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Abstracts of Papers Presented at the 1937 Meetings of the Genetics Society of America

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Abstracts of Papers Presented at the 1937 Meetings of the Genetics Society of America ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE 1937 MEETINGS OF THE GENETICS SOCIETY OF AMERICA WOODS HOLE,MASSACHUSETTS, AUGUST 30-SEPTEMBER I, 1937 INDIANAPOLIS,INDIANA, DECEMBER 28-30, 1937 M. DEMEREC, Secretary Carnegie Institution of Washington Cold Spring Harbor, New York BANTA,A. M., and WOOD,THELMA R., Brown University and Carnegie Institution of Washington, Providence, R. I. : Maternal ejects in Cladocera. -On analysis three independent groups of data show results readily expli- cable as maternal effects. Sex intergradedness and excavated head in Daphnia longispina are characters highly variable in their phenotypic expression within a clone. (I) The average degree of sex intergradedness of offspring from high mothers of a clone is nearly the same as that for simultaneously reared off- spring of low mothers of the same clone; but in each of the series tested the high mothers had a slightly higher average expression of sex intergradedness in their offspring than did the low mothers. (2) In certain of the selection experiments involving the excavated head character the high selections for a long period of parthenogenetic generations produced offspring which had means slightly but consistently above the corresponding means for the low selected line of the same clone; yet these differences were apparently non- genetic. These significant data, obtained late in the selection experiments, seem highly reliable. (3) In sexual reproduction, 9 from sex intergrade clone by d from normal clone, as compared with the reciprocal cross ( 9 normal by d sex intergrade), produced offspring clones averaging higher in their expression of sex intergradedness. The same applies to reciprocal crosses of excavated head by normal. BELGOVSKY,M. L., and MULLER,H. J., Institute of Genetics of the Acad- emy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, U.S.S.R.: Further evidence of the prevalence of minute rearrangement and absence of simple breakage in and near chromocentral regions, and its bearing on the mechanisms of mosaicism and rear- rangement.-Other X chromosomes constituted like scute-8, for example scute-SI, give similar results. In Bar-M2, having an interstitial chromocentral region slightly proximal to forked, absence of simple breaks :is phenotypically evident, but irradiation produces comparatively many forked “mutations,” often with lethals, mosaicism, etc., illustrating predisposition of chromocentral and any adjoining regions to compound breakage with minute rearrangement. -Supposing the spontaneous tendency to such rearrangement intensified in somatic cells, these results lead to interpretation of “eversporting displace- ments,’ essentially like SCHULTZ’Srecent interpretation based on his salivary finding of minute deletions. (Conceivably, additional chromocentral sections, GENETICS03: 139 Jan. 1938 140 ABSTRACTS by conjugating, might, like splints, hinder rearrangement.)--The fre- quencies and frequency-dosage relations of these rearrangements indicate that the simultaneous neighboring breaks are interdependent, and hence secondary consequences of some primary chemical change occurring outside the parts broken. BERGER,C. A., Woodstock College, Woodstock, Md. : Prophase pairing in somatic cells with multiple chromosome complexes.-The diploid chromosome number of Culex is six. During metamorphosis, a series of multiples of six: 192,96, 48, 24 and 12 chromosomes, are found in dividing epithelial cells of the ileum. Prophase stages of cells with high multiple complexes show six groups of sister threads. The members of each group are closely associated in a cable-like structure. Homologous groups are loosely paired. Prophase groups containing 8, 16 or 32 chromonemata in close, side-by-side association, furnish an interesting norm of comparison for studies of the structure of giant gland chromosomes. The association of so many sister threads seems clearly to show that the attraction between like chromosomes is not satisfied by the union of two (DARLINGTON).The presence of six groups instead of three gives evidence of a primary attraction between sister chromosomes and a weaker secondary attraction between homologous groups. BISHOP,MAYDELLE, University of Texas, Austin, Tex: X chromosome dupli- cations in Drosophila me1anogaster.-Among 13,017F1 females, obtained by X-raying normal males and mating to y vf car attached-X females, 154 were hyperploid for part of an X chromosome. These were: v f car 105,fcar 4, car I, vf 14,f 6, v 12, v car I, y vf 8, y v I, y 2. Of these, 143 resulted from the dele- tion of the middle of the X, leaving the reunited left and right fragments, and 11 from simple breaks, or deletions with the left break to the left of y (0.0). The v car female is an example of a double deletion. Thef-car sector of the X is slightly longer than the car-bb sector both in crossover units and in the salivary gland chromosome. Females hyperploid for this XR section of the chromosome (B-bb sector) are as viable as normal females (PATTERSON, STONE,BEDICHEK). Nevertheless comparable duplications (from deletion) involving these two sections are not of equal frequency. In all, 109 involved the car-bb interval and 20 the f-car interval, again illustrating that the car- centromere interval is differentially susceptible to breakage. XR fragments which result from “simple” breaks have the advantage of viability. Nine occurred as compared with 26 comparable deletions. If chromosomes with a “broken end” from simple breaks can survive in D. melanogaster, deletions, being more numerous, cannot be regarded as the result of two unrelated chromosome breaks. BLAKESLEE,A. F., AVERY,A. G., and CARTLEDGE,J. L., Carnegie Institu- tion of Washington, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.: Induction of polyploids in Datura and other plants by treatment with colchicine.-A number of chemicals ABSTRACTS 141 have been tested with Datura and other plants in an attempt to induce heredi- tary mutations. Among these, chloral hydrate, earlier used to induce chromo- some doubling in roots, failed to cause doubling in shoots though purple pigment in seedlings from treated seeds was temporarily inhibited. Colchicine induces abundant production of branches in which the number of chromosomes is doubled. When seeds are heavily treated, plumule growth is checked, shoots develop from axils of cotyledons, buds in stems are abnormally arranged leading to sectors with roughened leaves characteristic of mixed 4n and 2n tissue like spontaneous 4n sectorial mutations. Normal 2n tissue tends to outgrow the mutated 4n tissue, but the latter may apparently include the whole shoot. Tetraploid tissue involving the flower may readily be deter- mined by examination of pollen. Methods of treating adult tissue are being investigated. If control of chromosome doubling by chemical means proves of general application (for which there is already some evidence) the plant breeder will be able to work with greater precision in his efforts to control evolution of economic forms, both of plants propagated by vegetative methods and of those reproduced by seed. For example, it should be possible, starting with a sterile hybrid, to synthesize a pure-breeding double diploid which would have hybrid vigor and the desirable characteristics caused by tetraploidy. Tetraploidy would give enlarged flowers and fruits to the horticulturalist and be the basis through triploids of a wide range of 2n+1 chromosomal types. BLANC,R., and CHILD,G. P., Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.: The eject of high temperature on the “truncate reaction” in Drosophila me1anogaster.- Larvae and pupae of non-dumpy and heterozygous dumpy flies were exposed to 36.5’ for 12 hours during different periods of development. Many “heated” flies showed wing and thorax characters simulating the expression of dumpy and/or truncate. The effect was much more pronounced in the heterozygous dumpy stock than in the non-dumpy stocks. The temperature-effective period for this truncate reaction was found to occur during the first day of pupal life in all the stocks used. By removing timed pupae and subjecting them to the heat treatment at definite periods after pupation, it was found that the effect- tive period was more closely related to pupal age (physiological age) than to age from egg-laying (total chronological age). Males showed a greater effect than females with respect to bath number and degree of the truncates. BOGART,RALPH, SMITH, S. E., and KIMBALL,GRACE, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.: Anemia, a recessive lethal in the rat.---The anemic rats appear normal at birth, but develop a yellowish color when 3 to 5 days old. This yellow color becomes more marked with age, and growth is retarded. Death occurs at about 2 weeks of age, and at that time there is much difference in the size and appearance of these animals as compared with the normal litter mates.-The average haemoglobin value for the anemic rats is 4 gms per IOO ml of blood and for the normal sibs, 9 gms. Red cell counts are low, being about one-third those of the normal litter mates. Bilirubin is present in the 142 ABSTRACTS blood sera of all the anemic rats that have been examined, but none was found in the normal rats (VANDEN BORGH).The heterozygotes are entirely normal. Free iron is present in large amounts in the liver of the anemic rats, but such quantities are not found in the liver of the normal sibs.-Genetic studies indicate that this condition is due to a simple recessive. Matings of male or female normal litter mates of the anemics to known carriers show that about two-thirds of the litter mates carry the gene, while one-third are homo- zygous normal. When animals known to be carriers of this gene were mated together, the result was 246 normals and 72 anemics. This is a good fit to a 3 to I ratio. The gene is not sex linked.-The anemic animals have not re- sponded to iron-copper or liver therapy. (This study was supported by funds from the Rockefeller Foundation Grant for Research in Longevity.) BREHME,KATHERINE S., Columbia University, New York, N.
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