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Ubuntu Linux Toolbox.Pdf 82935ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 10/29/07 12:53 PM Page iii Ubuntu®Linux® TOOLBOX 1000+ Commands for Ubuntu and Debian Power Users Christopher Negus François Caen Wiley Publishing, Inc. 82935ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 10/29/07 6:27 PM Page iv Ubuntu® Linux® Toolbox: 1000+ Commands for Ubuntu and Debian Power Users Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2008 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: 978-0-470-08293-5 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Negus, Chris, 1957– Ubuntu Linux toolbox : 1000+ commands for Ubuntu and Debian power users / Christopher Negus, François Caen. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-470-08293-5 (pbk.) 1. Linux. 2. Operating systems (Computers) I. Caen, François. II. Title. QA76.76.O63N42676 2007 005.4'32—dc22 2007041567 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permis- sion should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent pro- fessional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising here- from. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Trademarks: Wiley and the Wiley logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. Ubuntu, Canonical, and Canonical Ltd. are trademarks of Canonical, Inc. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. 82935ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 10/29/07 12:53 PM Page v As always, I dedicate my work on this book to my wife, Sheree. — Christopher Negus To my wife, Tonya, for supporting me in all my endeavors. — François Caen 82935ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 10/29/07 12:53 PM Page vi 82935ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 10/29/07 12:53 PM Page vii About the Authors Christopher Negus is the author of the best-selling Fedora and Red Hat Linux Bibles, Linux Toys, Linux Troubleshooting Bible, and Linux Bible 2007 Edition. He is a member of the Madison Linux Users Group. Prior to becoming a full-time writer, Chris served for eight years on development teams for the Unix operating system at AT&T, where Unix was created and developed. He also worked with Novell on Unix development and Caldera Linux. François Caen, through his company Turbosphere LLC, hosts and manages business application infrastructures, with 95 percent running on Linux systems. As an open source advocate, he has lectured on OSS network management and Internet services, and served as president of the Tacoma Linux User Group. François is a Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE). In his spare time, François enjoys managing enterprise Cisco networks. 82935ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 10/29/07 12:53 PM Page viii 82935ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 10/29/07 12:53 PM Page ix Credits Acquisitions Editor Vice President and Executive Publisher Jenny Watson Joseph B. Wikert Development Editor Project Coordinator, Cover Sara Shlaer Lynsey Osborn Technical Editor Compositor Thomas Blader Laurie Stewart, Happenstance Type-O-Rama Copy Editor Michael Koch Proofreader Kathryn Duggan Editorial Manager Mary Beth Wakefield Indexer Melanie Belkin Production Manager Tim Tate Anniversary Logo Design Richard Pacifico Vice President and Executive Group Publisher Richard Swadley 82935ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 10/29/07 12:53 PM Page x Contents at a Glance Chapter 1: Starting with Ubuntu Linux . .1 Chapter 2: Installing Ubuntu and Adding Software . .17 Chapter 3: Using the Shell . .49 Chapter 4: Working with Files . .69 Chapter 5: Manipulating Text . .89 Chapter 6: Playing with Multimedia . .109 Chapter 7: Administering File Systems . .123 Chapter 8: Backups and Removable Media . .151 Chapter 9: Checking and Managing Running Processes . .169 Chapter 10: Managing the System . .187 Chapter 11: Managing Network Connections . .211 Chapter 12: Accessing Network Resources . .235 Chapter 13: Doing Remote System Administration . .255 Chapter 14: Locking Down Security . .273 Appendix A: Using vi or Vim Editors . .289 Appendix B: Shell Special Characters and Variables . .297 Appendix C: Getting Information from /proc . .301 Index . .307 82935ftoc.qxd:Toolbox 10/29/07 12:54 PM Page xi Contents Acknowledgments xix Introduction xxi Chapter 1: Starting with Ubuntu Linux 1 Ubuntu, Debian, and Linux 2 Ubuntu Compared to Other Linux Distributions 3 Finding Ubuntu Resources 4 Ubuntu Software 6 Focusing on Linux Commands 7 Finding Commands 8 Reference Information in Ubuntu 11 Using help Messages 11 Using man Pages 12 Using info Documents 14 Summary 15 Chapter 2: Installing Ubuntu and Adding Software 17 Obtaining and Installing Ubuntu 17 Preparing to Install 19 Choosing Installation Options 19 Answering Installation Questions 20 Working with Debian Software Packages 21 Working with Software Packages 23 Enabling More Repositories for apt 24 Managing Software with APT 25 Adding an APT Repository and Third-Party Signature Key 27 Finding Packages with APT 28 Installing Packages with APT 28 Upgrading Packages with APT 29 Upgrading a Single Package with APT 29 Removing Packages with APT 30 Cleaning Up Packages with APT 30 Managing Software with dpkg 31 Installing a Package with dpkg 32 Removing a Package with dpkg 33 82935ftoc.qxd:Toolbox 10/29/07 12:54 PM Page xii Contents Extracting Files from a .deb File with dpkg 33 Querying Information about .deb Packages 33 Managing Software with aptitude 36 Updating and Upgrading Packages with aptitude 37 Querying Information about Packages with aptitude 38 Installing Packages with aptitude 38 Removing Packages with aptitude 39 Cleaning Up Packages with aptitude 39 Useful Combinations of Options with aptitude 40 Verifying Installed Packages with debsums 41 Building deb Packages 45 Summary 48 Chapter 3: Using the Shell 49 Terminal Windows and Shell Access 49 Using Terminal Windows 49 Using Virtual Terminals 51 Using the Shell 52 Using Bash History 52 Using Command Line Completion 54 Redirecting stdin and stdout 54 Using alias 57 Watching Commands 58 Watching Files 58 Acquiring Super User Power 59 Using the su Command 59 Delegating Power with sudo 60 Using Environment Variables 62 Creating Simple Shell Scripts 63 Editing and Running a Script 63 Adding Content to Your Script 64 Summary 68 Chapter 4: Working with Files 69 Understanding File Types 69 Using Regular Files 69 Using Directories 70 xii 82935ftoc.qxd:Toolbox 10/29/07 12:54 PM Page xiii Contents Using Symbolic and Hard Links 71 Using Device Files 72 Using Named Pipes and Sockets 73 Setting File/Directory Permissions 73 Changing Permissions with chmod 74 Setting the umask 76 Changing Ownership 76 Traversing the File System 77 Copying Files 78 Changing File Attributes 80 Searching for Files 81 Finding Files with locate 82 Locating Files with find 82 Using Other Commands to Find Files 85 Finding Out More About Files 85 Listing Files 85 Verifying Files 86 Summary 87 Chapter 5: Manipulating Text 89 Matching Text with Regular Expressions 89 Editing Text Files 90 Using the JOE Editor 91 Using the Pico and nano Editors 94 Graphical Text Editors 96 Listing, Sorting, and Changing Text 96 Listing Text Files 97 Paging Through Text 98 Paginating Text Files with pr 98 Searching for Text with grep 99 Replacing Text with sed 102 Translating or Removing Characters with tr 103 Checking Differences
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