DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22092/jaep.2016.106117
Telphusa pistaciae (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
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Life cycle, damage and control of the pistachio bud-borer moth Telphusa pistaciae (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
M. R. MEHRNEJAD 1 and R. MIRZAEI 2 1- Pistachio Research Center, Rafsanjan, Iran; 2- Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Tehran, Iran
Abstract The life cycle of the pistachio bud-borer moth, Telphusa pistaciae Sattler, was monitored on pistachio trees in a cultivated plantation in Sirjan, southern Iran, through 2010–2012. It was found that the adult moths appeared in nature from early May and egg laying was started around 10 May. The first-instar larvae bore directly through the upper epidermis, producing a short and twisting galleries. It feds on the parenchyma for 4 months. The second instar larvae appeared around 20 September and dispersed out of the galleries and penetrated into buds. The 2 nd instar larvae overwinter inside the buds, and then become active from Early March, when fed on buds’ internal tissues. The larvae attack any available buds consecutively. The pupation occurred around 20 May and the adult emergence and egg laying were also lasted about 40 days. The life cycle of this moth completed through a year. It was observed that the larvae cause severe damage into the both flower and vegetative buds, resulting yield loss and trees weakness. Based on the field survey, carefully timed chemical sprays can cause high mortality to the first-instar larvae in second half of June. Key words: Control, Pistachio, Pest, Pistachio bud-borer .
Corresponding author: [email protected] Telphusa pistaciae / . : $%
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Sampling period
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60 Larvae in leav's paranshima-2010 Larvae in leav's paranshima-2011 Larvae in buds-2010 Larvae in buds-2011 50
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@ABR @ALB i#', W < < >K /I J 84 < &'"( 'E< < T. pistaciae 4 (G X .4 #:S < N< ! Fig. 2. The appearance period and abundant of T. pistaciae ’s larvae on pistachio trees in natural environmental condition through two consecutive years, 2010 and 2011 Hl 6 HK 6 R @R <4 H, < <# Z< N'H N H 6 4H [H2 w < 8 <#i 8J 4 < P ≤ 0.001, F = : H( W#H*, 6 K 6 ) >. + H$ 8 H H$ 8 &.# & &,Z P &i< W#e*, R R - P ≤ 0.001, F = 204.8 : ( W#*, 6 K 6 @R - 291.8 H H. H'E< 6 4H N .8 <<4 , P'U, d . >E< (. (. P ≤ 0.001, F = 168.4 : ( W#*, 6 K 6 H &E4 >iQ N 8 < . < , >< 6 <#E /I K < Telphusa pistaciae HH.6 HH X {. N ,HH #< == 14H >E< 8 , <# & &E G.# < +#5 .r5 4$Q <, < r 8,6 < ( 1< N X ) &.# PE< H2 WH &H H+ < < <#Hi 4H+ . <#H , n Kx Table 1. The mean (± SE) of alive larvae of Telphusa pistaciae (the second instar larvae inside the buds) after spraying in a pistachio nKHx G#, 8a' :. <<4 , 8$ . < W['E orchard ! %E P$ 3 I1 * 1 ! O $E <#. , |4, >E< 8 Treatment Date of sampling after spray H r 8 H,6 9 8 H'. fH 4 :@23 7 ? 20 Oct. 30 Oct. 10 Nov. #Hi6# r5 4$Q <, < 4 +g W r 8,6 < 8 4*Z Phozalon 27.75 ± 0.59 28.75 ± 0.32 28.30 ± 0.58 H H + H d FH. >H 1< N X # + Ethion 28.75 ± 0.32 28.62 ± 0.43 27.37 ± 0.59 P ≤ 0.06, Control 29.62 ± 0.24 28.87 ± 0.24 29.37 ± 0.24 : ( W#*, 6 K 6 ) >. < K, + Spraying test was conducted on 15 th October 2011 in field - P ≤ 0.87, F = 0.14 : ( W#*, 6 K 6 @ - F = 5.12 condition. Phozalon %35, 2.5 ml/ 1 lit. water, Ethion %47, 2 ml/1 lit. water @( WH ) ( P ≤ 0.06, F = 4.07 : H( W#H*, 6 HK 6
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<4HH HHZ< @R <HHQ @AB@ @ABR HH WHH < #H/.6 &H.# < H4 <#H, w < : %I QR ? ! Iconella (= Apanteles ) sp. #HH/.6 4HH{ <8 &HH.# . HH8 <4 . j &'"( #E &.# 4( G X 8#' 8 6( < 4H$Q N H8 X &H &5 <# (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Pteromalus (Habrocytus ) sp. 1. Y uv < &.# m8 6 4H' 5 > H K T54H+ H5 H, &H Q &H.# P*, H 4 . H << U$+ (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) 8. 8. <4 <4 W &.# < HK 8 4H( G N 8 X .6 P*, < #/.6 N8 K K /I T" 8' 6( d ., j &'"( &.# PE< &'"( w J 84 < r5 4$Q <, < r 8,6 < ( W N X ) &\4 1 ( 4 86 < Telphusa pistaciae .6 X J#', N< Table 2. The mean (± SE) of alive larvae of Telphusa pistaciae (the first instar larvae beneath the leaflets' epiderm) after spraying in a pistachio orchard P$ 3 I1 * 1 ! O $E ! E% Date of sampling after spray Treatment 2011 2012 22 June 27 June 7 July 25 June 30 June 10 July Phozalon 0.50 ± 0.29b 0.50 ±0.29b 0.25 ± 0.25b 0.00 ± 0.00b 0.25 ± 0.25b 0.50 ± 0.29b Ethion 0.25 ± 0.25b 0.50 ± 0.29b 0.25 ± 0.25b 0.25 ± 0.25b 0.25 ± 0.25b 0.00 ± 0.00b
Control 14.75 ± 0.75a 15.25 ± 0.95a 15 ± 1.08a 15 ± 0.87a 15.50 ± 0.50a 15 ± 0.58a Spraying test was conducted on 17 th and 20 th June in 2011 and 2012 respectively in field condition. Phozalon %35, 2.5 ml/ 1 lit. water, Ethion %47, 2 ml/1 lit. water c H8 < H5 . i#+ 8 &E4 'E< N 8 . < , #HE &H.# 4H$Q 4 8 H H., T. pistaciae 4( G T54H+ H.{. H 4!+ f .4 . , N 6 +#5 < 6 < W#I < X Gelechiidae <#.E & OK', PH$, & 8C`+ 4p. 6 &5 8 w < > N 8 > K X < W#HI . H5 &, C`8 + &'"( ', > < . . > &#+ P q .< W NH X . << &H,< H, @R <HQ > " - &'H"( < 1#H &< > c 8 &'"( #E &.# 4( G 6 H5 H, H.6 & H\4 1 H ( < N < , _ <Q - H, $. .{. z!+ . <# , z#"*, 4 8 5 < N H8 < & H8 C`+ . H5 H, & H8 C`+ > "q N T8 $.( WH < W#HI < r54H( uv > K T54+ &5 < H8 ( 1< NH X # 8 4:H 1#H &H < 6 . >H n E > K T54+ &5 << <# T N .8 > &' r8 8d 4 E JH H+ 1< NH X 5. , & Q &.# & <# , &'H"( #H , #U'H#( >H < H. r 54H( uv H,< r 8d . 5 , .C '",6 &.# < < ,* 6 J < J &.# .< > Arimania komaroffi Ragonot, (Lepidoptera: ،(74HHH% ) 5 , & 8C`+ Polydrusus davatchii &'HHH"( ,#I4E4HHH Pyralidae) 4 H >H$:/ 8< P H8 6 . <# , P + X < H 8 < 5 4 `+ Hoffmann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) PH,5 4H$Q #H:S 4 H < . <#H , P $+ 4H( GH 4xQ WQ < . 8 . #:S 2 ' #Z & A <HQ V#H !, < > +#5 a'/". 4( G C TU+ &% << <e'q "E )I, < aX# K, &'"( #E &.# H &H.# &H T )'H", &,HZ H 4$Q N 8 . $5 , W#I , PH i< N& \ . >" . G, Q#. < > Kx < &'H"( H'E< 8$ 8$ 6 & 8 "E n KHHx HH'E< wHH HH:{. < GHH, >848HH, 1HH2 HH'E< &H 84 [H2 HH &H.# <# H. P H &i
References HHH5 HH, HH.6 HHH'E< #HHU4 #HHU #F
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