Adaptations of Olfactometry and Odour Measurement with COVID-19 Crisis J.M
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Histology and Surface Morphology of the Olfactory Epithelium in the Freshwater Teleost Clupisoma Garua (Hamilton, 1822)
FISHERIES & AQUATIC LIFE (2019) 27: 122 - 129 Archives of Polish Fisheries DOI 10.2478/aopf-2019-0014 RESEARCH ARTICLE Histology and surface morphology of the olfactory epithelium in the freshwater teleost Clupisoma garua (Hamilton, 1822) Saroj Kumar Ghosh Received – 07 May 2019/Accepted – 27 August 2019. Published online: 30 September 2019; ©Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, Poland Citation: Ghosh S.K. 2019 – Histology and surface morphology of the olfactory epithelium in the freshwater teleost Clupisoma garua (Hamil- ton, 1822) – Fish. Aquat. Life 27: 122-129. Abstract. The anatomical structure of the olfactory organ and Introduction the organization of various cells lining the olfactory mucosa of Clupisoma garua (Siluriformes; Schilbeidae) were The olfactory system in fishes is a notable sensory or- investigated with light and scanning electron microscopy. The olfactory organ was composed of numerous lamellae of gan because it is essentially a chemoreceptor for de- various sizes, radiating outward from both sides of the narrow tecting and identifying water-soluble compounds to midline raphe, forming an elongated rosette. Each lamella collect information about the surrounding aquatic consisted of the olfactory epithelium and a central lamellar ecosystem. Smell is one of the most significant space, the central core. The epithelium covering the surface of senses, and it drives basic patterns of behaviors in the rosette folds was differentiated into zones of sensory and most teleosts such as foraging, alarm response, pred- indifferent epithelia. The sensory part of epithelium was characterized by three types of morphologically distinct ator avoidance, social communication, reproductive receptor neurons: ciliated receptor cells, microvillous receptor activity, and homing migration (Gayoso et al. -
Taste and Smell Disorders in Clinical Neurology
TASTE AND SMELL DISORDERS IN CLINICAL NEUROLOGY OUTLINE A. Anatomy and Physiology of the Taste and Smell System B. Quantifying Chemosensory Disturbances C. Common Neurological and Medical Disorders causing Primary Smell Impairment with Secondary Loss of Food Flavors a. Post Traumatic Anosmia b. Medications (prescribed & over the counter) c. Alcohol Abuse d. Neurodegenerative Disorders e. Multiple Sclerosis f. Migraine g. Chronic Medical Disorders (liver and kidney disease, thyroid deficiency, Diabetes). D. Common Neurological and Medical Disorders Causing a Primary Taste disorder with usually Normal Olfactory Function. a. Medications (prescribed and over the counter), b. Toxins (smoking and Radiation Treatments) c. Chronic medical Disorders ( Liver and Kidney Disease, Hypothyroidism, GERD, Diabetes,) d. Neurological Disorders( Bell’s Palsy, Stroke, MS,) e. Intubation during an emergency or for general anesthesia. E. Abnormal Smells and Tastes (Dysosmia and Dysgeusia): Diagnosis and Treatment F. Morbidity of Smell and Taste Impairment. G. Treatment of Smell and Taste Impairment (Education, Counseling ,Changes in Food Preparation) H. Role of Smell Testing in the Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Disorders 1 BACKGROUND Disorders of taste and smell play a very important role in many neurological conditions such as; head trauma, facial and trigeminal nerve impairment, and many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson Disorders, Lewy Body Disease and Frontal Temporal Dementia. Impaired smell and taste impairs quality of life such as loss of food enjoyment, weight loss or weight gain, decreased appetite and safety concerns such as inability to smell smoke, gas, spoiled food and one’s body odor. Dysosmia and Dysgeusia are very unpleasant disorders that often accompany smell and taste impairments. -
Review Article Olfactory Reference Syndrome
British Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research Vol.04, Issue 01, Pg.1617-1625, January-February 2019 Available Online at http://www.bjpmr.org BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH Review ISSN:2456-9836 ICV: 60.37 Article Murat Eren Özen, Murat Aydin Olfactory Reference Syndrome: A Separate Disorder Or Part Of A Spectrum 1Psychiatrist, Department of Psychiatry, Private Adana Hospital, Adana Büyük şehir Belediyesi kar şısı, No:23, Seyhan-Adana- Türkiye. 2Private Dental Clinics, Gazipa şa bulv. Emre apt n:6 (kitapsan kar şısı) k:2 d:5 Adana- Türkiye. http://drmurataydin.com ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT This article provides a narrative review of the literature on olfactory reference syndrome Article History: Received on (ORS) to address issues focusing on its clinical features. Similarities and/or differences with other psychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, social anxiety 10 th Jan, 2019 Peer Reviewed disorder (including a cultural syndrome; taijin kyofusho), somatoform disorders and hypochondriasis, delusional disorder are discussed. ORS is related to a symptom of taijin on 24 th Jan, 2019 Revised kyofusho (e.g. jikoshu-kyofu variant of taijin kyofusho) Although recognition of this syndromes more than a century provide consistent descriptions of its clinical features, the on 17 th Feb, 2019 Published limited data on this topic make it difficult to form a specific diagnostic criteria. The core on 24 th Feb, symptom of the patients with ORS is preoccupation with the belief that one emits a foul or 2019 offensive body odor, which is not perceived by others. Studies on ORS reveal some limitations. -
The Pattern of Olfactory Innervation by W
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.9.3.101 on 1 July 1946. Downloaded from THE PATTERN OF OLFACTORY INNERVATION BY W. E. LE GROS CLARK and R. T. TURNER WARWICK From the Department of Anatomy, University of Oxford (RECEIVED 31ST JULY, 1946) IT is desirable that, from time to time, commonly Methods accepted statements regarding anatomical pathways Most of the observations recorded in this paper were and connexions in the peripheral and central nervous made on rabbit material. The fixation of the olfactory systems should be carefully reviewed in the light of mucosa presented considerable difficulty. The method modern technical methods of investigation, for it finally selected, because it gave the best results with must be admitted that not a few of these statements protargol and was also adequate for the other stains are based on old methods which are now recognized employed, was perfusion of 70 per cent. alcohol through to be too crude to permit of really accurate con- the aorta, after preliminary washing through with normal clusions. In recent years, indeed, a number of saline, as recommended by Bodian (1936). Another facts have been shown unexpected difficulty arose from the fact that a large apparently well-established number of laboratory rabbits suffer from a chronic by critical studies to be erroneous. For example, rhinitis which leads to gross pathological changes in the the so-called ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate olfactory mucosa. Consequently, a considerable pro- Protected by copyright. body and the pulvinar are no longer accepted as portion of our material, experimental and otherwise, terminal stations of the optic tract, and the strie had to be discarded as useless. -
Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection Between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology
molecules Review Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology Yoshinori Masuo 1,*, Tadaaki Satou 2 , Hiroaki Takemoto 3 and Kazuo Koike 3 1 Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan; [email protected] 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; [email protected] (H.T.); [email protected] (K.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-47-472-5257 Abstract: The stress response in the brain is not fully understood, although stress is one of the risk factors for developing mental disorders. On the other hand, the stimulation of the olfactory system can influence stress levels, and a certain smell has been empirically known to have a stress- suppressing effect, indeed. In this review, we first outline what stress is and previous studies on stress-responsive biomarkers (stress markers) in the brain. Subsequently, we confirm the olfactory system and review previous studies on the relationship between smell and stress response by species, such as humans, rats, and mice. Numerous studies demonstrated the stress-suppressing effects of aroma. There are also investigations showing the effects of odor that induce stress in experimental animals. In addition, we introduce recent studies on the effects of aroma of coffee beans and essential oils, such as lavender, cypress, α-pinene, and thyme linalool on the behavior and the expression of stress marker candidates in the brain. -
Respiration, Neural Oscillations, and the Free Energy Principle
fnins-15-647579 June 23, 2021 Time: 17:40 # 1 REVIEW published: 29 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.647579 Keeping the Breath in Mind: Respiration, Neural Oscillations, and the Free Energy Principle Asena Boyadzhieva1*† and Ezgi Kayhan2,3† 1 Department of Philosophy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 2 Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany, 3 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany Scientific interest in the brain and body interactions has been surging in recent years. One fundamental yet underexplored aspect of brain and body interactions is the link between the respiratory and the nervous systems. In this article, we give an overview of the emerging literature on how respiration modulates neural, cognitive and emotional processes. Moreover, we present a perspective linking respiration to the free-energy principle. We frame volitional modulation of the breath as an active inference mechanism Edited by: in which sensory evidence is recontextualized to alter interoceptive models. We further Yoko Nagai, propose that respiration-entrained gamma oscillations may reflect the propagation of Brighton and Sussex Medical School, United Kingdom prediction errors from the sensory level up to cortical regions in order to alter higher level Reviewed by: predictions. Accordingly, controlled breathing emerges as an easily accessible tool for Rishi R. Dhingra, emotional, cognitive, and physiological regulation. University of Melbourne, Australia Georgios D. Mitsis, Keywords: interoception, respiration-entrained neural oscillations, controlled breathing, free-energy principle, McGill University, Canada self-regulation *Correspondence: Asena Boyadzhieva [email protected] INTRODUCTION † These authors have contributed “The “I think” which Kant said must be able to accompany all my objects, is the “I breathe” which equally to this work actually does accompany them. -
The Olfactory Bulb As an Independent Developmental Domain
Cell Death and Differentiation (2002) 9, 1279 ± 1286 ã 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1350-9047/02 $25.00 www.nature.com/cdd Review The olfactory bulb as an independent developmental domain LLo pez-Mascaraque*,1,3 and F de Castro2,3 established. Does it awake the developmental program of the cells at the site being innervated or, does their arrival simply 1 Instituto Cajal-C.S.I.C., Madrid, Spain serve to refine the later steps of the developmental program? 2 Hospital RamoÂn y Cajal, Madrid, Spain In order to address this question, much attention has been 3 Both authors contributed equally to this work focused on the sophisticated development of the mammalian * Corresponding author: L LoÂpez-Mascaraque, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida del cerebral cortex where two different theories have been Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain. Tel: 915854708; Fax: 915854754; E-mail: [email protected] proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying its formation. In the `protomap' model, cortical regions are patterned prior to Received 13.2.02; revised 30.4.02; accepted 7.5.02 the migration of the newborn neurons (intrinsic control),1 an Edited by G Melino event presumably specified by important molecular determi- nants.2 In this model, the arrival of innervating axons would Abstract merely serve to modify and refine the protomap (an important The olfactory system is a good model to study the facet of maintenance). In the second model, the `protocortex' theory, the newborn cortical neurons are a homogeneous cell mechanisms underlying guidance of growing axons to their population, that later on in corticogenesis are patterned into appropriate targets. -
Neuropilin-1 Facilitates SARS-Cov-2 Cell Entry and Provides a Possible Pathway Into the Central Nervous System
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.07.137802; this version posted June 7, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and provides a possible pathway into the central nervous system Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri1,2*, Ravi Ojha3*, Liliana D. Pedro 1,2*, Minou Djannatian1,2*, Jonas Franz4*, Suvi Kuivanen5*, Katri Kallio3, Tuğberk Kaya1,2,6, Maria Anastasina3,7, Teemu Smura5, Lev Levanov5, Leonora Szirovicza5, Allan Tobi8, Hannimari Kallio-Kokko9, Pamela Österlund10, Merja Joensuu11, Frédéric A. Meunier11, Sarah Butcher3,7, Martin Sebastian Winkler12, Brit Mollenhauer13, Ari Helenius14, Ozgun Gokce6,19, Tambet Teesalu3,15,16, Jussi Hepojoki5,17, Olli Vapalahti5,9,18, Christine Stadelmann4, Giuseppe Balistreri3§, Mikael Simons1,2,19§ 1Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany 2German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany 3Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 4 Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany 5University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland 6 Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany 7Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland 8Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia 9University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland 10Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland 11Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. -
Multi-Odor Discrimination by Rat Sniffing for Potential Monitoring Of
sensors Article Multi-Odor Discrimination by Rat Sniffing for Potential Monitoring of Lung Cancer and Diabetes Yunkwang Oh 1,2, Ohseok Kwon 3, Sun-Seek Min 4, Yong-Beom Shin 1,5, Min-Kyu Oh 2,* and Moonil Kim 1,5,* 1 Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) 125 Gwahang-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; [email protected] (Y.O.); [email protected] (Y.-B.S.) 2 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea 3 Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) 125 Gwahang-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; [email protected] 4 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Eulji University School of Medicine, 77 Gyeryong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 34824, Korea; [email protected] 5 KRIBB School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.-K.O.); [email protected] (M.K.); Tel.: +82-2-3290-3308 (M.-K.O.); +82-42-879-8447 (M.K.); Fax: +82-2-926-6102 (M.-K.O.); +82-42-879-8594 (M.K.) Abstract: The discrimination learning of multiple odors, in which multi-odor can be associated with different responses, is important for responding quickly and accurately to changes in the external environment. However, very few studies have been done on multi-odor discrimination by animal sniffing. Herein, we report a novel multi-odor discrimination system by detection rats based on the combination of 2-Choice and Go/No-Go (GNG) tasks into a single paradigm, in which the Go response of GNG was replaced by 2-Choice, for detection of toluene and acetone, which Citation: Oh, Y.; Kwon, O.; Min, S.-S.; are odor indicators of lung cancer and diabetes, respectively. -
Characterization of the Sniff Magnitude Test
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Characterization of the Sniff Magnitude Test Robert A. Frank, PhD; Robert C. Gesteland, PhD; Jason Bailie, BS; Konstantin Rybalsky, BS; Allen Seiden, MD; Mario F. Dulay, PhD Objective: To evaluate the potential utility of the Sniff Results: The SMT generally showed good agreement with Magnitude Test (SMT) as a clinical measure of olfactory UPSIT diagnostic categories, although SMT scores were function. only modestly elevated in the mild and modest hypo- smia range of the UPSIT. Age-related decline in olfac- Design: Between-subject designs were used to com- tory ability was evident on the UPSIT at younger ages than pare the SMT and University of Pennsylvania Smell Iden- that seen with the SMT. As predicted, otolaryngology pa- tification Test (UPSIT) in study participants from a broad tients with olfactory complaints were found to be im- range of ages. paired on both the UPSIT and SMT. Subjects: A total of 361 individuals from retirement com- Conclusions: The SMT provides a novel method for munities and an urban university and patients from an evaluating the sense of smell that shows good general otolaryngology clinic. agreement with the UPSIT. Its minimal dependence on language and cognitive abilities provides some advan- Intervention: Study participants completed the SMT and UPSIT using standard procedures. tages over odor identification tests. There is some indi- cation that the UPSIT may be more sensitive to olfac- Main Outcome Measures: The UPSIT was scored us- tory (and/or nonolfactory) deficits. We conclude that ing standard procedures to calculate the number of cor- sniffing behavior can be exploited for the clinical evalu- rectly identified odors; a score that can range from 0 to ation of olfaction. -
Lecture 14 --Olfaction.Pdf
14 Olfaction ClickChapter to edit 14 MasterOlfaction title style • Olfactory Physiology • Neurophysiology of Olfaction • From Chemicals to Smells • Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation • Olfactory Hedonics • Associative Learning and Emotion: Neuroanatomical and Evolutionary Considerations ClickIntroduction to edit Master title style Olfaction: The sense of smell Gustation: The sense of taste ClickOlfactory to edit Physiology Master title style Odor: The translation of a chemical stimulus into a smell sensation. Odorant: A molecule that is defined by its physiochemical characteristics, which are capable of being translated by the nervous system into the perception of smell. To be smelled, odorants must be: • Volatile (able to float through the air) • Small • Hydrophobic (repellent to water) Figure 14.1 Odorants ClickOlfactory to edit Physiology Master title style The human olfactory apparatus • Unlike other senses, smell is tacked onto an organ with another purpose— the nose. Primary purpose—to filter, warm, and humidify air we breathe . Nose contains small ridges, olfactory cleft, and olfactory epithelium ClickOlfactory to edit Physiology Master title style The human olfactory apparatus (continued) • Olfactory cleft: A narrow space at the back of the nose into which air flows, where the main olfactory epithelium is located. • Olfactory epithelium: A secretory mucous membrane in the human nose whose primary function is to detect odorants in inhaled air. Figure 14.2 The nose ClickOlfactory to edit Physiology Master title style Olfactory epithelium: The “retina” of the nose • Three types of cells . Supporting cells: Provide metabolic and physical support for the olfactory sensory neurons. Basal cells: Precursor cells to olfactory sensory neurons. Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs): The main cell type in the olfactory epithelium. -
Epithelium and Glands
EPITHELIUM AND GLANDS DR. ASHA SHIRAHATTI ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY USM-KLE IMP SCHEME OF PRESENTATION • Characteristic features and functions of epithelial tissues • Classification of epithelial tissues • Surface modifications of epithelial tissue • Junctional complexes of epithelial tissue • Characteristic features and functions of glandular tissue • Classification of glandular tissue • Mode of secretion of glandular tissue Tissues • groups of cells that are similar in structure and function Epithelium • Coverings • Linings of surfaces Connective • Support • Bone, ligaments, fat Muscle • Movement Nervous • Control • Brain, nerves, spinal cord CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE • Cells rests on basement membrane • Avascular tissue. • Supported by connective tissue • Innervated • Highly regenerative CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE (cont) • Epithelium form continuous cellular sheet • Cells are closely packed together by specialized contacts known as cell junctions • Cells are extremely cohesive and relatively strong force is necessary to separate them. • It invaginates into underlying connective tissue, specializing as glands FUNCTIONS • Protection - Skin protects from sunlight & bacteria & physical damage. • Absorption - Lining of small intestine, absorbing nutrients into blood • Filtration - Lining of Kidney tubules filtering wastes from blood plasma • Secretion - Different glands produce perspiration, oil, digestive enzymes and mucus • Sensation - to receive and transduce external stimuli as taste buds of tongue, olfactory epithelium of nasal mucosa and retina of eye • Transportation - transport of materials or cells along the surface of an epithelium by mobile cilia or transport of materials across epithelium to and fro from connective tissue • Lubrication - Glands secreting mucus CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM • Cell Shape 1. Squamous – flattened like fish scales 2. Cuboidal - cubes 3. Columnar – columns • Cell Layers 1. Simple (one layer) 2.