American Association of State Geologists-National Geothermal Data System State Geothermal Data Program: Ohio Geological Survey Fiscal Years 2010-2013

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Final Technical Report for

Delivery of Geothermal Relevant Data and Metadata from the Extensive Collections of the Ohio Division of Geological Survey and Other Published and Unpublished Sources

Ohio Contribution to the National Geothermal Data System Grant OH-EE0002850 Budget period: 07/01/2010 through 10/31/2013

Timothy E. Leftwich-Principal investigator Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Geological Survey Horace R. Collins Laboratory 3307 South Old State Rd. Delaware, OH 43015 740-548-5979 740-657-1979 (FAX) [email protected]

Submitted November 30, 2013

ABSTRACT The State Geothermal Data project, organized by the Association of American State Geologists (AASG) with funding from the Department of Energy, brings data from all 50 States into the National Geothermal Data System (NGDS). The Ohio Geological Survey (Survey) supplied numerous temperature, geochemistry, well logs, maps, GIS files, and other legacy geothermal-relevant data and published and unpublished existing digital and other data to the AASG data portal and the NGDS. A new content model for reporting physical and thermal properties data for abandoned underground mines was created by the Survey with help from partners at Ohio University, Athens Ohio. New heat flow values were also estimated for the Burger Well (FEGENCO #1) in eastern Ohio. In total, more than fifty maps, documents, files, and other datasets were delivered to AASG for exposure to the NGDS. This final project report lists the general accomplishments of this project and also lists conference presentations and proceedings completed under the project.

INTRODUCTION Geysers, hot springs, and volcanoes are not the only sources of geothermal energy, which is defined as “heat from the earth”. Even in Ohio, temperatures increase with depth below the surface in a near-linear fashion called the geothermal gradient. For example, a visitor to a typical Ohio cave will experience a temperature of roughly 55 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) at a depth of about 100 feet, whereas the temperature that a miner labors in at a depth of approximately 2,000 feet in an underground salt mine in northern Ohio is nearly 80 °F. Temperatures measured in oil and gas wells greater than 8,000 feet deep in eastern Ohio, on the other hand, may exceed 160 °F. Geothermal energy is considered a renewable resource because heat is continually flowing to the surface from Earth’s super-hot interior, thus maintaining Earth’s subsurface temperatures. Geothermal energy can thereby be used directly for electricity production where temperatures are very high, for space heating, or simply in shallow geothermal heat pump (GHP) systems to control building temperatures—both heating and cooling. The focus of geothermal energy research is most often on high-temperature, or high- enthalpy, geothermal electricity production, particularly in areas of recent tectonic activity with warm near-surface temperatures such as the western U.S. Indeed, high-enthalpy geothermal electricity production may someday be possible by tapping heat produced in Ohio’s relatively shallow granitic basement rocks (e.g., Tester et al., 2007; Batir et al., 2010). However, there are other geothermal resources in Ohio that could be exploited by GHP technology as well as by new emerging technologies. Efficient, low-cost geothermal systems have the potential to become an important part of Ohio’s energy repertoire. In particular, the emerging technology of using flooded abandoned underground mines (AUMs) as geothermal water sources represents a tremendous untapped energy source (e.g., Banks et al., 2004). 2

Geothermal heat pump systems typically use about half the energy needed for heating and cooling with traditional systems (e.g., Lund et al., 2005a, 2005b; Watzlaf and Ackman, 2006). Commercial/public GHP installations are taking off for public schools, universities, and hospitals in Ohio. Even though the growth in GHPs is strong in Ohio and in the U.S. in general, GHP systems still account for only about 0.5 percent of all heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) sales in the U.S. (Lund et al., 2005b). In spite of strong growth in the GHP industry, the current state of understanding and acceptance of GHP technology by the U.S. public, as well as by its policy makers, is very limited and is perhaps the greatest inhibitor to the growth of this important energy-saving technology (Hughes, 2008). There are a number of important barriers to wider implementation of GHP technology. Understanding of GHP systems in the U.S. is often poor even for many individuals with technical or scientific backgrounds (e.g., Hughes, 2008). However, the geotechnical evaluations and high initial costs of GHP systems also are major barriers to their further development (e.g., Rafferty, 2001; Hughes, 2008). Geologic data analyzed and archived by the Survey, along with input and datasets from researchers at Ohio University, The Ohio State University, and other institutions are particularly valuable for cost-effective planning of low-temperature geothermal energy activities and to control potential geotechnical difficulties. Geologic and geographic data are critical for analyzing the installation, operating costs and economic, environmental, and social benefits resulting from GHP installation (Battocletti and Glasslev, 2012). According to a Geo-Heat Center study, the ground-source heat pump industry has historically failed to take full advantage of the existing public information sources available for site characterization (Rafferty, 2001). Virtually every state and province in North America maintains a website (or sites) dedicated to ground water and geology. The Survey, The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, and the Ohio Division of Soil and Water offer a wealth of data useful in the characterization of site geology and hydrology. This geologic and geothermal data can help provide basic geologic reconnaissance for geotechnical evaluations needed for high- temperature or GHP installations, thus helping to lower initial costs. These maps and data may also help to recognize potential geotechnical problems arising from cavernous bedrock, landslide prone areas, lithologic variations effecting thermal conductivity, or other geologic factors. Ohio has a rich legacy in natural resource and mineral extraction, especially with regards to coal mining and processing and there are over 4500 abandoned underground mines in Ohio (Crowell 2008). As a result, there are numerous flooded and partially flooded abandoned coal mines—generally within Southeastern and Eastern Ohio—that are potential geothermal resources.

Whether a specific abandoned underground mine has geothermal potential is dependent on both the characteristics of the site, and the market for energy. Assessing the geothermal potential of individual mine sites requires detailed review of existing information about the mines and their physical properties. Our new AUM physical and thermal properties content model captures knows geothermal-relevant data for these important features. AASG was founded in 1908 and represents the State Geologists of the 50 United States and Puerto Rico in seeking to advance the science and practical application of geology and related earth sciences in the United States and its territories, commonwealths, and possessions. The State Geothermal Data project, organized by AASG with funding from the Department of Energy, brings geothermal relevant data from 47 of the 50 States into the National Geothermal Data System (NGDS). This project can help expose the thousands of databases, directories, and geologic maps from state geological surveys that constitute a national resource for geothermal research and applications. Ohio’s contributions to the AASG project and the presentations that resulted from these efforts are outlined briefly in the following sections.

PROJECT GOALS ACCOMPLISHED

Ohio First Year Deliverables

Ohio Bottom-hole Temperatures for Ohio This dataset contains 334 bottom-hole temperatures and corrected temperatures from oil-and-gas wells in Ohio and well data. The temperature readings are recorded on oil- and gas-well geophysical logs. Ohio BHT data were converted to °C and corrected using the methods outlined in Harrison et al. (1989) and the Southern Methodist University (SMU) correction (Blackwell and Richards, 2004a, 2004b). The Harrison corrected values were used for BHT site location gradient values as input for the SMU correction. The SMU correction added or subtracted amounts from the Harrison corrected BHT value, according to each well's gradient. The formula was modified for low and moderate gradients because the resultant BHT values were too low. Hence, 5°C was added to wells with gradients of less than 20°C/km, 5° was subtracted from the BHTs with gradients of 20 - 27°C/km, 5°C was added for gradients of 27 - 30°C/km, and those over 30°C/km had a constant value of 11°C added to the temperature. The geothermal gradients were then recalculated. SMU calibrated temperature had errors of about 5 - 10% based on the direct comparison of the equilibrium temperature logs (Blackwell et al., 1994). However, these maps can readily be updated as new data and corrections become available. (Leftwich, T.E., Wolfe, M.E., and Wells, J.G., 2011, Bottom-hole temperatures for Ohio: Ohio Division of Geological Survey unpublished data.)

Ohio Well Log Data accompanying Ohio BHT wells Well-log data for bottom-hole temperatures for from 334 oil-and-gas wells in Ohio and well data.

Ohio Well Header Data accompanying Ohio BHT wells Well headers content model for corrected BHT observations for Bottom-hole Temperature Dataset for Ohio. See: Bottom-Hole Temperatures for Ohio.

Differential Temperature Log Dataset for Ohio This dataset contains the continuous temperature recordings from oil-and-gas wells in Ohio. The temperature readings are recorded on oil- and gas-well geophyical logs. (Wolfe, M.E., and Leftwich, T.E., 2011, Differential temperature log dataset for Ohio: Ohio Division of Geological Survey unpublished data.).

Digital geophysical logs for Ohio This dataset contains LAS geophysical logs from select oil and gas wells in Ohio. (Ohio Division of Geological Survey, 2011, Digital Geophysical logs for Ohio: Ohio Division of Geological Survey Digital Data File 5, 1 CD-ROM.)

Bottom-hole Temperature Locations and Krieged BHT Map for Ohio and Contiguous Region Bottom-hole temperatures are sometimes collected by well loggers after oil and gas well completion. Regional corrected BHT data from the AAPG (1994, CD-ROM) and additional Ohio data points from the Ohio Geological Survey provide a denser and more uniform coverage. The new BHT data were corrected using the methods outlined in Harrison et al. (1989) and Blackwell et al. (2004). The complete Ohio corrected BHT set includes corrected temperatures from 489 wells. The corrected data were Kreiged and contoured to develop a map showing the fundamental trends in the data. The Ohio corrected bottom-hole temperature (BHT) and geothermal gradient datasets are based on corrected temperatures from 488 wells across the state. The regional data and 144 of the Ohio BHT data are from AAPG (1994, CD-ROM) with an additional 334 Ohio BHTs obtained from the Ohio Division of Geological Survey records. To conform to the AAPG data, the additional Ohio BHT data were converted to °C and corrected using the methods outlined in Harrison et al. (1989) and the Southern Methodist University (SMU) correction (Blackwell et al., 2004). The BHT and gradient points were also loosely Krieged in ArcMap (ordinary, variable distance with 12 points and a maximum distance of 50). The Krieged BHT and gradient grids thus reflect the predominant trend in the maps without adhering to each point value. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Geothermal Survey of North America Subcommittee, 1976, Subsurface temperature map of North America: U.S. Geological Survey Special Map American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1994, AAPG DataRom (CSDE, COSUNA, GSNA): AAPG, 1 CD-ROM. (Leftwich, T. E., 2011, Bottom-hole temperature locations and Krieged BHT map for Ohio and contiguous region: Ohio Division of Geological Survey.).

3-D Perspective of Ohio BHTs with Well Straws and Regional Precambrian Surface Color-coded barrels indicate corrected BHT observations in 3-D perspective. The straws show the well location and the observation depth. Also shown is the Precambrian subsurface interpolated from 406 wells that contact or penetrate the Precambrian basement complex. The Precambrian subsurface with blue low areas and red high areas was interpolated from 406 wells that contact or penetrate the Precambrian basement. The BHT barrels are color-coded to the temperature scale bar. Ohio corrected bottom-hole temperature (BHT) dataset is described by Leftwich, T. E., 2011, Bottom-hole temperature locations and Krieged BHT map for Ohio and contiguous region: Ohio Division of Geological Survey. (Leftwich, T.E., 2011, 3-D perspective of Ohio BHTs with well straws and regional Precambrian surface: Ohio Division of Geological Survey.)

Geothermal Gradient Map of Ohio and Contiguous Regions Corrected BHT data (Bottom-hole temperature locations and Krieged BHT map for Ohio and contiguous region) were used to estimate geothermal gradients for Ohio and contiguous regions. Data points are color- and size- coded for geothermal gradient (deg C/km), which is the change in 5 temperature with depth. Also given are the color contours from Krieged geothermal gradient values. The Ohio corrected bottom-hole temperature (BHT) and geothermal gradient datasets are based on corrected temperatures from 488 wells across the state. The regional data and 144 of the Ohio BHT data are from AAPG (1994, CD-ROM) with an additional 334 Ohio BHTs obtained from the Ohio Division of Geological Survey records. To conform to the AAPG data, the additional Ohio BHT data were converted to °C and corrected using the methods outlined in Harrison et al. (1989) and the Southern Methodist University (SMU) correction (Blackwell and Richards, 2004b). The BHT and gradient points were also loosely Krieged in ArcMap (ordinary, variable distance with 12 points and a maximum distance of 50). The Krieged BHT and gradient grids thus reflect the predominant trend in the maps without adhering to each point value. (Leftwich, T.E., 2011, Geothermal Gradient Map of Ohio and Contiguous Regions: Ohio Division of Geological Survey.).

Oil and gas well locations of Ohio Maps and data associated with oil-and-gas wells represent one of the largest datasets at the Ohio Division of Geological Survey. Since 1860, it is estimated that more than 267,000 oil-and-gas wells have been drilled in Ohio. The Ohio Division of Geological Survey has been maintaining information on the oil-and-gas wells in the state since the late 1800s, and producing/maintaining detailed oil-and-gas-well location maps since the late 1950s. By the 1990s, these maps and records had become brittle and difficult to read, and very labor-intensive to maintain. As this information is critical; a program was initiated in 1995 to modernize the procedures for maintaining and updating oil-and-gas-well records using GIS technology. This GIS data layer contains all the locatable oil-and-gas wells in Ohio. (Ohio Division of Geological Survey, 2008, Ohio oil and gas well GIS: Ohio Division of Geolgoical Survey PG-4, 1 GIS file.)

Earthquake Epicenters in Ohio and Adjacent Areas Hansen, M.C., 2002 (updated April 2007), Earthquake epicenters in Ohio and adjacent areas: Ohio Division of Geological Survey EG-2, 1:500,000-scale, 1 GIS file.

Ohio Second Year Deliverables

Bottom-hole Temperature Dataset for Ohio This dataset contains 480 bottom-hole temperatures and corrected temperatures from oil-and-gas wells in Ohio and well data. For description, see above: Bottom-hole Temperatures for Ohio.

Ohio Well Log Data accompanying Ohio BHT wells Well log content model for Bottom-hole Temperature Dataset for Ohio. See: Bottom-hole Temperature Dataset for Ohio.

Ohio Well Header Data accompanying Ohio BHT wells Well headers content model for corrected BHT observations for Bottom-hole Temperature Dataset for Ohio. See: Bottom-hole Temperature Dataset for Ohio.

Eight Structure Contour Maps Structure-contour maps in .pdf format contain the extents and structures of the Berea, Copper Ridge, Devonian Shale, Knox, Lockport, Medina, Oriskany Sandstone and the top of the pre- Cambrian surface in subsurface Ohio. Elevation contours, fault lines, and oil and gas wells are displayed in each map, along with county outlines and names. Maps submitted (Wickstrom, L.H., Venteris, E.R., Harper, J.A., McDonald, James, Slucher, E.R., Carter, K.M., Greb, S.F., Wells, J.G., Harrison III, W.B., Nuttall, B.C., Riley, R.A., Drahovzal, J.A., Rupp, J.A., Avary,

K.L., Lanham, Sacha, Barnes, D.A., Gupta, Neeraj, Baranoski, M.A., Radhakkrishnan, Premkrishnan, Solis, M.P., Baum, G.R., Powers, D.M., Hohn, M.E., Parris, M.P., McCoy, Karen, Grammer, G.M., Pool, Susan, Luckhardt, Catherine, and Kish, Patrick, 2005, Characterization of Geologic Sequestration Opportunities in the MRCSP Region: Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1, 152 p.) are: CRstr_20130304, DEVSH_Str_20130304, Medina_Str_2012-3-4, Oriskany_str_20120304, (Knox structure) KXStr, BSstr (Berea structure), LOstr (Lockport structure), PCMBexp (pg23 Precambrian surface: Baranoski, M.T., 2002, Structure Contour Map on the Precambrian Unconformity Surface in Ohio and Related Basement Features, A description to accompany Division of Geological Survey Map PG-23, Ohio Division of Geol. Surv., 19 p.).

Ohio Geologic Unit Outcrop Feature Bedrock Geologic Map of Ohio, Ohio geologic map in GeoSciML to IL Hub. Physical attributes and descriptions of geologic unit features of Ohio. (Slucher, E. R., Swinford, E. M., Larsen, G. E., Schumacher, G. A., Shrake, D. L., Rice, C. L., Caudill, M. R., and Rea, R. G., Cartography by Powers, D. M., 2006, Bedrock Geologic Map of Ohio BG-1 Version 6, Ohio Division of Geological Survey map.).

Geothermal Wells of Ohio Map of 1015 known direct use geothermal sites in Ohio that are used for heating and cooling. The sites are colored by depth. Some sites have multiple wells. (Martin, D., Wells, J.G., Wolfe, M.E., and Leftwich, T.E., 2012, Geothermal Wells of Ohio: Ohio Division of Geological Survey map.).

Map: Potentially-Flooded Abandoned Underground Mines for Geothermal Aquifers in Ohio Map in .pdf of over 500 abandoned underground mines in Ohio that are both above and below drainage or below drainage. These mines are potentially flooded. (Martin, D., Wolfe, M.E., Leftwich, T.E., and Wells, J.G., 2012, Potentially-Flooded Abandoned Underground Mines for Geothermal Aquifers: Ohio Division of Geological Survey map.).

Abandoned Underground Mines of Steubenville, Ohio, Regional View (Scale 1:14,000) Focusing on Mine JFN-116 Exploration of Steubenville underground mine complexes in map form with high-resolution data, imagery, and cultural features, openings and adits and mine maps (.pdf). (Martin, D., Wolfe, M.E., Leftwich, T.E., and Wells, J.G., 2012, Abandoned Underground Mines for Geothermal Aquifers at Steubenville, Ohio: Ohio Division of Geological Survey map.).

Abandoned Underground Mines of Steubenville, Ohio, Localized View (Scale 1:2,400) Focusing on mine JFN-116 Detailed exploration of Steubenville underground mine complexes in map form with high- resolution data, imagery, and cultural features, openings and adits and mine maps (.pdf). (Martin, D., Wolfe, M.E., Leftwich, T.E., and Wells, J.G., 2012, Abandoned Underground Mines for Geothermal Aquifers at Steubenville, Ohio Detail: Ohio Division of Geological Survey map.).

Abandoned Underground Mines and St. Clairsville Regional View (Scale 1:14,000) Focusing on mines BT-136, BT-163, and BT-220 Exploration of St. Clairsville underground mine complexes in map form with high-resolution data, imagery, and cultural features, openings and adits and mine maps (.pdf). (Martin, D., Wolfe, M.E., Leftwich, T.E., and Wells, J.G., 2012, Abandoned Underground Mines for Geothermal Aquifers at St. Clairsville, Ohio: Ohio Division of Geological Survey map.).

Abandoned Underground Mines and St. Clairsville Localized View (Scale 1:2,400) Focusing on mine BT-136 Detailed exploration of St. Clairsville underground mine complexes in map form with high- resolution data, imagery, and cultural features, openings and adits and mine maps (.pdf). (Martin, D., Wolfe, M.E., Leftwich, T.E., and Wells, J.G., 2012, Abandoned Underground Mines for Geothermal Aquifers at St. Clairsville, Ohio Detail: Ohio Division of Geological Survey map.).

Reduced-to-pole magnetic anomaly map of Ohio This map gives gridded magnetic anomaly data from U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map GP-948. The magnetic data were gridded and plotted in color and shaded relief (.pdf). (Hildenbrand, T.G., Kucks, R.P., and Johnson, R.W., 1981, Aeromagnetic map of east central United States: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map GP- 948, 1:1,000,000 scale.).

First Vertical Derivative Magnetic Anomaly Map of Ohio This map gives gridded first vertical derivative magnetic anomaly data from U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map GP-948 (.pdf).

Second Vertical Derivative Magnetic Anomaly Map of Ohio This map gives gridded 2nd vertical derivative magnetic anomaly data from U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map GP-948 (.pdf).

Free-air Gravity Anomaly Map of Ohio This map gives gridded and contoured free-air gravity anomalies and observation locations (.pdf). (Hittelman, A., D. Dater, R. Buhmann, and S. Racey, 1994, Gravity CD-ROM and User’s Manual (1994 Edition). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado.).

Major Faults and Structural Features of Ohio Geographic Information Systems Feature DataOhio OH_YR2_FaultFeature1.0_Task1124_20120304 (fault GIS) A GIS feature dataset of Ohio faults and cross-strike discontinuities in WGS 84 projection. (Baranoski, M.T., 2002, Structure contour map on the Precambrian unconformity surface in Ohio and related basement features: Ohio Division of Geological Survey Map PG-23, 1:500,000 scale.).

Catalogue of Ohio Earthquakes This data set contains information pertaining to Ohio earthquake events from 1776 to 2011 that have an instrumental or estimated magnitude of 2.0 or greater. This data set was created for the catalog of Ohio earthquakes for the Ohio Seismic Network. Data includes information on earthquake event time, location, depth, magnitude, felt-area size and information source. Non- instrumental earthquake locations and magnitudes have been determined from historical accounts, including newspaper articles, scientific publications, published and unpublished government reports and records, and a variety of other sources. Instrumental recordings of earthquakes in Ohio come from seismic records of St. Ignatius College (now John Carroll University), Xavier University, Bowling Green State University, University of Toledo, the University of Michigan, the U. S. Geological Survey, and the Ohio Seismic Network. The Ohio Seismic Network (OhioSeis) consists of 26 cooperative, volunteer-operated seismic stations at colleges, universities, and other institutions across the state. The Division of Geological Survey of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, in cooperation with the Ohio Emergency Management

Agency, coordinates the network from the Ohio Earthquake Information Center at the Division’s laboratory facilities at Alum Creek State Park near Delaware, Ohio. This facility also hosts U.S. Geological Survey Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) station ACSO, in addition to Ohio Seismic Network seismic-monitoring instruments. Displays pertaining to Ohio earthquakes and other aspects of Ohio geology are open to the public during normal business hours. (Hansen, M. C., Leftwich, T.E., Modlich, M., 2012, Catalogue of Ohio Earthquakes, 1776-2011: Ohio Division of Geological Survey.).

Attributes of Geothermal Wells of Ohio Direct use of geothermal energy content model OH_GeothermalDirectUseSiteTemplate1.5.2schemamatch_Task1248 Ohio water-well data were queried and wells associated with direct use ground-source geothermal heating and cooling were identified. These data were implemented with the AASG-NGDS Direct Use content model. (Wells, J.G., Wolfe, M.E., and Leftwich, T.E., 2012, Attributes of Geothermal Wells of Ohio: Ohio Division of Geological Survey unpublished data.).

Ohio Bottom-hole Temperatures for 361 wells This dataset contains 361 bottom-hole temperatures and corrected temperatures from oil-and-gas wells in Ohio and well data. For description, see above: Bottom-hole Temperatures for Ohio.

Ohio Well Log Data accompanying Ohio BHT wells Well log content model for Ohio Bottom-hole Temperatures for 361 Wells. See: Bottom-hole Temperature Dataset for Ohio.

Ohio Lithology Well Header Data accompanying Ohio BHT wells Well log content model for Ohio Bottom-hole Temperatures for 361 Wells. See: Bottom-hole Temperature Dataset for Ohio.

Heat Flow for the Burger Well Heat flow estimated from BHT and thermal conductivity estimates at FEGENCO #1—Burger Well. See individual record. (Leftwich, T.E., 2012, Heat flow estimates for the Burger Well (FEGENCO #1), Belmont County, Ohio: Ohio Division of Geological Survey unpublished data.).

Thermal Conductivities of Middle-Upper Paleozoic Rocks in Ohio Thermal conductivity estimates for 142 Ohio Lithologies. This collection contains reported thermal conductivity analyses for select geologic units of the Middle-to-Late Paleozoic of Ohio. (Eckstein, Y., Heimlich, R.A., Palmer, D.F., Shannon, Jr., S.S., 1982, Geothermal Investigations in Ohio and Pennsylvania, Los Alamos, LA-9223-HDR, 89pp. Schlorholtz, M.W., 1979, Terrestrial heat flow in southeastern Ohio: Masters Thesis, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 77 p.).

Additional Ohio Bottom-hole Temperatures This dataset contains 275 additional bottom-hole temperatures and corrected temperatures from oil-and-gas wells in Ohio. See Bottom-hole Temperature Dataset for Ohio for methodology. (Leftwich, T.E., Wolfe, M.E., and Wells, J.G., 2012, Additional Ohio Bottomhole Temperatures: Ohio Division of Geological Survey unpublished data.).

Ohio Well Log Data Accompanying Additional Ohio BHT Well log content model for Additional Ohio BHT wells. See: Bottom-hole Temperature Dataset for Ohio.

Ohio Well Header Data Accompanying Additional Ohio BHT Well header content model for Additional Ohio BHT wells. See: Bottom-hole Temperature Dataset for Ohio.

Ohio Regional Magnetic Anomaly Map This map gives gridded magnetic anomaly data from U.S. Geological Survey magnetic anomaly map of North America (NAMAG, 2002, Digital data grids for the magnetic anomaly map of North America, U.S.G.S. Open-File Report 02-414.).

Ohio Residual Magnetic Anomaly Map This map gives gridded residual magnetic anomaly data from U.S. Geological Survey magnetic anomaly map of Ohio (Hildenbrand, T.G., Kucks, R.P., 1984, Residual total intensity magnetic map of Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map GP-961, 1:500,000 scale.).

Ohio Third Year Deliverables

Bouguer Gravity of Ohio (CEUS_GRAV_Bouguer_CEUSS_RO_Ohio_Cubic.lyr) The gravity map after the application of latitude, free-air, and terrain corrections is the so called “Bouguer” map (Fig). Because the terrain gravity effects and the gravity effects of the Moho density contrast largely cancel each other for isostatically compensated crust, removal of the terrain effects for crust that is compensated generally creates Bouguer anomalies that are small in amplitude. Because this “reduced” form of gravity data mostly reflects the density variations in the Earth, this is the usual form that gravity anomaly results are presented in (Nettleton, 1971). The Bouguer gravity map reflects the reduced free-air gravity observations minus the gravity effects of the terrain. Areas with high positive topographic relief produce strong positive terrain gravity effects that result in negative Bouguer anomalies. On the other hand where the terrain gravity effect is small relative to the gravity effects of relatively dense crust, the Bouguer anomalies are relatively more positive. Additional information on how gravity is measured and corrected can be found in Blakely (1996).

Herein, we show the complete Bouguer anomaly (CBA) map of Ohio from EPRI (2012) data. The EPRI gravity anomaly data sets were compiled from several public domain and unpublished sources that were used in the central and eastern U.S. seismic source characterization (CEUS- SSC) project. These data are given in units of milligals (mGal). The average Earth gravity acceleration is roughly 980,000 mGal. A principal survey used in the Ohio region is that of Heiskanen and Uotila (1957) wherein they report that errors in the gravity measurements are generally less than 0.1 mGal. These EPRI data were selected for Ohio and regridded by cubic spline to 0.001 by 0.001 degree in WGS 84 Projection.

Residual Total Intensity of Ohio's Magnetic Field (Namag_origmrg_LL27_Ohio_Cubic.lyr) The residual total intensity field values are the total magnetic field values minus a geomagnetic reference field (GRF), which is a long-wavelength regional magnetic field. The most commonly used reference field is determined from a model developed by the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA). The International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF), is a predictive model adopted at the beginning of a model period (e.g. in 1989 for 1990-1995). After the model period, a revised definitive model is adopted, the DGRF. This is the preferred model to use for removing regional magnetic fields (Nettleton, 1971) (A description of magnetometers and how they measure the total magnetic field can be found in: Dobrin, M.B.,

1976, Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, p. 505- 517.) The Ohio GIS excerpt was re-gridded by cubic spline to 0.001 by 0.001 degree grid in WGS84 projection.

Updated Ohio Earthquake Hypocenter Data

Aqueous geochemistry of Ohio Brines Collection of brine analyses for 571 Ohio oil and gas wells. The geochemistry data in this content model come from a number of published and unpublished datasets from the Ohio Division of Geological Survey, USGS, and various reports and master's theses. See individual record.

Aqueous Geochemistry of Ohio Division of Soil and Water Observation Wells Collection of water quality analyses with temperature readings for 96 Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Soil and Water observation wells.

Well Headers for Ohio Division of Soil and Water Observation Wells Water well header data for 96 Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Soil and Water observation wells. See: Aqueous Geochemistry of Ohio Division of Soil and Water Observation Wells

Well Logs for Ohio Division of Soil and Water Observation Wells See: Aqueous Geochemistry of Ohio Division of Soil and Water Observation Wells

Aqueous geochemistry of Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Ambient Monitoring Network Collection of geochemistry analyses and water temperatures for 318 Ohio municipal water wells. Source: Michael Slattery (614-728-1221); Ohio EPA Ambient Ground Water Monitoring Network. See notes and methods fields for additional information on alkalinity, hardness, nitrogen sulfate, and TDS. Not all OEPA water wells are associated with Division of Soil and Water well data. These data were obtained from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. See notes and methods fields for additional information on alkalinity, hardness, nitrogen sulfate, and TDS. Values reported are averages where individual analyte measurements that are below the detection limit were given the value of half the detection limit. Redundant values were given in the redundant value fields and methods were reported in methods fields.

Aqueous Geochemistry of Select Abandoned Underground Mines of Ohio Collection of water quality analyses for 12 abandoned flooded Ohio coal mines and nearby waters. Data were collected on the mine water chemistry from various sources in an effort to characterize the chemistry of the water within the mines. The data was collected and separated into two spreadsheets. One spreadsheet was for data concerned with direct sampling from the target mines, or direct sampling from mine effluent. Unfortunately, the number of mines that have well-characterized water chemistry is relatively low. For that reason, data of streams close to the mines that could reflect a contribution of the mine water to the stream chemistry was collected from the sources described in the dataset. Another spreadsheet was created to assemble data on surface water samples taken near the target implementation sites/mine sites.

Direct chemical data from target mines: The Aqueous Geochemistry of Select Abandoned Underground Mines of Ohio spreadsheet includes data that can be directly linked to samples taken from either the target mines, the target mine effluent, or, in the case of lack of specific data, a target city in which the sample was taken. The data collected includes information on the type

11 of source, the chemical data the source provides, the mine site the chemical data is characterizing, and other relevant information provided by the source. The type of data collected was converted to similar units, but the type and variety of chemical constituents collected vary greatly from source to source.

Aqueous Geochemistry of Surface Waters Associated with Select Abandoned Underground Mines of Ohio Collection of 220 surface water analyses near abandoned Ohio coal mines. See: Aqueous Geochemistry of Select Abandoned Underground Mines of Ohio for data description.

Bottom-hole Temperatures for new Horizontal Wells of Ohio Ohio BHT data were converted to °C and corrected using the methods outlined in Harrison et al. (1989) and the Southern Methodist University (SMU) correction (Blackwell et al., 2004). The Harrison corrected values were used for BHT site location gradient values for the SMU correction. The SMU correction added or subtracted amounts from the Harrison corrected BHT value, according to each well's gradient but the formula was modified for low and moderate gradients because the resultant BHT values were too low. Hence, 5°C was added to wells with gradients of less than 20°C/km, 5° was subtracted from the BHTs with gradients of 20 - 27°C/km, 5°C was added for gradients of 27 - 30°C/km, and those over 30°C/km had a constant value of 11°C added to the temperature. The geothermal gradients were then recalculated. SMU calibrated temperature had errors of about 5 - 10% based on the direct comparison of the equilibrium temperature logs (Blackwell et al., 1994). However, these maps can readily be updated as new data and corrections become available.

BHT Well Headers for new Horizontal Wells of Ohio Well headers for corrected BHT observations for newly available horizontal wells and some additional deep well of Ohio. See: Bottom-hole Temperatures for new Horizontal Wells of Ohio

BHT Well Logs for new Horizontal Wells of Ohio Well log data for corrected BHT observations for newly available horizontal wells and some additional deep wells of Ohio. See: Bottom-hole Temperatures for new Horizontal Wells of Ohio

Ground water Temperatures The Ohio ground water temperature GIS feature coverages and temperature grids were derived from 378 temperature observations from Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Ambient Water Well Network (http://epa.ohio.gov/ddagw/ambientmap.aspx) and Ohio Division of Soil and Water Observation Well data (http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/water/tabid/4218/Default.aspx). Outlier data (less than 7 and greater than 20 degrees Celcius) were removed. Ohio average county ground water temperature features were created by averaging the temperatures for the county and use the approximate centroid of the county data for locations. (Leftwich, T.E., Fugitt, F. and Mills, J.A., 2013, Ground water temperatures of Ohio: ODNR, Division of Geological Survey, GIS files.).

Ground water temperature features of Ohio Point features for wells.

Average county ground water temperatures of Ohio Point features for average county temperatures

Ground water temperature grid coverage of Ohio Interpolated raster grid coverage of average county ground water temperatures

Ground water temperature contours of Ohio Contours of interpolated raster grid coverage of average county ground water temperatures

Surficial Maps

Bedrock topography This map is one of the results of a 7-year effort by ODNR, Division of Geological Survey to map the bedrock of Ohio. Bedrock-topography maps are essential to producing accurate bedrock-geology maps of glaciated Ohio and of partially buried valleys beyond the glacial limit. Bedrock-topography maps were created for all 788 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles in the state and are available from the Survey's Geologic Records Center. some pre-existing county bedrock-topography maps (1:62,500 scale) and data were photographically enlarged to 1:24,000 scale, revised, and utilized in the compilation of 1:24,000 scale, bedrock-topography maps. Data concentration and contour intervals on the original maps vary widely across the state in response to changing geologic and topographic conditions. Data consists mainly of water-well logs on file at ODNR. Division of Water supplemented by outcrop data, Ohio Department of Transportation bridge-boring data, and oil-and-gas-well data. For full details see: Ohio Division of Geological Survey, 2003, Shaded Bedrock-Topography Map of Ohio: Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey Map BG-3.

Drift thickness Map This map was produced by subtracting bedrock-surface elevations from land-surface elevations to produce a residual map of drift thickness. For full lineage information, please refer to: Powers, D, M., and Swinford, E. M., 2004, Shaded drift-thickness of Ohio: Ohio Division of Geological Survey Map SG-3, scale 1:500,000, 1 CD-ROM, GIS file formats.

Quaternary Geology of Ohio Map, SG-1 Quaternary glacial deposits and landforms. (Pavey, R. R., Goldthwait, R. P., Brockman, D. N., Hull, E. M., Swinford, E. M., Van Horn, R. G., 1999, Quaternary Geology of Ohio Map: ODNR, Ohio Division of Geological Survey Map SG-1, scale 1:500,000.) http://www.ohiogeologystore.com/browse.cfm/cd-rom-ohio-quaternary-map/4,59.html

Yields of the Unconsolidated Aquifers in Ohio The statewide aquifer mapping project began in March 1997 and was completed in March 2000. The goal of the project was to delineate aquifer boundaries, quantify yields, develop a standardized naming system, and define aquifer thickness for all of the significant aquifers in the state. Prior to the initiation of this project, the State of Ohio did not have a statewide aquifer map for unconsolidated (glacial) or bedrock aquifers, and had no formal identification system for aquifer boundaries, types, or names. Partial funding for the project was provided by a grant obtained from the United States Environmental Protection Agency under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act.

Yields of the Uppermost Bedrock Aquifers of Ohio See: Yields of Unconsolidated Aquifers in Ohio. Polygon coverage depicting the geographic extent, yield, hydrogeologic setting, lithology, and aquifer name for the consolidated aquifers of Ohio. As for the unconsolidated aquifer maps, the consolidated aquifer maps are constructed on a standard 7.5 minute USGS quadrangle base. Data sources for aquifer yields include maps, reports, and drilling logs from a variety of public and private organizations. (http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/water/samp/mapgalry/tabid/4223/Default.aspx) 13

Known and Probable Karst in Ohio Field-documented karst locations identified through a review of published and unpublished reports/records and new field work were defined as "known karst" and were plotted on 7.5-minute bedrock-geology work maps. Non field-documented karst features identified through examination of geomorphic features on 7.5-minute topographic map in carbonate-rock terrains, analysis of county soil-survey reports, and interpretation of aerial photography were defined as "indicated karst" and were plotted on 7.5-minute bedrock- geology work maps. Field inspection of many indicated karst features documented more karst locations, and verified mapping methods. "Probably karst areas" were defined as areas that: (1) lie within a half mile of a known or indicated karst location, and (2) are underlain by carbonate or gypsiferous bedrock with an overburden of less than 20 feet of non-carbonate bedrock and/or unconsolidated material as shown by comparison of 7.5- minute bedrock-topography maps to the surface topography.

Potentiometric Surface Maps Potentiometric surface (water table) maps show the direction and gradient of ground water flow. Maps are planned for all 88 Ohio counties. See: http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/water/gwpsurface/about_psurface_maps/tabid/3620/Default.as px. Ohio's potentiometric surface mapping program began in the late 1990's under the direction of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Water. This program was initiated by the Ohio EPA for use in their Source Water Assessment Program. There are 72 potentiometric surface maps. (Ohio Division of Soil and Water, 2000, Ohio Potentiometric Surface Maps, ODNR, Ohio Division of Soil and Water GIS data.).

Physical and Thermal Properties of Select Abandoned Underground Mines of Ohio In calculating the theoretical benefit of geothermal usage of AUMs the following physical parameters were collected or calculated: geographic data (county, county code, city, township, population, distance of AUM to population center), mine identifiers (mine code, mine name, API number, operator name, abandonment date, coal seam (if applicable), commodity mined, average mine elevation), watershed data for the watershed where the mine is located (watershed name, 12 digit HUC sub-watershed code, description of watershed), physical characteristics of the AUMs (flooded or partially flooded, estimated coal seam thickness from isopach maps, topographic area, average depth to the mine, mine volume, effective mine volume or void space), other relevant physical parameters such as minimum estimated water table elevation, surface water feature considered for minimum estimated water table elevation for the calculation of the percentage of water filling a partially flooded mine, percentage of mine flooded (for partially flooded mines)), precipitation in target areas, hydrogeological parameters (estimated minimum and maximum ground water recharge rates, estimated minimum and maximum residence time of water within the mines, estimated maximum and minimum linear ground water velocities, ground water flow direction), heat extractable parameters (estimated average ambient air temperature, estimated average ground water temperature within the mines, volume of water within the mines, specific heat of water at the estimated mine water temperature, density of water at the estimated temperature, mass of water within the mines, total amount of heat extractable within each mine per 1 degree Celsius change in temperature, estimated annual flux of heat into the mines from ground water recharge).

PRESENTATIONS AND PROCEEDINGS

Angle, M.P., Pavey, R.R., Aden, D.J., and Jones, D.M., 2012, Mapping Ohio’s Surficial Geology-Tools, Techniques, and Applications to Ground water, Geological Society of America, North-Central Section Meeting, April 23-24, 2012, Dayton, Ohio, abstract 2-3.

Leftwich, T.E., 2011, Geothermal data compilation in Ohio, Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) Information Sharing Retreat, Muncie, In. (9 November 2011), abstract 1.

Leftwich, T.E., von Frese, R.R.B., Tost B.C., 2011, Geothermal modeling by Gauss-Legendre quadrature integration, 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California (5-9 December, 2011), abstract IN33C-1475.

Leftwich, T.E., and Angle, M.P., 2012, Data for Geothermal Resources in Ohio, Geological Society of America, North-Central Section Meeting, April 23-24, 2012, Dayton, Ohio, abstract 13-1.

Lopez, D.L., Leftwich, T.E., and Wolfe, M.E., 2012, Hydrologic and Thermal Considerations on the Use of Abandoned Coal Mine as Sources/Sinks of Heat, Geological Society of America, North-Central Section Meeting, April 23-24, 2012, Dayton, Ohio, abstract 13-4.

Richardson, J. J., Lopez, D.L., Leftwich, T.E., Angle, M.P., Wolfe, M.E., and Fugitt, F., 2013, Underground Coal Mines in Ohio as a Possible Geothermal Energy Resource, Geological Society of America, GSA 125th Annual Meeting, October 27-30, 2013, abstract 387-7.

Wolfe, M.E., 2012, Preliminary assessment of the potential geothermal energy resources of flooded abandoned underground mines in Ohio [abs.]: Geological Society of America, North-Central Section Meeting, April 23-24, 2012, Dayton, Ohio, abstract 202725.

Wolfe, M.E., Leftwich, T.E., and Lopez, D.L., 2012, Geothermal potential of abandoned underground industrial mineral mines in Ohio [abs.]: 48th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, May 1-4, 2012, Scottsdale, AZ, unpaged. FGIM website: http://geologyofindustrialminerals.org/wrap-48th-annual-forum

Wolfe, M.E., 2012, Using thermal mine water for beneficial uses [abs.]: Indiana Society of Mining and Reclamation, 26th Annual Surface Mined Land Reclamation and Technology Seminar December 3-9, 2012, Jasper, IN, Agenda, p. 8 website: http://www.in.gov/dnr/reclamation/7259/re-ISMR_agenda[1].pdf

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