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PREPARATION of AFRICAN SWINE FEVER CONTINGENCY PLANS Cover Photographs 8 ISSN 1810-1119 FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH manual PREPARATION OF AFRICAN SWINE FEVER CONTINGENCY PLANS Cover photographs: Left image: FAO/P. Ankers Centre: FAO/I. Hoffmann Right image: © J. Patrick J. (Fotolia.com) 8 FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH manual PREPARATION OF AFRICAN SWINE FEVER CONTINGENCY PLANS Mary-Louise Penrith Vittorio Guberti Klaus Depner Juan Lubroth FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2009 Authors’ details Mary-Louise Penrith Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa [email protected] Vittorio Guberti Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy [email protected] Klaus Depner Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy Juan Lubroth Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy [email protected] Recommended citation FAO. 2009. Preparation of African swine fever contingency plans. Edited by M.L. Penrith, V. Guberti, K. Depner and J. Lubroth. FAO Animal Production and Health Manual No. 8. Rome. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. ISBN 978-92-5-106426-9 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO 2009 iii Contents Foreword vii Acknowledgements ix Acronyms and abbreviations xi CHAPTER 1 Suggested format and contents of a national contingency plan 1 Nature of the disease 1 Risk analysis 1 Prevention strategies 2 Early warning contingency plan 2 Strategies for control and eradication 2 Organizational arrangements for emergencies 2 Support plans 2 Action plans 2 Annexes 3 CHAPTER 2 Nature of the disease 5 Definition 5 World distribution 5 Aetiology 6 Epidemiological features 6 Clinical signs 9 Pathology 12 Immunity 13 Diagnosis 13 CHAPTER 3 Risk analysis 19 Introduction 19 Principles of risk analysis 19 Who should carry out the risk analysis? 20 Risk assessment 20 The value of risk assessments for contingency planning 22 Further reading on this valuable methodology 22 iv CHAPTER 4 Prevention strategies 23 Introduction 23 Import quarantine policy 23 Swill feeding controls 24 Containment of pigs 24 CHAPTER 5 Early warning and contingency planning 27 Introduction 27 Training of animal health staff in early recognition, collection and dispatch of diagnostic specimens 28 Farmer awareness/education programmes 29 Specialist diagnostic team 30 Laboratory diagnostic capabilities 31 International reference laboratories and collaborating centres 31 CHAPTER 6 Early reaction contingency planning for an emergency 33 Introduction 33 Epidemiological features influencing control, elimination or eradication strategies 33 Strategies for eradication 34 Zoning 37 Actions to be taken in infected zones 40 Actions to be taken in surveillance zones 45 Actions to be taken in disease-free zones and compartments 45 Repopulation 45 Crucial factors for the success of a control/eradication campaign 46 Verification of eradication and national, zonal or compartmental freedom from the disease 47 CHAPTER 7 Organizational arrangements during an emergency campaign 51 Responsibilities and command structures 51 Consultative Committee on Emergency Animal Diseases 52 National animal disease control centre 53 Local animal disease control centres 53 v CHAPTER 8 Support plans 55 Financial plans 55 Resource plans 56 Legislation 58 CHAPTER 9 Action plan 61 Investigation phase 61 Alert phase 62 Operational phase 63 International reporting 64 Obtaining political support 64 Public awareness campaign 64 Slaughter, destruction and decontamination 65 Prevention of movement 65 Surveillance 66 Stand-down phase 66 CHAPTER 10 Training, testing and revision of contingency plans 67 Simulation exercises 67 Training 67 Regular updating of contingency plans 67 Annex 1: FAO and OIE experts and reference laboratories 69 vii Foreword African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most serious transboundary swine diseases because of its high lethality for pigs, its crippling socio-economic consequences, its propensity for rapid and unanticipated international spread, and the absence of either treatment or vaccine. For the Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases (EMPRES), transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are defined as those diseases that are of significant economic, trade and food security importance for a considerable number of countries, that can easily spread from one country to another and reach epidemic pro- portions, and that require international cooperation for control and management, including exclusion. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Terrestrial Animal Health Code included ASF among its former List A diseases, which were defined as “communicable dis- eases which have the potential for serious and rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, which are of serious socio-economic or public health importance and which are of major importance in the international trade of animals and animal products”. This manual provides information on the nature of ASF and the principles and strategic options regarding prevention, detection, control and elimination of the disease. It provides guidelines on the formulation of overall national policy for control and eradication of a pos- sible incursion of the disease for individual countries threatened by ASF. The manual identi- fies the personnel, equipment and facilities needed in a national ASF contingency plan. It suggests an outline for the format and contents of a national ASF contingency plan, which should be modified to suit the needs and circumstances of individual countries. During the preparation of this manual, consideration was given to the provisions given in the current OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code. It is suggested that the manual be used together with the FAO Manual on the preparation of national animal disease emergency preparedness plans, revised in 2008. Sources of information recommended for use in conjunction with this manual include: t Australian veterinary plan (AUSVETPLAN) disease strategy: African swine fever, 2nd edition. 1996. Canberra. Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand. t Terrestrial animal health code: mammals, birds and bees. 2007. Volume 2. Paris, OIE. t Manual on the preparation of national animal disease emergency preparedness plans, 2nd edition. 2008. Animal Health Manual No. 6. Rome, FAO. t Manual on livestock disease surveillance and information systems. 1999. Animal Health Manual No. 8. Rome, FAO. t Manual on procedures for disease eradication by stamping out. 2001. Animal Health Manual No. 12. Rome, FAO. t 1FOSJUI .- 5IPNTPO (3#BTUPT "%4"GSJDBOTXJOFGFWFS*O+"8 Coetzer and R.C. Tustin, eds. Infectious diseases of livestock, 2nd edition, Vol. 2, pp. 1087–1119. Cape Town, South Africa, Oxford University Press. t Recognizing African swine fever – a field manual. 2000. Animal Health Manual No. 9. Rome, FAO. viii This manual will be reviewed regularly and revised in the light of experience. Suggestions and recommendations for amendment should be forwarded to: EMPRES (Animal Health) FAO Animal Health Service Animal Production and Health Division Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy Tel.: (+39) 06 57054798/6772 Fax: (+39) 06 57053023 E-mail: [email protected] URL: www.fao.org/ag/empres.html ix Acknowledgements This manual is a revision and update of the Manual on the preparation of African swine fever contingency plans (FAO Animal Health Manual No. 11, 2001), which was based on the for- mat of the Australian Veterinary Emergency Plan (AUSVETPLAN) with some modifications. 5IFBVUIPSTXJTIUPUIBOL%ST1SFCFO#PZTFO %BWJE/ZBLBIVNB 3PHFS1BTLJO 1FUFS Roeder and Mark Rweyemamu, formerly of the EMPRES Livestock Unit, Infectious Diseases (SPVQ "OJNBM )FBMUI 4FSWJDF '"0 GPS QSPWJEJOH VTFGVM TVHHFTUJPOT BOE DPNNFOUT PO WBSJPVTESBGUTPGUIFPSJHJOBMNBOVBM5IFZBMTPUIBOL%ST(BSZ-#SJDLMFS %PNFOJDP3VUJMJ Salvatore Montinaro and Andrea Monaco for providing some of the photographs. xi Acronyms and abbreviations ASF African swine fever ASFV African swine fever virus AUSVETPLAN Australian Veterinary Emergency Plan CCEAD Consultative Committee on Emergency Animal Diseases CSF classical swine fever CVO Chief Veterinary Officer DCP dangerous contact premises DVS Director
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