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African Swine Fever, and Salmonella Enterica Serovar Choleraesuis Infection

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African Swine Fever, and Salmonella Enterica Serovar Choleraesuis Infection https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p1105 General Review on Hog Cholera (Classical Swine Fever), African Swine Fever, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis Infection Review: General Review on Hog Cholera (Classical Swine Fever), African Swine Fever, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis Infection Sumio Shinoda∗,†, Tamaki Mizuno∗∗, and Shin-ichi Miyoshi∗∗ ∗Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kitaku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan †Corresponding author, E-mail: sumio [email protected] ∗∗Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan [Received June 6, 2019; accepted September 12, 2019] Classical swine fever (CSF, hog cholera) has the spread of CSF outbreak. In mid September 2019, reemerged in Japan after 26 years and affected CSF outbreaks have occurred in totally 8 prefectures, in domestic pigs and wild boars. CSF was reported in addition to the above two prefectures, in Fukui, Shiga, Gifu prefecture on September 2018. Approximately Nagano, Saitama, Mie, and Osaka. 90,000 breeding domestic pigs were sacrificed by African swine fever (ASF) is another viral infectious farmers of Gifu and Aichi prefectures to prevent disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars, al- expansion of CSF outbreak. In mid September 2019, though the etiologic agent is different from that of CSF. CSF outbreaks have occurred in 8 prefectures in Countermeasures for CSF and ASF were discussed in central Japan. African swine fever (ASF) is another G20 Niigata Agriculture Minister’s Meeting which held viral infectious disease that affects domestic pigs on May 2019 in Toki Messe, Niigata, Japan. and wild boars, although the etiologic agent is dif- Both the swine fevers cause economic burden to pig ferent from that of CSF. Both CSF and ASF affect farmers because of the intense infectivity to domesticated pig farmers because of their intense infectivity to pigs. However, the causative agents are not pathogenic to domesticated pigs. Fortunately, the causative agents humans fortunately. Therefore, CSF and ASF are moni- are not pathogenic to human. However, an enteric tored with “Act on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis Control” in Japan. is pathogenic to pigs and humans. As Salmonella However, an enteric bacterium Salmonella enterica Choleraesuis causes food poisoning in humans, the serovar Choleraesuis is pathogenic to pigs and humans. In infection is monitored by “Food Sanitation Law” in human, Salmonella Choleraesuis causes food poisoning. Japan. CSF, ASF, and Salmonella enterica serovar Therefore, the bacterial infection is monitored by “Food Choleraesuis salmonellosis are translated in Japanese Sanitation Law” in Japan. as “ton-korera,” “afurika ton-korera,” and “buta- In Japanese, CSF, ASF, and Salmonella enterica korera,” respectively, wherein “ton” and “buta” both serovar Choleraesuis salmonellosis are translated to “ton- mean pig or hog. Therefore the above Japanese words korera,” “afurika ton-korera,” and “buta-korera,” respec- mean hog cholera. tively, wherein, “ton” and “buta” mean pig or hog. There- fore, the above Japanese words mean hog cholera. Characteristics of CSF, ASF, and S. enterica serovar Keywords: classical swine fever (CSF), African swine Choleraesuis salmonellosis are summarized in Table 1. fever (ASF), Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis, Comprehensive information on animal disease are hog cholera recorded in Home Page of OIE (World Organization for Animal Health, WOAH) [2]. 1. Introduction 2. Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera) Hog cholera (classical swine fever: CSF) has reemerged in Japan after 26 years and affected do- Classical swine fever (CSF) is a viral disease in domes- mestic pigs and wild boars [1]. Since the last CSF ticated pigs and wild boars, in many parts of the world outbreak in Kumamoto prefecture in 1992, no outbreak including Central America, South America, Africa, and occurred in Japan. Therefore Japan had been considered Asia. United States of America (USA) and Canada are the disease free for the past 26 years. However, CSF free for this disease for these few decades [3, 4]. While was reported in Gifu prefecture in September 2018. Central America has been endemically infected in re- Approximately 90,000 domesticated pigs were sacrificed cent years, but Mexico, Panama, and Belize are disease by farmers of Gifu and Aichi prefectures to prevent free [3]. Journal of Disaster Research Vol.14 No.8, 2019 1105 © Fuji Technology Press Ltd. Creative Commons CC BY-ND: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/). Shinoda, S., Mizuno, T., and Miyoshi, S. Table 1. Characteristics of classical swine fever (Hog cholera), African swine fever, and salmonellosis with Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis. Human Pathogenic microbe Host animal Clinical signs on animals pathogenicity Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) Acute: fever, huddling of sick animal, loss of ap- Classical swine Enveloped RNA virus genus Pes- Domestic pig petite, dullness, weakness, conjunctivitis, constipa- fever and wild boar tion followed by diarrhea None tivirus Animals with acute disease die within 1–2 weeks African swine fever virus (ASFV) Acute: high fever, depression, anoia, loss of appetite, African swine Double stranded DNA virus genus Domestic pig haemorrhages in skin, abortion in pregnant sows, None fever Asfivirus and wild boar vomiting, death within 6–13 days Salmonella Salmonella enterica serovar Choler- Domestic pig Food poisoning enterica serovar aesuis Gram negative bacterium, the Salmonellosis Blood or organ Choleraesuis family Enterobacteriaceae and wild boar salmonellosis CSF adversely impacts livestock production systems by monoclonal antibodies [10]. reducing the quantity and quality of livestock products. Wu et al. analyzed representative CSFV E2 gene se- Beltran-Alcrudo et al. suggested that international trade quences and suggested correlation of the virulence of and travel play a key role in trans-boundary spread of pig CSFV with evolutionary patterns of E2 [14]. The spe- diseases including CSF, ASF, and foot and mouth disease cific sites of Erns, E1, and E2 for virulence or pathogenic- (FMD) [5]. Although severe livestock damage due to CSF ity of CSFV were extensively investigated [15–18]. Tang in Europe was not reported recent years, some examples et al. identified the active region of Erns andE2byob- are observed on end of 20th century, such as the 1997– servation of the envelope proteins Erns and E2 of which 98, CSF outbreak in the Netherlands. Total amount of amino acids were substituted [15]. Risatti et al. demon- damage due to the outbreak was calculated to be amount strated the importance of the carboxyl terminal region of US $2.3 billion [5, 6]. Furthermore 2001 FMD outbreak E2 glycoprotein of CSFV [16]. E2 induces the production in the United Kingdom led to the loss exceeding $4.4 bil- of neutralizing antibody during the infection [19]. Role of lion [6, 7]. E2 in determining the tropism of pestivirus in cell culture Trans-boundary introduction and spread of swine dis- was demonstrated [19]. All the three glycoproteins form eases into free areas were summarized [5]. The transport disulfide-linked complexes: the Erns homodimer, E1–E2 of animals that are either in the disease incubation stage heterodimer, and E2 homodimer [20]. E2 is the major en- or as symptomatic carriers is one of potential pathways velope protein exposed on the surface of CSFV [12, 20– for spreading the disease. Pork meat and products trade 22], whereas Erns, the third glycoprotein, mediates neu- have been suggested to be one of the main introduction tralization and processing of intrinsic ribonuclease [21– routes of for the spread of the causative agents CSF virus 25]. Cao et al. showed that Erns partially contributed to (CSFV) and ASF virus (ASFV) [8]. adaptation of CSFV C-strain, major vaccine strain, and Edwards et al. reported that CSF impacted pig produc- that combination of E2 and Erns was essential for the virus tion in different regions of the world [9]. CSF had been replication in the host [23]. reported for the past 170 years, and efforts to control it Earlier, CSFV envelope glycoproteins were designated began in the 19th century [9]. as hog cholera virus (HCV) gp33, gp44/48 or gp55. For- CSFV is a small enveloped, single stranded positive mation of a disulfide-linked heterodimer of gp33 and gp55 sense RNA virus belonging to genus Pestivirus family was shown [26]. Flaviviridae [3]. The genome contains 12,300 bases and CSFV is heat-labile and inactivated by heating in a comprises for four structural and seven non-structural pro- minute or less at 90–100◦Corat70◦Cfor5min.Itissen- teins [4] The enveloped viral particles of CSFV consist sitive to various disinfectants, such as sodium hypochlo- of four structural proteins, the core protein (C) and three rite, phenolic compounds, quaternary ammonium com- envelope glycoproteins (E1, E2, and Erns) [3, 4, 10–13]. pounds, formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. It is also in- Here, we mainly use Erns, the third envelope glycoprotein, activated by drying and UV irradiation. Although CSFV among various abbreviation used in the literature, such as is stable at neutral range, is unstable at acidic (pH < 3) or Erns, Erns, and Ems [3, 4]. alkaline (pH > 10) conditions [3, 4]. The envelope glycoproteins play important roles on the Brief description of laboratory diagnosis of CSFV de- viral pathogenicity. E1 and E2 anchor to the envelope at scribed in OIE HP [2] is as the follows. the carboxyl termini, and Erns associates loosely with the viral envelope [10, 11]. Procedures Wang et al. showed that E1 and E2 mediated viral en- Samples try to target cell by using the monoclonal antibodies and Identification of the agent porcine cell lines tests [13]. Method of choice for detecting infected herds early in E2 and Erns are necessary for viral attachment [10, 11]. infection is to collect whole blood and tissues from mul- Weiland et al.
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