Phytotechnology with Biomass Production
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Phytotechnology with Biomass Production Phytotechnology with Biomass Production Sustainable Management of Contaminated Sites Edited by Larry E. Erickson and Valentina Pidlisnyuk First edition published 2021 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The right of Larry E. Erickson and Valentina Pidlisnyuk to be identified as the authors of thee ditorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Erickson, L. E. (Larry Eugene), 1938- editor. | Pidlisnyuk, Valentina V., editor. Title: Phytotechnology with biomass production : sustainable management of contaminated sites / edited by Larry E. Erickson and Valentina Pidlisnyuk. Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021021263 (print) | LCCN 2021021264 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367522803 (hardback) | ISBN 9781003082613 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Phytoremediation. | Soil remediation. | Energy crops. Classification: LCC TD878.48 .P49 2021 (print) | LCC TD878.48 (ebook) | DDC 628/.74—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021021263 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021021264 ISBN: 978-0-367-52280-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-53620-6 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-08261-3 (ebk) Typeset in Palatino by codeMantra Contents Preface .................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgments .................................................................................................xi Editors ................................................................................................................... xiii Contributors ...........................................................................................................xv 1. Introduction .....................................................................................................1 Larry E. Erickson and Valentina Pidlisnyuk 2. Phytotechnologies for Site Remediation ...................................................5 Valentina Pidlisnyuk, Ganga M. Hettiarachchi, Zeljka Zgorelec, Melissa Prelac, Nikola Bilandžija, Lawrence C. Davis, and Larry E. Erickson 3. Remediation of Sites Contaminated by Organic Compounds ............ 37 Lawrence C. Davis, Barbara Zeeb, Larry E. Erickson, Aigerim Mamirova, and Valentina Pidlisnyuk 4. Phytomining Applied for Postmining Sites ........................................... 61 Hermann Heilmeier 5. Establishing Miscanthus, Production of Biomass, and Application to Contaminated Sites ...........................................................77 Lawrence C. Davis, Valentina Pidlisnyuk, Aigerim Mamirova, Pavlo Shapoval, and Tatyana Stefanovska 6. Balancing Soil Health and Biomass Production .................................. 115 Larry E. Erickson and Kraig Roozeboom 7. Plant–Microbe Associations in Phytoremediation .............................. 123 Asil Nurzhanova, Aigerim Mamirova, Josef Trögl, Diana Nebeská, and Valentina Pidlisnyuk 8. Plant Feeding Insects and Nematodes Associated with Miscanthus ................................................................................................... 141 Tatyana Stefanovska, Valentina Pidlisnyuk, and Andrzej Skwiercz 9. Economics of Phytoremediation with Biomass Production .............. 159 Larry E. Erickson, Jan Černý, and Valentina Pidlisnyuk v vi Contents 10. Miscanthus Biomass for Alternative Energy Production ................... 177 Jikai Zhao, Donghai Wang, Valentina Pidlisnyuk, and Larry E. Erickson 11. Miscanthus as Raw Materials for Bio-based Products ....................... 201 Valentina Pidlisnyuk, Larry E. Erickson, Donghai Wang, Jikai Zhao, Tatyana Stefanovska, and John R. Schlup 12. Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................... 217 Larry E. Erickson, Valentina Pidlisnyuk, and Lawrence C. Davis Index .....................................................................................................................223 Preface Land stewardship and management are important topics in the Earth Charter and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The processes to improve soil quality and land use have global importance. Research, devel opment, and practices to remediate land are advancing with new approaches in many countries. Great progress has been made in the science and engi neering related to phytotechnologies for contaminated soil during the years from 1990 to the present. In February, 1989, the Great Plains/Rocky Mountain Hazardous Substance Research Center was established with headquarters at Kansas State University and funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research on the beneficial effects of vegetation in contaminated soil became an important thrust of the center at several of the participating universities. One of the early projects involving phytoremediation with biomass production investi gated the impact of trees planted at the edge of the field to reduce the amount of nitrogen that goes into the stream when storm water flows off of the field. From this early start, much research to develop phytotechnologies to address contamination problems in soil and ground water has been conducted, and the results have been reported. The efforts to advance the science of phyto technologies have been helped by the International Phytotechnology Society and by a number of international events including NATO Science for Peace and Security Program Advanced Research Workshop in Ukraine in 2007. Economic analysis has shown that phytotechnologies are the most cost- effective options because soil quality is improved and costs associated with applications are low. The five hazardous substance research centers were established by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to address contami nation problems where risk needed to be reduced. Land improvement is an important goal of the Earth Charter, U.N. Sustainable Development Goals, and U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization. There are many locations where improvements in soil quality are beneficial and application of phy totechnology with biomass production is not driven by risk reduction, but rather by the goal of improving soil quality and site productivity. With the growth in population and the need to reduce the concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere, all land needs to be used effectively. There are presently many locations where phytotechnologies can be applied to improve soil quality and make better use of the site. In 2004 Valentina Pidlisnyuk visited Kansas State University as part of her Fulbright scholar program. After this visit cooperative efforts related to phy totechnologies with biomass production were established and carried out. The preparation of manuscripts for this book is one of the activities of the NATO Science for Peace and Security Program Multiyear Research Project vii viii Preface G4687 entitled Phytotechnology for Cleaning Contaminated Military Sites. Many of the results of the NATO project have been published in journals with citations and references included in this book. The contents of the book include results from research completed as part of the NATO project but also results from other studies. From 1990 to the present, there has been a great progress related to sites with metals and sites with organic contaminants. Military sites and lands contaminated by mining, pesticides, petroleum, and chlorinated solvents are included. One of the reasons to make use of phytotechnology with biomass produc tion at contaminated sites is to restore the site to a useful state where biomass is being produced, soil quality improvement is happening, and organic car bon is being sequestered in the soil. The process of establishment of vegeta tion after an industrial site or mining site has been closed can benefit from the application of soil amendments and efforts to modify the physical prop erties of the soil. The health of the ecosystem can be improved through better understanding of the biological populations and their contributions to soil health. Miscanthus is a large perennial and rhizomatous grass imported to Europe from East Asia as an ornamental plant in the 1930s. In 1990 it started to be investigated as an energy crop, and since 2000 there has been research and development