The Catholic Epistles and Apostolic Tradition The Catholic Epistles and Apostolic Tradition Karl-Wilhelm Niebuhr Robert W. Wall Editors BAYLOR UNIVERSITY PRESS © 2009 by Baylor University Press Waco, Texas 76798 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permis- sion in writing of Baylor University Press. Scripture quotations, where not an author's own translation, are from the New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright 1989, Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Cover Design by Stephanie Milanowski Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Catholic Epistles and apostolic tradition / Karl-Wilhelm Niebuhr and Robert W. Wall, editors, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 978-1-60258-215-6 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Bible. N . T . Catholic Epistles—Criticism, interpretation, etc.—Congresses. I. Niebuhr, Karl-Wilhelm. II. Wall, Robert W. BS2777C37 2009 227\9068-dc22 2009020929 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper with a minimum of 30% pew recycled content. Dedicated to Professor Dr. Donald J. Verseput (1952-2004) CONTENTS List of Contributors Parti Introduction 1 The SNTS Seminar on the Catholic Epistles (2001-2006) Robert W. Wall and Karl-Wilhelm Niebuhr Partn Catholic Epistles as a Collection 2 A Unifying Theology of the Catholic Epistles Robert W. Wall Part m James 3 James in the Minds of the Recipients Karl-Wilhelm Niebuhr 4 James and the Jesus Tradition Patrick J. Hartin 5 The Reception of the Jesus Tradition in James John S. Kloppenborg 6 The Historical Context of the Letter of James in Light of Its Traditio-Historical Relations with First Peter Matthias Konradt viii CONTENTS 7 Acts and James 127 Robert W. Wall 8 The Priority of James 153 Robert W. Wall 9 James as the First Catholic Epistle 161 John Painter 10 The Letter of J a m e s as a Canon-Conscious Pseudepigraph 183 David R. Nienhuis Part IV Petrine Epistles 11 Salvation and Anthropology in First Peter 203 Reinhard Feldmeier 12 First Peter as Early Christian Diaspora Letter 215 Lutz Doering PartV Johannine Epistles 13 The Johannine Epistles as Catholic Epistles 239 John Painter Part VI Jude 14 The Epistle of J u d e between Judaism and Hellenism 309 J org Frey 15 Salvation in Jude 5 and the Argument of 2 Peter 1:3-11 331 Scott J. Hafemann PartVn Conclusion 16 A Prolegomenon to a History of the "Postapostolic Era" (Early Christianity 70-150 CE) 345 Ernst Baasland Notes 369 Bibliography 491 Author Index 529 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ERNST BAASLAND, Bishop of Stavanger (Church of Norway) LUTZ DOERING, Reader in New Testament and Ancient Judaism, Durham University (England) REINHARD FELDMEIER, Professor of New Testament, University of Gottingen (Germany) JORG FREY, Professor of New Testament, University of Munich (Germany) SCOTT J. HAFEMANN, Mary French Rockefeller Professor of New Testament, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary (Boston, USA) PATRICK J. HARTIN, Professor of Religious Studies, Gonzaga Uni- versity (USA) JOHN S. KLOPPENBORG, Professor of Religion, University of St. Michael's College (Toronto, Canada) X LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS MATTHIAS KONRADT, Professor of New Testament, University of Berne (Switzerland) KARL-WILHELM NIEBUHR, Professor of New Testament, Univer- sity of Jena (Germany) DAVID R. NIENHUIS, Assistant Professor of New Testament Studies, Seattle Pacific University (Seattle, USA) JOHN PAINTER, Professor of Theology, Charles Sturt University (Canberra, Australia) ROBERT W. WALL, Paul T. Walls Professor of Scripture and Wes- leyan Studies, Seattle Pacific University (Seattle, USA) PART II CATHOLIC EPISTLES AS A COLLECTION CHAPTER 2 A UNIFYING THEOLOGY O F THE CATHOLIC EPISTLES A Canonical Approach Robert W. Wall Introduction This paper proposes an interpretive strategy by which the Catholic Epis- tles (CE) should be read together as a collection whose seven books are integral parts of a coherent theological whole. The perceived theologi- cal coherence of the CE is at odds with the modern critical assessment that underscores their literary, rhetorical, and theological diversity, and therefore their independence from each other, no matter what interpre- tive strategy is employed. Those who chase down the sources of theologi- cal beliefs submit theological definitions retrieved from different points of origin, where different authors respond to the spiritual crises of their different recipients, who are shaped within different social and religious worlds. On the exegetical landscape of modern biblical criticism, then, the theological diversity found within the CE corpus has been explained as the by-product of differing moments/places of origin and their respec- tive trajectories/tradition histories. Those who treat the CE as literary media do not disagree with this conclusion. Their own explanatory constructions, however, explicate the same theological diversity as the by-product of different genres, textual structures, or rhetorical patterns—regardless of who wrote these texts, 13 14 ROBERT W. WALL for whom, when, or where. In this light, then, the critical consensus is that the CE are no real collection at all, but an arbitrary grouping of literary miscellanea gathered together and arranged during the canoni- cal process at a non-Pauline address, without any thought of their theo- logical coherence or canonical function as a per se collection. In fact, the theological incoherence of the CE, and their independence from each other, has become a matter of critical dogma.1 The present paper will incline the angle of approach toward the CE collection differently, thereby admitting into evidence new findings from the canonical period, when these seven books were formed into a sec- ond collection of letters "to provide a broader and more balanced literary representation of the apostolic witness than the letters of Paul furnished by themselves."2 In doing so, I intend to challenge the critical consensus regarding the theological incoherence of the CE collection; in fact, my thesis is that when this epistolary collection is rendered by the herme- neutics of the canonical process, both its theological coherence and its canonical role will be more clearly discerned. At the center of this study are two related observations about the final redaction of the CE collection that are laden with hermeneutical prom- ise. First, when the CE became a collection, the Letter of James became its frontispiece to introduce the deep logic—or what I call the grammar— of the collection's unifying theology and its anticipated role within the biblical canon. Second, when the CE became a collection, it did so with Acts, which supplied a narrative context that not only vested the entire collection with religious authority but cued the priority of James within it. At that canonical moment, when the final redaction of this collection evoked a recognition of its theological wholeness, the one (James as its surprising frontispiece) was made explicable by the other (Acts as its nar- rative context). A Canonical Approach to the Catholic Epistles as a Collection The question is reasonably asked whether interpreters should elevate the importance of the canonizing community's intentions when mining these texts for their theological material, especially when the modern bias is to define the theological goods of a biblical writing by those meanings retrieved from original locations or as envisaged by a composition's rhe- torical design and literary genre. I think so. In fact, if the angle of one's approach to the theology of the CE is inclined by the relevant properties of the canonical process, then what should be assumed about these books are their theological coherence as a canonical collection and the impor- tance of their collective role whenever the interpreter seeks to render a fully biblical witness to the word of God. In this portion of the paper, A UNIFYING THEOLOGY OF THE CATHOLIC EPISTLES 15 let me simply catalogue those findings that are suggestive of a unifying theology and role of the CE collection. 1.1 begin with the most basic of observations: the final redaction of the CE collection stabilizes a fluid movement within the bounds of the canonical process. This may be deduced from Eusebius' initial statements about the CE in Ecclesiastical History, and what he did and did not observe about received traditions at the outset of the fourth century. He notes, for example, the widespread acceptance and use of 1 Peter and 1 John in the ancient church—at least as early as Polycarp's use of 1 Peter in the early second century {Hist. eccl. 3.14)—but observes that other CE are disputed, mainly because of their lack of widespread use by the fathers of the church.3 The most important data in consideration of this phenomenon are the variety of canon lists preserved from both the East and the West, and the literature generated by the various theological debates and conciliar gatherings in these regions of the church.4 Depending upon one's account of the chronology of the canonical process, these data are retrieved from the second through the fourth century. To these data are added the quo- tations of and allusions to the CE found in early Christian writings—or the stunning lack thereof in some cases—which also span the canonical stage of