Letter to the Editor Bartonella Species Investigated Among Rodents From
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Biomed Environ Sci, 2020; 33(3): 201-205 201 Letter to the Editor Bartonella Species Investigated among Rodents from Shaanxi Province of China* AN Cui Hong1,2, CHEN Bao Bao1, LYU Wen1, NIE Shou Min1, LI Sheng Zhen1, FAN Suo Ping1, SUN Yang Xin1,#, LIU Jin Ren3, LI Dong Mei4, and XU Ji Ru2,# Bartonella spp. are rod-shaped, Gram-negative, province spans the northern subtropics, warm aerobic, fastidious, slow bacteria which cause temperate zone, and temperate zone. Because of diseases in humans and animals by parasitizing the the variety of landscape types, 55 species of rodents endothelial and red blood cells of their hosts[1,2]. are found in Shaanxi province[5]. Rodents are the most important natural reservoir In order to investigate Bartonella species in hosts of Bartonella[3]. In 57 countries, rodents in Shaanxi Province, rodents were captured epidemiological studies of rat-borne Bartonella have using mouse snap traps in 9 counties; three on the been carried out. Information on the Bartonella Shanbei Plateau (Dingbian, Yuyang, and Wuqi infection rate in rodents has been obtained from counties), two on the Guanzhong Plain (Dali and most of these countries. The infection rate of Chang’an counties), and four in the Qinba Mountains rodents in Portugal, Egypt, Japan, Canada, and the (Zhenping, Nanzheng, Ningshan, and Zhenba United States is more than 90%, the infection rate in counties) (Table 1 and Supplementary Figure S1, Thailand and Russia is about 80%, and the infection available in www.besjournal.com), between 2014 rate in China is about 67%. To date, 22 species of and 2017. Following the capture of each animal, we rodent-borne Bartonella have been described. Of recorded collection time, site, habitat, species, these, B. grahamii, B. vinsonii subsp. arupensis, B. gender, weight, head-body length, and tail length, vinsonii subsp. Berkhoffii, and B. elizabethae have and collected spleen samples under sterile been found to be associated with human illness. conditions, which were transported back to the People become infected with rodent-borne laboratory in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C Bartonella incidentally, especially when they are until use. exposed to the habitats of wild rodents harboring Tweenty five mg spleen was homogenized within various Bartonella species. Bartonella infection can 200 μL sterilized trypsin soy broth, plated onto affect multiple organs and poses a risk to public trypsin soy agar containing 5% (vol/vol) defibrinated [4] health . sheep blood, incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO2, and In China, 16 species of Bartonella have been later checked for growth of Bartonella species on isolated from rodents. The investigation was carried alternate days for up to 20 d. To obtain pure out in various provinces including Heilongjiang, colonies, suspected colonies were selected and Fujian, Zhejiang, Yunnan, Hainan, Qinghai, Inner separately subcultured twice on fresh agar plates[6]. Mongolia, and Taiwan China[4]. No investigation has Small, round, gray-white colonies were been reported in Shaanxi province. morphologically identified as Bartonella, transferred From north to south in Shaanxi province, the onto fresh plates, and then stored in 30% glycerol in North Mountains and Qinling Mountains divide a freezer at −80 °C for further analysis. Shaanxi province into three natural regions: Shanbei DNA templates were prepared directly from Plateau, Guanzhong Plain, and Qinba Mountain. The bacterial colonies by the boiling method. The sample doi: 10.3967/bes2020.028 *This work was supported by the grant of the Science and Technology Research and Development of Shaanxi Province [No.2015SF188]. 1. Department of Plague, Brucellosis and Etiologic Biological Vector Control, Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi China; 2. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China; 3. School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China; 4. State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China 202 Biomed Environ Sci, 2020; 33(3): 201-205 was added to 100 μL sterile deionized water, heated citrate synthase (gltA) gene. The primers used for for 10 min at 100 °C and centrifuged at 6,000 rpm for the amplification of the 379-base pair fragment were 5 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was used as a source forward BhCS781.p (5′-GGGGACCAGCTCATGGTGG- of DNA template for PCR to detect the Bartonella 3′) and reverse BhCS1137.n (5′-AATGCAAAAAGAA Table 1. Prevalence of Bartonella spp. in rodents Taxonomic family Shanbei Plateau Guanzhong Plain Qinba Mountain Overall Host species of host n (+) % n (+) % n (+) % n (+) % Cricetidae Cricetulus 4 1 25.00 − − − − − − 4 1 25.00 barabensis Meriones 216 75 34.72 − − − − − − 216 75 34.72 unguiculatus Eothenomys − − − − − − 3 1 33.33 3 1 33.33 melanogaster Meriones 5 2 40.00 − − − − − − 5 2 40.00 meridianus Phodopus 7 1 14.28 − − − − − − 7 1 14.28 roborovskii Spermophilus 1 0 0.00 26 2 7.69 − − − 27 2 7.41 alashanicus Tscherskia 2 0 0.00 1 0 0.00 − − − 3 0 0.00 Allocricetulus − − − − − 2 0 0.00 2 0 0.00 Eothenomys − − − 1 0 0.00 1 0 0.00 2 0 0.00 Inez Cricetulus 9 0 − − − − − − − 9 0 0.00 longicaudatus Muridae Niviventer − − − − − 64 25 39.06 64 25 39.06 confucianus Mus musculus 5 2 40.00 − − 1 0 0.00 6 2 33.33 Apodemus − − 2 0 0.00 25 5 20.00 27 5 18.52 chevreri Apodemus − − 1 0 0.00 26 5 19.23 27 5 18.52 draco Apodemus − − 1 0 0.00 16 3 18.75 17 3 17.65 peninsulae Rattus 4 0 0.00 10 0 0.00 17 1 5.88 31 1 3.22 norvegicus Niviventer − − − − − − 1 0 0.00 1 0 0.00 andersoni Micromys − − − − − − 1 0 0.00 1 0 0.00 minutus Apodemus − − − − − − 5 0 0.00 5 0 0.00 peninsulae Rattus nitidus − − − − − − 1 0 0.00 1 0 0.00 Apodemus − − − 3 0 0.00 − − − 3 0 0.00 agrarius Rattus − − − − − − 2 0 0.00 2 0 0.00 tanezumi Vernaya fulva − − − − − − 2 0 0.00 2 0 0.00 Niviventer − − − − − − 1 0 0.00 1 0 0.00 fulvescens Platacanthomyi − − − − − − 1 0 0.00 1 0 0.00 dae Dipodidae Allactaga 5 1 20.00 − − − − − − 5 1 20.00 sibirica Ochotonidae Ochotona 15 3 20.00 − − − − − − 15 3 20.00 daurica Total 273 85 31.14 45 2 4.44 169 40 23.67 487 127 26.08 Bartonella species investigated among rodents 203 CAGTAAACA-3′)[7]. PCR was performed in 50 μL Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the gltA mixtures containing 25 μL 2X TaqPCR Master Mix, fragment was performed among representative 22 μL double-distilled H2O, 1 μL (10 mol/L) of each isolates (Figure 1 and Supplementary Table S1, primer, and 1 μL of DNA template. available in www.besjournal.com). A criterion of The PCR amplification conditions were as ≥ 96% homology to gltA was used to define follows: an initial step of 94 °C for 2 min; 30 phylogroups, and the sequences were divided into amplification cycles, each consisting of 94 °C for 30 s 10 phylogroups. The homology of GP1, Gp4, Gp5, and 48 °C for 30 s; an elongation step of 72 °C for Gp8, and Gp10 was above 97% with B. 1 min, and a final incubation at 72 °C for 5 min. queenslandensis, B. sylvatica, B. taylorii, B. jaculi, Amplified products were electrophoretically and B. japonica, respectively. GP2, GP3, and Gp9 analyzed on 1% agarose gels supplemented with were above 97% with B. elizabethae, B. grahami, and 0.005% of GoldView and visualized under UV light. B. washoensis, respectively. The latter strains are PCR products of the expected length were then pathogenic to humans. We did not find sequences purified and sequenced on both strands by Tsingke of ≥ 96% homology clustered with Gp6 and Gp7 in Biotechnology (Xi’an, China). the GenBank. We used the NJ and maximum The nucleic acid sequence homology was blasted likelihood (ML) methods to construct phylogenetic against reported Bartonella species sequences in trees and obtained the same results. Thus, NJ GenBank using the BLAST program at the National method was used for further analysis. Center for Biotechnology Information Website In this study, B. elizabethae was detected from (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). Individual Meriones unguiculatus in Dingbian county in the gene sequences and concatenated sequences Shanbei Plateau region. In this county, Meriones assembled for gltA were aligned using ClustalW, and unguiculatus is the dominant species, accounting for Neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree analysis was 90% of rodent communities, and thrives in the performed using MEGA6.06[8] with the Kimura 2- desert and semi-desert steppe, as well as sandy or parameter model and with Brucella abortus as the salinized farmland, ridges, wasteland, thickets and so outlier group. Bootstrap calculations were carried on. In China, Meriones unguiculatus is distributed in out for 1,000 replicates[9]. A criterion of ≥ 96% Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, homology to gltA was used to define phylogroups[10]. Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia provinces. Chi-Square tests of difference in the prevalence B. washoensis was detected from Spermophilus of Bartonella strains in rodents were conducted with alashanicus in Dali county in the Guanzhong Plain P < 0.05 considered the threshold for statistical region. Spermophilus alashanicus is very common in significance using the Statistical Package for the this area, mainly living in dry grassland and desert Social Sciences (SPSS 19, Chicago, IL).