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Howgill), SD69SW (Firbank) and SD69SE (Sedbergh) Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet SD69NE (Westerdale), and parts of sheets SD69NW (Howgill), SD69SW (Firbank) and SD69SE (Sedbergh) Part of 1: 50 000 sheets 39 (Kendal) and 40 (Kirkby Stephen) Geology and Landscape Northern Britain Programme Internal Report IR/03/090 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE NORTHERN BRITAIN PROGRAMME INTERNAL REPORT IR/03/090 Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet SD69NE The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the (Westerdale), and parts of sheets Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Licence No: 100017897/2006. SD69NW (Howgill), SD69SW Keywords (Firbank) and SD69SE Report; Howgill Fells, stratigraphy, Ordovician, (Sedbergh) Silurian. Front cover Part of 1: 50 000 sheets 39 (Kendal) and 40 (Kirkby Stephen) Howgill Fells from the Midddleton Fells. (Photograph N H Woodcock) N H Woodcock, R B Rickards Bibliographical reference WOODCOCK, N H, RICKARDS, R B. 2006. Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet SD69NE (Westerdale), and parts of sheets SD69NW (Howgill), SD69SW (Firbank) and SD69SE (Sedbergh). British Geological Survey Internal Report, IR/03/090. 61pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. © NERC 2006. All rights reserved Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2006 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS British Geological Survey offices Sales Desks at Nottingham, Edinburgh and London; see contact details below or shop online at www.geologyshop.com Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG The London Information Office also maintains a reference 0115-936 3241 Fax 0115-936 3488 collection of BGS publications including maps for consultation. e-mail: [email protected] The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of its maps and other www.bgs.ac.uk publications; this catalogue is available from any of the BGS Sales Shop online at: www.geologyshop.com Desks. The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey of Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the latter as an agency 0131-667 1000 Fax 0131-668 2683 service for the government of Northern Ireland), and of the e-mail: [email protected] surrounding continental shelf, as well as its basic research projects. It also undertakes programmes of British technical aid in geology in developing countries as arranged by the Department London Information Office at the Natural History Museum for International Development and other agencies. (Earth Galleries), Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2DE The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Natural Environment Research Council. 020-7589 4090 Fax 020-7584 8270 020-7942 5344/45 email: [email protected] Forde House, Park Five Business Centre, Harrier Way, Sowton, Exeter, Devon EX2 7HU 01392-445271 Fax 01392-445371 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Colby House, Stranmillis Court, Belfast BT9 5BF 028-9038 8462 Fax 028-9038 8461 Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB 01491-838800 Fax 01491-692345 Columbus House, Greenmeadow Springs, Tongwynlais, Cardiff, CF15 7NE 029–2052 1962 Fax 029–2052 1963 Parent Body Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1EU 01793-411500 Fax 01793-411501 www.nerc.ac.uk IR/03/090; Issue 1.0 Last modified: 2006/07/14 13:36 Foreword This report is the published product of a study by Dr N H Woodcock and Professor R B Rickards of the Department of Earth Sciences in the University of Cambridge, commissioned by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and completed under Contract and GA/98E/44 between 1999 and 2003. The report describes the geology of 1:10 000-scale Bedrock and Superficial Deposits Geology Series sheets SD 69 NE (Westerdale) and parts of SD 69 NW (Howgill), SD 69 SW (Firbank) and SD 69 SE (Sedbergh), which constitute part of the England and Wales 1:50 000 series sheet 39, Kendal. This report should be read in conjunction with the 1:10 000-scale maps. Dr P Stone acted as BGS liaison. This work was completed in conjunction with the BGS Lake District Project led by Dr Stone. This report has been edited by Dr D Millward. Acknowledgements The authors thank all the local landowners and tenant farmers for access to their land. They are grateful to Dr Jack Soper and Dr Phil Stone for field discussion on the geology. Notes The numbers enclosed in square brackets are National Grid references. Unless otherwise stated the references lie within the 100 km square SD. Contents Foreword.........................................................................................................................................i Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................................i Contents...........................................................................................................................................i Summary.......................................................................................................................................iv 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 1 2 Historical context ................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Bedrock geology.............................................................................................................2 2.2 Quaternary geology........................................................................................................ 3 3 Dent Group ............................................................................................................................. 6 3.1 Cautley Mudstone Formation ......................................................................................... 6 3.2 Ashgill Formation...........................................................................................................7 3.3 Depositional environment of the Dent Group ................................................................ 8 4 Stockdale Group..................................................................................................................... 9 4.1 Skelgill Formation ..........................................................................................................9 4.2 Browgill Formation ...................................................................................................... 10 i IR/03/090; Issue 1.0 Last modified: 2006/07/14 13:36 4.3 Depositional environment of the Stockdale Group ...................................................... 11 5 Tranearth Group.................................................................................................................. 12 5.1 Brathay Formation........................................................................................................ 12 5.2 Dixon Ground Member ................................................................................................ 12 5.3 Coldwell Formation...................................................................................................... 13 5.4 Wray Castle Formation................................................................................................. 13 5.5 Depositional environment of the Tranearth Group....................................................... 13 6 Coniston Group .................................................................................................................... 14 6.1 Screes Gill Formation................................................................................................... 14 6.2 Undivided Coniston Group........................................................................................... 15 6.3 Correlation and biostratigraphy of the Coniston Group ............................................... 16 6.4 Depositional environment of the Coniston Group........................................................ 16 7 Bannisdale Formation.......................................................................................................... 20 7.2 Biostratigraphy of the Bannisdale Formation............................................................... 21 7.3 Depositional environment of the Bannisdale Formation.............................................. 21 8 Igneous intrusions ................................................................................................................ 22 8.1 Dolerite intrusions........................................................................................................ 22 8.2 Felsite sills and dykes................................................................................................... 22 8.3 Lamprophyre dykes and sills........................................................................................ 23 9 Upper
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