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Sm-Nd Isotopic Characteristics of Sedimentary Provenance: the Windermere Supergroup of NW England

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Sm-Nd Isotopic Characteristics of Sedimentary Provenance: the Windermere Supergroup of NW England Journal of the Geological Sociery, London, Vol. 151, 1994, pp. 1017-1021, 4 figs, 2 tables. Printed in Northern Ireland Sm-Nd isotopic characteristics of sedimentary provenance: the Windermere Supergroup of NW England W. D. McCAFFREY Department of Earth Sciences, University of Leeak, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K Abstract: Nd model ages of Windermere Supergroup sediments increase from the upper Ashgill to theupper Ludlow. Below thelower Llandovery, increasing t,, reflects mixing betweenthe underlying Borrowdale Volcanic Group and hemipelagic detritus, possibly sourced from the Lauren- tian margin. The ongoing rise of tDM into the upper Ludlow probably reflects the growing influenceof sediment sourced from the Scandian Orogen. A Piidol5 drop in t,, is interpreted as recording the re-establishment of supply fromthe local Laurentian margin: northto south sediment dispersal indicating the effective demise of the Iapetus Ocean as a barrier to sediment dispersal. It hasgenerally been accepted that the Sm/Ndratio of siltstones, deposited in a deep shelf environment. A period crustal rocks is not significantly altered by chemical of terrigenous sand-turbidite sedimentation (Birk Riggs and weathering, transport, deposition, diagenesis or all but the Austwick Formations;Kneller et al. in press) precedesa highestgrades of metamorphism(Taylor & McLennan returnto laminatedsiltstone deposition. The Coniston 1985). The Sm-Nd characteristics of sediments are therefore Group and the Bannisdale Formation record a resurgenceof taken to reflect accurately those of their protoliths, and to deep waterturbidite sedimentation. Thereafter, a aid in the characterization of source areas. Nd model ages diachronousreturn to shallow watersedimentation (the (‘provenance ages’ sensu Mearns et al. 1989) providea UnderbarrowFormation, Shaw1971) culminates in the weighted average of the amount of time that the sample Nd storm influenced Kirkby Moor Formation. has resided in the crust. Much use has been made of the Sm-Nd system to aidprovenance studies on Caledonian The Windermere Supergroup data set rocks (e.g. O’Nions et al. 1983; Miller & O’Nions 1984; Davies et al. 1985; Haughton 1988; Thorogood 1990; Evans The Windermere Supergroup analyses were performed on et al. 1991). Inthis study Windermere Supergroup clay/silt-gradesamples when these were available at the sedimentshave been characterized in terms of Sm-Nd desiredstratigraphic level. Otherwise,medium-grained isotopiccomposition and temporal trends compared with sandstone samples were used (see Table 2). The data set those in related basins. comprises 19 analyses. Of these,three have been taken from the literature (Miller & O’Nions, 1984). The rest were produced by the author. Model ages were calculated using The Windermere Supergroup the depleted mantle model of DePaolo (1981). TheWindermere Supergroup of northwestEngland TheWindermere Supergroup data exhibita distinct (Moseley 1984) comprisespredominantlya sedimentary trend in which tDMincreases smoothly from c. 1.1 Ga in the Ashgill toPiidoli marine sequence whichis almost Ashgill to c. 1.75 Ga in the upper Ludlow, then falls sharply complete. It was deposited on thenorthern margin of to c. 1.45 Ga in the Pfidoli (Fig. 1). Avalonia,and was thereforeideally positioned to record Mixing lines are approximately linear on a tDM-Sm/Nd changes in provenanceassociated with theclosure of the plot. On this plot the Windermere Supergroup data exhibit Iapetus Ocean. The Windermere Supergroup succession is a distinct distribution (Fig. 2). The oldest sediments clearly interpreted as the fill of a post-arc thermal subsidence basin, exhibit derivation from the underlying Borrowdale Volcanic overlain by that of aperipheral foreland basin (Kneller Group. The diminishing influence of the volcanic rocks is 1991). It unconformably overlies a mid-Ordovician volcanic seen in the temporal trend towards the higher values of t,, complex and its early Ordovician basement, the Borrowdale and lower Sm/Ndcharacteristic of the Llandovery Volcanic Group(Branney 1988) and Skiddaw Group hemipelagites.In asecond. linear trend, both tDM and (Moore 1992), respectively,and is in turn unconformably Sm/Nd increase in progressively younger sediments from overlain by essentiallyundeformed Dinantian rocks. In the late Ashgill until the late Ludlow (413Ma), when the beingdeposited after late Ordovician volcanic shut-down trendreverses; the Piidoli (412Ma) fall in tDM being butbefore Acadian deformation, it is analogous tothe accompanied by a reduction in Sm/Nd. Powys Supergroup of Wales (Woodcock 1990). A revised WindermereSupergroup stratigraphy is Trends in related basins presented by Kneller et al. (in press)(see Table 1). The Dent Group sediments record a transition from shore-face, through storm-dominated mixed carbonate/clastic shelf to Northern England deep shelf; the succeeding Skelgill and Browgill Formations of the Stockdale Group comprise graptolitic mudstones and (i) The Skiddaw Group. The Skiddaw Group comprises an siltstonesdeposited in relatively deep shelf marine early Ordovician clastic marine succession, deposited on the environments(Scott & Kneller 1990). The Brathay northern Gondwanan margin (Jackson 1978; Moore 19% Formationcomprises laminated hemipelagic carbonaceous which crops out principally in the Skiddaw, Ullswater and 1017 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-pdf/151/6/1017/4890142/gsjgs.151.6.1017.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 W . D. McCAFFREY1018 D. W. Table 1. Lithostratigraphicaldivision of theWindermere Super- Caradoc Ash 'I1 Llandovery Wenlock Ludlow Ridoli group in the southern Lake District 2.0 I I I I 1 1.8 1.6 ~DM,lGa 1.4 1.2 440 430 420 410 420 450 430 440 Stratigraphic Age l Ma Fig. 1. Graph of Windermere Supergroup f,, versus stratigraphic age. Numbers correspond to WDM sample numbers (Table 2); asterisks indicate data fromMiller & ONions (1984). AfterKneller efal. (inpress) Lsd Mbr, Longsleddale Member. Ages in Ma after McKerrow et al. (1985). Table 2. New Borrowdale Volcanic Group, WindermereSupergroup and Southern Uplands Nd analyses Code Grid Host Age Host Grid Code Nd Sm Sm/Nd I4'Sm/ 143Nd/1"Nd t,, reference stratigraphyreference (PP4 (PP4 (M4 '"Nd (G4 (f24 Borrowdale Volcanic Gro 'UP WDMl* NY49650670 Garburn Formation 460 8.00 34.97 0.229 0.1383 0.512403(39) 1.29 WDM2* NY49230678 Garburn Formation 460 6.70 29.98 0.223 0.1447 0.512282(37) 1.67 WDM3* NY49000640 Garburn Formation 460 8.29 39.40 0.210 0.1262 0.512548(30) 0.87 WDM4* NY48890606 Garburn Formation 460 4.17 17.31 0.241 0.1456 0.512341(55) 1S6 WDMS* NY48810576 Garburn Formation 460 6.25 29.59 0.211 0.1277 0.512371(22) 1.19 Windermere Supergroup WDM6*t NY48880573 Longsleddale Member 446 13.13 62.84 0.209 0.1263 0.512395(20) 1.13 WDM8 NY48910572 Stile End Formation 445 7.07 34.73 0.204 0.1231 0.512372(25) 1.12 WDM8t NY48910572 Stile End Formation 445 6.40 30.27 0.211 0.1278 0.512339(20) 1.24 WDM17-FSD24239230 Skelgill Formation 430 8.18 43.76 0.187 0.1130 0.512019(20) 1.54 WDM18 NY49630583 Skelgill Formation 430 8.68 44.42 0.195 0.1188 0.512165(19) 1.40 WDM20 NY497.50585 Browgill Formation 427 8.76 46.60 0.189 0.1137 0.512050(21) 1.50 WDM22t SD70659723 Brathay Formation 424 4.42 23.64 0.187 0.1130 0.512042(20) 1.51 WDM28* SD802 705 Austwick Formation 422 1.60 8.20 0.195 0.1182 0.512062(32) 1.56 WDM29SD802 705 Austwick Formation 422 6.76 37.15 0.182 0.1100 0.512014(27) 1.50 WDM34*SD265 940 Birk Riggs Formation 422 8.37 44.17 0.189 0.1147 0.512043(20) 1.53 WDM46 SD256 794 Birk Riggs Formation 422 12.30 65.15 0.189 0.1142 0.512048(20) 1.51 WDM62 SD61499878 Poolscar Formation 418 1.30 6.43 0.202 0.1226 0.512015(23) 1.71 WDM8l-F NY55530643 Yewbank Formation 418 6.27 32.76 0.191 0.1157 0.512010(20) 1.60 WDM90 SD54639480 Kirkby Moor Formation 413 5.81 30.00 0.194 0.1170 0.511925(20) 1.75 WDM93 SD54689412 Kirkby Moor Formation 412 12.91 71.94 0.179 0.1085 0.512055(18) 1.42 WDM94t SD54689412 Kirkby Moor Formation 412 6.46 35.44 0.182 0.1101 0.512029(20) 1.48 Southern Uplands SY49*t NX69884373 Raeberry Castle Fmn. 422 2.22 10.84 0.205 0.1240 0.512106(20) 1S8 SYS1.tNX69204365 Raeberry Castle Fmn. 422 4.45 21.06 0.211 0.1276 0.512187(20) 1.50 SY53't NX68704360 Raeberry Castle Fmn. 422 4.31 22.16 0.194 0.1177 0.512043(20) 1.58 SY54*t Raeberry Castle Fmn. 422 5.10 26.72 0.191 0.1153 0.512013(20) 1S8 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~ * Samples medium sand (otherwise mud/silt-grade). t Analysis undertaken at the British Geological Survey, Grays Inn Road (GIR), otherwise at the Isotope Laboratory, Departmentof Earth Sciences, Leeds University. Stratigraphic ages interpolated from the timescale of McKerrow et al. (1985). All analyses corrected to '46Nd/'"Nd = 0.7219. GIR data corrected to 143Nd/1"Nd = 0.512657 f12 (10) for BCR-1 (contemporary GIR BCR-1analysis gave '43Nd/'"Nd=0.512619). Analyses ofLa Jollagave '43Nd/'"Nd as follows: Leeds0.511897 fll (labaverage of 23 analyses; GIR 0.511820 f12 (labaverage of eight analyses. Note: sample WDM8 was analysed in both the Leeds and GIR laboratories. The analytical difference is significantly less than the range in Nd values encompassed by the Windermere Supergroup trend. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-pdf/151/6/1017/4890142/gsjgs.151.6.1017.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Sm-Nd ISOTOPICCHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENTARYPROVENANCE 1019 succession. They range in tD, from 1.39 to 1.49 Ga and in Sm/Ndfrom 0.19 to 0.20. Thesedata would appearto indicate that only the younger volcanic rocks contributed to the basal Windermere Supergroup clastic rocks.
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