DOCSLIB.ORG

Hand2 Delineates Mesothelium Progenitors and Is Reactivated in Mesothelioma

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hand2 Delineates Mesothelium Progenitors and Is Reactivated in Mesothelioma bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.11.355693; this version posted February 3, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Hand2 delineates mesothelium progenitors and is reactivated in mesothelioma Karin D. Prummel1,2, Helena L. Crowell2,3, Susan Nieuwenhuize1,2, Eline C. Brombacher2, Stephan Daetwyler4, Charlotte Soneson2,3, Jelena Kresoja-Rakic1,5, Manuel Ronner5, Agnese Kocere1,2, Alexander Ernst6, Zahra Labbaf7, David E. Clouthier8, Anthony B. Firulli9, Héctor Sánchez-Iranzo6, Sundar R. Naganathan10, Rebecca O’Rourke1, Erez Raz7, Nadia Mercader6, Alexa Burger1,2, Emanuela Felley-Bosco5, Jan Huisken4,11, Mark D. Robinson2,3, Christian Mosimann1,* 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. 2Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland. 3 SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland. 4Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany. 5Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland. 6Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. 7Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Muenster, Germany. 8Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. 9Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, Indianapolis, IN, USA. 10Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. 11Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. *correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract The mesothelium forms epithelial membranes that line the bodies cavities and surround the internal organs. Mesothelia widely contribute to organ homeostasis and regeneration, and their dysregulation can result in congenital anomalies of the viscera, ventral wall defects, and mesothelioma tumors. Nonetheless, the embryonic ontogeny and developmental regulation of mesothelium formation has remained uncharted. Here, we combine genetic lineage tracing, in toto live imaging, and single-cell transcriptomics in zebrafish to track mesothelial progenitor origins from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). Our single-cell analysis uncovers a post- gastrulation gene expression signature centered on hand2 that delineates distinct progenitor populations within the forming LPM. Combining gene expression analysis and imaging of transgenic reporter zebrafish embryos, we chart the origin of mesothelial progenitors to the lateral-most, hand2-expressing LPM and confirm evolutionary conservation in mouse. Our time-lapse imaging of transgenic hand2 reporter embryos captures zebrafish mesothelium formation, documenting the coordinated cell movements that form pericardium and visceral and parietal peritoneum. We establish that the primordial germ cells migrate associated with the forming mesothelium as ventral migration boundary. Functionally, hand2 mutants fail to close the ventral mesothelium due to perturbed migration of mesothelium progenitors. Analyzing mouse and human mesothelioma tumors hypothesized to emerge from transformed mesothelium, we find de novo expression of LPM-associated transcription factors, and in particular of Hand2, indicating the re-initiation of a developmental transcriptional program in mesothelioma. Taken together, our work outlines a genetic and developmental signature of mesothelial origins centered around Hand2, contributing to our understanding of mesothelial pathologies and mesothelioma. Introduction As a key feature of the vertebrate body plan, the studies have established that the mesothelium mesothelium is composed of several continuous, contributes to a multitude of downstream cell fates epithelial monolayers surrounding the internal organs including smooth muscles and fibroblasts during (visceral mesothelium) and lining the body cavities organogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and (parietal mesothelium). The mesothelium provides a regeneration (Carmona et al., 2018; Koopmans and protective layer against invasive microorganisms, Rinkevich, 2018; Rinkevich et al., 2012). While produces mesothelium-lined body cavities are a fundamental serous fluid that both decreases friction of moving trait across bilaterian animals (Hartenstein and organs, and enables the transport of cells and Mandal, 2006; Monahan-Earley et al., 2013; Technau nutrients across serosal cavities (Mutsaers, 2002; and Scholz, 2003), little is known about how the Mutsaers and Wilkosz, 2007). Moreover, cell tracking vertebrate mesothelium lineage initially emerges Prummel et al. Hand2 delineates mesothelium 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.11.355693; this version posted February 3, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. during development. the earliest differentiation steps obscure. The embryonic mesothelium, also called coelomic Compromised integrity of the adult mesothelium can epithelium after establishing its baso-apical result in pathologies including intra-abdominal organ polarization, is a highly dynamic cell layer that adhesion (Tsai et al., 2018), serosal fibrosis undergoes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (Mutsaers et al., 2015), pericarditis (Chiabrando et (EMT) during development and seeds mesenchymal al., 2020), and mesothelioma tumors (Carbone et al., cells to underlying tissues (Carmona et al., 2018; 2019; Yap et al., 2017). Malignant mesothelioma is a Rinkevich et al., 2012). Several prior observations tie rapidly fatal solid tumor that can arise within the mesothelial lineage origins to the lateral plate visceral or parietal mesothelia, predominantly as the mesoderm (LPM) (Ahn et al., 2002; Carmona et al., result of environmental exposure to asbestos 2016; Winters et al., 2012), a mesodermal progenitor (Carbone et al., 2019; Felley-Bosco and Macfarlane, territory that forms at the periphery of the early 2018; Odgerel et al., 2017; Wagner et al., 1962; Yap vertebrate embryo (Prummel et al., 2020). In et al., 2017). While mesothelioma cases are vertebrates, the coelomic cavity forms stereotypically increasing globally despite regulatory means to curb by splitting the LPM into dorsal and ventral layers the use of causative agents, treatment remains (Onimaru et al., 2011). A subset of cells within both limited (Hinz and Heasley, 2019; Yap et al., 2017). layers differentiates into polarized epithelial cells that Presenting predominantly as epithelioid, form visceral (splanchnic) mesothelial layers and sarcomatoid, and biphasic phenotypes, malignant parietal (somatic) mesothelial layers (Funayama et mesothelioma frequently harbor genetic alterations al., 1999; Sadler and Feldkamp, 2008; Sheng, 2015). affecting the tumor suppressors BAP1, NF2, Ultimately, the coelom in amniotes spans from the CDKN2AB, and TP53 (Bueno et al., 2016; Cheng et neck to the abdomen and outlines four main body al., 1994; Hmeljak et al., 2018; Quetel et al., 2020; compartments: two pleural cavities (around the Tate et al., 2019). Nonetheless, the cell of origin and lungs), a pericardiac cavity (around the heart), and a the underlying aberrant molecular mechanisms peritoneal (abdominal) cavity, each with their leading to mesothelioma remain uncertain. associated mesothelial layers (Fig. 1A). In addition to the mesothelium, the LPM forms a Representative for teleosts, zebrafish feature vast array of downstream cell fates that include the mesothelium-lined cardiac and abdominal cavities. cardiovascular system, blood, kidneys, and limb Which territories within the emerging LPM initially connective tissue (Prummel et al., 2020). How the harbor the mesothelial progenitors, how and when the LPM partitions into its diverse fates and what mesothelium diverges from other LPM lineages, and regulatory programs specify the individual progenitor how the visceral and parietal layers form remain fields remains unclear. Emerging as a dedicated uncharted. mesendoderm domain, the post-gastrulation LPM Embryonic studies of the mesothelium have segments into recognizable bilateral territories predominantly focused on developmental stages after discernible by the expression of several transcription the coelomic epithelium has formed. Several genes, factor genes including Scl/Tal1, Lmo2, Pax2a, including Mesothelin (Msln), Gata4, Tbx18, Tcf21, Nkx2.5, and Hand1/2 (Chal and Pourquié, 2017; and Wilms Tumor 1 (Wt1), have enabled labeling and Davidson and Zon, 2004; Prummel et al., 2020; genetic lineage tracing of mesothelial lineages in Takasato and Little, 2015). dHand/Hand2, encoding mouse and chick (Alghamdi et al., 2020; Ariza et al., a conserved basic helix-loop-helix transcription 2016; Chau et al., 2014; Delgado et al., 2014; factor, is expressed during segmentation stages in Rinkevich et al., 2012). The Wt1-expressing coelomic the most laterally positioned LPM progenitors in epithelium contributes to the mature mesothelium, amphioxus and zebrafish (Onimaru et al., 2011; fibroblasts, stellate cells,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Histology and Surface Morphology of the Olfactory Epithelium in the Freshwater Teleost Clupisoma Garua (Hamilton, 1822)
    FISHERIES & AQUATIC LIFE (2019) 27: 122 - 129 Archives of Polish Fisheries DOI 10.2478/aopf-2019-0014 RESEARCH ARTICLE Histology and surface morphology of the olfactory epithelium in the freshwater teleost Clupisoma garua (Hamilton, 1822) Saroj Kumar Ghosh Received – 07 May 2019/Accepted – 27 August 2019. Published online: 30 September 2019; ©Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, Poland Citation: Ghosh S.K. 2019 – Histology and surface morphology of the olfactory epithelium in the freshwater teleost Clupisoma garua (Hamil- ton, 1822) – Fish. Aquat. Life 27: 122-129. Abstract. The anatomical structure of the olfactory organ and Introduction the organization of various cells lining the olfactory mucosa of Clupisoma garua (Siluriformes; Schilbeidae) were The olfactory system in fishes is a notable sensory or- investigated with light and scanning electron microscopy. The olfactory organ was composed of numerous lamellae of gan because it is essentially a chemoreceptor for de- various sizes, radiating outward from both sides of the narrow tecting and identifying water-soluble compounds to midline raphe, forming an elongated rosette. Each lamella collect information about the surrounding aquatic consisted of the olfactory epithelium and a central lamellar ecosystem. Smell is one of the most significant space, the central core. The epithelium covering the surface of senses, and it drives basic patterns of behaviors in the rosette folds was differentiated into zones of sensory and most teleosts such as foraging, alarm response, pred- indifferent epithelia. The sensory part of epithelium was characterized by three types of morphologically distinct ator avoidance, social communication, reproductive receptor neurons: ciliated receptor cells, microvillous receptor activity, and homing migration (Gayoso et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pattern of Olfactory Innervation by W
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.9.3.101 on 1 July 1946. Downloaded from THE PATTERN OF OLFACTORY INNERVATION BY W. E. LE GROS CLARK and R. T. TURNER WARWICK From the Department of Anatomy, University of Oxford (RECEIVED 31ST JULY, 1946) IT is desirable that, from time to time, commonly Methods accepted statements regarding anatomical pathways Most of the observations recorded in this paper were and connexions in the peripheral and central nervous made on rabbit material. The fixation of the olfactory systems should be carefully reviewed in the light of mucosa presented considerable difficulty. The method modern technical methods of investigation, for it finally selected, because it gave the best results with must be admitted that not a few of these statements protargol and was also adequate for the other stains are based on old methods which are now recognized employed, was perfusion of 70 per cent. alcohol through to be too crude to permit of really accurate con- the aorta, after preliminary washing through with normal clusions. In recent years, indeed, a number of saline, as recommended by Bodian (1936). Another facts have been shown unexpected difficulty arose from the fact that a large apparently well-established number of laboratory rabbits suffer from a chronic by critical studies to be erroneous. For example, rhinitis which leads to gross pathological changes in the the so-called ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate olfactory mucosa. Consequently, a considerable pro- Protected by copyright. body and the pulvinar are no longer accepted as portion of our material, experimental and otherwise, terminal stations of the optic tract, and the strie had to be discarded as useless.
    [Show full text]
  • Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection Between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology
    molecules Review Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology Yoshinori Masuo 1,*, Tadaaki Satou 2 , Hiroaki Takemoto 3 and Kazuo Koike 3 1 Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan; [email protected] 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; [email protected] (H.T.); [email protected] (K.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-47-472-5257 Abstract: The stress response in the brain is not fully understood, although stress is one of the risk factors for developing mental disorders. On the other hand, the stimulation of the olfactory system can influence stress levels, and a certain smell has been empirically known to have a stress- suppressing effect, indeed. In this review, we first outline what stress is and previous studies on stress-responsive biomarkers (stress markers) in the brain. Subsequently, we confirm the olfactory system and review previous studies on the relationship between smell and stress response by species, such as humans, rats, and mice. Numerous studies demonstrated the stress-suppressing effects of aroma. There are also investigations showing the effects of odor that induce stress in experimental animals. In addition, we introduce recent studies on the effects of aroma of coffee beans and essential oils, such as lavender, cypress, α-pinene, and thyme linalool on the behavior and the expression of stress marker candidates in the brain.
    [Show full text]
  • The Olfactory Bulb As an Independent Developmental Domain
    Cell Death and Differentiation (2002) 9, 1279 ± 1286 ã 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1350-9047/02 $25.00 www.nature.com/cdd Review The olfactory bulb as an independent developmental domain LLo pez-Mascaraque*,1,3 and F de Castro2,3 established. Does it awake the developmental program of the cells at the site being innervated or, does their arrival simply 1 Instituto Cajal-C.S.I.C., Madrid, Spain serve to refine the later steps of the developmental program? 2 Hospital RamoÂn y Cajal, Madrid, Spain In order to address this question, much attention has been 3 Both authors contributed equally to this work focused on the sophisticated development of the mammalian * Corresponding author: L LoÂpez-Mascaraque, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida del cerebral cortex where two different theories have been Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain. Tel: 915854708; Fax: 915854754; E-mail: [email protected] proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying its formation. In the `protomap' model, cortical regions are patterned prior to Received 13.2.02; revised 30.4.02; accepted 7.5.02 the migration of the newborn neurons (intrinsic control),1 an Edited by G Melino event presumably specified by important molecular determi- nants.2 In this model, the arrival of innervating axons would Abstract merely serve to modify and refine the protomap (an important The olfactory system is a good model to study the facet of maintenance). In the second model, the `protocortex' theory, the newborn cortical neurons are a homogeneous cell mechanisms underlying guidance of growing axons to their population, that later on in corticogenesis are patterned into appropriate targets.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuropilin-1 Facilitates SARS-Cov-2 Cell Entry and Provides a Possible Pathway Into the Central Nervous System
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.07.137802; this version posted June 7, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and provides a possible pathway into the central nervous system Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri1,2*, Ravi Ojha3*, Liliana D. Pedro 1,2*, Minou Djannatian1,2*, Jonas Franz4*, Suvi Kuivanen5*, Katri Kallio3, Tuğberk Kaya1,2,6, Maria Anastasina3,7, Teemu Smura5, Lev Levanov5, Leonora Szirovicza5, Allan Tobi8, Hannimari Kallio-Kokko9, Pamela Österlund10, Merja Joensuu11, Frédéric A. Meunier11, Sarah Butcher3,7, Martin Sebastian Winkler12, Brit Mollenhauer13, Ari Helenius14, Ozgun Gokce6,19, Tambet Teesalu3,15,16, Jussi Hepojoki5,17, Olli Vapalahti5,9,18, Christine Stadelmann4, Giuseppe Balistreri3§, Mikael Simons1,2,19§ 1Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany 2German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany 3Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 4 Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany 5University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland 6 Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany 7Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland 8Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia 9University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland 10Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland 11Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 14 --Olfaction.Pdf
    14 Olfaction ClickChapter to edit 14 MasterOlfaction title style • Olfactory Physiology • Neurophysiology of Olfaction • From Chemicals to Smells • Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation • Olfactory Hedonics • Associative Learning and Emotion: Neuroanatomical and Evolutionary Considerations ClickIntroduction to edit Master title style Olfaction: The sense of smell Gustation: The sense of taste ClickOlfactory to edit Physiology Master title style Odor: The translation of a chemical stimulus into a smell sensation. Odorant: A molecule that is defined by its physiochemical characteristics, which are capable of being translated by the nervous system into the perception of smell. To be smelled, odorants must be: • Volatile (able to float through the air) • Small • Hydrophobic (repellent to water) Figure 14.1 Odorants ClickOlfactory to edit Physiology Master title style The human olfactory apparatus • Unlike other senses, smell is tacked onto an organ with another purpose— the nose. Primary purpose—to filter, warm, and humidify air we breathe . Nose contains small ridges, olfactory cleft, and olfactory epithelium ClickOlfactory to edit Physiology Master title style The human olfactory apparatus (continued) • Olfactory cleft: A narrow space at the back of the nose into which air flows, where the main olfactory epithelium is located. • Olfactory epithelium: A secretory mucous membrane in the human nose whose primary function is to detect odorants in inhaled air. Figure 14.2 The nose ClickOlfactory to edit Physiology Master title style Olfactory epithelium: The “retina” of the nose • Three types of cells . Supporting cells: Provide metabolic and physical support for the olfactory sensory neurons. Basal cells: Precursor cells to olfactory sensory neurons. Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs): The main cell type in the olfactory epithelium.
    [Show full text]
  • Epithelium and Glands
    EPITHELIUM AND GLANDS DR. ASHA SHIRAHATTI ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY USM-KLE IMP SCHEME OF PRESENTATION • Characteristic features and functions of epithelial tissues • Classification of epithelial tissues • Surface modifications of epithelial tissue • Junctional complexes of epithelial tissue • Characteristic features and functions of glandular tissue • Classification of glandular tissue • Mode of secretion of glandular tissue Tissues • groups of cells that are similar in structure and function Epithelium • Coverings • Linings of surfaces Connective • Support • Bone, ligaments, fat Muscle • Movement Nervous • Control • Brain, nerves, spinal cord CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE • Cells rests on basement membrane • Avascular tissue. • Supported by connective tissue • Innervated • Highly regenerative CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE (cont) • Epithelium form continuous cellular sheet • Cells are closely packed together by specialized contacts known as cell junctions • Cells are extremely cohesive and relatively strong force is necessary to separate them. • It invaginates into underlying connective tissue, specializing as glands FUNCTIONS • Protection - Skin protects from sunlight & bacteria & physical damage. • Absorption - Lining of small intestine, absorbing nutrients into blood • Filtration - Lining of Kidney tubules filtering wastes from blood plasma • Secretion - Different glands produce perspiration, oil, digestive enzymes and mucus • Sensation - to receive and transduce external stimuli as taste buds of tongue, olfactory epithelium of nasal mucosa and retina of eye • Transportation - transport of materials or cells along the surface of an epithelium by mobile cilia or transport of materials across epithelium to and fro from connective tissue • Lubrication - Glands secreting mucus CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM • Cell Shape 1. Squamous – flattened like fish scales 2. Cuboidal - cubes 3. Columnar – columns • Cell Layers 1. Simple (one layer) 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Zonal Organization of the Mouse Olfactory Systems
    UMEÅ UNIVERSITY MEDICAL DISSERTATIONS NEW SERIES NO 911 ISSN 0346-6612 ISBN 91-7305-706-1 ZONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE MOUSE OLFACTORY SYSTEMS Fredrik Gussing Department of Molecular Biology Umeå University Umeå 2004 1 Cover picture: A coronal section of the mouse nasal cavity with zone-specific expression of the NQO1 gene (white signal) in the olfactory epithelium is shown. Copyright © 2004 by Fredrik Gussing ISBN 91-7305-706-1 Printed in Sweden by Solfjädern Offset AB, Umeå 2004 2 HOW DO I SMELL? 3 TABEL OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 6 PAPERS IN THIS THESIS 7 ABBREVIATIONS 8 INTRODUCTION 9 The main olfactory system 10 Anatomy 10 The main olfactory epithelium 10 Regenerative capacity 11 The main olfactory bulb 12 The odorant receptors 13 Prereceptor events 13 Identification of the odorant receptors 13 Characteristics of odorant receptors 14 Spatial odorant receptor expression patterns 14 Signal transduction in olfactory sensory neurons 15 Downstream of the G-protein coupled receptor 15 Genomic characterization of odorant receptors 17 Functions of the odorant receptors 17 Odorant binding 17 Odorant receptor expression 18 The glomerular maps 19 Axonal convergence and neuronal specificity 19 Zonal organization of olfactory sensory neuronal projections 20 Medial and lateral maps 21 Neuropilins, ephs and ephrins 21 Olfactory bulb projections 21 The septal organ 22 The accessory olfactory system 23 Anatomy 23 The vomeronasal organ 23 Axonal projections 24 The accessory olfactory bulb 25 The vomeronasal receptors 25 Gene regulation of vomeronasal receptors
    [Show full text]
  • Respiratory System IUSM – 2016
    Lab 13 – Respiratory System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Respiratory System II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Airways 1. Conducting Airways a. Extrapulmonary i. Nasal cavity ii. Larynx iii. Trachea b. Intrapulmonary i. Bronchi ii. Terminal bronchiole 2. Respiratory Airways a. Respiratory bronchiole b. Alveolar duct and sac c. Alveolus B. Vasculature 1. Pulmonary Arteries 2. Pulmonary Veins 3. Bronchial Arteries C. Pleura V. Summary SEM of alveoli in lung. Lab 13 – Respiratory System IUSM – 2016 Introduction I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives The respiratory system consists of two functional divisions with distinct structural elements that III. Keywords reflect their unique roles in the process of respiration: IV. Slides A. Airways 1. The conducting airways serve to clean, warm, moisten, and conduct air. This portion is composed 1. Conducting Airways of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles (terminal). In general, this portion a. Extrapulmonary is lined by respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium). i. Nasal cavity ii. Larynx • Extrapulmonary air conduits are located outside of the lungs and begin with the nose, iii. Trachea pharynx and larynx. The trachea is continuous with the larynx above and the two primary bronchi below. b. Intrapulmonary i. Bronchi • Intrapulmonary air conduits are located within the lung and extend from the intralobar ii. Terminal bronchiole bronchi to the terminal bronchioles. When the bronchi enter the lung, the C-shaped 2. Respiratory Airways cartilages that characterize the trachea and primary bronchi are replaced by irregular plates a. Respiratory bronchiole of cartilage that completely surround the cylindrical muscular airway tube. Cartilage b. Alveolar duct and sac disappears in the terminal bronchioles.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Olfactory Terms
    Glossary of Olfactory Terms A accessory olfactory system: present in many vertebrates, this sensory system responds to pheromones. It is distinct from the olfactory system proper, containing a separate set of receptor neurons in the nose, located in a pair of structures known as the vomeronasal organ (also known as Jacobson’s organ). It is controversial whether humans have such a system. androstenone: a steroid component present in the fat of sexually mature male boars. It is sensed by 35% of people as having a foul, urinous, sweaty-type odor, by 15% as having a mild pleasant odor and by 50% as having no odor at all (see also specific anosmia). anosmia: an olfactory disorder characterized by the complete absence of any olfactory sensation (see also partial anosmia; specific anosmia). B basal cells: cells of the olfactory epithelium that differentiate and divide to form new olfactory receptor neurons. Basal cells are located at the top of the olfactory epithelium, close to the cribiform plate. Bowman’s glands: see olfactory glands. C cacosmia: an olfactory disorder in which a normal, pleasant odor is perceived as foul or putrefactive. For example, in one form of cacosmia, a subject smells rotting meat when no such odor is present. chemical sense: a sense modality in which chemical substances attach themselves to the receptors on the sensory cells (also known as chemoreception). Olfaction (including the accessory olfactory system) and gustation are chemical senses. chemoreception: see chemical sense. chemosensory: relating to perception by a chemical sense. cribriform plate: the light and spongy bone that separates the nasal cavity from the brain (also known as the ethmoid bone).
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Molecular Regulation of Neural Stem Cells in the Olfactory Epithelium
    Experimental Cell Research 306 (2005) 309 – 316 www.elsevier.com/locate/yexcr Review Identification and molecular regulation of neural stem cells in the olfactory epithelium Crestina L. Beites, Shimako Kawauchi, Candice E. Crocker, Anne L. Calof* Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, 364 Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA Developmental Biology Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA Received 17 March 2005, revised version received 17 March 2005 Available online 21 April 2005 Abstract The sensory neurons that subserve olfaction, olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), are regenerated throughout life, making the neuroepithelium in which they reside [the olfactory epithelium (OE)] an excellent model for studying how intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulate stem cell dynamics and neurogenesis during development and regeneration. Numerous studies indicate that transcription factors and signaling molecules together regulate generation of ORNs from stem and progenitor cells during development, and work on regenerative neurogenesis indicates that these same factors may operate at postnatal ages as well. This review describes our current knowledge of the identity of the OE neural stem cell; the different cell types that are thought to be the progeny (directly or indirectly) of this stem cell; and the factors that influence cell differentiation in the OE neuronal lineage. We review data suggesting that (1) the ORN lineage contains three distinct proliferating cell types—a stem cell and two populations of transit amplifying cells; (2) in established OE, these three cell types are present within the basal cell compartment of the epithelium; and (3) the stem cell that gives rise ultimately to ORNs may also generate two glial cell types of the primary olfactory pathway: sustentacular cells (SUS), which lie within OE proper; and olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC), which envelope the olfactory nerve.
    [Show full text]
  • Preferential Epithelial Expression of Type-1 Cannabinoid Receptor (CB1R
    Pirone et al. SpringerPlus (2015) 4:804 DOI 10.1186/s40064-015-1616-0 RESEARCH Open Access Preferential epithelial expression of type‑1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) in the developing canine embryo Andrea Pirone, Carla Lenzi, Alessandra Coli, Elisabetta Giannessi, Maria Rita Stornelli and Vincenzo Miragliotta* Abstract The use of cannabinoid receptor agonists is gaining a strong interest both in human and veterinary medicine. The potential use of cannabimimetic compounds in companion animals was reviewed in 2007 for their role in tissue inflammation and pain. A better knowledge of type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) expression on the target popula- tion may help in risk management in order to prevent unwanted side effects. We used 30-days old canine embryos to describe the distribution of CB1R by means of immunohistochemistry with a commercially available antibody. CB1R immunoreactivity was mainly epithelial and included most structures of central and peripheral nervous system, inner ear, olfactory epithelium and related structures, eye and thyroid. Further investigative research on the role of the endocannabinoid system in the developmental biology field is needed, however, we show that in the canine species we must consider pregnancy as risk condition for developmental abnormalities that may arise upon the use of CB1R receptor agonists. Keywords: Cannabinoid receptor 1, Embryo, Dog, Immunohistochemistry Background by presynaptic neurons (Elphick and Egertova 2001). Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) is a G-pro- Despite the ubiquitous expression of CB1R (Katona tein coupled receptor that mediates the effects of 2009), autoradiographic analysis of the brain distribution Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9THC), the most potent psy- of (3H)CP-55,940 (a potent Δ9THC developed by Pfizer chotropic constituent of cannabis sativa (Xie et al.
    [Show full text]