Great Captains GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS A HISTORY OF THE ART OF WAR FROM ITS RE­ VIVAL AFTER THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE END OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION WAR, WITH A DETAILED ACCOUNT OF THE CAMPAIGNS OF THE GREAT SWEDE, AND OF THE MOST FAMOUS CAMPAIGNS OF TURENNE, CONDE, EUGENE, AND MARLBOROUGH. WITH 2S7 CHARTS, MAPS, PLANS OF BATTLES AND TACTICAL MANOEUVRES, CUTS OF UNIFORMS, ARMS, AND WEAPONS BY THEODORE AYRAULT DODGE BREVET LIEUTENANT-COLONEL UNITED STATES ARMY, RETIRED LIST J AUTHOR OF " THB CAMPAIGN OF CHANCELLORSVILLE," '*A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF OUR CIVIL WAR," " PATROCLUS AND PENELOPE. A CHAT IN THE SADDLE/' " GREAT CAP­ TAINS," "ALEXANDER," " HANNIBAL," " C<ESAR," ETC, ETC, IN TWO VOLUMES —VOLUME II. BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY The Riverside Press, Cambridge G 31 tv Copyright, 1890, BY THEODORE AYRAULT DODGE. All rights reserved. FOURTH IMPRESSION TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER FAGS XXXIII. CROMWELL. 1642-1651 421 XXXIV. TURENNE. 1634 TO AUGUST, 1644. 437 XXXV. CONDE AT ROCROY. MAY 19, 1643 . .450 XXXVI. FREIBURG. AUGUST, 1644 458 XXXVII. MERGENTHEIM. MAY 5, 1645 468 XXXVIII. ALLERHEIM. AUGUST 5, 1645 .... 478 XXXIX. CONDE AT DUNKIRK. SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER, 1646 488 XL. TURENNE AND WRANGEL. 1646-1647 ... 497 XLI. THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR ENDS. 1648 . .507 XLII. CONDE AGAINST TURENNE. 1650-1656 ... 519 XLIII. ARRAS AND VALENCIENNES. 1654-1656 . 540 XLIV. DUNKIRK. THE BATTLE OF THE DUNES, 1657. MAY AND JUNE, 1658 553 XLV. ARMY ORGANIZATION AND TACTICS EARLY SEVEN­ TEENTH TO EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY . 569 XLVI. TURENNE IN HOLLAND. 1672 .... 582 XLVII. MONTECUCULI. 1673 592 XLVIII. SENEF, AUGUST 11, AND SINSHEIM, JUNE 16, 1674 602 XUX. ENTZHEIM, OCTOBER 4, 1674. TURKHEIM, JANUARY 5, 1675 614 L. TURENNE'S LAST CAMPAIGN. 1675 . 633 LI. THE SIEGE OF VIENNA. 1683 645 LII. LUXEMBURG AND CATINAT. 1690-1693 . 655 LIII. PRINCE EUGENE AGAINST CATINAT. 1701 . 668 LIV. EUGENE AGAINST VILLEROI AND VENDOME. 1701- 1702 681 LV. VILLARS. 1703 697 LVL MARLBOROUGH AND EUGENE. 1704: . 709 LVII. BLENHEIM. AUGUST 13, 1704 723 LVIII. EUGENE AND VENDOME. 1705 .... 737 LIX. RAMILLIES. MAY 23, 1706 750 LX. TURIN. SEPTEMBER 7, 1706 757 LXI. OUDENARDE AND LlLLE. JULY 11 AND OCTOBER 22, 1708 769 LXII. MALPLAQUET. SEPTEMBER 11, 1709 .... 792 LXIII. SPAIN. 1704-1710 810 LXIV. VlLLARS AGAINST MARLBOROUGH AND EUGENE. 1710- 1712 817 LXV. CHARLES XII. 1700-1709 831 APPENDIX A. SOME MODERN MARCHES ...... 849 APPENDIX B. CASUALTIES IN SOME MODERN BATTLES . 850 INDEX 853 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PACJB Cromwell 424 Battle of Marston Moor .425 Battle of Naseby 428 Battle of Dunbar 432 Battle of Worcester 434 Pistol Sword. (16th Century) 436 Turenne 440 The Rhine Country 446 Freiburg 448 French Halberdiers. (15th Century) .... 449 Conde' at Rocroy 450 Battle of Rocroy 452 French Musketeer, 1647 457 Freiburg Battles 459 Philipsburg ..... 464 French Infantry Soldier, 1660 467 Operation of Mergentheim 471 Battle of Mergentheim 473 French Dragoon. (17th Century) . .477 Battle of Allerheim 479 Norman Soldier. (7th Century) 487 Vicinity of Dunkirk 489 Dunkirk 491 Crusader's Cannon 496 Nidda Operation . .499 Kirchheim Operation 502 Breech-loading Portable Gun. (15th Century) .... 506 Zumarshausen Operation 508 Battle of Lens 515 Three-barreled Carbine. (16th Century.) 518 Belgium and Northern France 520 Battle of Champ Blanc 523 Operation of Gien 525 Paris-Orleans Country 526 Vicinity of Paris 528 Battle of St. Antoine 530 Campaign on the Somme . • 536 Portable Gun. (15th Century) 539 Arras 542 Operation on the Scheldt . 546 Valenciennes 549 Knight. (15th Century) 552 Dunkirk and the Battle of the Dunes . ..... 559 French Dragoon. (17th Century) 568 Army on the March 574 Pistol Sword. (16th Century) 581 Holland 585 Pistol Sword. (16th Century) 591 Montecuculi 593 Turenne-Montecuculi Operation 595 Garde Du Corps, 1688 601 Conde- (late in life) 603 Battle of Senef . .604 Sinsheim Operation 607 Battle of Sinsheim . 610 French Musketeer. (End of 17th Century) . 613 Entzheim Operation 619 Battle of Entzheim 620 Tiirkheim Operation 627 Battle of Tiirkheim 630 French Carbine. (16th Century) 632 Terrain of 1675 Campaign . 634 Campaign of 1675 ...... ... 635 Mounted Arquebusier. (16th Century) ...... 644 Vienna-Ofen Country 646 Turkish Soldier. 647 • Turkish Soldier 648 Siege of Vienna .......... 651 Polish Cavalryman •••••• • • • 653 Luxemburg 656 Battle of Fleurus 657 Catinat . • -658 Battle of Steenkirke 660 Battle of Neerwinden 663 Battle of Marsaglia . 666 French Musketeer. (17th Century) 667 Prince Eugene 671 Zenta Campaign 672 North Italy .676 Chiari Operation • 682 Vendome 686 Battle of Luzzara 689 Duke of Marlborough 692 French Cannon. (16th Century) 696 Villars 700 The Rhine-Danube Country 702 Cannon Royal. (16th Century) 708 Assault on the Schellenberg 714 French Mortar. (16th Century) . - . .722 Battle of Blenheim 725 Four-barreled Gun. (16th Century) 736 Battle of Cassano 740 The Line of the Dyle 747 Culverin. (16th Century) 749 Battle of Ramillies 752 Northern Italy 758 The Battle of Turin 763 Pike Breaker. (16th Century) 768 Battle of Oudenarde 776 Brussels-Lille Region 783 Siege of Lille 785 Battle of Malplaquet 801 Bombard. (15th Century) . < 809 Spain • • • 811 Heavy Cavalryman. (16th Century) 816 Douay Region • 818 Quesnoy-Landrecies Region 824 Roofed Gun. (16th Century) 830 Campaigns of Charles XII 832 Narva 834 The Dwina 837 Pultowa 846 Russian Soldier 847 Turkish Soldier 848 GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS XXXIII. CROMWELL. 1642-1651. CROMWELL was one of the greatest of men. His rank among generals is less high. He was the originator of the New Model soldier of the Commonwealth, — the regular who defeated successively all the militia of the royalists. He was an accomplished cavalry leader, who never failed to win whenever he charged. But Cromwell was not a great strategist, however good a tactician; and the opposition to him was never serious. His record of victories is interesting rather than brilliant; Marston Moor, Naseby, Dunbar, Worcester, make grand chapters in English history, but they do not teach us what Breitenfeld and Blenheim do. No one can underrate the services of Cromwell to England ; he was a man capable of doing splendidly anything to which he put his hand; as statesman he has had few equals, but as a mere soldier he can scarcely aspire to the second rank. That he copied Gustavus was but natural; the whole of Europe, ever since 1630, had been copying him; and it is a slur on Cromwell's memory to assert that he was so lacking in intelligence as not to know what Gustavus had been doing. As a soldier he is strictly a product of the Swedish school. As a man he was essentially English — and his own prototype. TEN years after the death of Gustavus on the field of Liitzen, the civil war in England broke out. Charles stood at Nottingham with a patchwork army of ten thousand men. Prince Rupert ("Rupert of the Rhine," son of Frederick of the Palatinate and Elizabeth of England) was in command of the horse. The parliament army of double its numbers, but equally scrappy, lay in its front, under Devereux. Many officers in both armies had been trained in the Thirty Years' War; but there were as many tramps under both colors as there were soldiers. Roughly, the middle classes and the southern and eastern counties were with the parliament; the upper classes, the peasantry and the northern and western connties were with the king; but there was no such line of demarcation as in our civil war. Except unmethodical operations, and the fact that Cromwell began to discipline his 41 Ironsides " in the winter of 1642, little occurred for two years. The parliament lost rather than gained ground, and England felt in a lesser degree what had been the hor­ rors of the war in Germany. Cromwell began his " New Model " discipline with a troop, of which he was captain. There was nothing new in it; it was but the imitation by a strong, resolute, intelligent man of what another great man and greater captain had done within the generation. Cromwell was broad enough to understand what he and all other Englishmen had watched, the wonder­ ful campaigns of 1630, 1631 and 1632 in Germany; and wise enough, when the occasion came, to apply the lessons they taught. To assert that his military skill was but a reflection of Gustavus' is no slight to Cromwell, who as a man and a ruler was the equal of the Swede. Cromwell's men were honest, pious yeomen. He asked, he could have, no better material on which to work; and he trained himself as he trained them, rising from captain of a troop to colonel of a regiment, general of a brigade of horse, commander of an army, captain-general. On the parliament muster-rolls were twenty thousand foot and five thousand horse, or twenty regiments and seventy-five troops of sixty sabres each. In the cavalry, as it first stood, Cromwell served as captain, and among the officers of regiments and troops were numbers of his relations and friends. The cav­ alry corps was home to him. At Edgehill, on October 23, 1642, the royalists had twelve thousand men, the parliament fifteen thousand. Volcanic Rupert, on the royal right, charged and routed Essex's left, and then characteristically turned to plunder in Kineton. The royal left had equal success, and the battle seemed lost, when there came up thirteen troops of the cavalry of the par­ liament, among them Cromwell's. They had other ideas in their heads than plunder. Riding in on the victorious royal foot, they at once turned the tide. The infantry was help­ less; it was mowed down like grass. Rupert only returned in season to save the king from capture and to cover the retreat. Of the four (some say six) thousand loss the royal army bore the most.