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Fisheries Research and Development in the Mekong Region INSIDE Fisheries Research and Development in the Mekong Region Volume 16, No. 2 ISSN 0859-290X August 2010 INSIDE Late prehistoric fi sheries near the Tonle Sap Lake Long-term outlook for Lower Mekong fi sheries Integrating data from monitoring programmes Growing competition in aquatic feed sector Selective breeding of ornamental carp Recreational fi shing for young city dwellers America’s new science diplomacy Catch and Culture is published three times a year by the Mekong River Commission Secretariat in Vientiane, Lao PDR, and distributed to over 650 subscribers around the world. Free email subscriptions are available through the MRC website, www.mrcmekong.org. For information on the cost of hard-copy subscriptions, contact the MRC’s Documentation Centre at [email protected]. Contributions to Catch and Culture should be sent to [email protected] and copied to [email protected] . © Mekong River Commission 2010 Editorial panel: Mr Xaypladeth Choulamany, Fisheries Programme Coordinator Mr Kent Hortle, Fisheries Programme Chief Technical Advisor Dr Suchart Ingthamjitr, Fisheries Programme Offi cer Ms Pham Mai Phuong, Fisheries Programme Offi cer Mr Kaviphone Phouthavongs, Fisheries Programme Offi cer Mr Buoy Roitana, Fisheries Programme Offi cer Editor: Peter Starr Design: Chhut Chheana Cover illustration:illustration: Voeun VuthVuthyy TheThe opinions and interpretation expressed within are those of the authors andand do not necessarily represent the views ofof the Mekong River CommissionCommission Contents Contents 4 Basin development Basin development plan and fi sheries 9 Hydropower Future innovations needed to help basin meet challenges of dam development 10 Capture fi sheries Integrating data from fi sheries monitoring programmes in the Lower Mekong Basin 13 Zooarchaeology Late prehistoric site in Cambodia yields thousands of fi sh bones from 18 families 19 Aquatic feed (1) Delta company markets feed developed with research institute 23 Aquatic feed (2) Feed production development in Lao PDR 26 Aquatic feed (3) In terms of effl uent discharge, farmed catfi sh seem to compare favourably with other cultured species 28 Aquarium fi sh trade Export ambitions in aquarium trade lead to new Vietnamese research into koi 33 Mekong giant catfi sh Sixth meeting of Mekong giant catfi sh working group held in Thailand 36 Recreational fi shing A restaurant with rods, a garden of dreams Special Insert 41 Cambodia’s National Fish Day Promoting aquaculture for disabled veterans Cambodian fi sh yield estimate rises in 2009 Between pages 26 and 27. 42 Decentralisation With Phnom Penh move, fi sheries programme will return to natural home 44 Phylogenetics Australian genetic study reappraises evolution of Asian snakeheads 45 Science diplomacy Navigating changing waters 47 Investment Investment principles for developing sustainable aquaculture to feed the poor 49 Fisheries subsidies To what extent do subsidies to the fi sheries sector violate WTO rules? August 2010 Catch and Culture Volume 16, No. 2 3 Basin development Basin Development Plan and Fisheries By Kent G. Hortle * The Mekong basin supports extensive fi sheries which Development Plan under the Basin Development provide livelihoods and food security for millions of Programme, which is currently in its second phase people. Infrastructure development in much of the (BDP2). The plan aims to support the countries to basin is limited, compared with many other large implement integrated water resource management river basins, and now water resources development (IWRM) to achieve a balance between economic, in the Mekong is accelerating. In particular, many environmental and social outcomes. During 2009 hydroelectric dams and irrigation projects are proposed and 2010, the BDP supported development and or under construction. Regional governments generally assessments of basin-wide development scenarios. support developing water resources to increase These are based on groupings of projects which could economic growth, help to alleviate poverty, improve signifi cantly modify hydrology, including dams for livelihoods, and work towards meeting the UN hydroelectricity, irrigation and water supply, as well as Millennium Development Goals. At the same time, the fl ood mitigation projects. The projects were nominated possible negative effects on fi sheries and other natural by the countries as those considered important in resources need to be understood and given adequate their national development planning. As a result, weight in development planning. the assessment is not intended to be a bottom-up balanced consideration of all possible development The MRC is mandated to prepare a Basin Figure 1. The eight main scenarios considered in the BDP assessments Scenario Description Baseline Upper Defi nite LMB 20-year LMB 20-year LMB 20-year LMB 20-year LMB 20-year 2000 Mekong future plan without plan without plan without plan without full-development BS dams m/s lower m/s Cambodian Thai m/s plan with dams dams m/s dams dams m/s dams Year 2015 2015 2030 2030 2030 2030 2030 Infrastructure Code 2015-UMD 2015-DF 2030-20Y 2030-20Y 2030-20Y w/o 2030-20Y 2030-20Y w/o MD w/o LMD CMD w/o TMD Full China upper Mekong cascade 25 additional tributary hydro dams Additional tributary dams, for irrigation & water supply Mekong mainstream dams - upper Lao (6) upstream of Vientiane Mekong mainstream dams - Thailand (2) Mekong mainstream dams - Lower Lao at Khone Falls (2) Mainstream dams - Cambodia (2) 4 Catch and Culture Volume 16, No. 2 August 2010 Basin development pathways; rather it refl ects the reality of national the countries understand that the uncertainties planning. The eight main scenarios considered are and risks associated with some water resources summarised in Figure 1. The baseline was set as developments, such as the proposed mainstream dam Year 2000, with the ‘defi nite future’ in 2015 including projects downstream of Vientiane, are too signifi cant to all projects which are already being implemented, consider in this phase of the basin planning process as most of which are on tributaries in Lao PDR. After 20 development opportunities. The extensive consultation years (i.e. by 2030) up to 12 mainstream dams and process followed during the assessments allowed many dams on tributaries were considered in the ‘full fi sheries issues to be brought to the forefront and has development plan’. Other scenarios considered fewer signifi cantly raised the awareness of the importance dams on the mainstream. of inland fi sheries among those responsible for other sectors. The IWRM-based development strategy for Grouping projects allows a very broad assessment of the LMB currently in draft is being further reviewed benefi ts and costs, including the impacts on the other prior to fi nalisation and endorsement by the MRC’s non-consumptive water uses, especially fi sheries, Joint Council. biodiversity and navigation. The scenario assessments facilitated national and regional discussions on Fisheries assessment of the BDP scenarios the acceptable balance between water resources The BDP Fisheries Assessment was carried out in development and environmental and social impacts. early 2010 based on general information on each As a result of these assessments, the LMB countries scenario and some simple assumptions about likely acknowledge that there remains considerable potential impacts. The full report is available on the MRC for development of Mekong water resources. In website and is briefl y summarized here. particular, the countries recognise three major water resources development opportunities, each involving The report assessed the general impacts of the BDP its own type and level of uncertainties and risks, which scenarios on fi sheries yield in the LMB. It indicated require more information and understanding and joint likely order-of-magnitude impacts on yield of fi sheries learning for informed investment decisions to be made: in each country and basin-wide to highlight the major fi sheries issues arising from the scenarios. Other ● the opportunity to abstract more water for irrigation issues (such as biodiversity, socioeconomics) were or intra-basin diversion without affecting the baseline only considered to a limited extent in the fi sheries dry season fl ow. This however requires stronger assessment, but were the subject of separate reports. cooperation with China to secure the additional dry The fi sheries report fi rst provides an estimate of the season water, and strong implementation of the baseline (year 2000) size of the fi shery (total yield of agreed MRC Procedures that will regularly monitor fi sh plus other aquatic animals - OAAs) in the LMB water use and how this will affect baseline fl ows. in each country, based on an existing consumption review. Aquaculture ‘production’ is then estimated, and ● the opportunity for more intensive tributary subtracted from the consumption estimate to provide hydropower development with requirements for a an estimate of the yield of the capture fi shery in 2000. greater focus on trans-boundary impacts and the The extent of aquatic habitats in the Lower Mekong sustainability of individual projects; and Basin (LMB) was assessed based on GIS data, and information on yield per unit area was used to ● the opportunity for some mainstream hydropower estimate yield from each habitat class in each country. development, particularly the six projects proposed A broad range of yields was fi rst estimated, and then upstream of Vientiane, provided that the current the total yield was ‘forced’ to match the consumption uncertainties and risks are fully addressed and trans- estimate by assuming certain levels of yield from each boundary approval is obtained through the MRC’s habitat class in each country. The size of the fi shery Procedures for Notifi cation, Prior Consultation and is somewhat uncertain, because there may be biases Agreement. in data and because yield varies from year-to-year. However, the approach allows the defi nition of a As a result of the scenario assessments, and in starting point and a clear allocation of the proportions particular the fi sheries assessment discussed below, which originate from each habitat class in each country August 2010 Catch and Culture Volume 16, No.
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