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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL I NDUSTRY Bulletin D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bun 1 I DETERMINATION OF GENERIC TYPES, JST OF Rnrxmvoinr GENERA, WITH THEIR ORIGINAL AND TYPE SPECIES. CH. WARDELL STILES, Ph. D., Zoologist, U. S. I'nh/ic Health and Marine-Hospital Service; Consulting Jlnrcctii of minimal Zoologist , industry, ALBERT HASSALL, M. R. C. V. S., Assistant in Zoology, Bureau of Ahhita/ Industry. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT I' K I N T I X C () K V I C F, . 1905. ORGANIZATION OF THE W REAl OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Chlff: I). K. SALMON, IX V. M. Assistant Chief: A. D. MELVIX, I). V. S. <'hl,'f Clerk: E. B. JONES, LL. M., M. I>. Dairy Division: ED. H. WEBSTER, M. S. chief. In^H'Hltm Division: A. M. FAKRIXGTON-, B. 8., I). V. M., cliii'f. chief. (Juan i lit hie Dirixion: RICHARD W. HICKMAN, Ph. G., V. M. I)., Editor: GEORGE FAYETTE THOMPSON. M. S. Artist: W: S. D. HAIXES. Animal Husbandman: GEORGE M. ROMMEL, B. 8. A. Librarian: BEATRICE C. OBERLY. LABORATORIES. Biochemic Division : MARION DORSET, M. D., chief. Palltoloyical Dinxion: JOHN R. MOIILER, A. M., V. M. D., chief. Zoological Division : BRAYTON H. RANSOM, B. Sc., A. M., acting zoologist. EXPERIMENT STATION. Superintendent, E. C. SCHROEDER, M. D. Y.; expert assistant, W. E. COTTON. INSPECTORS IN CHARGE. Dr. F. W. Ainsworth, Union Stock Yards, Pitts- Dr. F. L. De Wolf, care Chas. Wolff Packing Co., burg, Pa. Topeka, Kans. Dr. M. O. Anderson, care Geo. A. Horinel it Co., Dr. Geo. Ditewig, care Union Stock Yards, Cin- Austin, Minn. cinnati, Ohio. Dr. Don C. Ayer, Post-Office Building, South Dr. E. P. Dowd, care White, Pcvey it Dexter Co.. Omaha, Nebr. Worcester. Mass. Dr. G. S. Baker, Sixth and Townsend sts., San Dr. O. E. Dyson, 316 Exchange Building. Union Francisco, Cal. Stock Yards. Chicago. 111. Dr. L. R. Baker, South St. Joseph. Mo. Dr. Geo. C. Fuville. P. O. box 7%, Norfolk, Ya. Dr. A. E. Behnke, room 432, Federal Building, Dr. J. W. Fink, care Swift & Co., Harrison sta., Milwaukee, Wis. Newark. X. J. Dr. John A. Bell, VVatertown, X. Y. Dr. T. A. Geddes, care U. S. consulate, London. Dr. S. E. Bennett, room 338, Live Stock Ex- England, change Building, Kansas City, Kaus. Dr. H. H. George, 507 Johnson St., Louisville, Dr. Eli L. Bertram, care J. S. Gilmore. haven K.v- port, Iowa. Dr. W. H. Gibbs. care Morton-Greirson Co.. Ne- Dr. Fred Braginton, care Continental Packing Co., braska City, Nebr. Bloomington, 111. Dr. L. K. Green, care Hammond, Standish it Co., Dr. J. J. Brougham, care Missouri Stock Yards Detroit. Mich. Co., St. Louis, Mo. Dr. H. A. Hcdrick. 215 St. Paul st., Baltimore, Md. Dr. G. W. Butler, care Drunimond Bros.. Kan Dr. O.B. Hess, care Frye-Bruhn Co., Seattle, Wash. Claire. Wis. Mr. G. S. Hickox. P. ('). box 1115. Salt I, Dr. J. B. Clancy, Xational Stock Yards, 111. Utah. Dr. Lowell Clarke, room 320, Quincy Building. Dr. A. A. Holcombc, Aurora, 111. Denver, Colo. Dr. U. G. Houek, care Swift it Co., Fort Worth, Dr. Joel E. Cloud, care The Agar Packing Co., Tex. Des Moines, Iowa. Dr. W. E. Howe, care Western Packing Co., Den- Dr. Charles Cowie, Ogdensburg. X. Y. ver. Colo. Dr. David Gumming, 912 La peer a ve., Port Huron. Dr. Julius Huelscn. care Jersey City Stock Yards Mich. Co.. Jersey City, X. J. Dr. Robert Darling, care Chas. S. Hardy, San Dr. K. W. Huntington, U. S. customs office. (J. T. Diego, Cal. R. R. wharf, Portland. Me. Dr. E. T. Davison, Rushville, Xebr. Dr. Robert Jay, care Jacob K. Decker iV Son, Dr. J. F. Deadman. Sault Ste. Marie, Midi. Mason City, Iowa. Mr. Albert Dean, room 328, Stock Yard Station, Dr. G. A. Johnson. Exchange Build; Kansas City, Kans. I City, Iowa. [Concluded on page 3 of cover.] U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY Bulletin No. 79. D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau. THE DETERMINATION OF GENERIC TYPES. LIST OF ROUNDWORM GENERA. WITH THEIR AND TYPE SPECIES. CH. WARDELL STILES, Ph. D., Zoologist, U. S. Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service; Consulting Zoologist, Bureau of Animal Industry, AND ALBERT HASSALL, M. R. C. V. S., Assistant in Zoology, Bureau of Animal Industry. WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1905. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, Washington, D. O., July W, 1905. SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith for publication a techni- cal manuscript entitled "The Determination of Generic Types, and a List of Round worm Genera, with their Original and Type Species", prepared by Doctors Stiles and Hassall. Medical, veterinary, and zoological literature has been inconven- ienced to no slight degree by changes in the technical names, due to a failure on the of authors to for their part designate lype species genera. The present paper is prepared in tne hope of definitely fixing the types for the roundworm genera, especially for those of impor- tance in human and comparative medicine, so that confusion in the future may be reduced. The adoption of a rule by the International Commission on Zoolog- ical Nomenclature to the effect that no new generic name may demand recognition in the future unless its author definitely fixes the type at its original publication is worthy of serious consideration, as such a rule would greatly simplify work. Respectfully, D. E. SALMON, Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Summary 7 Part I. Principles involved in designating the types of genera of parasites 10-80 Introduction 10 Genera other than nematodes included in this paper 11 Types designated or not designated 11 Division of work 12 Homonyms 12 Historical review of type designation 12 The principle of generic types foreshadowed by Linnaeus, 1751 12 The British Association (Stricklandian) Code 13 The Call Code, 1 877 15 The American Ornithologists' Union Code, 1886, 1892 17 The Code of the German Zoological Society, 1 894 18 The Merton Rules, 1896 18 Gill, 1896 20 Durrant, 1898 21 Code of Botanical Nomenclature, A. A. A. S., 1904 22 The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 1904 23 Axioms relative to type species 24 Rules and recommendations concerning types 24 A. Genera for which types are designated or implied in the original publication 25 1. Genera originally published with only one species. "Mono- typical genera" 25 List of genera (chiefly nematodes) originally published with a single species 25 2. Genera originally published with only one valid species, but also with one or more species inquirendte 29 Nematode genera of this class 29 3. Genera originally published with a species definitely desig- 30 nated as type ( type by original designation ) Round worm genera with types by original designation 31 4. Type by original implication through use of the specific name typicus or typu* 31 Nematode genera with type determined by use of specific name typicus 32 5. Type by absolute tautonymy 32 Cases of type by absolute tautonymy 34 Case of AngioKtorna Dujardin, 1845 34 Case of Anguillula Mueller, 1786 34 Case of Capmlaria Zeder, 1800 37 Case of Chaos Linmeus, 1767 38 6. Type by virtual tautonymy 39 7. Types of rename! genera .*. 40 8. Type by inclusion . 42 9. Genera containing types of several earlier genera 47 Case of Acuaria, Spiroptera, Anthuris, and Dispharagux . 48 5 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. Principles involved in designating the types of genera of parasites Page. Continued. Rules and recommendations concerning types Continued. B. Genera for which types have been selected in later publications. 52 10. Type by subsequent designation 52 Roundworm genera with types by later designation 53 C. Genera for which no type has been definitely selected 55 11. Collective biological groups requiring no type species 55 12. Type by elimination 56 Elimination of species Tnquirendse (see p. 29) 57 Elimination of doubtfully referred species 57 Elimination of species selected as types of other genera. 58 Restricted and unrestricted elimination 58 13. Preference to be shown to species not subsequently classified in other genera 60 14. Type by page precedence 62 15. Sexually mature forms take precedence over larval or imma- ture forms 63 16. Preference to be shown to species examined by author of the genus 63 17. Preference to be shown to species named communis, vulgaris, officinalis, or medicinalis 64 18. The best described, best figured, best known, or most easily obtainable species 64 19. The original generic name to go with the greater number of species 65 20. Special points to be considered in connection with genera of parasitic groups 65 21. Remaining genera mentioned in this paper 66 Correlated nomenclatural questions 67 22. Synonymy by original publication 68 23. Rule of homonyms 69 Roundworm generic names which are absolutely preoccu- pied , ." 70 Roundworm generic names which absolutely preoccupy other names 71 24. Phononyms 72 25. Doubtful homonyms 73 26. Emendation of names 76 27. Nomenclatural status of misprints 78 28. Origin of the Law of Priority 78 29. Rudolphi's Rules of Nomenclature 78 30. Polynomial authors between 1758 and 1819 80 Part II. List of generic names, chiefly nematodes, with their original and type species 81-150 Addenda 150 THE DETERMINATION OF GENERIC TYPES, LIST OF ROUNDWORM GENERA, WITH THEIR ORIGINAL AND TYPE SPECIES. BY CH. WARDELL STILES, PH. D., Zoologist of U. S'. Public Health und Marine-Hospital Service; Consulting Zoologist of Bureau of Animal Industry, AND ALBERT HASSALL, M. R. C. V. S., Assistant in Zoology, Bureau of Animal Industry.
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    The main neglected tropical diseases Dengue is a mosquito‐borne viral infection that occurs in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The flavivirus is transmitted mainly by female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and, to a lesser extent, by female A. albopictus mosquitoes. Infection causes flu‐like illness, and occasionally develops into a potentially lethal complication called severe dengue (previously known as dengue haemorrhagic fever). Severe dengue is a leading cause of serious illness and death among children in some Asian and Latin American countries. Rabies is a preventable viral disease that is mainly transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected dog. Once symptoms develop, the disease is invariably fatal in humans unless they promptly receive post‐exposure prophylaxis. Human rabies has been successfully prevented and controlled in North America and in a number of Asian and Latin American countries by implementing sustained dog vaccination campaigns, managing dog populations humanely and providing post‐exposure prophylaxis. Trachoma is a bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, which is transmitted through contact with eye discharge from infected people, particularly young children. It is also spread by flies that have been in contact with the eyes and nose of infected people. Untreated, this condition leads to the formation of irreversible corneal opacities and blindness. Buruli ulcer is a chronic debilitating skin infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans, which can lead to permanent disfigurement and disability. Patients who are not treated early suffer severe destruction of the skin, bone and soft tissue. Endemic treponematoses – yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel) and pinta – are a group of chronic bacterial infections caused by infection with treponemes that mainly affect the skin and bone.
  • Morphological Variation in Echinorhynchus Truttae Schrank, 1788 and the E

    Morphological Variation in Echinorhynchus Truttae Schrank, 1788 and the E

    Biodiversity Data Journal 1: e975 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.1.e975 General article Morphological variation in Echinorhynchus truttae Schrank, 1788 and the E. bothniensis Zdzitowiecki & Valtonen, 1987 species complex from freshwater fishes of northern Europe Matthew T Wayland † † Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom Corresponding author: Matthew T Wayland ([email protected]) Academic editor: Lyubomir Penev Received: 01 Aug 2013 | Accepted: 27 Aug 2013 | Published: 16 Sep 2013 Citation: Wayland M (2013) Morphological variation in Echinorhynchus truttae Schrank, 1788 and the E. bothniensis Zdzitowiecki & Valtonen, 1987 species complex from freshwater fishes of northern Europe. Biodiversity Data Journal 1: e975. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.1.e975 Abstract Echinorhynchus truttae and the E. bothniensis species complex are common parasites of salmoniform and other fishes in northern Europe. E. bothniensis and its sibling speciesE. 'bothniensis' are thought to be closely related to the Nearctic E. leidyi Van Cleave, 1924 based on morphological similarity and common usage of a mysid intermediate host. This study provides the first analysis of morphological and meristic variation in E. truttae and expands our knowledge of anatomical variability in the E. bothniensis group. Morphological variability in E. truttae was found to be far greater than previously reported, with part of the variance attributable to sexual dimorphism. E. truttae, the two species of the E. bothniensis group and E. leidyi displayed considerable interspecific overlap in the ranges of all conventional morphological characters. However, Proboscis profiler, a tool for detecting acanthocephalan morphotypes using multivariate analysis of hook morphometrics, successfully separated E. truttae from the other taxa. The E.