Program Summer School in Languages and Linguistics 2020
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A Minimalist Analysis of Uyghur Genitives Stephen Politzer-Ahles
A Minimalist analysis of Uyghur genitives Stephen Politzer-Ahles University of Kansas Abstract This paper investigates the syntactic structure of so-called genitive-possessive DPs in Uyghur, a Turkic language. Uyghur genitive-possessives bear suffixes on both the “possessing” entity (comparable to the Saxon genitive 's in English) and the “possessed” one. The suffix on the “possessor”, -ning, is considered a genitive case marker; the suffix on the “possessed” has multiple allomorphs and is considered an agreement marker that agrees in person and number with the “possessor”. Based on the multiplicity of semantic roles that the “possessing” object may bear, and the observation that it may be dropped from the DP, an analogy is made between genitive-possessive DPs and finite TPs. It is proposed that “possessors” behave in a manner parallel to that of subjects of TPs: they are introduced by a quasi-functional head n or within a gerund, and raise to [Spec,DP] to receive genitive case from D. The agreement suffix, on the other hand, is treated as the phonological realization of an Agr head that is introduced with unvalued phi-features, features which are valued when the “possessing” entity passes through the specifier of AgrP. Adopting this structure can explain data on the realization of definiteness in genitive and non-genitive DPs, and the distribution of adverbials within gerunds. Introduction One of the key components to a theory of noun phrase structure is an explanation of how possessive marking is carried out within the DP. For example, a theory of English DPs owes an explanation of where the 's comes from in phrases like “John’s book”, and how case-checking is done in such a phrase. -
Greek and Latin Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes
GREEK AND LATIN ROOTS, PREFIXES, AND SUFFIXES This is a resource pack that I put together for myself to teach roots, prefixes, and suffixes as part of a separate vocabulary class (short weekly sessions). It is a combination of helpful resources that I have found on the web as well as some tips of my own (such as the simple lesson plan). Lesson Plan Ideas ........................................................................................................... 3 Simple Lesson Plan for Word Study: ........................................................................... 3 Lesson Plan Idea 2 ...................................................................................................... 3 Background Information .................................................................................................. 5 Why Study Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes? ......................................................... 6 Latin and Greek Word Elements .............................................................................. 6 Latin Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes .......................................................................... 6 Root, Prefix, and Suffix Lists ........................................................................................... 8 List 1: MEGA root list ................................................................................................... 9 List 2: Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes .......................................................................... 32 List 3: Prefix List ...................................................................................................... -
Types and Functions of Reduplication in Palembang
Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society JSEALS 12.1 (2019): 113-142 ISSN: 1836-6821, DOI: http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52447 University of Hawaiʼi Press TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF REDUPLICATION IN PALEMBANG Mardheya Alsamadani & Samar Taibah Wayne State University [email protected] & [email protected] Abstract In this paper, we study the morphosemantic aspects of reduplication in Palembang (also known as Musi). In Palembang, both content and function words undergo reduplication, generating a wide variety of semantic functions, such as pluralization, iteration, distribution, and nominalization. Productive reduplication includes full reduplication and reduplication plus affixation, while fossilized reduplication includes partial reduplication and rhyming reduplication. We employed the Distributed Morphology theory (DM) (Halle and Marantz 1993, 1994) to account for these different patterns of reduplication. Moreover, we compared the functions of Palembang reduplication to those of Malay and Indonesian reduplication. Some instances of function word reduplication in Palembang were not found in these languages, such as reduplication of question words and reduplication of negators. In addition, Palembang partial reduplication is fossilized, with only a few examples collected. In contrast, Malay partial reduplication is productive and utilized to create new words, especially words borrowed from English (Ahmad 2005). Keywords: Reduplication, affixation, Palembang/Musi, morphosemantics ISO 639-3 codes: mui 1 Introduction This paper has three purposes. The first is to document the reduplication patterns found in Palembang based on the data collected from three Palembang native speakers. Second, we aim to illustrate some shared features of Palembang reduplication with those found in other Malayic languages such as Indonesian and Malay. The third purpose is to provide a formal analysis of Palembang reduplication based on the Distributed Morphology Theory. -
ETYMOLOGY. the Coptic Language Comprises an Autochthonous
(CE:A118a-A124b) ETYMOLOGY. The Coptic language comprises an autochthonous vocabulary (see VOCABULARY OF EGYPTIAN ORIGIN and VOCABULARY OF SEMITIC ORIGIN) with an overlay of several heterogeneous strata (see VOCABULARY, COPTO-GREEK and VOCABULARY, COPTO-ARABIC). As a rule, etymologic research in Coptology is limited to the autochthonous vocabulary. Etymology (from Greek etymos, true, and logos, word) is the account of the origin, the meaning, and the phonetics of a word over the course of time and the comparison of it with cognate or similar terms. In Coptic the basic vocabulary, as well as the morphology of the language, is of Egyptian origin. Egyptian shares many words and all its morphology (grammatical forms) with the Semitic languages. Egyptian is transcribed with an alphabet of twenty-four letters in the following order: 3, „ , ‘, w, b, p, f, m, n, r, h, , , h, z, s, , (sometimes transcribed q), k, g, t, t, d, d. All these letters represent consonants. The sign 3 is the glottal stop heard at the commencement of German words beginning with a vowel (die Oper) or Hebrew aleph; „ is y in “yes,” but sometimes pronounced like aleph; ‘ is called ‘ayin, as in Hebrew, the emphatic correspondent to aleph (cf. Arabic ‘Abdallah); h is the English h; is an emphatic h, as in Arabic Mu ammad; is the Scotch ch in loch; h is like German ch in ich (between and ), and nearly like English h in human; is English sh in “ship”; t is ch in English “child”; and d is English j in ‘joke.” The group „„ is pronounced y. -
Nonconcatenative Morphology in Coptic
UC Santa Cruz Phonology at Santa Cruz, Volume 7 Title Nonconcatenative Morphology in Coptic Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0765s94q Author Kramer, Ruth Publication Date 2018-04-10 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Nonconcatenative Morphology in Coptic ∗∗∗ Ruth Kramer 1. Introduction One of the most distinctive features of many Afroasiatic languages is nonconcatenative morphology. Instead of attaching an affix directly before or after a root, languages like Modern Hebrew interleave an affix within the segments of a root. An example is in (1). (1) Modern Hebrew gadal ‘he grew’ gidel ‘he raised’ gudal ‘he was raised’ In the mini-paradigm in (1), the discontinuous affixes /a a/, /i e/, and /u a/ are systematically interleaved between the root consonants /g d l/ to indicate perfective aspect, causation and voice, respectively. The consonantal root /g d l/ ‘big’ never surfaces on its own in the language: it must be inflected with some vocalic affix. Additional Afroasiatic languages with nonconcatenative morphology include other Semitic languages like Arabic (McCarthy 1979, 1981; McCarthy and Prince 1990), many Ethiopian Semitic languages (Rose 1997, 2003), and Modern Aramaic (Hoberman 1989), as well as non-Semitic languages like Berber (Dell and Elmedlaoui 1992, Idrissi 2000) and Egyptian (also known as Ancient Egyptian, the autochthonous language of Egypt; Gardiner 1957, Reintges 1994). The nonconcatenative morphology of Afroasiatic languages has come to be known as root and pattern -
Usage and Chinese Translation of Uyghur Auxiliary Verb “Çiq-”*
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 378 6th International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Inter-cultural Communication (ICELAIC 2019) Usage and Chinese Translation of Uyghur Auxiliary Verb “Çiq-”* Rehmitulla Tudaji School of Uyghur Language and Culture Northwest Minzu University Lanzhou, China 730030 Guzalnur Tursun Osman Juma** School of Uyghur Language and Culture School of Uyghur Language and Culture Northwest Minzu University Northwest Minzu University Lanzhou, China 730030 Lanzhou, China 730030 **Corresponding Author Abstract—Uyghur "çiq" is a kind of auxiliary verb, which attaches to the coverb and loses its lexical meaning completely or II. RELEVANT RESEARCHES ON UYGUR AUXILIARY VERBS partly, expressing the aspect or modal meaning. Uyghur Uyghur auxiliary verbs have rich functions. Although they auxiliaries are a kind of auxiliary verbs, which completely or are only a kind of auxiliary verbs, when they are combined partially lose their lexical meaning and attach to the coverb to with co-verbs, they are the carriers of the whole morpheme express the aspect or modal meaning. They are only a kind of change. Therefore, the understanding of Uyghur auxiliary auxiliary verbs; but when they are combined with coverbs, they verbs is relatively unified. The main research results are as are the carriers of the whole morpheme change. In Uyghur, auxiliary verbs play an important role in enriching language, as follows: it can make the expression of thoughts and feelings more delicate and improve communication efficiency. In addition, it can make A. Study on the Meaning of Uyghur Auxiliary Verbs the language succinct and lively and enable the thoughts and Experts and scholars have a relatively unified feelings to be expressed accurately and appropriately. -
Unicode Alphabets for L ATEX
Unicode Alphabets for LATEX Specimen Mikkel Eide Eriksen March 11, 2020 2 Contents MUFI 5 SIL 21 TITUS 29 UNZ 117 3 4 CONTENTS MUFI Using the font PalemonasMUFI(0) from http://mufi.info/. Code MUFI Point Glyph Entity Name Unicode Name E262 � OEligogon LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE WITH OGONEK E268 � Pdblac LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH DOUBLE ACUTE E34E � Vvertline LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH VERTICAL LINE ABOVE E662 � oeligogon LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE WITH OGONEK E668 � pdblac LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH DOUBLE ACUTE E74F � vvertline LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH VERTICAL LINE ABOVE E8A1 � idblstrok LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TWO STROKES E8A2 � jdblstrok LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH TWO STROKES E8A3 � autem LATIN ABBREVIATION SIGN AUTEM E8BB � vslashura LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH SHORT SLASH ABOVE RIGHT E8BC � vslashuradbl LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH TWO SHORT SLASHES ABOVE RIGHT E8C1 � thornrarmlig LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C2 � Hrarmlig LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C3 � hrarmlig LATIN SMALL LETTER H LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C5 � krarmlig LATIN SMALL LETTER K LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C6 UU UUlig LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE UU E8C7 uu uulig LATIN SMALL LIGATURE UU E8C8 UE UElig LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE UE E8C9 ue uelig LATIN SMALL LIGATURE UE E8CE � xslashlradbl LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH TWO SHORT SLASHES BELOW RIGHT E8D1 æ̊ aeligring LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH RING ABOVE E8D3 ǽ̨ aeligogonacute LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH OGONEK AND ACUTE 5 6 CONTENTS -
Reformed Egyptian
Review of Books on the Book of Mormon 1989–2011 Volume 19 Number 1 Article 7 2007 Reformed Egyptian William J. Hamblin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/msr BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Hamblin, William J. (2007) "Reformed Egyptian," Review of Books on the Book of Mormon 1989–2011: Vol. 19 : No. 1 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/msr/vol19/iss1/7 This Book of Mormon is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Review of Books on the Book of Mormon 1989–2011 by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Title Reformed Egyptian Author(s) William J. Hamblin Reference FARMS Review 19/1 (2007): 31–35. ISSN 1550-3194 (print), 2156-8049 (online) Abstract This article discusses the term reformed Egyptian as used in the Book of Mormon. Many critics claim that reformed Egyptian does not exist; however, languages and writing systems inevitably change over time, making the Nephites’ language a reformed version of Egyptian. Reformed Egyptian William J. Hamblin What Is “Reformed Egyptian”? ritics of the Book of Mormon maintain that there is no language Cknown as “reformed Egyptian.” Those who raise this objec- tion seem to be operating under the false impression that reformed Egyptian is used in the Book of Mormon as a proper name. In fact, the word reformed is used in the Book of Mormon in this context as an adjective, meaning “altered, modified, or changed.” This is made clear by Mormon, who tells us that “the characters which are called among us the reformed Egyptian, [were] handed down and altered by us” and that “none other people knoweth our language” (Mormon 9:32, 34). -
Ancient Egypt: Symbols of the Pharaoh
Ancient Egypt: Symbols of the pharaoh Colossal bust of Ramesses II Thebes, Egypt 1250 BC Visit resource for teachers Key Stage 2 Ancient Egypt: Symbols of the pharaoh Contents Before your visit Background information Resources Gallery information Preliminary activities During your visit Gallery activities: introduction for teachers Gallery activities: briefings for adult helpers Gallery activity: Symbol detective Gallery activity: Sculpture study Gallery activity: Mighty Ramesses After your visit Follow-up activities Ancient Egypt: Symbols of the pharaoh Before your visit Ancient Egypt: Symbols of the pharaoh Before your visit Background information The ancient Egyptians used writing to communicate information about a person shown on a sculpture or relief. They called their writing ‘divine word’ because they believed that Thoth, god of wisdom, had taught them how to write. Our word hieroglyphs derives from a phrase meaning ‘sacred carvings’ used by the ancient Greek visitors to Egypt to describe the symbols that they saw on tomb and temple walls. The number of hieroglyphic signs gradually grew to over 7000 in total, though not all of them were used on a regular basis. The hieroglyphs were chosen from a wide variety of observed images, for example, people, birds, trees, or buildings. Some represent the sounds of the ancient Egyptian language, but consonants only. No vowels were written out. Also, it was not an alphabetic system, since one sign could represent a combination of two or more consonants like the gaming-board hieroglyph which stands for the consonants mn. Egyptologists make the sounds pronounceable by putting an e between the consonants, so mn is read as men. -
Orthographic Transparency and the Ottoman Abjad Maithili Jais
Orthographic Transparency and the Ottoman Abjad Maithili Jais University of Florida Spring 2018 I. Introduction In 2014, the debate over whether Ottoman Turkish was to be taught in schools or not was once again brought to the forefront of Turkish society and the Turkish conscience, as Erdogan began to push for Ottoman Turkish to be taught in all high schools across the country (Yeginsu, 2014). This became an obsession of a news topic for media in the West as well as in Turkey. Turkey’s tumultuous history with politics inevitably led this proposal of teaching Ottoman Turkish in all high schools to become a hotbed of controversy and debate. For all those who are perfectly contented to let bygones be bygones, there are many who assert that the Ottoman Turkish alphabet is still relevant and important. In fact, though this may be a personal anecdote, there are still certainly people who believe that the Ottoman script is, or was, superior to the Latin alphabet with which modern Turkish is written. This thesis does not aim to undertake a task so grand as sussing out which of the two was more appropriate for Turkish. No, such a task would be a behemoth for this paper. Instead, it aims to answer the question, “How?” Rather, “How was the Arabic script moulded to fit Turkish and to what consequence?” Often the claim that one script it superior to another suggests inherent judgement of value, but of the few claims seen circulating Facebook on the efficacy of the Ottoman script, it seems some believe that it represented Turkish more accurately and efficiently. -
Mardin from Tales to Legends 2
1 MARDİN FROM TALES TO LEGENDS 2 künye 3 MARDİN FROM TALES TO LEGENDS 4 Introduction Mesopotamia is among those few names in the world that almost everyone is familiar with. Think of a region that is the birthplace of many tools, philosophies, systems and religions. Think of a region that so much that it pioneered has been adopted throughout the world and has played such an important role in shaping everyday lives. Imagine a place which witnessed so much for the first time: first writing system, first state, first city, first water irrigation sysems, first law and many more. Mardin situated right at the centre of this incredibly rich region can therefore be seen as a fortunate city, blessed in history. It has Anatolia on one side and Mesopotamia on the other, an ancient region which transported so many innovations that had originated in the Middle East to the western world. Despite the common assumption, the word Mesopotamia is not of Middle Eastern origin. It comes from the ancient Greek root words mesos (middle) and potamia (rivers) literally meaning “(land) between rivers.” It is curious that although writing was introduced in the region almost 3000 years earlier than in Greece, the region’s name is of Greek origin rather than a Middle Eastern language. In Syriac, Mesopotamia is called Beth Nahrin. Composed of the words beth (house, land) and nahrin (two rivers), it literally means “the land of/between two rivers.” Based on this, it can be deduced that the region was named not by the Greek civilizations of the west but by the people of the region themselves. -
On Uyghur Relative Clauses
On Uyghur relative clauses Éva Á. Csató & Muzappar Abdurusul Uchturpani Csató, Éva Á. & Uchturpani, Muzappar Abdurusul 2010. On Uyghur relative clauses. Turkic Languages 14, 69-93. Two types of relative clauses are used in modern Uyghur: one in which the subject is in the Nominative and the other in which the subject is in the Genitive and the head noun bears possessive agreement. The article gives a concise account of the main characteris- tics of these and some functionally related constructions. The aim is to pave the way for more research on the issues involved. Éva Á. Csató & Muzappar Abdurusul Uchturpani, Department of Linguistics and Philol- ogy, Uppsala University, Box 635, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] Turkic relative constructions Turkic relative clauses are typically non-finite clauses based on a participle. The dominating type of relative clause is not marked for subject-predicate agreement (Csató 1996 and references given there). See Ex. 1. Ex. 1 Karachay-Balkar Non-marked relative clause konaχ kel-üčü üy guest come-PART room ‘a room where guests stay’ > ‘guestroom’ Some Turkic languages have developed relative constructions in which subject- predicate agreement is marked by a possessive suffix on the participle. In such con- structions the Genitive can be assigned to the subject. See the following examples. Ex. 2 Turkish Genitive relative clause with subject-predicate agreement kız-ıni uyu-duğ-ui oda girl-GEN sleep-DIK.PART room ‘a /the room where the girl sleeps’ Certain languages, for instance Turkmen, have a type of relative construction in which agreement between the Genitive subject of the relative clause and the head noun is marked; see Ex.