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Acta Scientific Biotechnology Volume 1 Issue 8 August 2020 Review Article Specific Epithets Derived by Own Names and Surnames Iliana Ilieva* Received: University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria Published: *Corresponding Author: February 10, 2020 Iliana Ilieva. July 30, 2020 Iliana Ilieva, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria © All rights are reserved by Abstract The article deals with epithets formed from the names or surnames of famous scientists, researchers, historical, mythological or religious characters. The main types of epithets regarding their grammatical form are shortly represented illustrated by several examples each one. The epithets are arranged alphabetically and accompanied by a short note pertaining to the particular person or mythological hero. Each specific epithet is followed by a list of the plant species in which it is present together with their Common English name. When a species is found in official literary sources only with Scientific name in Latin, such name is referred to as Accepted name. The names that have not yet been officially accepted due to the lack of enough arguments whether the name should be treated as accepted or not are designated as Unresolved name. Names whose validity is not completely clarified are indicated as Unclear name status. - The binomial names where the current specific epithet has been signifying a subspecies or variety in earlier taxonomic interpreta tionsKeywords: are listed in the second part of the article. Specific Epithets; Botanical Nomenclature; Eponyms; Derivative Names Abbreviations practice since Carl Linnaeus epoch to the present days. Famous e.g.: For Example; etc.: Et Cetera; i.e.: That Is; NB!: Nota bene (Latin scientists and researchers, notable contemporaries of the author phrase meaning “Note well”, “Pay attention”); sr.: Senior; subsp.: who described for the first time a species, historical, religious and IntroductionSubspecies; var.: Variety mythological characters become eponyms within many binomial botanical names. Good knowledge of these epithets broadens and deepens the knowledge of the species itself by adding sometimes - Gentiana asclepiadea The present article is a part of larger research pertaining to additional information relating to particular features and uses of Anthemis sancti-johannis binomial botanical denominations. It is dealing with specific epi the plant - for example, refers to a possible thets derived from personal names and surnames. The research is medicinal application of the species, is a based on “Conspectus of the Bulgarian vascular flora: Distribution possible reference to the time of plant blossoming etc. maps and floristic elements”. Fourth revised and enlarged edition. According to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature BSBCP, 2012, Sofia. - (ICBN), Chapter III, Section 4, Article 23 A.1. “The names of persons - In the process of investigating different types of specific epi and also of countries and localities used in specific epithets should thets, it was established that the naming of species in honour take the form of nouns in the genitive (clusii, porsildiorum, saha of persons, real or borrowed from mythology, is an often-used Citation: . Acta Scientific Biotechnology Iliana Ilieva “Specific Epithets Derived by Own Names and Surnames”. 1.8 (2020): 21-41. Specific Epithets Derived by Own Names and Surnames 22 - nus drenowskyi grisebachianus grisebachii halleranus halleri sibthorpianus sibthorpii velenovskyanus velenovskyi rae) or of adjectives (clusianus, dahuricus)”. https://www.iapt-tax / ; / ; / ; on.org/icbn/main.htm Composite names/ ; / etc. The linguistic analysis of specific epithets, derivative from the - names of persons allows differentiating of several groups. emilii-popii ferdinandi-coburgi, gregorii-bakurianii An adjective which is agreed grammatically with the generic They include hyphenated name and surname, or title and ep immanuelis-loewii borisii-regis ferdinandii-regis, regis-borisii name onym’s name: , , sancti-johannis tzar-borisii tzar-ferdinandii , , , anus (beckeanus, degenianus, , , . hartwissianus, lerchianus, marianus, pancicianus, robertianus malkarmayorum The most often used is the suffix - eus asclepiadeus, jacobaeus, or- - etc). Interesting is the specific epithet - it is given phanideus, tillaeus icus archangelicus, ligericus Onosma malkarmayorum There are used also the suffixes - ( in honour of the three scientists based on whose collections is di ), - ( ). agnosed the new species . The epithet is orum formed from the first three letters in the name of each of them - The adjectives in this research are represented with their basic H. Maliki, R. Karl, H. Mayrhofer. The ending - is a form of the cupanianus, a, um (dictionary) forms, i.e. the full form of masculine followed by the genitive plural in the second Latin declension. endings of feminine and neuter e.g. The form Stellaria cupaniana of the adjective in each particular binomial name depends on the Several names formed by surnames of Bulgarian scientists are Stellaria davidoffii - davidovii jordanoffii - jordanovii gender of the generic name - (the generic name represented with doublet forms due to a different transcription of stojanoffii - stojanovii - stojanowii urumoffii - urumovii velchevii - is feminine so the adjective is also feminine). the particular name: , , A noun in the genitive case (this is usually the eponym’s family velcevii - welcevii. , , name) - - er ii achtarowii, From male surnames ending in a consonant (except for the end Among the binomial names with a specific epithet derived from bueckii, linaresii, stojanovii er ing - ) the form is obtained by adding an ending - ( a name or surname, one group can be differentiated, where the cur a i guentheri, keller- etc.); in names ending in - or a vowel rent specific epithet has been signifying a subspecies or variety in eri, pichleri, bocconei, urvillei - (except the vowel - ), to the name is added just - ( earlier taxonomic interpretations. These names are listed in the etc.): this is actually a form of the geni second part of the current research. a e brandzae, colum- tive singular in the second Latin declension. In the names ending in nae, otrubae, pontederae The presence of some epithets that need further clarification the vowel - , to the name is added the ending - ( and determination is important to be also noted. etc.), that is, a form of the genitive singular List of epithets in the first Latin declension. e boevae, petrovae In female surnames is added the ending - ( ): a 1. achtarowii - in honour of Boris T. Achtarov or Achtaroff form of the genitive singular in the first Latin declension. (1885• - 1959), a BulgarianAccepted botanist name and plant collector. - • Alchemilla (synonym of ; Bulgarian endemic). There are several cases of specific epithets which are forms of is - ajacis Ajax, Ajacis m dioscoridis Dioskourides, the genitive singular in the third Latin declension and have there • CentaureaAccepted ( name Cyanus achtarovii). is m timoleontis Timoleon, Th fore the ending - ( ), ( Festuca ( ). ), ( .). stefco 2. adamovičii - dedicated to Lujo Adamovič (1864 - 1935), a • Unresolved name One exception has to be noted - the specific epithet which Croatian botanist from Dalmatia. represents an indeclinable noun, formed from the proper name Verbascum ( ) The record derives Stefan. from WCSP (in review) (data supplied on 2012-03- - 26) which does not establish this name either as an It is often met the practice to use specific epithets derived from accepted name or as a synonym with original publi - one surname but formed through different word-forming methods cation details: Fl. Bulg. Suppl. 1: 207 1898. aucheranus aucheri cupanianus cupani drenowskya- (derivative adjectives in the nominative case or nouns in the geni tive case): / ; / ; Citation: . Acta Scientific Biotechnology Iliana Ilieva “Specific Epithets Derived by Own Names and Surnames”. 1.8 (2020): 21-41. Specific Epithets Derived by Own Names and Surnames - 23 3. ajacis - named after Ajax: Greek mythological hero who par 10. aucheranus, a, um - dedicated to Pierre Martin Remi Aucher- ticipated• in the siege of Troy (ajacis - Gen. sg.). Éloy• (1792 - 1838),Unresolved a French pharmacistname and botanist. Consolida (Doubtful knight’s spur). Onosma ( ) The record derives - from Tropicos (data supplied on 2012-04-18) 4. ambroseae - dedicated by the botanist Leslie (Larry) Charles which does not establish this name either as an accept Leach to Mrs M.N. Ambrose who from 1969 to 1971 collected ed name or as a synonym (record 4002445). plants• for him in ZimbabweUnresolved and nameMozambique. 11. aucheri - dedicated to Pierre Martin Remi Aucher-Éloy (1792 Dryopteris ( ) The record derives - 1838),• a French pharmacistAccepted name and botanist. from IPNI which does not establish this name either as Fern Gaz. (U.K.) an accepted name or as a synonym (record 17550210- Hypericum ( ). 11(5): 338 (1977) 1977 1) with original publication details: 12. aznavourii – dedicated to Georges Vincent Aznavour (1861 – . 1920),• an ArmenianAccepted botanist. name 5. ancevii - in honour of Мincho Anchev, a Bulgarian botanist Veronica ( ). (1943).• Accepted name 13. baldaccii - in honour of Antonio Baldacci (1867 - 1950), an Hieracium ( ). Italian botanist and geographer who collected plants in the Angelica Balkans• and Greece.synonym of subsp 6. archangelicus, a, um - archangelic: Angelica’s highest degree - (tweeter). The name , according to a legend, refers to Stachys ( Stachys recta . baldaccii). the
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    42 (2): (2018) 223-229 Original Scientific Paper Bioactive extracts of Gentiana asclepiadea: antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity Olgica Stefanović1✳, Braho Ličina2, Sava Vasić 1, Ivana Radojević1 and Ljiljana Čomić1 1 Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadžića bb, 36300 Novi Pazar, Republic of Serbia ABSTRACT: Extracts of the aerial parts and roots of the wild-growing medicinal plant Gentiana asclepiadea were analysed for their antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activity with quantification of the total phenolic and total flavonoid content. Antimicrobial activity was tested against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, yeasts, and moulds using the microdilution method. The strongest antibacterial activity was detected on Bacillus species, where minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of from 0.16 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL were obtained, while antifungal activity was low to moderate, with MICs between 1.25 and 20 mg/mL. In the crystal violet assay, the extracts inhibit 50% biofilm formation in the concentration range of from 2.12 to 37.04 mg/mL. Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus ATCC 25923, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 biofilms were the most sensitive to the presence of extracts. The extracts rich in phenolic compounds showed good DPPH-scavenging activity, with EC50 values between 181.3 and 614.3 μg/mL for extracts of aerial parts and from 426.67 to >1000 μg/mL for root extracts. Even though G. asclepiadea has long been traditionally used, its biological activity is still insufficiently explored, so the obtained results are significant for contributing new knowledge about the plant’s medicinal properties.