African Swine Fever, and Salmonella Enterica Serovar Choleraesuis Infection

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https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p1105 General Review on Hog Cholera (Classical Swine Fever), African Swine Fever, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis Infection

Review: General Review on Hog Cholera (Classical Swine Fever), African Swine Fever, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis Infection Sumio Shinoda∗,†, Tamaki Mizuno∗∗, and Shin-ichi Miyoshi∗∗

∗Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kitaku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan †Corresponding author, E-mail: sumio [email protected] ∗∗Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan [Received June 6, 2019; accepted September 12, 2019]

Classical swine fever (CSF, hog cholera) has the spread of CSF outbreak. In mid September 2019, reemerged in Japan after 26 years and affected CSF outbreaks have occurred in totally 8 prefectures, in domestic pigs and wild boars. CSF was reported in addition to the above two prefectures, in Fukui, Shiga, Gifu prefecture on September 2018. Approximately Nagano, Saitama, Mie, and Osaka. 90,000 breeding domestic pigs were sacriﬁced by African swine fever (ASF) is another viral infectious farmers of Gifu and Aichi prefectures to prevent disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars, al- expansion of CSF outbreak. In mid September 2019, though the etiologic agent is different from that of CSF. CSF outbreaks have occurred in 8 prefectures in Countermeasures for CSF and ASF were discussed in central Japan. African swine fever (ASF) is another G20 Niigata Agriculture Minister’s Meeting which held viral infectious disease that affects domestic pigs on May 2019 in Toki Messe, Niigata, Japan. and wild boars, although the etiologic agent is dif- Both the swine fevers cause economic burden to pig ferent from that of CSF. Both CSF and ASF affect farmers because of the intense infectivity to domesticated pig farmers because of their intense infectivity to pigs. However, the causative agents are not pathogenic to domesticated pigs. Fortunately, the causative agents humans fortunately. Therefore, CSF and ASF are moni- are not pathogenic to human. However, an enteric tored with “Act on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis Control” in Japan. is pathogenic to pigs and humans. As Salmonella However, an enteric bacterium Salmonella enterica Choleraesuis causes food poisoning in humans, the serovar Choleraesuis is pathogenic to pigs and humans. In infection is monitored by “Food Sanitation Law” in human, Salmonella Choleraesuis causes food poisoning. Japan. CSF, ASF, and Salmonella enterica serovar Therefore, the bacterial infection is monitored by “Food Choleraesuis salmonellosis are translated in Japanese Sanitation Law” in Japan. as “ton-korera,” “afurika ton-korera,” and “buta- In Japanese, CSF, ASF, and Salmonella enterica korera,” respectively, wherein “ton” and “buta” both serovar Choleraesuis salmonellosis are translated to “ton- mean pig or hog. Therefore the above Japanese words korera,” “afurika ton-korera,” and “buta-korera,” respec- mean hog cholera. tively, wherein, “ton” and “buta” mean pig or hog. There- fore, the above Japanese words mean hog cholera. Characteristics of CSF, ASF, and S. enterica serovar Keywords: classical swine fever (CSF), African swine Choleraesuis salmonellosis are summarized in Table 1. fever (ASF), Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis, Comprehensive information on animal disease are hog cholera recorded in Home Page of OIE (World Organization for Animal Health, WOAH) [2].

1. Introduction 2. Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera) Hog cholera (classical swine fever: CSF) has reemerged in Japan after 26 years and affected do- Classical swine fever (CSF) is a viral disease in domes- mestic pigs and wild boars [1]. Since the last CSF ticated pigs and wild boars, in many parts of the world outbreak in Kumamoto prefecture in 1992, no outbreak including Central America, South America, Africa, and occurred in Japan. Therefore Japan had been considered Asia. United States of America (USA) and Canada are the disease free for the past 26 years. However, CSF free for this disease for these few decades [3, 4]. While was reported in Gifu prefecture in September 2018. Central America has been endemically infected in re- Approximately 90,000 domesticated pigs were sacriﬁced cent years, but Mexico, Panama, and Belize are disease by farmers of Gifu and Aichi prefectures to prevent free [3].

Journal of Disaster Research Vol.14 No.8, 2019 1105

© Fuji Technology Press Ltd. Creative Commons CC BY-ND: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/). Shinoda, S., Mizuno, T., and Miyoshi, S.

Table 1. Characteristics of classical swine fever (Hog cholera), African swine fever, and salmonellosis with Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis.

Human Pathogenic microbe Host animal Clinical signs on animals pathogenicity

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) Acute: fever, huddling of sick animal, loss of ap- Classical swine Enveloped RNA virus genus Pes- Domestic pig petite, dullness, weakness, conjunctivitis, constipa- fever and wild boar tion followed by diarrhea None tivirus Animals with acute disease die within 1–2 weeks African swine fever virus (ASFV) Acute: high fever, depression, anoia, loss of appetite, African swine Double stranded DNA virus genus Domestic pig haemorrhages in skin, abortion in pregnant sows, None fever Asﬁvirus and wild boar vomiting, death within 6–13 days Salmonella Salmonella enterica serovar Choler- Domestic pig Food poisoning enterica serovar aesuis Gram negative bacterium, the Salmonellosis Blood or organ Choleraesuis family Enterobacteriaceae and wild boar salmonellosis

CSF adversely impacts livestock production systems by monoclonal antibodies [10]. reducing the quantity and quality of livestock products. Wu et al. analyzed representative CSFV E2 gene se- Beltran-Alcrudo et al. suggested that international trade quences and suggested correlation of the virulence of and travel play a key role in trans-boundary spread of pig CSFV with evolutionary patterns of E2 [14]. The spe- diseases including CSF, ASF, and foot and mouth disease cific sites of Erns, E1, and E2 for virulence or pathogenic- (FMD) [5]. Although severe livestock damage due to CSF ity of CSFV were extensively investigated [15–18]. Tang in Europe was not reported recent years, some examples et al. identified the active region of Erns andE2byob- are observed on end of 20th century, such as the 1997– servation of the envelope proteins Erns and E2 of which 98, CSF outbreak in the Netherlands. Total amount of amino acids were substituted [15]. Risatti et al. demon- damage due to the outbreak was calculated to be amount strated the importance of the carboxyl terminal region of US $2.3 billion [5, 6]. Furthermore 2001 FMD outbreak E2 glycoprotein of CSFV [16]. E2 induces the production in the United Kingdom led to the loss exceeding $4.4 bil- of neutralizing antibody during the infection [19]. Role of lion [6, 7]. E2 in determining the tropism of pestivirus in cell culture Trans-boundary introduction and spread of swine dis- was demonstrated [19]. All the three glycoproteins form eases into free areas were summarized [5]. The transport disulfide-linked complexes: the Erns homodimer, E1–E2 of animals that are either in the disease incubation stage heterodimer, and E2 homodimer [20]. E2 is the major en- or as symptomatic carriers is one of potential pathways velope protein exposed on the surface of CSFV [12, 20– for spreading the disease. Pork meat and products trade 22], whereas Erns, the third glycoprotein, mediates neu- have been suggested to be one of the main introduction tralization and processing of intrinsic ribonuclease [21– routes of for the spread of the causative agents CSF virus 25]. Cao et al. showed that Erns partially contributed to (CSFV) and ASF virus (ASFV) [8]. adaptation of CSFV C-strain, major vaccine strain, and Edwards et al. reported that CSF impacted pig produc- that combination of E2 and Erns was essential for the virus tion in different regions of the world [9]. CSF had been replication in the host [23]. reported for the past 170 years, and efforts to control it Earlier, CSFV envelope glycoproteins were designated began in the 19th century [9]. as hog cholera virus (HCV) gp33, gp44/48 or gp55. For- CSFV is a small enveloped, single stranded positive mation of a disulfide-linked heterodimer of gp33 and gp55 sense RNA virus belonging to genus Pestivirus family was shown [26]. Flaviviridae [3]. The genome contains 12,300 bases and CSFV is heat-labile and inactivated by heating in a comprises for four structural and seven non-structural pro- minute or less at 90–100◦Corat70◦Cfor5min.Itissen- teins [4] The enveloped viral particles of CSFV consist sitive to various disinfectants, such as sodium hypochlo- of four structural proteins, the core protein (C) and three rite, phenolic compounds, quaternary ammonium com- envelope glycoproteins (E1, E2, and Erns) [3, 4, 10–13]. pounds, formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. It is also in- Here, we mainly use Erns, the third envelope glycoprotein, activated by drying and UV irradiation. Although CSFV among various abbreviation used in the literature, such as is stable at neutral range, is unstable at acidic (pH < 3) or Erns, Erns, and Ems [3, 4]. alkaline (pH > 10) conditions [3, 4]. The envelope glycoproteins play important roles on the Brief description of laboratory diagnosis of CSFV de- viral pathogenicity. E1 and E2 anchor to the envelope at scribed in OIE HP [2] is as the follows. the carboxyl termini, and Erns associates loosely with the viral envelope [10, 11]. Procedures Wang et al. showed that E1 and E2 mediated viral en- Samples try to target cell by using the monoclonal antibodies and Identification of the agent porcine cell lines tests [13]. Method of choice for detecting infected herds early in E2 and Erns are necessary for viral attachment [10, 11]. infection is to collect whole blood and tissues from mul- Weiland et al. demonstrated the roles of CSFV E2 using tiple febrile or recently dead animals

1106 Journal of Disaster Research Vol.14 No.8, 2019 General Review on Hog Cholera (Classical Swine Fever), African Swine Fever, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis Infection

• Tonsils rhea are observed. CSFV causes severe leukopenia and • Lymph nodes (pharyngeal, mesenteric) immune suppression, therefore secondary enteric or res- • Spleen piratory infections are induced [4, 27]. Congenital CSFV • Kidney, infection results in persistently infected animals which • Distal ileum, lack specific antibody responses [3, 4]. Infected pigs in • Blood in EDTA or Heparin (live cases) piggery continuously excrete CSFV and therefore are pos- sible sources of infection. Therefore, in the piggery where Refrigerate and ship to laboratory as quickly as possi- CSF has occurred, all pigs including healthy pigs are sac- ble. rificed. For details, refer to the OIE Terrestrial Manual. Phylogenetic analysis of CSFV isolates from different Identification of the agent continents were carried out and the isolates were classi- fied into three genetic groups and several subgroups [22]. • Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction While group 3 isolates seem to occur solely in Asia, iso- (RT-PCR) lates from EU, during the 1990s, belonged to subgroups • Virus isolation in cell culture, with virus detection by within group 2 (2.1, 2.2, or 2.3) [25]. immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase, Confir- Various vaccines have been developed for prevention matory identification with monoclonal antibodies. and control of CSF. De Smit et al. studied the efficacy • Direct immunofluorescence test on cryostat sections of E2 subunit vaccine and live recombinant vaccine [24]. of organs from affected pigs. van Oirschot described field trial of E2 vaccine and the CSFV infects through either the oronasal route, direct limitations on strategies for application [27]. or indirect contact with infected pigs, consumption of Recently effectivity of a plant-made E2 glycoprotein contaminated feed, or placental vertical transmission [4]. as vaccine for protecting pigs against CSF was demon- CSFV has been divided into three categories based on strated [23]. Modification of E2 vaccine to food grade by the pathogenicity: high virulent (those that kill nearly emulsification with saponin was demonstrated [28]. all pigs irrespective of other factors), moderately virulent In the OIE HP, vaccination for CSF is described as (those that cause a sub-acute illness in infected piglets and the follows; Vaccination with modified live virus is ef- sometimes cause abnormalities in fetuses) and avirulent fective in preventing losses in countries where CSF is en- (those that are attenuated and apathogenic in fetus) [3, 4]. zootic, but is unlikely, on its own, to eliminate infection OIE HP presents detailed information on CSF [2]. Eu- entirely [2]. In CSF free countries which are free of the rope, North America, Australia, and New Zealand are disease, or where eradication is progress, vaccination is CSF free (Fig. 1, OIE HP). The outbreaks are reported normally prohibited. in Asian countries, Central and South America in the recent years [27]. Unfortunately, Japan is in “Suspension of CSF free status,” because of the sudden outbreak in 2018. 3. African Swine Fever Furthermore, in the 1990s, major CSF outbreaks occurred in Europe, such as the outbreaks in the Netherland (1997), African swine fever (AFS) is an infectious disease of Germany (1993–2000), Belgium (1990, 1993, 1994), and domesticated pigs in piggery and wild boars, similar to Italy (1995, 1996, 1997), suggesting the CSF reemer- CSF. However, the causative agent is different from that gence in the developed countries [27]. of CSF. The causative agent of ASF, ASFV, belongs to For diagnosis of CSF, OIE recommends indirect diag- the genus Asfivirus in the family Asfarviridae, a dou- nostic tests (ELISA: Enzyme linked immunosorbent as- ble stranded DNA virus, with approximately 190 kilo- say, NPLA: Neutralizing peroxidase-linked assay, VNT: base pairs, with a capsid consisting of several concen- Virus neutralization test) or direct diagnostic test (virus tric lipid and protein layers below the external lipid mem- isolation, RT-PCR: Real time polymerase chain reaction, brane [29]. Thus, ASFV is different type of virus com- Genetic typing, Conventional PCR). pared to CSFV, a small RNA virus. ASFV is highly resistant to low temperature, however, can be inactivated OIE requests to member countries to report annually on ◦ ◦ CSF surveillance. Table 2 presents a summary of 2018 by incubating either at 56 C for 70 min or at 60 C annual reports from 6 countries. RT-PCR is carried out in for 20 min. Further, 1% formaldehyde, 0.03 to 0.0075% every country, and ELISA test also is done actively. sodium hypochlorite, glutaraldehyde, 2% caustic soda so- CSF can result high morbidity and mortality in domes- lution (sodium hydroxide), and phenol are effective in tic pigs and wild boars. The incubation period is from 7 AFSV inactivation [30]. to 15 days, but often hastened to 3–5 days in acute cases. ASF was first reported in 1912 in Kenya [31] and is still Death occurs usually within 2–4 weeks after CSFV in- sweeping in Sub-Saharan-Africa. During the past decade, fection [3, 4]. Mortality can reach up to 100% after 10 ASF has spread to Eastern Europe and Russia [32, 33], to 30 days of infection, depending on the age of the ani- and then China [34]. mals [4]. Despite African origin, the number of reported ASF Clinical signs in the acute form include high fever, hud- outbreaks or cases in Europe is higher than that in Africa dling weakness, anorexia and conjunctivitis. Further ei- in recent years as shown in Table 3, which is summarized ther constipation with hard fecal pellets, or watery diar- from OIE HP [2, 35].

Journal of Disaster Research Vol.14 No.8, 2019 1107 Shinoda, S., Mizuno, T., and Miyoshi, S.

(a) Map in the years 2008

(b) Map in the years 2019

Fig. 1. Maps showing classical swine fever outbreaks in OIE member countries.

The first spread of ASF outside Africa was to Portu- ASF outbreaks spread to Trans-Caucasian and Eastern- gal in 1957, airline waste near Lisbon airport was fed to European countries including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, pigs [29]. In the 1960s ASF was reported in the Iberian Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Estonia, Moldova, and Czech Peninsula, and a species of soft tick, Ornithodoros errati- Republic (June 2017), Romania (July 2017), Hungary cus, was identified as a vector and reservoir for ASFV [29, (April 2018), Bulgaria (August 2018) [29, 39, 40]. Recent 36]. emergence of ASF in China is thought to be introduced From the 1970s to the 1980s, ASF outbreaks occurred from the East Europe [34]. in many West European countries such as the Netherlands, The first case of ASF infection to wild boars in Bel- Italy, France, and Belgium [29]. In Europe, because of gium was reported in 2018 [40]. Since then wild boar active investigation, ASFV was detected in bred swine ASF infection continued in Belgium. and wild boar, ASF spread to the Caucasus region in Although ASF was localized in Africa and in some 2007 [37]. The risk of ASF entry into the Trans-Caucasus of the Middle East countries ten or more years ago countries such as Armenia and Georgia is a concern [38]. (Figs. 2(a) and 2(b)), several ASF outbreaks were re-

1108 Journal of Disaster Research Vol.14 No.8, 2019 General Review on Hog Cholera (Classical Swine Fever), African Swine Fever, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis Infection

Table 2. Summary of diagnostic tests for CSF in OIE member countries, as per annual report, 2018.

Conventional Conventional ∗1 ∗2 ∗3 Virus Real time Genetic ELISA NPLA VNT ∗4 PCR with PCR with Item (A) Item (B) isolation RT PCR typing primer HCV1 primer HCV2 Columbia, Canada + + + + + + Costa Rica, Guatemala Guatemala, Cuba, China Peru, Equador, Spain + + + + + + Cuba, Colombia, China, Cuba Japan + + + + + + Chinese + + + + Taipei Japan Poland + + + United + + Chinese Kingdom Taipei Item (A): OIE Member countries to which laboratory provided expert advice in technical consultancies on the request Item (B): OIE Member countries laboratory personnel to whom provide scientiﬁc and technical training ∗1ELISA: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ∗2NPLA: Neutralizing peroxidase-linked assay ∗3VNT: Virus neutralization test ∗4RT PCR: Real time polymerase chain reaction

Table 3. Impact of African swine fever by region based on the information submitted through the early warning system (2016– 2019), World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) report [35].

Swine Wild Boar Region Outbreaks Susceptible Cases Losses∗∗ Outbreaks Susceptible Cases Losses Africa 53 83,566 16,252 42,048 0 Asia 389 1,826,402 23,158 1,711,677 3 NA∗ 300 Europe 1,964 1,063,738 364,321 777,244 7,792 NA 949 Total 2,416 2,973,706 403,731 2,530,969 7,795 NA 1,249 NA ∗NA: Not applicable ∗∗Losses: The impact of this disease is measured in terms of losses, which are calculated by the sum of dead and culled animals from the infected farm or backyard premises of the reported outbreak.

ported in East Europe and Asian countries in recent years fever, anorexia, lethargy, weakness, recumbence, diarrhea (Fig. 2(c)). and/or constipation, abdominal pain, hemorrhagic signs, Currently, the USA is ASFV free. However, the risk of respiratory distress, nasal and conjunctival discharge, and the viral introduction exists, since Latin American coun- abortions [40]. Death of infected pigs occurs in 7–10 days tries, such as Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and after the onset of the symptoms. Moderately virulent Brazil are ASF prevalent [29, 40]. ASFV strains cause subacute infection, which clinical ASF outbreak has not been observed in Japan, but signs include abortion, fever and transient hemorrhaging Sugiura and Haga predicted the introduction of ASF into with death or recovery occurring within 3–4 weeks. Mor- Japan [41]. ASF appeared in a pig farmer near Shenyang tality is age dependent: high mortality in young animals city, Liaoning province, China [34], The outbreaks spread but low mortality in older animals [40, 42]. to several provinces in mainland China. As Chinese peo- Attempts for development of ASFV vaccine did not re- ple primarily consume pork, therefore China has been the sult in satisfactory outcomes [29, 42–44]. largest pig producer in the world. Food balance sheet or The description for ASF vaccine in the OIE HP is as self-sufﬁcient ratio of food in Japan is very low. There- follows; “There is no approved vaccine against ASF (un- fore, huge amount of pork products are imported. Al- like classical swine fever (‘Hog Cholera’) which is caused though ASF is an infectious disease in pigs and wild by a different virus)” [35]. boars, not in mankind, import of pork products or the out- The description on “Prevention and control” is as fol- breaks in the adjacent country suggests some possibility lows. Prevention in countries free of the disease de- of introduction ASF into Japan [41]. pends on implementation on appropriate import polices Acute infections caused by highly virulent ASFV are and biosecurity measures, ensuring that neither infected characterized by various symptoms, including a high live pigs nor contaminated pork products are introduced

Journal of Disaster Research Vol.14 No.8, 2019 1109 Shinoda, S., Mizuno, T., and Miyoshi, S.

(a) Map in the years 2005

(b) Map in the years 2008

Fig. 2. Maps showing African swine fever outbreaks in OIE member countries.

1110 Journal of Disaster Research Vol.14 No.8, 2019 General Review on Hog Cholera (Classical Swine Fever), African Swine Fever, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis Infection into ASF free areas. This includes ensuring proper dis- for human and domestic pig salmonellosis [55]. Alborali posal of waste food from aircraft, ships or vehicles from et al. used inactivated Choleaesuis vaccine, challenged affected countries and policing illegal imports of live pig orally and intramuscularly, and after then virulent strain and pork products from affected countries” [29, 40, 42– was challenged. Effectivity of the prime-boost vaccina- 44]. tion of attenuated strain was demonstrated in the test [56]. Salmonella Choleraesuis infection case in Japan is rare as described above, it has problem in South-East Asia and 4. Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis multiple-antimicrobial-resistance problem of Salmonella Infection is important in this region. Therefore, aggressive study of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella isolates in Okinawa Taxonomy of the genus Salmonella has been debated prefecture, which has close relation with South-East Asia, in the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriol- and showed existence of many antimicrobial resistant ogy, its Judicial Commission, and various scientific ar- Choleraesuis at slaughter houses [57]. ticles [45–49]. On the recent taxonomy, several sub- As CSFV and ASFV are pathogens for domestic pigs species are concentrated in Salmonella enterica,but and wild boars, but not for human, therefore our human many papers suggest existence of over 2,500 serovars of beings are safe from these viral infections. However, CSF Salmonella [50]. S. enterica serovar Typhi and S. en- or ASF outbreaks severely affect livestock industry, hu- terica serovar Paratyphi are human pathogen, whereas man transportation, international trade and travel. Trans- other many serovars of S. enterica such as serovar Ty- portation of livestock foods or imported foods are the ma- phimurium, Choleraesuis, or Heidelberg are zoonotic jor routes of introduction for the route of the pathological pathogens, which infect animals and humans. In the viruses. early years, S. enterica serovar Choleraesuis had been However, S. enterica serovar Choleraesuis is a zoonotic considered as the pathogen of CSF, the hog cholera pathogen, infects humans and animals, despite a minor pathogen. However, CSFV was later identified as the ac- human pathogen. tual pathogen of hog cholera as shown above. Thus, CSFV, ASFV, and S. enterica serovar Cholerae- Several serovars of S. enterica other than Typhi and suis are zoological pathogens, all of them have major in- Paratyphi animal salmonellosis pathogens, occasionally fluence on human beings. cause human diseases, food-poisoning, rarely invading to blood stream, causing septicemia and other salmonellosis. 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1112 Journal of Disaster Research Vol.14 No.8, 2019 General Review on Hog Cholera (Classical Swine Fever), African Swine Fever, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis Infection

[51] T. Whistler, P. Sapchookul, D. W. McCormick, O. Sangwichian, P. Jorakate, S. Makprasert, A. Jatapai, S. Naorat, U. Surin, S. Koosakunwat, S. Supcharassaeng, B. Piralam, M. Mikoleit, H. C. Name: Baggett, J. Rhodes, and C. J. Gregory, “Epidemiology and antimi- Sumio Shinoda crobial resistance of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonellosis in rural Thailand from 2006-2014,” PLOS Neglect. Trop. Dis., Vol.12, Affiliation: No.8, e0006718, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006718, 2018. Professor Emeritus, Okayama University [52] H. Herikstad, Y. Motarjemi, and R. V. Tauxe, “Salmonella surveillance: a global survey of public health serotyping,” Epidemiol. In- fect., Vol.129, No.1, pp. 1-8, 2002. [53] A. M. Sy, J. Sandhu, and T. Lenox, “Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis infection of the knee and femur in a nonbacteremic diabetic patient,” Case Rep. Infect. Dis., Vol.2013, Article ID 506157, doi:10.1155/2013/506157, 2013. Address: [54] L. Zhu, X. Zhao, Q. Yin, X. Liu, X. Chen, C. Huang, and X. 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kitaku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan Suo, “Mucosal IgA and IFN-γ+ CD8 T cell immunity are important in the efficacy of live Salmonella enterica serovar Cholerae- Brief Career: suis vaccines,” Nature, Sci. Rep., No.7, Article No.46408, doi: 1967- Research Associate, Research Institute for Microbial Research, 10.1038/srep46408, 2017. Osaka University [55] X. Zhao, Q. Dai, D. Zhu, M. Liu, S. Chen, K. Sun, Q. Yang, Y. 1976- Professor, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Wu, Q. Kong, and R. Jia, “Recombinant attenuated Salmonella Ty- 2000- Dean, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University phimurium with heterologous expression of the Salmonella Choler- 2005- Professor, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science aesuis O-polysaccharide: high immunogenicity and protection,” 2012- Director, Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Nature, Sci. Rep., No.7, Article No.7127, doi:10.1038/s41598-017- Infectious Diseases in India 07689-5, 2017. Selected Publications: [56] G. L. Alborali, J. Ruggeri, M. Pesciaroli, N. Martinelli, B. Chirullo, • S. Ammendola, A. Battistoni, M. C. Ossiprandi, A. Corradi, and “Extraintestinal infections caused by Non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae P. Pasquali, “Prime-boost vaccination with attenuated Salmonella non-O1/non-O139,” Front. in Microbiol., Vol.7, No.144, Typhimurium ΔznuABC and inactivated Salmonella Choleraesuis doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00144, 2016. is protective against Salmonella Choleraesuis challenge infection in • “Comparative genome analysis of VSP-II and SNPs reveals heterogenic piglets,” BMC Vet. Res., Vol.13, No.284, doi:10.1186/s12917-017- variation in contemporary strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated from 1202-5, 2017. cholera patients in Kolkata, India,” PLOS. Negl. Trop. Dis., Vol.11, [57] M. Matayoshi, T. Kitano, T. Sasaki, and M. Nakamura, “Re- e0005386, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005386, 2017. sistance phenotypes and genotypes among multiple-antimicrobial- • “Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains that trace the origin of resistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Cholerae- Haitian-like genetic traits,” Infect. Genet. Evol., Vol.54, pp. 47-53, 2017. suis strains isolated between 2008 and 2012 from slaughter pigs • in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan,” J. Vet. Med. Sci., Vol.77, No.6, “Complex reassortment events of unusual G9P[4] rotavirus strains in pp. 705-710, 2015. India between 2011 and 2013,” Infect. Genet. Evol., Vol.54, pp. 417-428, 2017. Academic Societies & Scientific Organizations: • Japanese Society for Bacteriology (JSB) • Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (PSJ) • Japanese Society of Food Microbiology (JSFM) • Society for Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents, Japan (SAAAJ) • Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases (JAID)

Journal of Disaster Research Vol.14 No.8, 2019 1113 Shinoda, S., Mizuno, T., and Miyoshi, S.

Name: Name: Tamaki Mizuno Shin-ichi Miyoshi

Afﬁliation: Afﬁliation: Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Professor, Graduate School of Medicine, Den- Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical tistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama Sciences, Okayama University University

Address: Address: 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kitaku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kitaku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan Brief Career: Brief Career: 2010 Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, 1986- Research Associate, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University University 2010- Postdoctoral Fellow, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and 1996- Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Natural Science and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Technology, Okayama University 2011- Assistant Professor, Collaborative Research Center of Okayama 1999- Associate Professor, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India University 2015- Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and 2002- Associate Professor, Graduate School of Natural Science and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Technology, Okayama University Selected Publications: 2005- Professor, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and • T. Mizuno, A. Nanko, Y. Maehara, S. Shinoda, and S. Miyoshi, “A novel Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University extracellular protease of Vibrio mimicus that mediates maturation of an Selected Publications: endogenous hemolysin,” Microbiology and Immunology, Vol.58, No.9, • T. Kawase, F. Miura, A. Debnath, K. Imakura, and S. Miyoshi, pp. 503-512, 2014. “Functional analysis of N-terminal propeptide in the precursor of Vibrio • D. Imamura, T. Mizuno, S. Miyoshi, and S. Shinoda, “Stepwise changes vulnificus metalloprotease by using cell-free translational system,” Protein in viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae cells,” Microbiology and Expr. Purif., Vol.149, pp. 13-16, 2018. Immunology, Vol.59, No.5, pp. 305-310, 2015. • A. Elgaml and S. Miyoshi, “Regulation systems of protease and • A. Debnath, T. Mizuno, and S. Miyoshi, “Comparative proteomic hemolysin production in Vibrio vulnificus,” Microbiol. Immunol., Vol.61, analysis to characterize temperature-induced viable but non-culturable and No.1, pp. 1-11, 2017. resuscitation state in Vibrio cholerae,” Microbiology, Vol.165, No.7, • E.-S. Abdel-Sattar, S. Miyoshi, and A. Elgaml, “Regulation of Vibrio pp. 737-746, 2019. mimicus metalloprotease (VMP) production by the quorum-sensing master • T. Mizuno, A. Debnath, and S. Miyoshi, “Hemolysin of Vibrio Species,” regulatory protein, LuxR,” J. Basic Microbiol., Vol.56, No.10, IntechOpen, 2019. pp. 1051-1058, 2016. Academic Societies & Scientific Organizations: • S. Miyoshi, K. Okamoto, and E. Takahashi, “Chapter 119 Vibriolysin,” • Japanese Society for Bacteriology (JSB) N. D. Rawlings, G. S. Salvesen (Eds.), Handbook of proteolytic enzymes, • Society for Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents, Japan (SAAAJ) 3rd edition, pp. 579-582, Elsevier Academic Press, 2013. • Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (PSJ) • “Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains that trace the origin of Haitian-like genetic traits,” Infect. Genet. Evol., Vol.54, pp. 47-53, 2017. • “Complex reassortment events of unusual G9P[4] rotavirus strains in India between 2011 and 2013,” Infect. Genet. Evol., Vol.54, pp. 417-428, 2017. Academic Societies & Scientific Organizations: • Japanese Society for Bacteriology (JSB) • Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (PSJ) • Japanese Society of Food Microbiology (JSFM) • Society for Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents, Japan (SAAAJ) • Japan Association for International Health (JAIH)

1114 Journal of Disaster Research Vol.14 No.8, 2019