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Memory Decolonizing DECOLONIZING MEMORY Algeria & the Politics of Testimony jill jarvis DECOLONIZING MEMORY Jill Jarvis DECOLONIZING MEMORY Algeria and the Duke University Press Durham and London Politics of Testimony 2021 © 2021 duke university press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of Amer i ca on acid- free paper ∞ Designed by Courtney Leigh Richardson Typeset in Huronia Pro and Helvetica Lt Std by typesetter, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Jarvis, Jill, [date] author. Title: Decolonizing memory: Algeria and the politics of testimony / Jill Jarvis. Description: Durham: Duke University Press, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020032094 (print) LCCN 2020032095 (ebook) ISBN 9781478011965 (hardcover) ISBN 9781478014102 (paperback) ISBN 9781478021414 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Collective memory and literature—Algeria. | Collective memory—Political aspects—Algeria. | Literature and history—Algeria. | Politics and literature—Algeria. | African literature (French)—History and criticism. | French literature—Algeria—History and criticism. | Imperialism in literature. Classification: LCC PN56. C618 J378 2021 (print) | LCC PN56. C618 (ebook) | DDC 840.9/965—dc23 LC record available at https: //lccn.loc.gov/2020032094 LC ebook record available at https: //lccn.loc.gov/2020032095 Cover art: Illustration based on “XIII planches/poètes (a genealogy a constellation),” by Samira Negrouche. IN memorIam Yamina Mechakra (1949–2013) Assia Djebar (1936–2015) Fadwa Saïdi (1983–2016) Marcel Bois (1925–2018) Gisèle Halimi (1927–2020) Contents Acknowl edgments ix Introduction. tHe future of memory 1 1 remNaNtS of muSLImS 27 2 UntraNSLataBLe JuStICe 63 3 MourNINg revoLt 98 4 OpeN eLegy 141 Conclusion. PrISoNS wItHout waLLS 168 Notes 197 Bibliography 255 Index 267 Acknowl edgments Though it can feel like a solitary process, one does not write a book alone. I was able to see this one through because I was held up by the solidarity, friendship, encouragement, criticism, advice, and care of the following people. At Prince ton, I learned much from Ben Baer’s keen insight, nimble intellect, and precise questions. Simon Gikandi’s rare wisdom and perspective helped me to cultivate critical courage. Nick Nesbitt was a vital interlocutor and consistent ally. Early drafts of material that found its way into this book benefited im- mensely from conversations with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Madeleine Dobie, Ann Smock, Emily Apter, Jeffrey Stout, Cornel West, Sandra Bermann, Wendy Belcher, Lital Levy, Susana Draper, and Michael Wood. I am indebted to Eileen Reeves and Valerie Kanka in Prince ton’s Department of Comparative Lit er a ture for moral and tactical support. Bella Brodzki at Sarah Lawrence College pointed me toward this path before I could see it for myself. Thank you. Now, I am wildly fortunate to work alongside such generous, smart, and kind colleagues in Yale’s French Department. In par tic u lar, my heartfelt thanks to Alice Kaplan, Christopher Miller, Maurice Samuels, and Pierre Saint-Amand for reading— and rereading!— this manuscript at crucial junctures. Agnès Bolton has done the needful and infinitely more. I am grateful to my undergraduate and gradu ate students at Yale; their insights into these materials have indelibly changed my own ways of reading and thinking about them. I am also indebted to brilliant and hospitable colleagues and friends whose paths I first crossed in Algeria, especially at les Glycines centre d’études diocésan in Algiers and at the Centre d’études maghrébines en Algérie in Oran. My deep gratitude to Guillaume Michel, the late Henri Teissier, the late Marcel Bois, Brahim Rouabah, Karim Ouaras, Robert Parks, Nassim Balla, Afifa Bererhi, Nacéra Khiat, Lamis Saïdi, Miloud Yabrir, Samira Negrouche, Djamel Hachi, Jim House, Elizabeth Perego, Samuel Anderson, Sami Everett, Naoual Belakhdar, and Pauline Poupart. Elizabeth Ault at Duke University Press is an inspired and impeccable editor. I am immensely grateful to her and to the two anonymous readers whose as- tute feedback helped me to clarify every aspect of this book. My admiration and gratitude to Walid Bouchakour and Doyle Calhoun for their very fine attention to stylistic and linguistic details of the manuscript, and to Neil Belakhdar for his sharp- eyed expertise. Research for this proj ect has been supported by the American Institute for Maghrib Studies, the Prince ton Institute for International and Regional Studies, the Yale Whitney Humanities Center Griswold Faculty Research Fund, the Frederick W. Hilles Publication Fund of Yale University, the Ju nior Faculty Manuscript Colloquium fund from Yale Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and the Yale MacMillan Center. A thousand thanks to those who have buoyed my spirits, asked the right questions, offered refuge and sustenance, and celebrated with me at milestones throughout this long marathon: Cate Reilly, Francisco Robles, Brahim El Guabli, Kameron Collins, Gavin Arnall, Melissa Gonzalez, Jill Richards, Marta Figlerow- icz, Cajetan Iheka, Sunny Xiang, Robin Dembroff, Morgane Cadieu, Christophe Schuwey, Melissa Febos, Shelly Oria, Cara Gardner, Jeannette Zimmer, Jesse Newman, Erin Blankeny Wanjiru Kamau- Rutenberg, Marie Constance Houn- tondji, Kanchuka Dharmasiri, and Yemisi Damisah. And to Fadwa Saïdi, a beloved friend and gifted teacher of Arabic who left this world too soon. Fi nally, thank you to my family for providing me with both the freedom and the love necessary to sustain me through this work— including the nonhumans, Otis and Eliot, who have sat so faithfully beside my desk from beginning to end, watching over every word. x ACKNOWL EDGMENTS Introduction The Future of Memory Lit er a ture is not evidence, but an instrument for imaginative training. —­Gayatri Spivak L’Algérie coloniale championne du monde du rendre- invisible: on n’avait même pas be- soin d’apartheid: on pouvait se promener au milieu de la foule algérienne sans les voir. Colonial Algeria, world champion of making- invisible: we didn’t even need apartheid: we could walk around surrounded by Algerian crowds without seeing them. — Hélène Cixous . musulmans (le vocable inscrivait l’exclusivité dans laquelle la société coloniale nous avait tenus depuis 1830 et les différents décrets qui avaient annoncé la décrépitude dans laquelle nous devions être maintenus: Français- Musulmans, disaient les uns, musulmans à part entière, disaient les autres, sans qu’aucune de ces deux appellations puisse nous fournir l’illusion de quelque disponibilité juridique) . musulmans (the term registered the exclusive state in which colonial society had held us since 1830 and the vari ous legal decrees announcing the decrepitude in which we were to be kept: French- Muslims, said some, fully Muslim, said others, while neither of these two names could give us the illusion of any legal access) . —­Nabile Farès Seeing Ghosts In the last epigraph above— from Mémoire de l’Absent (1974) by novelist Nabile Farès— a parenthetical clause disrupts the syntax of a sentence. As if muttering commentary on the italicized word musulmans, this interjection opens space on the page to veer away from the narrative pre sent. A reader is slyly confronted by the complaint that Algeria under French occupation was ground zero of a uniquely strange juridical regime whose afterlife has indelibly shaped the pre sent order—or rather, disorder—of the novel’s world.1 Like Farès, many of Algeria’s writers have found themselves in the difficult bind of trying to make perceptible what has been forcibly dis appeared, and of sounding out what can- not yet be heard. Decolonizing Memory tracks their literary responses to a his- toriographic impasse: how to see or to hear what history has rendered ghostly?2 As the digression in Farès’s text seems almost to whisper, the magnitude of the legal vio lence exercised by the French to colonize and occupy Algeria is such that only aesthetic works, in par tic u lar, lit er a ture, have been able to register its enduring effects. Above all, Decolonizing Memory is a defense of lit er a ture’s unexpected, disruptive, and surreptitious power to make ghosts perceptible, and to make pos si ble what state violence has rendered nearly unimaginable. I chart a literary constellation whose center is Algeria.3 Foregrounding the ways that texts speak to one another across time and between languages, I explore anarchival forms of literary expression that unsettle and elude official discourses of both the French and Algerian states in ways that not only rewrite the colonial past, but also make it pos si ble to envision decolonized futures. While I am indebted to scholarship that has established the myriad ways in which Algeria’s in de pen dence war in- delibly shaped French politi cal and intellectual life as well as anglophone liter- ary and critical theory, the focus of my inquiry lies elsewhere. By taking Algeria to be an impor tant nexus of aesthetic innovation and theoretical contestation rather than a periphery legible only in relation to the former imperial metropole, and by highlighting the profoundly multilingual and heterogeneous character of Algerian writing, this book contributes to expanding decolonial approaches to African memory. Through a critical practice grounded in close reading across languages and informed by research conducted in Algeria, I aim to help shift the spatial, temporal, and linguistic frameworks that have to this point orga nized aesthetic and theoretical studies of testimony around Euro-American reference points. Maghrebi and African lit er a tures already “theorize from below,” present- ing an opportunity to radically retrain our po liti cal imaginations.4 From its legal annexation to France in the mid- nineteenth century until Algeria’s national in de pen dence in 1962, Algérie française was founded on a ju- ridical distinction drawn between French citizen (citoyen) and French noncitizen subject (sujet).5 Soon after the French invaded the Ottoman Regency of Algiers, a military directive (September 1830) declared the seized territory a blank slate on which to write French law.
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