant bugs, and small caterpillars

Adult (left) and nymph Assassin Bug adult AAdultsdults aandnd nnymphsymphs attack mmanyany eggs insects, including flies, tomato hornworms, and other large caterpillars

nnymphymph

adults attacking caterpillar

Bee Assassin Assassin Bug: Look‐Alike

LeafLeaf--footedfooted bug Assassin bug

Pest Beneficial leaf shape on back leg; long, thin, unadorned legs; thin, hidd en b eak shtthikhort, thick, curved dbk beak Assassin Bug Molting Predatory Stink Bugs

Family Spined Soldier Bug

Adults and nymphs attack Podisus adult attacking beetle larva caterpillars, Colorado potttato b ee tlltle larvae, Mexican bean beetle larvae

nymph attacking larva Other Predatory Stink Bugs

Two spotted stink bug Anchor bug ( anchorago ) (Perillus bioculatus )

Anchor bug feeding on asparagus beetle nymph larva Pest and Beneficial Stink Bugs

beak structures of predaceous (left) and plant-feedingg( (ri ght ) stink bu gs

beak structure of brown stink bug and spined soldier bug Lacewings

Order Green Lacewing larva feeding on aphids larva Larvae attack soft-bodied insects including aphids, thrips, mealybugs , scales , mites, and caterpillars

larvae emerging stalked eggs from eggs

adult Brown Lacewing

larva aduadultlt

egg pupa Other Predators Parasitic Wasps

Order Parasitic Wasps • Hymenoptera is the second largest group of insects • Over 16,000 species, most of which are beneficial • Many parasitic wasps are so tiny that many new species are discovered each year! • They range in size from over an inch to almost microscopic • Parasitic wasps are the most important group of natural enemies of pest insects • All Hymenoptera undergo complete metamorphosis Parasitic Wasps • In parasitic wasps, the larval stage develops in and kills a single host insect; most adults have a very high reproductive capacity, which makes them efficient at suppressing pests • The behavior of parasitic wasps is quite complex – many attack only one species of host insect, or a narrow range of similar hosts • Adult females are very efficient at locating the specific hosts • Hosts include almost all groups of terrestrial insects • Depending on the parasite species, virtually any host stage can be attacked: egg, nymph, larva, pupa, adult • Most parasitic wasps are incapable of stinggging humans Braconid Wasps

Braconid parasitizing a corn earworm Parasitize armyworms, cabbageworms, codling mo ths, gypsy moths, European corn borers, beetle larvae, flies, aphids, and other caterpillars and insects

mummy of an aphid parasitized by Braconid wasp Apphidius

Braconid pupae on Braconid larvae tomato hornworm emerging from parasitized moth larva

Ichneumonid Wasps

Parasitize caterpillars, wasps, and beetle larvae Scelionid Wasps aduadultlt ovovipositingipositing in a ststinkink bug egg cclusterluster Parasitize eggs of caterpillars and bugs

parasitized stink bug eggs Encyrtid Wasps

Encarsia formosa parasitizes greenhouse whiteflies Parasitize eggs, larvae, and pupae of aphids, scale, btlbeetles, caterp illars, and whiteflies

whitefly nymphs (black ones have been parasitized) Encyrtid Wasp ( floridanum) adult parasitizing a cabbage looper egg Parasitize eggs of caterpillars; polblyembryon ic

looper parasitized by adults emerging from a Copidosoma curls into mummified cabbage S-shapppge after spinning looper host its coccoon Trichogramma Wasp

adult parasitizing a moth egg Parasitize eggs of many pests, especially moths and butt er flies

commercial Trichogramma wasps are shipped as parasitized moth eggs glued to a card; note emerggpped adult near pencil point

parasitized eggs are darker Parasitic Flies

Order Diptera Parasitic Flies

• Flies are second only to the Hymenoptera in their importance as parasites • An estimated 16,000 species of flies are parasitic, about 20% of all known parasitic itinsects • Unlike parasitic wasps, most species of flies do not have a well‐dlddeveloped oviiitpositor that can insert eggs into their host; many parasitic flies lay their eggs on plants which are then consumed by the host Tachinid Fly aduadultlt appapproachingroaching a beetbeetlele llarvaarva Parasitize cutworms,,p, caterpillars, Japanese beetle, squash bug, green stink bugs, grasshoppers, and other pests

eggs deposited on top of Japanese beetle and tent caterpillar heads

Tachinid larva emerging adult laying an egg from caterpillar Predatory Flies

Order Diptera Predatory Flies

• At least 20 fly families have species that are predaceous as larvae or adults

• In species wiihth predaceous larvae, addlults lay their eggs singly or in scattered groups on plants near colonies of mites or aphids Hover Fly adult Larvae attack aphids, scales, and other insects

hover fly larvae feeding on aphids Robber Fly

Adults and larvae attack a variety of soft-bodied insects

adult

Aphid Midge

Larvae attack aphids midge l arva f eedi ng on aphid Long Legged Fly Micro bial I nsecti cid es

A) Parasitoids Brand Names Host Range • Trichogramma chilonis NAU “Tricho- Borers of Rice , • Trichogramma japonicum Card” Sugarcane B) Predator Brand Names Host Range NAU “Chryso“Chryso-- Soft bodies Chrysoperla sp. Card” suckinggp pest Pathogen 1. Bacteria Brand Names Host Range Bacillus thuringiensis Biobit, Javelin, Thuricide, Dipel Lepidopteran larvae var. kurstaki Bacillus thuringiensis Certan, Xentari, Agree, Florbac Lepidopteran lar vae var. aizawai Bacillus thuringiensis Teknar, Bactimos, Vectobac Dipteran larvae var. israelensis Bacillus thuringiensis Trident II, M-Trak Coleopteran larvae var. tenderloins Bacillus popillae Doom, Japidemic, Scarab beetle larvae 2. Protozoa Hopper Stopper, NOLO bait, Grasshoppers and Nosema locustae Noloc Crickets Pathogen 3.Fungi Larvae of soil Beauveria bassiana Biosoft, dwe lling i nsect s Phytophagous Hirsutella thompsoni Mycar mites Lagenidium giganteum (under development) Mosquito larvae 4.Viruses Nuclear polyhedrosis Gypchek, Virox, Neochek- Lepidopteran viruses S, Virtuss larvae CdliCodling moth Granulosis virus Decyde larvae ) OTHER PARASITES

Trichogramma chilonis Trichogramma Trichogramma Trichogrammatoidea Ishii japonicum Ashmead pretiosum Riley bactrae Nagaraja

Bracon brevicornis Chelonus blackburni Cotesia vestalis (Ha.) or Goniozus nephantidis Wesmael. Cameron CilllCotes ia plutellae Kurd. Muesebeck OTHER PARASITES

Campoletis chlorideaeLeptomastix dactylopii Xanthopimpla Oomyzus sokolowskii Uchida Howard stemmator (Thunberg) (Kurdjumov)

Cephalonomia Cotesia flavipes Tetrastichus howardiEncarsia guadeloupae stephanoderis Betrem Cameron (Olliff) Viggiani PATHOGENS Fungus infected infected larva larva

NPV infected larva of M. anisopliae Helicoverpa Ehi NdSi

Verticillium lecanii Beauveria bassiana Nematode species and their mutualistic bacterium being considered for commerciilitialization

. Associated Bacterial Commercial Nematode species symbiotic spices status 1. Steinernema carpocapsae Xenorhabdus nematophilus Available 2. Steinernema faltiae Xenorhabdus bovienii Available 3. Steinernema faltiaeXenorhabdus poinarii Available 4. Stei nernema f alti ae XhbdjiXenorhabdus japonicus NtAilblNot Available 5. Steinernema faltiae Xenorhabdus sp. Available 6. Steinernema faltiae Xenorhabdus sp . Not Unavailable 7. Heterorhbditis bacteriophora Pholorhabdus luminescens Available 8. Heterorhbditis marelatus Pholorhabdus luminescens Not Available 9. Heterorhbditis megidis Pholorhabdus luminescens Available

Sources: http://www2.oardc.ohio-state p Entomopathogenic NdN emato d e ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE

Nematode Species

1.Steinernema 2.Heterorhabditis 3.Neosteinernema Entry points for EPN to insect body

Entry of EPN in insect through

Mouth Anus

Pseudo legs

Spiracles ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE infected larva

Steinernema He tt eror h bditih a bditi s infected larva infected larva

Juveniles of of EPN comes out from E PN infected dead larva infected larva ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE infected Pupa

EPN infected Pupa

Juveniles of EPN comes out from out from infected pupa Myllocerus beetle ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE infected larva

EPN infected infected Myllocerus beetle