Alien plants collected or confirmed on the islands of Shikotan, Kunashir and Iturup on the 2009‒2012 Botanical Title Expeditions

Author(s) Fukuda, Tomoko; Alelsandr A., Taran; Sato, Hiroyuki; kato, Yukie; Tkakahashi, Hideki

Citation 北海道大学総合博物館研究報告, 7, 8-26

Issue Date 2014-03-31

Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/55178

Type bulletin (article)

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Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin (2014) 4, 8-26.

Alien plants collected or confirmed on the islands of Shikotan, Kunashir and Iturup on the 2009–2012 Botanical Expeditions

Tomoko Fukuda1, Aleksandr A. Taran2, Hiroyuki Sato3, Yukie Kato4 and Hideki Takahashi5

1Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1, Amakubo, Tsukuba, 305- 0005 JAPAN. 2Sakhalin Branch of Botanical Garden-Institute, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 25, ul. Gorkogo, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Box 34, 693023 RUSSIA; 3Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589 JAPAN; 4Kushiro City Museum, 1-7, Shunkodai, Kushiro, 085-0822 JAPAN; 5The Hokkaido University Museum, N10 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810 JAPAN

Abstract Alien plants collected or confirmed by photographs during the 2009-2012 botanical expeditions to the islands of Shikotan, Kunashir and Iturup were reported. In all, 21 alien plants were newly found from these islands: Aegopodium podagraria L., Daucus carota L. subsp. carota, a double-flowered form of Achillea ptarmica L., Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. hortensis L.H.Bailey, Solidago gigantea Aiton subsp. serotina (Kuntze) McNeill, Tanacetum vulgare L. var. vulgare, Echium vulgare L., Symphytum ×uplandicum Nyman, Brassica napus L., Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook., Saponaria officinalis L., Chenopodium ficifolium Sm., Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. subsp. suaveolens (Ledeb.) H.Ohashi, Trifolium campestre Schreb., Hypericum perforatum L. Mentha ×gracilis Sole, Oxalis dillenii Jacq., Anthoxanthum odoratum L. subsp. glabrescens (Ćelak.) Asch. et Graebn., Elytrigia repens (L. ) Desv. ex B.D.Jackson var. aristata (Doell) Prokud. and Lolium perenne L. All the alien plants reported to date, including those we found, were analyzed in an invasive period and with a geographical relationship. Some details were determined for the especially harmful invasive species found during our expedition: Rudbeckia laciniata L., Solidago gigantea Aiton, Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook., and Aegopodium podagraria L.

Key words: alien, Cakile edentula, Iturup, Kunashir, Kuril Islands, Rudbeckia laciniata, Shikotan,

Introduction The presence of alien plants on these islands has already been noted by Tatewaki (1957), Barkalov (2009) and others. However, Some alien species are harmful to native species, and the many of these works aimed to clarify the entire flora of the islands, mechanism behind their interaction has been discussed from many and information on alien plants, its status and their distribution angles (e.g. Gurevitch and Padilla, 2004; Traveset and Richardson, ranges are described fragmentally. In order to understand the 2006). Didham et al. (2005) suggested that ultimate causes of ecological status of the islands, it is necessary to identify alien population decline by invasive plants are species specific and species, their characteristics, the period of invasion, and their context dependent. Pyšek et al. (2004) noted that checklists of alien present status in the regional flora. plant species with reliable information of identification and status During 2009 － 2012, we went on expeditions to the Shikotan are indispensable to consider the problem of alien plants. Such a (2010), Kunashir (2009, 2012) and Iturup (2012) Islands of checklist will necessary in understanding regional flora, as well the southern Kuril Islands on the theme "joint research on the as to support and promote ecological research, which will help to invasive species and rare & endangered species of the southern consider the conservation problems of the locality. Kuril Islands". During the study, we had the chance to study the Many studies have been carried out on alien plants in Japan ecological condition of the islands, including the situation of alien (Osada 1972, 1976, Tachikake 1998, Shimizu, N. et al. 2001, species. We considered the period of these species' introduction Shimizu, T. 2003, Uemura et al. 2010). A manual and list of the according to the literature and compared floristic similarity to alien plants have also been published in Hokkaido (Igarashi 2001, neighboring territories. On the basis of our results, we gave special Hokkaido 2010). However, comparatively few studies have been attention to some invasive species that might have harmful effects carried out on the alien species of the Kuril Islands. to the native vegetation of these islands.

8 Materials and Methods period! KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. We investigated alien plants at several places on Shikotan in Fukuda 2012-7. 2010, Kunashir in 2009, 2013, and Iturup in 2013. The places Note: Cultivated plants were left growing in the central part investigated included natural meadows and forests, and vacant or of Yuzhno-Kuril’sk, Kunashir. On Hokkaido this species was disturbed places around and within the settlements of these islands. introduced and planted in a garden, but after that, it escaped and A list of alien plants collected and confirmed in these islands is is now invading forests. Due to its strong propagation by long presented in this paper. Family and species names generally follow branching rhizomes, Hokkaido (2010) regarded this species as a Murata and Yonekura (2012) and are ordered alphabetically. In the high-risk invasive plant on Hokkaido (A2 rank). entries, the species name, [Japanese name], and (the risk categories Daucus carota L. subsp. carota [Nora-ninjin] (Hokkaido: A3) of the menace of the naturalized plant in Hokkaido) are noted. The Newest period! risk categories follow the scheme of Hokkaido (2010). ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. H. Takahashi. Photo! The naturalized age in the southern Kurils (Shikotan, Note: This species was found at the side of the main road within Kunashir and Iturup) was estimated from the records of Miyabe Kuril’sk. It was not common there. (1860), Tatewaki (1957), and Barkalov (2009) and our data. The introduced age is classified into the following periods; 1) the ASTERACEAE Ainu period, in which naturalized plants were first recorded in Achillea millefolium L. [Seiyō-nokogiri-sō] (Hokkaido: A3) Miyabe (1860), 2) the Japanese period, in which the plants in Russian period. question were first recorded in Tatewaki (1957), 3) the Russian KUNASHIR: E of Golvnino (Tomari). Aug. 21, 2012. H. period, in which the plants were first recorded in Barkalov (2012), Takahashi et al. 35237. and 4) the Newest period, in which the plants in question were KUNASHIR: Tret’yakovo (Chibukaribetsu). Aug. 25, 2012. Y. first recorded in the present study, including our recent records Kato 2012-314. (Fukuda et al. 2013). The floristic similarity of the alien plants was KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. clarified in comparison with plants in the neighboring territories: Fukuda 2012-36. Hokkaido (Igarashi 2001) and Sakhalin (Smirnov 2002). The KUNASHIR: Cape Veslo (Keramui-misaki). Aug. 21, 2012. T. localities for each species were arranged from southwest to Fukuda 2012-222. northeast. The specimens and photographs listed are deposited in ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Aug. 26, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-333. SAPS (Herbarium, the Hokkaido University Museum, Sapporo). fls-pink. Annotations have been added for some species. Terms follow ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-580. Pyšek et al. (2004). ITURUP: Airport. Aug. 17, 2011. A. Taran s.n. ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobi). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-611. Results and Discussion Achillea ptarmica L., double-flowered cultivar. [Ōbana-nokogiri- sō] (Hokkaido: B) Newest period! 1. List of alien plants of the three islands KUNASHIR: Mt. Mechnikova (Rausu-yama). Aug. 24, 2012. H. Alien species, collected or confirmed by photographs in field Sato 01584; Y. Kato 2012-292. research 2009-2012 from Shikotan, Kunashir and Iturup are ITURUP: Kuril’sk. Sep. 8, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. Fukuda described. During the research, the following 21 alien plants 35775. were first found in the southern Kurils: Aegopodium podagraria Note: A double-flowered form of this species was found in L., Daucus carota L. subsp. carota, a double-flowered form a waste area. It may have escaped or been left growing in a of Achillea ptarmica L., Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. hortensis garden. L.H.Bailey, Solidago gigantea Aiton subsp. serotina (Kuntze) Arctium lappa L. [Gobō] (Hokkaido: A3) Russian period. McNeill, Tanacetum vulgare L. var. vulgare, Echium vulgare KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu): Aug. 24, 2012. L., Symphytum ×uplandicum Nyman, Brassica napus L., Cakile H. Sato 01575. edentula (Bigelow) Hook., Saponaria officinalis L., Chenopodium ITURUP: Osennyaya River. Sep. 4, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. ficifolium Sm., Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., Melilotus officinalis (L.) Fukuda 35633. Pall. subsp. suaveolens (Ledeb.) H.Ohashi, Trifolium campestre ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Aug. 26, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-332. Schreb., Hypericum perforatum L., Mentha ×gracilis Sole, Oxalis ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-577. dillenii Jacq., Anthoxanthum odoratum L. subsp. glabrescens Arctium tomentosum Mill. [Watage-gobō] (Hokkaido:­－) Russian (Čelak.) Asch. et Graebn., Elytrigia repens (L. ) Desv. ex period.­­ B.D.Jackson var. aristata (Doell) Prokud. and Lolium perenne L. SHIKOTAN: Krabozavodskoye (Anama). Aug. 29, 2010. H. Takahashi. Photo! ­ APIACEAE KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. Aegopodium podagraria L. [Iwa-mitsuba] (Hokkaido: A2) Newest Fukuda 2012-38.

9 ITURUP: Osennaya River (Oimon-gawa). Sep. 4, 2012. H. Fukuda 2012-540. Takahashi 35633. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-588. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Aug. 25, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-317. ITURUP: Lake Sopochnoye (Tōro-numa). Aug. 28, 2012. T. Note: This species has not been reported previously as an alien Fukuda 2012-477; H. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35436, 35438. plant on Hokkaido. It may have been introduced to the southern ITURUP: Dobrynin Bay (Otoimaushi). Aug. 27, 2012. T. Fukuda Kurils from Sakhalin. 2012-373. Bellis perennis L. [Hinagiku] (Hokkaido: B) Russian period. Leontodon autumnalis L. [Akino-tanpopo-modoki] (Hokkaido: ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobu). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012- － ) Russian period. ­ 600. SHIKOTAN: Aug. 18, 2010. A. Taran s.n. Centaurea jacea L. [Yaguruma-azami] (Hokkaido: B) Russian SHIKOTAN: Otradnaya Bay (Matakotan-wan). Aug. 22, 2010. period. H. Takahashi 34969. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 8, 2012. H. Takahashi. Photo! KUNASHIR: Lake Veslovskoye (Keramui-ko). Aug. 21, 2012. Y. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 9, 2012. T. Fukuda-701. Kato 2012-154. Note: This species was found in a wasteland in the suburbs KUNASHIR: Climbing road to Lake Goryacheye (Ichibishinai- of Kuril’sk. It may have once been cultivated in a garden and ko). Aug. 20, 2012. H. Takahashi et al. 35234. escaped. KUNASHIR: Cape Chetverikova. Aug. 18, 2012. H. Takahashi Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. [Amerika-oni-azami] (Hokkaido: A2) et al. 35018; Y. Kato 2012-009. Russian period. KUNASHIR: Yuzuno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Oct. 21, 2009. H. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Aug. 25, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-324. Takahashi 34650, 34655. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. [Himejoon] (Hokkaido: A3) Russian KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Oct. 28, 2009. H. period. Takahashi 34719. KUNASHIR: Andreyevka River. Aug. 22, 2012. H. Takahashi et KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. al. 35285. Fukuda 2012-18, -21. KUNASHIR: Mt. Mechnikova (Rausu-yama). Aug. 24, 2012. H. KUNASHIR: Lake Serebryanoye (Furukamappu-ko). Agu. 23, Sato 01583. 2012. Y. Kato 2012-223. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril'sk (Furuamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. KUNASHIR: Lake Aliger (Arigeru-ko). Aug. 22, 2012. Y. Kato Fukuda 2012-23. 2012-200. Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. [Heraba-himejoon] (Hokkaido: ITURUP: Pioner to Kuril’sk (Rubetsu to Shana). Sep. 6, 2012. H. B) Russian period. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35746. SHIKOTAN: Aug. 11, 2010. A. Taran s.n. ITURUP. Kuril’sk (Shana). Aug. 16, 2011. A. Taran s.n. KUNASHIR: Around Golovnino (Tomari). Aug. 21, 2012. H. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Aug. 25, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-314. Takahashi et al. 35270. Note: This species is a very common naturalized plant in the KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Oct. 21, 2009. H. Kuril Islands, but it has not been previously reported from Takahashi 34656, 34660. Hokkaido except for one doubtful record in Sapporo (Igarashi Galinsoga parviflora Cav. [Kogome-giku] (Hokkaido: B) Russian 2001). period. Leucanthemum vulgare [Furansu-giku] (Hokkaido: A2) Russian KUNASHIR: Tret’yakovo (Chibukaribetsu). Aug. 25, 2012. Y. period. Kato 2012-308. SHIKOTAN: Aug. 11, 2010. A. Taran s.n. Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. [Edauchi-chichiko-gusa] (Hokkaido: B) KUNASHIR: Cape Chetverikova. Aug. 18, 2012. H. Takahashi Russian period. 35019. SHIKOTAN: Mt. Shikotan. Aug. 23, 2010. H. Takahashi 34943. KUNASHIR: Lake Serebryanoye (Furukamappu-ko). Aug. 23, ITURUP: Pioner to Osennyaya River. Sep. 4, 2012. H. Takahashi 2012. Y. Kato 2012-237, 2012-254. & T. Fukuda 35649. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Oct. 21, 2009. H. ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobi). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2021-617. Takahashi 34649. ITURUP: Pacific side of Vetrovoy Peresheyek (Rucharu-gen’ya). KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril'sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. Aug. 29, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35546. Fukuda 2012-17. Gnaphalium uliginosum L. [Hime-chichiko-gusa] (Hokkaido: B) ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Aug. 4, 2011. A. Taran s.n. Russian period. Note: This ornamental plant has been invading the subalpine KUNASHIR: Lake Veslovskoye (Keramui-ko). Aug. 21, 2012. H. broad-leaved meadows on the coastal terrace. Similar situations Takahashi et al. 35273. are observed in mountain meadows of Hokkaido. KUNASHIR: Lake Serebryanoye (Furukamappu-ko). Aug. 23, Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Ced.Porter ex Britton [Koshika- 2012. Y. Kato 2012-252. giku] (Hokkaido: B) Ainu period. ITURUP: Kuibyshevka River (Rubetsu-gawa). Aug. 30, 2012. T. SHIKOTAN: Aug. 11, 2010. A. Taran s.n.

10 SHIKOTAN: Krabozavodskoye (Anama). Aug. 22, 2010. H. ITURUP: Dobrynina Bay (Otoimaushi). Aug. 27, 2012. H. Takahashi 34951. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35366. KUNASHIR: E of Golvnino (Tomari). Aug. 21, 2012. H. ITURUP: Kuril'sk (Shana). Aug. 25, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-320. Takahashi et al. 35236. Solidago gigantea Aiton subsp. serotina (Kuntze) McNeill KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Oct. 21, 2009. H. [Ō-awadachi-sō] (Hokkaido: A2) Newest period! Takahashi 34653. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 6, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. KUNASHIR: Tret’yakovo (Chibukaribetsu). Aug. 25, 2012. Y. Fukuda 35771. Kato 2012-307. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana), roadside by vacant field. Aug. 26, KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril'sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-344. Fukuda 2012-6. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana), grassland . Sep. 6, 2012. T. KUNASHIR: Around Golvnino (Tomari). Aug. 21, 2012. T. Fukuda-696. Fukuda 2012-223. Note: This species is designated as an A2 naturalized plant on ITURUP: Dobrynina Bay (Otoimaushi). Aug. 27, 2012. H. Hokkaido, and removing work has been carried out in several Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35379. places. However, this plant has not been previously reported Note: Miyabe (1890) recorded this species from Urup as “ex from the Kuril Islands (Barkalov 2009), so this is a new record Max.” which refers the information from Dr. Maximowicz, for the Kurils. It forms thick, dense colonies in the suburbs of recorded as Matricaria discoidea DC. in his flora. Thus M. Kuril’sk, so it should be removed as for Rudbeckia laciniata. matricarioides is an old naturalized plant that may have been Tanacetum vulgare L. var. vulgare [Yomogi-giku] (Hokkaido: B) introduced to the Kurils by Russians. Newest period! Pilosella aurantiaca (L.) F.Schultz et Sch.Bip. [Kōrin-tanpopo] ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobi). Sep. 1, 2012. H. Takahashi. Photo! (Hokkaido: A2) Russian period. ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobi). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda-619. KUNASHIR: Tret’yakovo (Chibukaribetsu). Aug. 25, 2012. Y. Note: This variety was growing in a wasteland within the village Kato 2012-306. of Reydovo. ITURUP: Pioner (Rubetsu) to Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 6, 2012. H. Taraxacum officinale [Seiyō-tanpopo] (Hokkaido: A2) Japanese Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35742. period ? ITURUP: Airport. Aug. 17, 2011. A. Taran s.n. KUNASHIR: Saratovskaya River (Seoi-gawa). Oct. 23, 2009. H. Note : In Sakhalin, this species commonly invades mountain Takahashi 34707. meadows. ITURUP: Sof’a Bay (Sokiya). Aug. 26, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. Rudbeckia hirta [Arage-hangon-sō] (Hokkaido: B) Russian period. Fukuda 35362. KUNASHIR: Around Golvnino (Tomari). Aug. 21, 2012. H. Note: Tatewaki reported 10 species of Taraxacum, including Takahashi et al. 35269. invasive T. laviegatum DC. in the Kuril Islands. Hence, Note: A population found in Kunashir is considered a Taraxacum officinale may also have invaded in the Japanese horticultural race of this species, and is similar to “Gloriosa period. Daisy” (Kunashir, Mt. Mechnikova. Aug. 24, 2012. Y. Kato 2012-293). BALSAMINACEAE Rudbeckia laciniata L. [Ō-hangon-sō] (Hokkaido: A2) Russian Impatiens glandulifera Royle [Oni-tsurihunesō] (Hokkaido: A3) period. Russian period. KUNASHIR: Saratovskaya River (Seoi-gawa) to Tyatina River SHIKOTAN: Krabozavodskoye (Anama). Aug. 26, 2010. H. (Onnebetsu-gawa). Oct. 22, 2009. H. Takahashi 34698. Takahashi. Photo! KUNASHIR: Mouth of Tyatina River. Oct. 24, 2009. J. Ozasa s.n. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 24, 2012. Note: This species forms thick, dense colonies around the H. Sato 01573. mouth of the Tyatina River (Onnebetsu-gawa) at the southwest Note: At present, it is a common naturalized plant in Sakhalin. foot of Mt. Tyatya. For conservation of the natural meadow vegetation, the plants should be removed. BORAGINACEAE Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. hortensis L.H.Bailey [Hanagasa-giku] Echium vulgare L. [Shibenaga-murasaki] (Hokkaido: B) Newest (Hokkaido: A2, included in R. laciniata). Newest period! period! KUNASHIR: Tret’yakovo (Chibukaribetsu). Aug. 25, 2012. Y. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 24, 2012. Kato 2012-305. H. Sato 01574. Note: Igarashi (2001) listed this variety as a naturalized plant on Note: This species is a comparatively rare alien plant on Hokkaido. This variety is planted in gardens, and has escaped Hokkaido, and it may have recently escaped from a garden in the often on Hokkaido. town of Yuzhno-Kuril’sk. Senecio vulgaris [Noboro-giku] (Hokkaido: A3) Japanese period. Symphytum × uplandicum Nyman [Comfrey] (Hokkaido: A3) SHIKOTAN: Aug. 6, 2010. A. Taran s.n. Newest period!

11 KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril'sk, in grassland by house. Aug. 23, Note: This species is regarded as a prehistorically introduced 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-307. plant in Japan (as C. holosteoides var. hallaisanense in ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana), in shrub among houses. Aug. 26, Shimidzu 2003). Miyabe (1890) recorded it as C. vulgatum L. 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-334. var. glandulosum Koch. from Iturup, so it may be an old plant naturalized to the Kurils. Barkalov (2009) also regarded it as a BRASSICACEAE plant naturalized to the Kurils. Brassica napus L. [Seiyo-aburana] (Hokkaido: B) Newest period! Sagina procumbens L. [Araito-tsumekusa] (Hokkaido: B) Russian ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobu), grassland among houses. Sep. 1, period. 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-607. ITURUP: Tornaya Bay (Tōro). Aug. 28, 2013. H. Takahashi & T. ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobu), dried vacant field. Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 35533. Fukuda 2012-618. Saponaria officinalis L. [Sabon-sō] (Hokkaido: B) Newest period! Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook. [Onihama-daikon] (Hokkaido: ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. H. Takahashi. Photo! A3) Newest period! ITURUP: Kuril’sk, roadside by vacant field. Aug. 26, 2012. T. SHIKOTAN: Tserkovnaya Bay (Matsuga-hama). Aug. 25, 2010. Fukuda 2012-345-b. H. Takahashi. Photo! Note: This species was found in a wasteland in the suburbs of KUNASHIR: Cape Veslo (Keramui-misaki). Aug. 21, 2012. T. Kuril’sk. It may have recently escaped from cultivation in a Fukuda 2012-241; H. Takahashi et al. 35276, Y. Kato 2012-138. garden. This species was not recorded in the Kurils (Barkalov KUNASHIR: Lake Veslovskoye (Keramui-ko). Aug. 21, 2012. T. 2009), but was recorded in Sakhalin (Barkalov and Taran 2004). Fukuda 2012-237; H. Takahashi et al. 35239, 35244. Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke [Shiratama-sō] (Hokkaido: B) KUNASHIR: Lake Peschanoye (Tōfutsu-ko). Aug. 19, 2012. H. Russian period. Takahashi et al. 35142; Y. Kato 2012-107. ITURUP: Reydovo, dried vacant field near grassland. Sep. 1, KUNASHIR: Between 13km village and Stolbchatyy Cape 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-621. (Zaimoku-iwa). Aug. 22, 2012. H. Takahashi et al. 35316. Spergula arvensis var. sativa (Boenn.) Mert. et W.D.J.Koch ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-582. [Ō-tsumekusa] (Hokkaido: A3) Japanese period. ITURUP: Senokosnaya (Shimonaibo-gyojo). Aug. 27, 2012. T. KUNASHIR: Lake Veslovskoye (Keramui-ko). Aug. 21, 2012. H. Fukuda 2012-413. Takahashi et al. 35272. ITURUP: Sof’a Bay (Sokiya). Aug. 26, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. KUNASHIR: Andreyevka River. Aug. 22, 2012. H. Takahashi et Fukuda 35333. al. 35288. Note: Fukuda et al. (2013) recorded a new invasion of this KUNASHIR: Lake Serebryanoye (Furukamappu-ko). Aug. 23, species from the Kunashir and Iturup Islands. The species is very 2012. Y. Kato 2012-271. rarely observed in Shikotan, but becomes somewhat common on KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Fukukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. the sandy beaches of Kunashir and Iturup. T. Fukuda 2012-24. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. [Nazuna] (Hokkaido: + ) Ainu ITURUP: Lake Lebedinoye (Shana-numa). Sep. 6, 2012. H. period. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35766. SHIKOTAN: Aug. 11, 2010. A. Taran s.n. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda-583. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. Note: Plants having white papillose seeds are recognized as var. Fukuda 2012-10. arvensis, which is popular in Hokkaido; on the other hand, plants ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Aug. 7, 2011. A. Taran s.n. having the seeds without small white papillae are described as ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-586. var. sativa, which is popular on Sakhalin. Thus, S. arvensis var. Note: It is regarded as a prehistorically introduced plants in sativa of the southern Kurils shows more similarity to Sakhalin Japan (Shimizu 2003), and by the end of the 1800s, it was than to Hokkaido in the variety rank. already common around the settlements and roadsides of Iturup Spergularia rubra [Usubeni-tsumekusa] (Hokkaido: B) Russian (Miyabe 1890). period. Raphanus raphanistrum L. [Seiyō-no-daikon] (Hokkaido: B) ITURUP: Kasatka Bay (Hitokappu-wan). Sep. 2, 2012. H. Russian period. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35602. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. H. Takahashi. Photo! Stellaria graminea L. [Karafuto-hosoba-hakobe] (Hokkaido: A3) ITURUP: Middle of island, Okhotsk sea side, Kuril'sk. Sep. 1, Russian period. 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-591. KUNASHIR: Lake Veslovskoye (Keramui-ko). Aug. 21, 2012. Y. Kato 2012-144. CARYOPHYLLACEAE ITURUP: Near airport. Aug. 16, 2011. A. Taran s.n. Cerastium holosteoides [Ō-miminagusa] (Hokkaido: + ) Ainu Stellaria media [Ko-hakobe] (Hokkaido: A3) Ainu period. period. ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobu). Aug. 7, 2011. A. Taran s.n. ITURUP: Airport. Aug. 17, 2011. A. Taran s.n. Note: This species is regarded as a prehistorically introduced

12 plant to Japan (Shimizu 2003), and at the end of the 1800s, it ITURUP: Dobrynina Bay (Otoimaushi). Aug. 27, 2012. H. was very common at Kuril’sk and elsewhere in Iturup (Miyabe Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35395. 1890). Barkalov (2009) regarded it as a species naturalized to Note: Miyabe (1890) did not record T. pratense from the the Kuril Islands. southern Kurils. Afterward, Tatewaki (1957) recorded it on several islands of the Kurils. This species is now a very common CHENOPODIACEAE plant naturalized to the Kurils. Chenopodium album L. [Shiroza] (Hokkaido: B) Ainu period. Trifolium repens L. [Shiro-tsumekusa] (Hokkaido: A2) Japanese ITURUP: Chernye Skaly (Biyonotsu-gyojyo). Aug. 29, 2012. H. period. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35560. KUNASHIR: Cape Chetverikova. Aug. 18, 2012. H. Takahashi Note: This species is regarded as native in Japan (Shimizu 2009), 35012. but Igarashi (2001) regarded it as naturalized to Hokkaido. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Oct. 21, 2009. H. Barkalov (2009) regarded it as naturalized to the Kurils, and Takahashi 34648. Miyabe (1890) had already recorded it from Shikotan and Iturup. ITURUP: Lake Kuibyshevskoye (Rausu-numa). Aug. 30, 2012. Thus, it may be a prehistorically naturalized plant in the Kurils. T. Fukuda 2012-566b. Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. [Ko-akaza] (Hokkaido: B) Newest ITURUP: Tornaya Bay (Tōro) to Senokosnaya Bay period! (Shimonaibo-gyojyo). Aug. 28, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. Fukuda ITURUP: Dobrynin Bay, coastal area. Aug. 27, 2012. T. Fukuda 35467. 2012-403. ITURUP: Dobrynina Bay (Otoimaushi). Aug. 27, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35394. CONVOLVULACEAE Note: The history of this plant's introduction to the Kurils may Convolvulus arvensis L. [Seiyō-hirugao] (Hokkaido: A3) Russian be the same as that of T. pratense. period. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. H. Takahashi. Photo! GERANIACEAE ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda-576. Geranium sibiricum L. [Ichige-fūro] (Hokkaido: + ) Japanese period? FABACEAE ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Aug. 7, 2011. A. Taran s.n. Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. [Shukkon-lupinus] (Hokkaido: A3) Note: This species is recognized as a native plant of Japan Newest period! (Shimizu 2003) and of Hokkaido (Igarashi 2001), but Barkalov ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. H. Takahashi. Photo! (2009) regarded it as a plant alien to the Kurils. Miyabe (1890) Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. subsp. suaveolens (Ledeb.) did not record it, but Tatewaki (1957) did from the Kurils. H.Ohashi [Shinagawa-hagi] (Hokkaido: A3) Newest period! Therefore, in the early 1900s, this species must have been ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Aug. 25, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-308. introduced to the Kurils. Note: This species was growing sporadically in wastelands within the town of Kuril’sk. HYPERICACEAE Trifolium campestre Schreb. [Kusudama-tsumekusa] Newest Hypericum perforatum L. [Seiyō-otogiri] (Hokkaido: B) Newest period! period! ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-589. SHIKOTAN: Krabozavodskoye (Anama). Aug. 29, 2010. H. Trifolium hybridum L. [Tachi-oranda-genge] (Hokkaido: A3) Takahashi. Photo! Russian period. ITURUP: Near airport Burevestnik (Tennei). Aug. 17, 2011. A. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-593. Taran s.n. Trifolium pratense L. [Murasaki-tsumekusa] (Hokkaido: A2) Japanese period. JUNCACEAE KUNASHIR: Cape Chetverikova. Aug. 18, 2012. H. Takahashi Juncus bufonius L. [Hime-kōgai-zekishō] (Hokkaido: － ) 35009. Japanese period? KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Oct. 21, 2009. H. KUNASHIR: Lake Veslovskoye (Keramui-ko). Aug. 21, 2012. H. Takahashi 34652. Takahashi et al. 35274. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. ITURUP: E of Kasatka Bay (Hitokappu-wan). Sep. 2, 2012. H. Fukuda 2012-27. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35609. KUNASHIR: Cape Remontnyy (Kinakai-zaki). Oct. 21, 2009. ITURUP: Dobrynin Bay (Otoimaushi). Aug. 27, 2012. T. Fukuda H. Takahashi 34684. White fls! 2012-372; H. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35386. ITURUP: Lake Kuibyshevskoye (Rausu-numa). Aug. 30, 2012. Note: This species is recognized as a native plant of Japan T. Fukuda 2012-566a. (Shimizu 2003) as it is of Hokkaido (Igarashi 2001), but ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Aug. 26, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-343. Barkalov (2009) regarded it as a naturalized plant of the Kurils.

13 Because Miyabe (1890) did not record it but Tatewaki (1957) did 35323. from the Kurils, this species must have introduced to the Kurils ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana), roadside. Aug. 26, 2012. T. Fukuda in the early 1900s. 2012-340, 342. Juncus tenuis Willd. [Kusa-i] (Hokkaido: – ) Japanese period? Note 1: According to the absence in Miyabe (1890) and presence KUNASHIR: Cape Chetverikova, Aug. 18, 2012. H. Takahashi in Tatewaki (1957) on the Kurils, this species must have been et al. 35000, Y. Kato 2012-003. introduced to the southern Kurils in the beginning of the 1900s. KUNASHIR: Andreyevka River. Aug. 22, 2012. H. Takahashi et Note 2: In Kuril'sk, Iturup, we found flowers with yellow petals, al. 35284. as well as flowers with cream colored petals (Fukuda 2012-340, KUNASHIR: Coastal grassland near Andreyevka. Aug. 18, 342). 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-40. KUNASHIR: Lake Peschanoye (Tōfutsu-ko). Aug. 19, 2012. Y. OROBANCHACEAE Kato 2012-102. Rhinanthus angustifolius C.C.Gmel. subsp. grandiflorus (Wallr.) ITURUP: Tornaya Bay (Tōro). Aug. 28, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. D.A.Webb [Okuezo-garagara] (Hokkaido: – ) Russian period. Fukuda 35537. KUNASHIR: Lake Veslovskoye (Keramui-ko). Aug. 21, 2012. H. Note: This species is generally not regarded as a naturalized Takahashi et al. 35275; Y. Kato 2012-148. plant of Hokkaido (Hokkaido 2010), or is a prehistorically KUNASHIR: Cape Chetverikova to mouth of Andreyevka River. introduced plant in Japan (Shimizu 2003). On the other hand, Aug. 18, 2012. H. Takahashi 35025; Y. Kato 2012-028. Barkalov (2009) regarded it as naturalized to the Kuril Islands. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril'sk (Furukamappu), in grassland. Based to the absence of this species in Miyabe (1890) and its Aug. 18, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-28. presence in Tatewaki (1957) on the Kurils, it should have been KUNASHIR: Lake Serebryanoye (Furukamappu-numa). Aug. introduced to the southern Kurils in the early 1900s. 23, 2012. Y. Kato 2012-232, 2012-244. ITURUP: Pioner to Osennyaya River. Sep. 4, 2012. H. Takahashi LAMINACEAE & T. Fukuda 35653. Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hylander [Naginata-Kōju] (Hokkaido: ITURUP: Osennyaya River. Sep. 4, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. + ) Japanese period? Fukuda 35620. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana), by farm field. Sep. 1, 2012. T. ITURUP: Lake Kuibyshevskoye (Rausu-numa). Aug. 30, 2012. Fukuda 2012-597. T. Fukuda 2012-566c. Note: In Japan including Hokkaido, this plant is regarded as a ITURUP: Pacific side of Vetrovoy Peresheyek (Rucharu-gen’ya). native species, but Barkalov (2009) treated it as a naturalized Aug. 29, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35550, 35557. species in the Kurils. ITURUP: Tornaya Bay (Tōro) to Senokosnaya Bay Galeopsis bifida Boenn. [Chishima-odorikosō] (Hokkaido: A3) (Shimonaibo-gyojyo). Aug. 28, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. Fukuda Japanese period? 35505. SHIKOTAN: Aug. 10, 2010. A. Taran s.n. ITURUP: Sopochnoye (Tōro). Aug. 28, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012- KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. 450. Fukuda 2012-11. ITURUP: Middle of island, Okhotsk sea side, Reydovo, near ITURUP: NE of Lake Maloye (Rubetsu-numa). Aug. 30, 2012. H. woods in the village. Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-614. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35592. Note: This species is now a common naturalized plant of the ITURUP: Sof’a Bay (Sokiya). Aug. 26, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. southern Kurils and Sakhalin, but has not previously been Fukuda 35346. recorded from Japan including Hokkaido (Igarashi 2001, ITURUP: Along Kuibyshevka River (Rubetsu-gawa). Aug. 30, Shimizu 2003). Due to the absence of this species from the 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-539. Kurils in Miyabe (1890) and Tatewaki (1957), this species is Mentha ×gracilis Sole [America-hakka] (Hokkaido: B) Newest likely a new alien from Sakhalin to the southern Kurils after the period! end of World War II (1945). ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-594. Note: In Mentha ×gracilis leaves at the base of every successive OXALIDACEAE verticillaster become smaller. Oxalis dillenii Jacq. [Ottachi-katabami] (Hokkaido: B) Newest period! ONAGRACEAE SHIKOTAN: Aug. 10, 2010. A. Taran s. n. Oenothera biennis L. [Me-matsuyoi-gusa] (Hokkaido: A3) ITURUP: Sept. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-584. Japanese period. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril'sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. PLANTAGINACEAE Fukuda 2012-29. Plantago lanceolata L. [Hera-ōbako] (Hokkaido: A2) Russian KUNASHIR: Lake Aliger. Aug. 22, 2012. H. Takahashi et al. period.

14 ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobi). Aug. 7, 2011. A. Taran s.n. (Hokkaido: A3) Russian period. ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobi). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-608. KUNASHIR: Mouth of Andreyevka River (Urarokushibetsu). Plantago major L. [Seiyō-ōbako] (Hokkaido: B) Ainu period. Aug. 18, 2012. Y. Kato 2012-031. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril'sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. KUNSHIR: Mt. Mechnikova (Rausu-yama). Aug. 24, 2012. H. Fukuda 2012-34. Sato 01581. Veronica chamaedrys L. [Karafuto-hiyokusō] (Hokkaido: B) Avena fatua L. [Karasu-mugi] (Hokkaido: B) Japanese period? Russian period. KUNASHIR: Andreevka kordon (Urarokushibetsu). Aug. 18, KUNASHIR: Mouth of Tyatina River. Oct. 25, 2009. J. Ozasa s.n. 2012. H. Sato et al. 01601, 01833 (SAPS042236, 042513). Note: Because of the absence in Miyabe (1860) and Tatewaki Note: It is regarded as a prehistorically introduced plant in Japan (1957) and the presence in Barkalov (2009) in the Kurils, it may (Shimizu 2003). be a new alien of the Kurils after the end of the World War II Bromus inermis Leyss. [Ko-suzumeno-chahiki] (Hokkaido: A3) (1945). Russian period. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 24, 2012. POACEAE H. Sato 01646 － 01648 (SAPS042406-042408). Agrostis gigantea [Konuka-gusa] (Hokkaido: A3) Russian period. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Syana). Aug. 25, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-311. KUNASHIR: Lake Voslovskoye (Keramui-ko). Aug. 21, 2012. H. Dactylis glomerata L. (Kamo-gaya) (Hokkaido: A3) Japanese Takahashi et al. 35271. period. KUNASHIR: Cape Chetverikova. Aug. 18, 2012. H. Sato et al. KUNASHIR: Cape Chetverikova (Seikarahoru-zaki). Aug. 18, 01531 (SAPS042141), 01532 (SAPS042142). 2012. H. Sato et al. 01531, 01532, 01534, 01535. KUNASHIR: Mouth of Andreyevka River. Aug. 18, 2012. H. KUNASHIR: Andreevka River (Urarokushibetsu-gawa). Aug. Sato 01505, 01506, 01507. 18, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-51. KUNASHIR: Lake Peschanoye (Tōfutsu-ko). Aug. 18, 2012. H. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 24, 2012. Sato 01598. H. Sato 01672, 01673 (SAPS042432, 042433). KUNASHIR: Lake Peschanoye (Tōfutsu-ko). Aug. 19, 2012. H. ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Aug. 26, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-331. Sato 01718, 01719. ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobu). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012- KUNASHIR: Lake Aliger. Aug. 22, 2012. H. Sato 01709, 01710. 596. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Oct. 21, 2009. H. Elytrigia repens (L. ) Desv. ex B.D.Jackson var. aristata (Doell) Takahashi 34658. Prokud. [Noge-shiba-mugi] (Hokkaido: A3) Newest period! KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 23, 2012. KUNASHIR: Lake Serebryanoye (Furukamappu-shitsugen). H. Sato 01652, 01668, 01669, 01670. Aug. 23, 2012. H. Sato & Y. Kato 01605-01608 (SAPS042240- KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril'sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. 042243). T. Fukuda 2012-16. ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobu). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012- ITURUP: Lake Sopochnoye (Tōro-numa). Aug. 28, 2012. H. 603a. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35425, 35458. Note: Elytrigia repens var. aristata is distinguished from E. ITURUP: Dobrynina Bay (Otoimaushi). Aug. 27, 2012. H. repens var. repens in having the long awns. This infraspecific Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35391. taxon may be included in E. repens by Russian botanists, but this ITURUP: Middle of island, Okhotsk sea side, Kuril'sk. Sep. 1, variety name has not been reported before in the southern Kurils, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-592. so we regarded it as a new alien. ITURUP: NW side of Lake Sopochnoye (Tōro-numa). Aug. 28, Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex B.D.Jackson var. repens [Shiba- 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-517. mugi] (Hokkaido: A3) Russian period. Note: It is a very common naturalized plant of the southern KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 23, 2012. Kurils. H. Sato 01605, 01606, 01607, 01608 (SAPS042240-042243). Anthoxanthum odoratum L. subsp. glabrescens (Čelak.) Asch. et ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Aug. 4, 2011. A. Taran s.n. Graebn. [Kenashi-harugaya] (Hokkaido: A3) Newest period! ITURUP: Kuril'sk (Syana). Aug. 26, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-341. KUNASHIR: Andreevka kordon (Urarokushibetsu). Aug. 18, ITURUP: Kuril'sk (Syana). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-595. 2012. H. Sato 01524 (SAPS042161); T. Fukuda 2012-62. Note 1: Because of the absence in Miyabe (1860) and Tatewaki KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 24, 2012. (1957), it may be a new alien of the southern Kurils from after H. Sato 01580 (SAPS042215). the end of World War II (1945). ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobu). Aug. 7, 2011. A. Taran s. n. ; Sep. Note 2: This plant is treated as “Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski” in 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-603b. the literature of Russian botanists. Note: This is a new record for the subspecies on the Kuril Festuca pratensis [Hirohano-ushinokegusa] (Hokkaido: A3) Islands. Russian period. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. subsp. odoratum [Haru-gaya] KUNASHIR: Cape Chetverikova to mouth of Andreyevka River.

15 Aug. 18, 2012. H. Sato 01503, 01504. Note: It is a very common naturalized plants of the southern KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 24, 2012. Kurils. H. Sato 01578. Poa annua L. [Suzumeno-katabira] (Hokkaido: + ) Ainu period. Holcus lanatus L. [Shirage-gaya] (Hokkaido: B) Russian period. KUNASHIR: Cape Chetverikova to mouth of Andreyevka River. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 24, 2012. Aug. 18, 2012. H. Sato 01530. H. Sato 01576, 01577 (SAPS042211, 042212). KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. Lolium perenne L. [Hoso-mugi] (Hokkaido: A3) Newest period! Fukuda 2012-13. ITURUP: Kuril'sk (Syana). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-574. KUNASHIR: Cape Chetverikova (Seikarahoru-zaki). Aug. 18, Note: Barkalov (2009) reported this species from Paramushir of 2012. H. Sato et al. 01521 (SAPS042156). the northern Kurils, but not from the southern Kurils. KUNASHIR: Golvnino (Tomari). Aug. 21, 2012. H. Takahashi Phalaris arundinacea [Kusa-yoshi] (Hokkaido: A3) - Native plant. et al. 35238. ITURUP: Lake Sopochnoye (Tōro-numa). Aug. 28, 2012. H. KUNASHIR: Cape Stolbchatyy (Yaitaikotan seaside, Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35457. Zaimokuiwa). Aug. 21, 2012. H. Sato et al. 01702 ITURUP: Sof’a (Sokiya). Aug. 26, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. (SAPS042462). Fukuda 35356. KUNASHIR: Lake Serebryanoye (Furukamappu-shitsugen). ITURUP: Dobrynin Bay (Otoimaushi-wan). Aug. 27, 2012. T. Aug. 23, 2012. H. Sato & Y. Kato 01604 (SAPS042239). Fukuda 2012-358. ITURUP: Dobrynina Bay (Otoimaushi). Aug. 27, 2012. H. Note: It is regarded as one of the native plants of Japan (Shimizu Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35377. 2003) and of the Kurils (Barkalov 2009), but Igarashi (2001) Note: Poa annua s. lat. in Japan is composed of both native regarded it as a naturalized plant of Hokkaido. As it is found in plants and naturalized plants introduced after the Meiji period native habitats in the Kurils, we regard it as native to the Kurils. (Shimizu 2003). Igarashi (2001) regarded it as a native species Phleum pratense L. [Ō-awagaeri] (Hokkaido: A3) Japanese (prehistorically introduced) on Hokkaido. Barkalov (2009) period. regarded it as the naturalized species of the Kuril Islands, but KUNASHIR: Lake Veslovskoye (Keramui-ko). Aug. 21, 2012. H. Miyabe (1860) has already recorded it from the Kurils. This Takahashi et al. 35245; H. Sato 01548. species may include both prehistorically introduced individuals KUNASHIR: Around Golvnino (Tomari). Aug. 21, 2012. H. and new aliens in the Kurils. Takahashi et al. 35268. Poa palustris L. [Numa-ichigotsunagi] (Hokkaido: B) - Native KUNASHIR: Cape Chetverikova. Aug. 18, 2012. H. Takahashi plant. et al. 35004; Y. Kato 2012-011. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 23, 2012. KUNASHIR: Cape Chetverikova to mouth of Andreyevka River. H. Sato 01571. Aug. 18, 2012. H. Sato 01530. Note: Barkalov (2009) recognized it as a native plant of the KUNASHIR: Mouth of Andreyevka River. Aug. 18, 2012. H. Kurils. This plant is listed as a naturalized plant of Japan (Shimizu Sato 01612. 2003), but Shimizu (2003) pointed out the possibility of the KUNASHIR: Lake Peschanoye (Tōfutsu-ko). Aug. 18, 2012. H. presence of native individuals on Hokkaido. Here we regard it as Sato 01590. a native plant of the Kurils as in the opinion of Barkalov (2009). KUNASHIR: Lake Peschanoye (Tōfutsu-ko). Aug. 19, 2012. H. Poa pratensis L. [Nagaha-gusa] (Hokkaido: A3) Ainu period. Sato 01622. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril'sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Oct. 21, 2009. H. Fukuda 2012-25, 26. Takahashi 34657. ITURUP: Kuril'sk (Syana). Aug. 25, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-323. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. ITURUP: Kuril'sk (Syana). Aug. 26, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-341. Fukuda 2012-4, 14. ITURUP: Dobrynina Bay (Otoimaushi) . Aug. 27, 2012. H. KUNASHIR: Saratovskaya River (Seoi-gawa) to Tyatina River Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35367. (Onnebetsu-gawa). Oct. 22, 2009. H. Takahashi 34697. ITURUP: Lake Sopochnoye (Tōro-numa). Aug. 28, 2012. H. ITURUP: Pacific side of Vetrovoy Peresheyek (Rucharu-gen’ya). Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35424, 35449. Aug. 29, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35548. ITURUP: The Pacific side of Vetrovoy Peresheyek (Rucharu- ITURUP: Osennyaya River (Oito-gawa). Sep. 4, 2012. H. gen’ya). Aug. 29, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35542, Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35629. 35552. ITURUP: Lake Sopochnoye (Tōro-numa). Aug. 28, 2012. H. Note: Barkalov (2009) recognized it as a naturalized plant of the Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35464. Kurils. Shimizu (2003) noticed the possibility of native plants of ITURUP: Sof’a Bay (Sokiya). Aug. 26, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. P. pratensis in the Japanese mountains, and Igarashi (2001) also Fukuda 35352. noticed both the naturalized and native individuals on Hokkaido. ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobu), grassland among houses. Sep. 1, Miyabe (1860) has already recorded this species, so at least 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-612. some plants are native or prehistorically introduced to the Kurils.

16 Poa trivialis L. [Ō-suzumeno-katabira] (Hokkaido: A3) Russian ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana), by farm field. Aug. 25, 2012. T. period? Fukuda 2012-330. KUNASHIR: Cape Veslo (Kemurai-zaki). Aug. 21, 2012. H. ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobu), grassland among houses. Sep. 1, Sato et al. 01549, 01550 (SAPS042184, 042185). 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-605. KUNASHIR: Lake Serebryanoye (Furukamappu-shitsugen). Note: This plant is regarded as prehistorically naturalized species Aug. 23, 2012. H. Sato & Y. Kato 01572 (SAPS042207). in Japan (Shimizu 2003), but Barkalov (2009) regarded it as an Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) Beauv. [Hiroha-ushinoke-gusa] alien species in the Kurils. (Hokkaido: A3) Russian period. Polygonum aviculare L. subsp. neglectum (Besser) Areang. [Oku- KUNASHIR: Cape Chetverikova (Seikarahoru-zaki). Aug. 18, michi-yanagi] (Hokkaido: + ) Russian period. 2012. H. Sato et al. 01503, 01504 (SAPS042138, 042139). SHIKOTAN: Krabozavodskoye (Anama). Aug. 22, 2010. H. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 24, 2012. Takahashi 34962. H. Sato 01578 (SAPS042213). KUNASHIR: E of Golvnino (Tomari). Aug. 21, 2012. H. ITURUP: Reydovo (bettobu). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-604. Takahashi et al. 35235. KUNASHIR: Cape Chetverikova to mouth of Andreyevka. Aug. POLYGONACEAE 18, 2012. Y. Kato 2012-013. Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre var. incana (Roth) H.Hara KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu). Oct. 21, 2009. H. [Sanae-tade] (Hokkaido: + ) Japanese period. Takahashi 34654. KUNASHIR: Lake Peschanoye. Aug. 19, 2012. H. Takahashi et KUNASHIR: Tret’hakovo (Chibukaribetsu). Aug. 25, 2012. Y. al. 35118. Kato 2012-300, 2012-301. Persicaria maculosa Gray [Haru-tade s.l.] (Hokkaido: + ) Russian ITURUP: Chernyye Skaly (Biyonotsu-gyojyo). Aug. 29, 2012. H. period. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35559. ITURUP: Senokesnaya Bay. Aug. 27, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. ITURUP: Dobrynina Bay (Otoimaushi) . Aug. 27, 2012. H. Fukuda 35422. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35365. ITURUP: Dobrynina Bay. Aug. 27, 2012. H. Takahashi & Note: Polygonum aviculare L. is regarded as a prehistorically T.Fukuda 35405. introduced plant of Japan (Shimizu 2003) and Hokkaido (Igarashi ITURUP: Dobrynina bay (Otoimaushi-wan). Aug. 27, 2012. T. 2001). Barkalov (2009) recognized it as a naturalized plant of Fukuda 2012-402. the Kurils. ITURUP: Sof’a Bay, Aug. 26, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. Fukuda Rumex acetosella L. subsp. pyrenaicus (Pourr. ex Lapeyr.) 35347. Akeroyd [Hime-suiba] (Hokkaido: A3) Japanese period? ITURUP: Kuril'sk (Shana). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-579. KUNASHIR: Lake Veslovskoye (Keramui-ko). Aug. 21, 2012. Y. ITURUP: NW coast of Lake Sredneye (Rebun-numa). Sep. 2, Kato 2012-146. 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-641. KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril'sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. Note: Plants collected from Dobrynin Bay and from Sredneye, Fukuda 2012-2. Iturup, had short inflorescence and low spreading stems, and are KUNASHIR: Lake Peschanoye (Tōfutsu-ko). Aug. 19, 2012. H. considered as P. maculosa ssp. maculosa. However, this plant Takahashi et al. 35137, Y. Kato 2012-092. had some hairless glands on inflorescences. As our specimens KUNASHIR: Lake Serebryanoye (Furukamappu-ko). Aug. 23, were difficult to identify at the subspecies level, we adopted P. 2012. Y. Kato 2012-216. maculosa s. l. KUNASHIR: Saratovskaya River (Seoi-gawa). Oct. 25, 2009. H. Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H.Gross [Tani-soba] (Hokkaido: +) Takahashi 34715. Japanese period? ITURUP: Kasatka Bay (Hitokappu-wan). Sep. 2, 2012. H. SHIKOTAN: Krabozavodskoye (Anama). Aug. 29, 2010. H. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35597. Takahashi. Photo! ITURUP: Lake Sopochnoye (Tōro-numa). Aug. 28, 2012. H. KUNASHIR: Andreyevka River. Aug. 22, 2012. H. Takahashi et Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35448, 35460. al. 35289. ITURUP: NW side of Lake Sopochnoye (Tōro-numa). Aug. 28, Note: This species is commonly recognized as a native plant of 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-481. Japan (Shimizu 2003) and Hokkaido (Igarashi 2001). However, Note: Within R. acetosella L., two infraspecific taxa, subsp. Barkalov (2009) regarded it as a naturalized plant of the Kuril acetosella and subsp. pyrenaicus, are recognized (Murata and Islands. According to our observations, this species is sometimes Yonekura 2012). Barkalov (2009) recognized both Acetosella found in wastelands around residential area in Shikotan and angiocarpa (Murb.) A. Lőve and Acetosella vulgaris (Koch) Kunashir. In the present study, we regard it as a naturalized plant Fourr. in the Kurils, but it is difficult to compare the two of the southern Kurils as in the opinion of Barkalov (2009). taxonomic opinions. Polygonum aviculare L. [Michi-yanagi] (Hokkaido: + ) Ainu Rumex longifolius DC. [Nodaiō] (Hokkaido: + ) Japanese period. period. SHIKOTAN: Krabozavodskoye (Anama). Aug. 22, 2010. H.

17 Takahashi 34959. vacant land around settlements, so we regarded it as a naturalized KUNASHIR: Lake Peschanoye (Tōfutsu-sitsugen). Aug. 18, plant of the Kurils, according to the opinion of Barkalov (2009). 2012. Y. Kato 2012-056. ITURUP: Pacific side of Vetrovoy Peresheyek (Rucharu-gen’ya). 2. Age of the introduction to the southern Kurils Aug. 29, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35545. ITURUP: Sof’a Bay (Sokiya). Aug. 26, 2012. H. Takahashi & T. Based on the literature (Miyabe, 1980; Tatewaki, 1957; Igarashi, Fukuda 35364. 2001; Smirnov, 2002; Barkalov, 2009) and our own expedition's Note: This species is not regarded as a naturalized species of results, we inferred the naturalized species found in the region of Japan (Shimizu 2003) or Hokkaido (Igarashi 2001). On the other Japan, Sakhalin and the Kurils, presented in Table 1. From all the hand, Barkalov (2009) regarded it as a naturalized plant of the 280 species, 221 had been introduced to the Kurils. There were 46 Kuril Islands. species naturalized to the Kurils on the prehistoric to the Japanese Rumex obtusifolius [Ezono-gishigishi] (Hokkaido: A3) Japanese period, 154 during Russian period, and 21 new aliens found in period. our expedition. Another 59 plants, found in this region (e.g. on KUNASHIR: Andreyevka River. Aug. 22, 2012. H. Takahashi et Hokkaido or Sakhalin), have not been recorded from the Kurils. al. 35280. The results indicated that the number of naturalized to the Kuril ITURUP: Lake Sopochnoye (Tōro-numa). Aug. 28, 2012. H. Islands is increasing, especially in the recent period. Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35447. Many species estimated to have been introduced in the ITURUP: Dobrynina Bay (Otoimaushi). Aug. 27, 2012. H. prehistoric to Japanese period are those commonly seen in the Takahashi & T. Fukuda 35384. natural environment, such as Plantago major L., Poa annua L., ITURUP: Sof’a Bay (Sokiya). Aug. 26, 2012. H. Takahashi et al. Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H.Gross, Trifolium repens L., T. 35344. pratense L. and others. Barkalov (2009) described the naturalized species commonly found on almost all the Kuril Islands: Phleum ROSACEAE pratense L., Poa annua L., Stellaria media, Trifolium repens L., T. Alchemilla micans Buser [Hagoromo-gusa zoku] (Hokkaido: – ) pratense L., Agrostis gigantea Roth, Leucanthemum vulgare Lam., Russian period. Rudbeckia laciniata L. and Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F. H. ITURUP: Airport. Aug. 17, 2011. A. Taran s.n. Wigg. Among them, the presence of five species (Phleum pratense, Note: More than 300 species of Alchemilla has been described Poa annua, Stellaria media, Trifolium repens, T. pratense) is in Europe, and this species is regarded as being introduced attributed to this period. Taraxacum officinale is not noted either in from Europe to the Kurils (Barkalov 2009). Usually Alchemilla Miyabe (1890) or Tatewaki (1957), but Tatewaki listed 10 species species have not introduced to Japan except for a rare case of A. of Taraxacum, including invasive T. laviegatum DC. Thus, T. arvensis (Scop.) L. found in Nagasaki (Tachikake 1998). Limited officinale possibly also invaded in the Japanese period. records of naturalized Alchemilla subcrenata Buser have also In the Russian period, 154 introduced species were recorded. been noted from Sakhalin (Smirnov 2002). This means that during the 50 years of this period, the number Potentilla norvegica L. [Ezono-mitsumotosō] (Hokkaido: A3) of introduced species increased was three times higher than in Russian period. the prehistoric to Japanese period, although this number may KUNASHIR: Yuzhno-Kuril'sk (Furukamappu). Aug. 18, 2012. T. include plants that were introduced once but will not become Fukuda 2012-33. naturalized. The large percentage of Asteraceae and Poaceae are distinctive. Of the 154 species, 38 species (24.7%) are Asteraceae RUBIACEAE and 27 species (17.5%) are Poaceae. Common alien species of Galium mollugo L. [Togenashi-mugura] (Hokkaido: A3) Russian the Kurils that Barkalov (2009) indicated, e.g. Agrostis gigantea period. (Poaceae), Leucanthemum vulgare (Asteraceae), and Rudbeckia KUNASHIR: Roadside between Lake Peschanoye (Tōfutsu-ko) laciniata (Asteraceae), are all included in this period, showing and mouth of Andreyevka River. Aug. 18, 2012. H. Takahashi et their comparably rapid ratio of dispersal. Many species of this al. 35109. invasive period grow around settlements and fields, as Plantago lanceolata L., Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., Thlaspi arvense L., SOLANACEAE Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Anthoxanthum odoratum L. and Solanum nigrum L. [Inu-hōzuki] (Hokkaido: A3) Japanese period? others. Human activity seems to have provided suitable conditions ITURUP: Kuril’sk (Shana). Aug. 25, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012-325. for their growth. Some species of the Poaceae may have been ITURUP: Reydovo (Bettobu). Sep. 1, 2012. T. Fukuda 2012- introduced as pasture grass; Lolium perenne L., Echinochloa 622. crus-gali (L.) P.Beauv. and others belong to this period. On the Note: It is recognized as a prehistorically introduced plant of other hand, we noted many plants that seemed to have escaped Japan (Shimizu 2003) but as a naturalized plant of Hokkaido from cultivation: Impatiens glandulifera Royle, Symphytum × (Igarashi 2001). In the Kurils, this species is only found on uplandicum Nyman, Rudbeckia hirta, R. laciniata and others.

18 In the newest period, species categorized as A2–A3 in the introduced in the prehistoric to Japanese period cover all regions Blue list of Hokkaido (Hokkaido, 2010) included Aegopodium of Hokkaido, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. However, among the podagraria L., Solidago gigantea Aiton subsp. serotina (Kuntze) plants that invaded in Russian period, 79 species (51.3%) cover all McNeill and Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook.. These may harm these regions, while other species are still limited in distribution native plants, as already observed on Hokkaido or Honshu, and area. In the future, some of these plants, successfully naturalized, their occurrence in the Kurils will need to be monitored for a will enlarge their distribution. Some alien plants, which were long period. In addition, we found a high percentage of plants newly found, seem to be introduced along with infrastructure that escaped from cultivation: Rudbeckia laciniata L. 'Hortensis', constructions, and such plants may increase, especially along main Rudbeckia hirta, Achillea ptarmica (double-petaled form) and roads and settlements. On the other hand, 59 species of naturalized others. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. subsp. suaveolens (Ledeb.) plants in Hokkaido and part of Sakhalin have not yet introduced H.Ohashi and Trifolium campestre Schreb. were found along to the Kurils. Many of them have high rank of menace on the Blue asphalt roads, and may have been introduced during infrastructure list of Hokkaido (2010), A2 or A3, and efforts should be made to construction. prevent their new invasion to the Kuril Islands.

3. Phytogeographic comparisons between the southern Kurils, 4. Plants of careful treatment Sakhalin and Japan Among newly invading plants, special attention should be paid to Alien plants of 280 species were compared regionally. Among the following plants. 280 species, 221 were found in the Kuril Islands. For the southern 1) Rudbeckia laciniata L. Kurils, the number of alien plants was highest on Kunashir (174). This species formed thick, dense colonies of 20–50m The number was lower on Iturup (133), Shikotan (83) and the square around the mouth of the Tyatina River (Onnebetsu-gawa) Habomai Islands (40). at the southwestern foot of Mt. Tyatya. These plants were also Among the 221 alien plants of the Kuril Islands, 124 species observed along the way to the region. Local people consider (56.1%) were seen both in Hokkaido and on Sakhalin, 49 (22.2%) that they invaded during the period of Japanese settlement, or were found on Hokkaido but not on Sakhalin, and 30 (13.6%) were were introduced afterward during the period of Sovkhoz farm found on Sakhalin but not on Hokkaido. There were 16 species management. The species is considered to have originally escaped (7.2%) found only on the Kuril Islands, not in adjacent regions (e. from cultivation. It is one of the most harmful naturalized plant g. Hokkaido, Sakhalin), and more than 90 % of the alien species of in Hokkaido (A2), and in some localities in Hokkaido, it is the Kuril Islands had species common with adjacent regions. periodically removed by volunteers. Comparison of the alien species found on Kunashir and 2) Solidago gigantea Aiton Iturup revealed the tendency for more plants on Kunashir to be This species is included within 26 vascular plants on the common to Hokkaido (138 plants, 83.1%) than those on Sakhalin list of “100 of Japan’s worst invasive alien species (Ecological (126 plants, 72.4%), but on Iturup, more plants were common to society of Japan 2002)”. In Japan, the species was imported as Sakhalin (101 plants, 75.9%) than to Hokkaido (89 plants, 66.9%). horticultural purpose and rapidly enlarged its distribution area after Both of the islands had plants commonly seen in wastelands or naturalization, harming the natural environment; on Hokkaido, it fields, such as Taraxacum officinale, Plantago lanceolata and seems more invasive than Solidago altissima L.. Some patches Gnaphalium uliginosum L. The plants observed on Kunashir but were observed in Kuril’sk (Shana), a central village on Iturup. They not on Iturup often included escaped plants from gardens, such were observed along the main roads with a 2–3 km range, among as Narcissus pseudonarcissus L., Aster novi-belgii L., Impatiens settlements and in large meadow on the way to Lake Lebedinoye glandulifera Royle, and Iris pseudacorus L. Among the alien plants (Shana-ko). In the meadow, the plants formed almost a sole found only on Iturup were species widely distributed in northern community of this species. As we did not see these plants in other hemisphere, such as Galeopsis ladanum L., Rhinanthus vernalis areas, it seems to have invaded quite recently. It is recommended (N.W.Zinger) Schischk. & Serg., species of genus Odonites and to remove it while its distribution is limited near the village. others. 3) Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook. Interestingly, on Kunashir and Iturup, several species were This is a plant originally native to eastern North America. The found that are not seen in adjacent regions, such as Amaranthus plant is known to be dispersed by sea currents, and is now found blitoides S. Watson, Euclidium syriacum (L.) W. T. Aiton and in coastal areas of North America, part of Australia and recently Campanula latifolia L.. In addition to the geographic conditions, of Japan and adjacent regions. During the expedition, we found climate, and dimensions of these islands, frequent traffic to these it in a coastal area of Kunashir Island in mass, and on Iturup islands with Sakhalin by air and ship may promote the invasion of sporadically. Though the effect of its occurrence is still unknown, nonnative species. it may compete with coastal vegetation as Salsola komarovii Iljin, Examining regional relationships in accordance with the and possibly with Mertensia maritima (L.) Gray or Honckenya introduced period, it is seen that 39 species (84.8%) that were peploides (L.) Ehrh. var. major Hook. Details are in Fukuda et al.

19 (2013). IGARASHI, H. 2001. Manual of Naturalized Plants of Japan. 4) Aegopodium podagraria L. Hokkaido Wild Plant Institute. Sapporo (in Japqanese). We observed only a few individuals that were cultivated in a KIL J.H. AND SONG L.K. 2008. An unrecorded naturalized plant garden of Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (Furukamappu) on Kunashir. It can in Korea: Cakile edentula (Brassicaceae). Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 38: become a harmful invasive plant, as seen on Hokkaido (A2). On 179–185. Hokkaido, it occurs widely under forests, especially around the KIYOSUE Y. AND ASAI Y. 2009. Establishment of an alien plant Sapporo area. Careful treatment will be needed to prevent it from species Cakile edentula (Cruciferae) in western Japan, with escaping. notes on the first record of the species in the area. Bull. Tottori Pref. Mus. 46: 49–50 (in Japanese). KOSUGI K. AND SATO M. 2010. Record of Cakile edentula from Acknowledgements Rishiri Island, Northern Hokkaido. Rishiri Kenkyu 29: 63–64 (in Japanese). We thank M. A. Antipin, I. G. Bobyr, A. Budaev, A. E. MIYABE, K. 1890. The flora of the Kurile Islands. Memoirs of the Loguntsev, and I. A. Nevedomskaya of the State Natural Reserve Boston Soceity of Natural History 4: 203–275. "Kurilskiy" for their great help in our field expedition. This study MURATA, N. AND YONEKURA, L. 2012. An Enumeration of was partly supported by Grant-in-Aid No. 21405009 from the the Vascular Plants in Japan. Tokyo: Hokuryukan (in Japanese). Japan Society for the Promotion of Science to H.Takahashi. NAKAI H. 2003. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). In: SHIMIZU T. (ed.), Naturalized Plants of Japan: 80–96. Heibonsha ltd., Publishers, Tokyo (in Japanese). References OSADA, T. 1972. Illustrated Japanese Alien Plants. Hokuryu-kan Publ. Co., Ltd., Tokyo. ANONYMOUS. Science Museum Net (S-Net). http://science-net. OSADA, T. 1976. Coloured Illustrations of Naturalized Plants of kahaku.go.jp/. Japan. Hoikusha Publ. Co., Ltd., Osaka (in Japanese). ASAI Y. 1982. Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook., naturalizing in PYŠEK, P., RICHARDSON D. M., REJMÁNEK M., WEBSTER Japan. J. Jpn. Bot. 57: 187–191 (in Japanese). G. L., WILLIAMSON M. AND KIRSCHNER J. 2004. Alien BARKALOV, V.Y. 2009. Flora of the Kuril Islands. Dalnauka, plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication Vladivostok. (In Russian: partial translation in Japanese and in between taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon 53: 131–143. English: http://reevesiana.web.fc2.com/chishima_index.html). SHIMIZU, N., MORITA, H. AND HIROTA, S. 2001. Photographs BARKALOV V. Y. AND TARAN A. A. 2004. List of vascular of Naturalized Plants of Japan. Association of Farm Village plants from Sakhalin. In: STOROZHENKO, S.Y. (Chief Education of Japan, Tokyo (in Japanese). ed.), BOGATOV, V. V., BARKALOV, V.Y., LELEJ, A.S., SHIMIZU, T. (ed.) 2003. Naturalized Plants of Japan. Heibonsha MAKARCHENKO, E.A.(eds.) Flora and Fauna of Sakhalin Ltd., Publishers, Tokyo (in Japanese). Island (Materials of International Sakhalin Island Project) SMIRNOV, A.A. 2002. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Sakhalin Part 1. p. 39–66. Dalnauka, Vladivostok. (in Russian). Island. Sakhalin Science Center, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (in CHUBAR E. A. 2008. Cakile edentula (Brassicaceae), a new genus Russian). and species for the Eastern Asian flora. Bot. Zhurn. 93: 634– TACHIKAKE, M. 1998. The Handbook of Naturalized Plants 637 (in Russian). in Japan. Hiba Association of Promotion of Science Education, DIDHAM R. K., TYLIANAKIS J. M., HUTCHISON M. A., Shobara. EWERS R. M. AND GEMMELL N. J. 2005. Are invasive TATEWAKI, M. 1957. Geobotanical studies on the Kurile Islands. species the drivers of ecological change? Trends in Ecology & Acta Horti Gotoburgensis 21: 43–123 (with 14 plates). Evolution 20: 470– 474. TRAVESET A. AND RICHARDSON D. M. 2006. Biological ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN (ed). 2002. Handbook of invasions as disruptors of plant reproductive mutualisms. Alien Species in Japan. Chijinshokan, Tokyo. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21: 208–216. FUKUDA, T., KATO, Y., SATO, H., TARAN, A.A., BARKALOV, UEMURA, S., KATSUYAMA, T., SHIMIZU, N., MIZUTA, V.Y. AND TAKAHASHI, H. 2013. Naturalization of Cakile M., MORITA, H., HOROTA, S. AND IKEHARA, H. 2010. edentula (Brassicaceae) on the beaches of Kunashiri and Photographs of Naturalized Plants of Japan, vol. 2. Association Etorofu Islands － the first record for the species from the of Farm Village Education of Japan, Tokyo (in Japanese). Kuril Islands. Journal of Japanese Botany 88: 124–128. YAKUBOV, V. V. AND CHERNYAGINA, O. A. 2004. Catalog GUREVITCH J. AND PADILLA D. K. 2004. Are invasive species of Flora of Kamchatka (Vascular plants). Kamchatpress, a major cause of extinctions? Trends in Ecology and Evolution Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskyy. 19: 470–474. HOKKAIDO. 2010. Blue List 2010 of Hokkaido. http://bluelist.ies. hro.or.jp

20 福田知子 1，Taran,A.2, 佐藤広行 3，加藤ゆき恵 4，高橋英樹 5： ことも大きな要因であると考えられる。今回新たに確認し 2010-2012 年に確認された色丹・国後・択捉島の外来植物 た植物の中には、オオアワダチソウ、オオハンゴンソウなど、 2010 年に色丹島、2009, 2012 年に国後・択捉島にて、外 日本でも問題になっている植物が含まれ、今後も継続的観 来植物の侵入状況についての調査を行った。これまで千島 察が必要である。 を含む極東地域から報告があった外来植物 280 分類群のう ち、日本時代までに侵入したと思われるものは 46、ロシ （１国立科学博物館植物研究部， ア時代は 154 分類群であり、今回新たに 21 分類群を確認 ２サハリン植物園 した。外来植物の侵入は戦後のロシア時代以降増加の傾向 ３北海道大学大学院農学院， が見られ、特にキク科、イネ科植物の侵入が目立った。千 ４釧路市立博物館， 島の外来植物は 9 割以上が近隣地域と共通し、約 8 割が北 ５北海道大学総合博物館） 海道と共通する植物であった。島ごとに見ると国後は北海 道と、択捉はサハリンとの共通種が多く、択捉には北半 球に広く分布するが北海道などには侵入していない外来 植物が多くみられた。国後・択捉では他の島よりも多くの 外来植物が侵入していたが、その理由としては、住宅地・ 畑作などによって、外来植物が定着しやすい環境があるこ と、栽培からの逸出の機会が多いことの他に、両島では空路・ 海路により、サハリン・北海道など他地域との交流が多い

Localities and population146° size of C. edentula, 148° estimated during our expedition of 2012. 8 9 × 7

45° Sea of Okhotsk B × 12 A 10 11 × × 4 6 C B A 5 Iturup Island 3 2 50° Pacific Ocean 1 to a few individuals 44° Up to 30 individuals Kunashir Island B More than 30 individuals A C 1 50 km × Not found

(2005) 45° (2005) (2010) Kuril Islands

(1983) (2006) (1995) (2007)

40° ［1992-2003］ Fig. 1. Distribution of Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. around Japan. Large map indicate localities, reported (1982) (2008) Japan Sea for the occurrence of the plants by literatures (in round ［2007］ brackets), and by specimens (in square brackets). (2003) ［1998］ Small map with Kunashir & Iturup shows our result on (2005) 35° population size of the plant. Specimen data provided by: Akita Prefectural Museum (AKPM), Fukushima Pacific Ocean University (FKSE), Ibaraki Nature Museum (INM) and National Museum of Nature ans Science (TNS), 140° 145° accessed through S-Net data portal, http://science-net. Locality, reported for C. edentula ( ) : year, reported in literatures kahaku.go.jp/. [ ］: year on herbarium specimens 130° 135°

21

1 Table. 1. Naturalized Vascular Plants in Honshu-Hokkaido ‐ Sakhalin-Kuril Islands-Kamchatka.

㻌㻌㻌㻌㻰㼑㼟㼠㼞㼕㼎㼡㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼎㼥㻌㼘㼕㼠㼑㼞㼍㼠㼡㼞㼑㼟㻌㻌㻞㻕 㻻㼡㼞㻌㼞㼑㼟㼡㼘㼠㻌㻌㻟㻕 㻲㼍㼙㼕㼘㼥 㻿㼏㼕㼑㼚㼠㼕㼒㼕㼏㻌㼚㼍㼙㼑㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㻌㻌㻝㻕 㻶㻭㻼㻭㻺㻱㻿㻱㻌㻺㻭㻹㻱 㻼㼑㼞㼕㼛㼐㻌㻠㻕 㻴㼛㼚㻚 㻴㼛㼗㻚 㻴㼍㼎 㻿㻴㻷 㻷㼁㻺 㻵㼀㼁 㼁㼞㻙㻭㼠 㻿㼠㼍㼠㼑 㻽㻙㼠㼕㼠㼥 㻿㼍㼗㼔 㻷㼍㼙 㻿㻴㻷 㻷㼁㻺 㻵㼀㼁 㻭㼙㼍㼞㼍㼚㼠㼔㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼔㼑㼚㼛㼜㼛㼐㼕㼡㼙㻌㼍㼘㼎㼡㼙 㻿㼔㼕㼞㼛㼦㼍 ＋ 㻮 ● ○● ○● ○● ○● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 （+） ◆ 㻭㼕 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻹㼍㼠㼞㼕㼏㼍㼞㼕㼍㻌㼙㼍㼠㼞㼕㼏㼍㼞㼕㼛㼕㼐㼑㼟 㻷㼛㼟㼔㼕㼗㼍㻙㼓㼕㼗㼡 （＋） 㻮 ● ○● ○● ○● ○● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻭㼕 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼍㼜㼟㼑㼘㼘㼍㻌㼎㼡㼞㼟㼍㻙㼜㼍㼟㼠㼛㼞㼕㼟 㻺㼍㼦㼡㼚㼍 ＋ ＋ 〇● 〇● 〇● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 （+） ◆ ◆ 㻭㼕 㻯㼍㼞㼥㼛㼜㼔㼥㼘㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼑㼞㼍㼟㼠㼕㼡㼙㻌㼔㼛㼘㼛㼟㼠㼑㼛㼕㼐㼑㼟 㻹㼕㼙㼕㼚㼍㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍 ＋ ＋ ● ● ○● ○● ○● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ 㻭㼕 㻯㼍㼞㼥㼛㼜㼔㼥㼘㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼠㼑㼘㼘㼍㼞㼕㼍㻌㼙㼑㼐㼕㼍 㻷㼛㻙㼔㼍㼗㼛㼎㼑 ＋ 㻭㻟 ● ○● ○● ○● ○● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ 㻭㼕 㻼㼘㼍㼚㼠㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼘㼍㼚㼠㼍㼓㼛㻌㼙㼍㼖㼛㼞 㻿㼑㼕㼥㼛㻙㼛㼎㼍㼗㼛 （＋） 㻮 ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） ◆ 㻭㼕 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼛㼍㻌㼍㼚㼚㼡㼍 㻿㼡㼦㼡㼙㼑㻙㼚㼛㻙㼗㼍㼠㼓㼕㼞 ＋ ＋ ● ○● ○● ○● ○● 㻭㻸 㼂㻻 㻗 （+） ◆ ◆ 㻭㼕 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼛㼍㻌㼜㼞㼍㼠㼑㼚㼟㼕㼟 㻺㼍㼓㼍㼔㼍㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● 〇● 〇● 〇● ○● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 㻗 ◆ ◆ 㻭㼕 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼡㼙㻌㼍㼢㼕㼏㼡㼘㼍㼞㼑 㻹㼕㼏㼔㼕㼥㼍㼚㼍㼓㼕 ＋ ＋ ● 〇● 〇● 〇● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 （+） ◆ 㻭㼕 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼛㼚㼥㼦㼍㻌㼏㼍㼚㼍㼐㼑㼚㼟㼕㼟 㻴㼕㼙㼑㻙㼙㼡㼗㼍㼟㼔㼕㻙㼥㼛㼙㼛㼓㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 ○● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） ・ 㻶㼜 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼑㼚㼑㼏㼕㼛㻌㼢㼡㼘㼓㼍㼞㼕㼟 㻺㼛㼎㼛㼞㼛㻙㼓㼕㼗㼡 （＋） 㻭㻟 〇● 〇● ○● ○● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻶㼜 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼛㼚㼏㼔㼡㼟㻌㼍㼟㼜㼑㼞 㻻㼚㼕㻙㼚㼛㼓㼑㼟㼔㼕 （＋） 㻮 ○● ○● ○● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻶㼜 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼀㼍㼞㼍㼤㼍㼏㼡㼙㻌㼘㼍㼑㼢㼕㼓㼍㼠㼡㼙 㻭㼗㼍㼙㼕㻙㼠㼍㼚㼜㼛㼜㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 ○● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻶㼜 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼀㼍㼞㼍㼤㼍㼏㼡㼙㻌㼛㼒㼒㼕㼏㼕㼚㼍㼘㼑 㻿㼑㼕㼥㼛㻙㼠㼍㼚㼜㼛㼜㼛 （＋） 㻭㻞 ● ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻶㼜㻌㻫 㻮㼛㼞㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼥㼚㼛㼓㼘㼛㼟㼟㼡㼙㻌㼍㼟㼜㼑㼞㼞㼕㼙㼡㼙 㻻㼚㼕㻙㼞㼡㼞㼕㼟㼛 ＋ ＋ ○● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻶㼜 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼞㼍㼎㼕㼟㻌㼔㼕㼞㼟㼡㼠㼍 㼅㼍㼙㼍㻙㼔㼍㼠㼍㼦㼍㼛 ＋ ＋ ● ○● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 㻗 㻶㼜 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼕㼟㼥㼙㼎㼞㼕㼡㼙㻌㼛㼒㼒㼕㼏㼕㼚㼍㼘㼑 㻷㼍㼗㼕㼚㼑㻙㼓㼍㼞㼍㼟㼔㼕 （＋） 㻮 〇● 〇● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻶㼜 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼀㼡㼞㼞㼕㼠㼕㼟㻌㼓㼘㼍㼎㼞㼍 㻴㼍㼠㼍㼦㼍㼛 ＋ ＋ ○● ○● ○● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） ・ 㻶㼜 㻯㼍㼙㼜㼍㼚㼡㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼍㼙㼜㼍㼚㼡㼘㼍㻌㼘㼍㼠㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼍 㻳㼕㼍㼚㼠㻌㼎㼑㼘㼘㻌㼒㼘㼛㼣㼑㼞 ・ ・ ○● 㻭㻸 ・ ・ ・ 㻶㼜 㻯㼍㼞㼥㼛㼜㼔㼥㼘㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼕㼘㼑㼚㼑㻌㼚㼛㼏㼠㼕㼒㼘㼛㼞㼍 㼀㼟㼡㼗㼕㼙㼕㻙㼟㼑㼚㼚㼛 （＋） 㻮 〇● 〇● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻶㼜 㻯㼍㼞㼥㼛㼜㼔㼥㼘㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼜㼑㼞㼓㼡㼘㼍㻌㼍㼞㼢㼑㼚㼟㼕㼟㻌 㻺㼛㼔㼍㼞㼍㻙㼠㼟㼡㼙㼑㼗㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 〇● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） 㻶㼜 㻯㼛㼙㼙㼑㼘㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼛㼙㼙㼑㼘㼕㼚㼍㻌㼏㼛㼙㼙㼡㼚㼕㼟㻌 㼀㼟㼡㼥㼡㻙㼗㼡㼟㼍 ＋ ＋ ● ○● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 （+） 㻶㼜 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼀㼞㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼡㼙㻌㼜㼞㼍㼠㼑㼚㼟㼑 㻹㼡㼞㼍㼟㼍㼗㼕㻙㼠㼟㼡㼙㼑㼗㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻞 ● 〇● 〇● 〇● ○● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻶㼜 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼀㼞㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼡㼙㻌㼞㼑㼜㼑㼚㼟 㻿㼔㼕㼞㼛㻙㼠㼟㼡㼙㼑㼗㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻞 ● 〇● 〇● 〇● ○● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻶㼜 㻳㼑㼞㼍㼚㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻳㼑㼞㼍㼚㼕㼡㼙㻌㼟㼕㼎㼕㼞㼕㼏㼡㼙 㻵㼏㼔㼕㼓㼑㻙㼒㼡㼞㼛 ＋ ＋ ● ○● ○● ○● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 （+） ◆ 㻶㼜 㻶㼡㼚㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻶㼡㼚㼏㼡㼟㻌㼎㼡㼒㼛㼚㼕㼡㼟 㻴㼕㼙㼑㻙㻷㼛㼓㼍㼕㻙㼦㼑㼗㼕㼟㼔㼛 ＋ ＋ ● ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 㻗 ◆ ◆ 㻶㼜㻌㻫 㻶㼡㼚㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻶㼡㼚㼏㼡㼟㻌㼠㼑㼚㼡㼕㼟 㻷㼡㼟㼍㻙㼕 ＋ ＋ ● ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 ・ ・ ◆ ◆ 㻶㼜㻌㻫 㻸㼍㼙㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼘㼟㼔㼛㼘㼠㼦㼕㼍㻌㼏㼕㼘㼕㼍㼠㼍 㻺㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼠㼍㻙㼗㼛㼖㼡 ＋ ＋ ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 （+） ◆ 㻶㼜㻌㻫 㻸㼍㼙㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻳㼍㼘㼑㼛㼜㼟㼕㼟㻌㼎㼕㼒㼕㼐㼍 㻯㼔㼕㼟㼔㼕㼙㼍㻙㼛㼐㼛㼞㼕㼗㼛㻙㼟㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 ○● ○● ○● ● 㻭㻸 㻯㻾 㻗 （+） ◆ ◆ 㻶㼜㻌㻫 㻸㼍㼙㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼍㼙㼕㼡㼙㻌㼍㼙㼜㼘㼑㼤㼕㼏㼍㼡㼘㼑 㻴㼛㼠㼛㼗㼑㻙㼚㼛㻙㼦㼍 ＋ 㻮 ● ● ○● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻶㼜 㻻㼚㼍㼓㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻻㼑㼚㼛㼠㼔㼑㼞㼍㻌㼎㼕㼑㼚㼚㼕㼟㻚 㻹㼑㻙㼙㼍㼠㼟㼡㼥㼛㼕㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻶㼜 㻻㼚㼍㼓㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻻㼑㼚㼛㼠㼑㼔㼞㼍㻌㼑㼞㼥㼠㼔㼞㼛㼟㼑㼜㼍㼘㼍 㻻㻙㼙㼍㼠㼟㼡㼥㼛㼕㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 〇● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻶㼜 㻻㼚㼍㼓㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻻㼑㼚㼛㼠㼔㼑㼞㼍㻌㼟㼍㼘㼕㼏㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼍 㻹㼍㼠㼟㼡㼥㼛㼕㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ○● ○● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻶㼜 㻼㼘㼍㼚㼠㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼂㼑㼞㼛㼚㼕㼏㼍㻌㼟㼏㼡㼠㼑㼘㼘㼍㼠㼍 㻴㼛㼟㼛㼎㼍㻙㼗㼍㼣㼍㼐㼦㼕㼟㼔㼍 ・ ・ 〇● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻶㼜 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼓㼞㼛㼟㼠㼕㼟㻌㼟㼠㼛㼘㼛㼚㼕㼒㼑㼞㼍 㻴㼍㼕㻙㼗㼛㼚㼡㼗㼍㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻮 ● ○● ○● ○● ● 㼇㻺㻭㼉 㻻㻲 （+） 㻗 㻶㼜 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼢㼑㼚㼍㻌㼒㼍㼠㼡㼍 㻷㼍㼞㼍㼟㼡㻙㼙㼡㼓㼕 （＋） 㻮 〇● ● （+） ・ ◆ 㻶㼜 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻰㼍㼏㼠㼥㼘㼕㼟㻌㼓㼘㼛㼙㼑㼞㼍㼠㼍 㻷㼍㼙㼛㻙㼓㼍㼥㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● 〇● 〇● 〇● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻶㼜 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼔㼘㼑㼡㼙㻌㼜㼞㼍㼠㼑㼚㼟㼑 㻻㻙㼍㼣㼍㼓㼍㼑㼞㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● 〇● 〇● 〇● ○● 㻭㻸 㼂㻻 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻶㼜 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻲㼍㼘㼘㼛㼜㼕㼍㻌㼏㼛㼚㼢㼛㼘㼢㼡㼘㼡㼟 㻿㼛㼎㼍㻙㼗㼍㼦㼡㼞㼍 （＋） 㻮 〇● 〇● 〇● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 （+） 㻶㼜 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻲㼍㼘㼘㼛㼜㼕㼍㻌㼐㼡㼙㼑㼠㼛㼞㼡㼙 㼀㼟㼡㼞㼡㻙㼠㼍㼐㼑 （＋） 㻮 〇● ● 㼇㻺㻭㼉 㻻㻲 㻗 ・ 㻶㼜 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼑㼞㼟㼕㼏㼍㻌㼘㼍㼜㼍㼠㼔㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼍㻌㼢㼍㼞㻚㻌㼕㼚㼏㼍㼚㼍 㻿㼍㼚㼍㼑㻙㼠㼍㼐㼑 ＋ ＋ ● ○● ○● ○● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 （+） 㻶㼜 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼑㼞㼟㼕㼏㼍㼞㼕㼍㻌㼚㼑㼜㼍㼘㼑㼚㼟㼕㼟 㼀㼍㼚㼕㻙㼟㼛㼎㼍 ＋ ＋ ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 ・ ◆ 㻶㼜 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼡㼙㼑㼤㻌㼍㼏㼑㼠㼛㼟㼑㼘㼘㼍㻌㼢㼍㼞㻚㻌㼜㼥㼞㼑㼚㼍㼕㼏㼡㼟 㻴㼕㼙㼑㻙㼟㼡㼕㼎㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● 〇● 〇● 〇● ○● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 （+） ◆ ◆ 㻶㼜 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼡㼙㼑㼤㻌㼘㼛㼚㼓㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼡㼟 㻺㼛㼐㼍㼕㼛 ＋ ＋ ● ● ○● ○● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 （+） ◆ ◆ ◆ 㻶㼜 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼡㼙㼑㼤㻌㼛㼎㼠㼡㼟㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼡㼟 㻱㼦㼛㻙㼚㼛㻙㼓㼕㼟㼔㼕㼓㼕㼟㼔㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● 〇● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） ・ ◆ ◆ 㻶㼜 㻿㼛㼘㼍㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼛㼘㼍㼚㼡㼙㻌㼚㼕㼓㼞㼡㼙 㻵㼚㼡㻙㼔㼛㼦㼡㼗㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 ○● ○● ○● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） ・ ◆ 㻶㼜 㻭㼘㼕㼟㼙㼍㼠㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼘㼕㼟㼙㼍㻌㼜㼘㼍㼚㼠㼍㼓㼛㻙㼍㼝㼡㼍㼠㼕㼏㼍㻌㼢㼍㼞㻚㻌㼛㼞㼕㼑㼚㼠㼍㼘㼑 㻿㼍㼖㼕㻙㼛㼙㼛㼐㼍㼗㼍 ＋ ＋ ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） 㻗 㻾㼡 㻭㼙㼍㼞㼍㼚㼠㼔㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼙㼍㼞㼍㼚㼠㼔㼡㼟㻌㼎㼘㼕㼠㼛㼕㼐㼑㼟 㻭㼙㼑㼞㼕㼗㼍㻙㼎㼕㼥㼡 （＋） ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼙㼍㼞㼍㼚㼠㼔㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼔㼑㼚㼛㼜㼛㼐㼕㼡㼙㻌㼓㼘㼍㼡㼏㼡㼙 㼁㼞㼍㼖㼕㼞㼛㻙㼍㼗㼍㼦㼍 （＋） 㻮 ● 㻭㻸 ・ 㻗 （+） 㻾㼡 㻭㼙㼍㼞㼍㼚㼠㼔㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼔㼑㼚㼛㼜㼛㼐㼕㼡㼙㻌㼔㼥㼎㼞㼕㼐㼡㼙 㼁㼟㼡㼎㼍㻙㼍㼗㼍㼦㼍 （＋） 㻮 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼙㼍㼞㼥㼘㼘㼕㼐㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻺㼍㼞㼏㼕㼟㼟㼡㼟㻌㼜㼛㼑㼠㼕㼏㼡㼟 㻷㼡㼏㼔㼕㼎㼑㼚㼕㻙㼦㼡㼕㼟㼑㼚 （＋） 㻮 ● ● ● 㻯㼁 ・ ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼙㼍㼞㼥㼘㼘㼕㼐㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻺㼍㼞㼏㼕㼟㼟㼡㼟㻌㼜㼟㼑㼡㼐㼛㼚㼍㼞㼏㼕㼟㼟㼡㼟 㻾㼍㼜㼜㼍㻙㼦㼡㼕㼟㼑㼚 （＋） 㻮 ● ● ● 㻯㼁 ・ ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼜㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼚㼓㼑㼘㼕㼏㼍㻌㼑㼐㼡㼘㼕㼟 㻭㼙㼍㻙㼚㼥㼡 ＋ ＋ ● 㻯㼁 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼜㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼍㼞㼡㼙㻌㼏㼍㼞㼢㼕 㻷㼥㼍㼞㼍㼣㼑㼕 ・ ・ ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻭㼜㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼛㼚㼕㼡㼙㻌㼙㼍㼏㼡㼘㼍㼠㼡㼙 㻰㼛㼗㼡㻙㼚㼕㼚㼖㼕㼚 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼏㼛㼞㼡㼟㻌㼏㼍㼘㼍㼙㼡㼟 㻿㼔㼛㼡㼎㼡 ＋ ＋ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼏㼔㼕㼘㼘㼑㼍㻌㼍㼘㼜㼕㼚㼍㻌㼟㼟㼜㻚㻌㼍㼘㼜㼕㼚㼍 㻺㼛㼗㼛㼓㼕㼞㼕㻙㼟㼛 ＋ ＋ ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼏㼔㼕㼘㼘㼑㼍㻌㼙㼕㼘㼘㼑㼒㼛㼘㼕㼡㼙 㻿㼑㼕㼥㼛㻙㻺㼛㼗㼛㼓㼕㼞㼕㼟㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻯㻾 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼏㼔㼕㼘㼘㼑㼍㻌㼚㼕㼓㼞㼑㼟㼏㼑㼚㼟 㻺㼛㼗㼛㼓㼕㼞㼕㻙㼟㼛㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 （+） 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼞㼏㼠㼕㼡㼙㻌㼘㼍㼜㼜㼍 㻳㼛㼎㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼞㼏㼠㼕㼡㼙㻌㼠㼛㼙㼑㼚㼠㼛㼟㼡㼙 㻳㼛㼎㼛㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼞㼠㼑㼙㼕㼟㼕㼍㻌㼒㼑㼐㼐㼑㼕 㻴㼕㼙㼑㻙㼥㼛㼙㼛㼓㼕 ＋ 㻭㻟 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼞㼠㼑㼙㼕㼟㼕㼍㻌㼢㼡㼘㼓㼍㼞㼕㼟 㼅㼛㼙㼛㼓㼕㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼟㼑㼞㻌㼚㼛㼢㼕㻙㼎㼑㼘㼓㼕㼕 㼅㼡㼦㼑㼚㻙㼓㼕㼗㼡 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● 㻯㼁 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻮㼑㼘㼘㼕㼟㻌㼜㼑㼞㼑㼚㼚㼕㼟 㻴㼕㼚㼍㻙㼓㼕㼗㼡 （＋） 㻮 ● ● 㻯㼁 㻻㻲 （+） ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻮㼕㼐㼑㼚㼟㻌㼒㼞㼛㼚㼐㼛㼟㼍 㻭㼙㼑㼞㼕㼗㼍㻙㼟㼑㼚㼐㼍㼚㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻮㼕㼐㼑㼚㼟㻌㼞㼍㼐㼕㼍㼠㼍 㻱㼦㼛㻙㼚㼛㻙㼠㼍㼡㼗㼛㼓㼕 ・ ・ ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻮㼕㼐㼑㼚㼟㻌㼠㼞㼕㼜㼍㼞㼠㼕㼍 㼀㼍㼡㼗㼛㼓㼕 ＋ ＋ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻮㼞㼑㼑㼍㻌㼟㼑㼠㼛㼟㼍 㻱㼦㼛㻙㼚㼛㻙㼗㼕㼠㼟㼡㼚㼑㻙㼍㼦㼍㼙㼕 ＋ ＋ ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 （+） 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼑㼚㼠㼍㼡㼞㼑㼍㻌㼖㼍㼏㼑㼍 㼅㼍㼓㼡㼞㼡㼙㼍㻙㼍㼦㼍㼙㼕 （＋） 㻮 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼑㼚㼠㼍㼡㼞㼑㼍㻌㼟㼏㼍㼎㼕㼛㼟㼍 㼅㼍㼓㼡㼞㼡㼙㼍㻙㼍㼦㼍㼙㼕㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼕㼏㼔㼛㼞㼕㼡㼙㻌㼕㼚㼠㼥㼎㼡㼟 㻷㼕㼗㼡㻙㼚㼕㼓㼍㼚㼍 （＋） 㻮 ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） 㻗 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼕㼞㼟㼕㼡㼙㻌㼢㼡㼘㼓㼍㼞㼑 㻭㼙㼑㼞㼕㼗㼍㻙㼛㼚㼕㻙㼍㼦㼍㼙㼕 （＋） 㻭㻞 ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼛㼠㼡㼘㼍㻌㼏㼛㼞㼛㼚㼛㼜㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼍 㼁㼟㼔㼕㼛㻙㼟㼔㼕㼗㼍㻙㼓㼕㼗㼡 （＋） ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼞㼕㼓㼑㼞㼛㼚㻌㼍㼚㼚㼡㼡㼟 㻴㼕㼙㼑㻙㼖㼛㼛㼚 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼞㼕㼓㼑㼞㼛㼚㻌㼟㼠㼞㼕㼓㼛㼟㼡㼟 㻴㼑㼞㼍㼎㼍㻙㼔㼕㼙㼑㻙㼖㼛㼛㼚 ＋ 㻮 ● 㻗 ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼔㼍㼘㼍㼏㼞㼛㼘㼛㼙㼍㻌㼟㼑㼜㼠㼑㼚㼠㼞㼕㼛㼚㼍㼘㼑 㻹㼡㼗㼍㼟㼔㼕㻙㼥㼛㼙㼛㼓㼕㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● ● 㻭㻸 㻯㻾 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻳㼍㼘㼕㼚㼟㼛㼓㼍㻌㼜㼍㼞㼢㼕㼒㼘㼛㼞㼍 㻷㼛㼓㼛㼙㼑㻙㼓㼕㼗㼡 （＋） 㻮 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻳㼚㼍㼜㼔㼍㼘㼕㼡㼙㻌㼜㼕㼘㼡㼘㼍㼞㼑 㻴㼍㼔㼍㼗㼛㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻳㼚㼍㼜㼔㼍㼘㼕㼡㼙㻌㼟㼥㼘㼢㼍㼠㼕㼏㼡㼙 㻱㼐㼍㼡㼏㼔㼕㻙㼏㼔㼕㼏㼔㼕㼗㼛㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻮 ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻳㼚㼍㼜㼔㼍㼘㼕㼡㼙㻌㼡㼘㼕㼓㼕㼚㼛㼟㼡㼙 㻴㼕㼙㼑㻙㼏㼔㼕㼏㼔㼕㼗㼛㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍 ＋ 㻮 ● ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） ＋ ◆ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻴㼑㼘㼕㼍㼚㼠㼔㼡㼟㻌㼠㼡㼎㼑㼞㼛㼟㼡㼟 㻷㼕㼗㼡㻙㼕㼙㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● 㻯㼁 ・ （+） ・ 㻾㼡

22 㻌㻌㻌㻌㻰㼑㼟㼠㼞㼕㼎㼡㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼎㼥㻌㼘㼕㼠㼑㼞㼍㼠㼡㼞㼑㼟㻌㻌㻞㻕 㻻㼡㼞㻌㼞㼑㼟㼡㼘㼠㻌㻌㻟㻕 㻲㼍㼙㼕㼘㼥 㻿㼏㼕㼑㼚㼠㼕㼒㼕㼏㻌㼚㼍㼙㼑㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㻌㻌㻝㻕 㻶㻭㻼㻭㻺㻱㻿㻱㻌㻺㻭㻹㻱 㻼㼑㼞㼕㼛㼐㻌㻠㻕 㻴㼛㼚㻚 㻴㼛㼗㻚 㻴㼍㼎 㻿㻴㻷 㻷㼁㻺 㻵㼀㼁 㼁㼞㻙㻭㼠 㻿㼠㼍㼠㼑 㻽㻙㼠㼕㼠㼥 㻿㼍㼗㼔 㻷㼍㼙 㻿㻴㻷 㻷㼁㻺 㻵㼀㼁 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻴㼕㼑㼞㼍㼏㼕㼡㼙㻌㼍㼡㼞㼍㼚㼠㼕㼍㼏㼡㼙 㻷㼛㼞㼕㼚㻙㼠㼍㼚㼜㼛㼜㼛 （＋） 㻭㻞 ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼕㼘㼛㼟㼑㼘㼘㼍㻌㼒㼘㼛㼞㼕㼎㼡㼚㼐㼍 㼅㼍㼚㼍㼓㼕㻙㼠㼍㼚㼜㼛㼜㼛㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼍㼏㼠㼡㼏㼍㻌㼕㼚㼐㼕㼏㼍 㻭㼗㼕㻙㼚㼛㻙㼚㼛㼓㼑㼟㼔㼕 ＋ ＋ ● 㻭㻸 ・ ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼑㼛㼚㼠㼛㼐㼛㼚㻌㼍㼡㼠㼡㼙㼚㼍㼘㼕㼟 㻭㼗㼕㻙㼚㼛㻙㼠㼍㼚㼜㼛㼜㼛㻙㼙㼛㼐㼛㼗㼕 ・ 㻰 ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼑㼡㼏㼍㼚㼠㼔㼑㼙㼡㼙㻌㼢㼡㼘㼓㼍㼞㼑 㻲㼡㼞㼍㼚㼟㼡㻙㼓㼕㼗㼡 （＋） 㻭㻞 ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻹㼍㼠㼞㼕㼏㼍㼞㼕㼍㻌㼜㼑㼞㼒㼛㼞㼍㼠㼍 㻵㼚㼡㻙㼗㼍㼙㼕㼠㼟㼡㼞㼑 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） 㻗 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼡㼐㼎㼑㼏㼗㼕㼍㻌㼔㼕㼞㼠㼍 㻭㼞㼍㼓㼑㻙㼔㼍㼚㼓㼛㼚㼟㼛 （＋） 㻮 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼡㼐㼎㼑㼏㼗㼕㼍㻌㼘㼍㼏㼕㼚㼕㼍㼠㼍 㻻㻙㼔㼍㼚㼓㼛㼚㼟㼛 （＋） 㻭㻞 ● 㻯㼁 㻻㻲 ・ ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼛㼚㼏㼔㼡㼟㻌㼍㼞㼢㼑㼚㼟㼕㼟 㼀㼍㼕㼣㼍㼚㻙㼔㼍㼏㼔㼕㼖㼛㻙㼚㼍 （＋） 㻮 ● ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 （+） 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼛㼚㼏㼔㼡㼟㻌㼛㼘㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼡㼟 㻴㼍㼞㼡㻙㼚㼛㻙㼚㼛㼓㼑㼟㼔㼕 ＋ ＋ ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼀㼍㼞㼍㼤㼍㼏㼡㼙㻌㼔㼑㼠㼑㼞㼛㼘㼑㼜㼕㼟 㼀㼍㼚㼜㼛㼜㼛㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼄㼍㼚㼠㼔㼕㼡㼙㻌㼟㼕㼎㼕㼞㼕㼏㼡㼙 㻻㼚㼍㼙㼛㼙㼕 ＋ ＋ ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 ・ 㻾㼡 㻮㼍㼘㼟㼍㼙㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻵㼙㼜㼍㼠㼕㼑㼚㼟㻌㼓㼘㼍㼚㼐㼡㼘㼕㼒㼑㼞㼍 㻻㼚㼕㻙㼠㼟㼡㼞㼕㼒㼡㼚㼑㻙㼟㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻮㼛㼞㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻮㼛㼞㼍㼓㼛㻌㼛㼒㼒㼕㼏㼕㼚㼍㼘㼕㼟 㻾㼡㼞㼕㻙㼖㼕㼟㼍 （＋） （＋） ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼞㼙㼛㼞㼍㼏㼕㼍㻌㼞㼡㼟㼠㼕㼏㼍㼚㼍 㻿㼑㼕㼥㼛㻙㼣㼍㼟㼍㼎㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● 㻯㼁 㻻㻲 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㻌㼖㼡㼚㼏㼑㼍 㻷㼍㼞㼍㼟㼔㼕㼚㼍 （＋） 㻮 ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㻌㼞㼍㼜㼍㻌㼢㼍㼞㻚㻌㼛㼘㼑㼕㼒㼑㼞㼍 㻭㼎㼡㼞㼍㼚㼍 （＋） （＋） ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） ◆ 㻾㼡 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼞㼥㼟㼕㼙㼡㼙㻌㼏㼔㼑㼕㼞㼍㼚㼠㼔㼛㼕㼐㼑㼟 㻱㼦㼛㻙㼟㼡㼦㼡㼟㼔㼕㼞㼛 （＋） 㻮 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 㻗 㻾㼡 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼡㼏㼘㼕㼐㼕㼡㼙㻌㼟㼥㼞㼕㼍㼏㼡㼙 㻱㼡㼏㼘㼕㼐㼕㼡㼙㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼡㼠㼞㼑㼙㼍㻌㼖㼍㼜㼛㼚㼕㼏㼍 㼃㼍㼟㼍㼎㼕 ＋ 㻮 ● 㼇㻺㻭㼉 㼂㻾 㻗 ・ 㻾㼡 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻴㼑㼟㼜㼑㼞㼕㼟㻌㼙㼍㼠㼞㼛㼚㼍㼘㼕㼟 㻴㼍㼚㼍㻙㼟㼡㼦㼡㼟㼔㼕㼞㼛 ・ 㻮 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼍㼜㼔㼍㼚㼡㼟㻌㼞㼍㼜㼔㼍㼚㼕㼟㼠㼞㼡㼙 㻿㼑㼕㼥㼛㻙㼚㼛㻙㼐㼍㼕㼗㼛㼚 （＋） 㻮 ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ 㻾㼡 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼀㼔㼘㼍㼟㼜㼕㻌㼍㼞㼢㼑㼚㼟㼑 㻳㼡㼚㼎㼍㼕㻙㼚㼍㼦㼡㼚㼍 （＋） 㻮 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻯㼍㼞㼥㼛㼜㼔㼥㼘㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㻌㼜㼞㼛㼏㼡㼙㼎㼑㼚㼟 㻭㼞㼍㼕㼠㼛㻙㼠㼟㼡㼙㼑㼗㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻮 ● ● ● 〇● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ 㻾㼡 㻯㼍㼞㼥㼛㼜㼔㼥㼘㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼕㼘㼑㼚㼍㻌㼍㼘㼎㼍 㻹㼍㼠㼟㼡㼥㼛㼕㻙㼟㼑㼚㼚㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 （+） 㻾㼡 㻯㼍㼞㼥㼛㼜㼔㼥㼘㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼕㼘㼑㼚㼑㻌㼢㼡㼘㼓㼍㼞㼕㼟㻌㻔㻻㼎㼑㼞㼚㼍㻌㼎㼑㼔㼑㼚㻕 㻿㼕㼞㼍㼠㼍㼙㼍㻙㼟㼛 （＋） 㻮 ● ○ ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） ◆ 㻾㼡 㻯㼍㼞㼥㼛㼜㼔㼥㼘㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼜㼑㼞㼓㼡㼘㼍㼞㼕㼍㻌㼞㼡㼎㼞㼍 㼁㼟㼡㼎㼑㼚㼕㻙㼠㼟㼡㼙㼑㼗㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻮 ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ 㻾㼡 㻯㼍㼞㼥㼛㼜㼔㼥㼘㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼠㼑㼘㼘㼍㼞㼕㼍㻌㼓㼞㼍㼙㼕㼚㼑㼍 㻷㼍㼞㼍㼒㼡㼠㼛㻙㼔㼛㼟㼛㼎㼍㻙㼔㼍㼗㼛㼎㼑 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻯㼛㼚㼏㼛㼘㼢㼡㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼛㼚㼢㼛㼘㼢㼡㼘㼡㼟㻌㼍㼞㼢㼑㼚㼟㼕㼟 㻿㼑㼕㼥㼛㻙㼔㼕㼞㼡㼓㼍㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻯㼥㼜㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼍㼞㼑㼤㻌㼏㼞㼍㼣㼒㼛㼞㼐㼕㼕 㻷㼡㼟㼔㼕㼞㼛㻙㼥㼍㼓㼍㼙㼕㻙㼟㼡㼓㼑 ・ 㻮 ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻯㼥㼜㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼍㼞㼑㼤㻌㼘㼍㼑㼢㼕㼟㼟㼕㼙㼍 㻴㼕㼙㼑㻙㼙㼕㼗㼛㼟㼔㼕㻙㼓㼍㼥㼍 ＋ ・ ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 ・ 㻾㼡 㻱㼘㼍㼑㼍㼓㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼘㼍㼑㼍㼓㼚㼡㼟㻌㼙㼡㼘㼠㼕㼒㼘㼛㼞㼍㻌㼢㼍㼞㻚㻌㼔㼛㼞㼠㼑㼚㼟㼕㼟 㼀㼛㻙㼓㼡㼙㼕 ＋ ＋ ● 㻯㼁 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻱㼡㼜㼔㼛㼞㼎㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼏㼍㼘㼥㼜㼔㼍㻌㼍㼡㼟㼠㼞㼍㼘㼕㼟 㻱㼚㼛㼗㼕㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍 ＋ ＋ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼟㼠㼞㼍㼓㼍㼘㼡㼟㻌㼐㼍㼚㼕㼏㼡㼟 㻳㼑㼚㼓㼑㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ （+） 㻾㼡 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼍㼠㼔㼥㼞㼡㼟㻌㼜㼞㼍㼠㼑㼚㼟㼕㼟 㻷㼕㼎㼍㼚㼍㻙㼚㼛㻙㼞㼑㼚㼞㼕㼟㼛 （＋） 㻰 ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼡㼜㼕㼚㼡㼟㻌㼚㼛㼛㼠㼍㼗㼑㼚㼟㼕㼟 㻸㼡㼜㼕㼚㼡㼟 ・ ・ ● ● 㻯㼁 㻻㻲 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼛㼎㼕㼚㼕㼍㻌㼜㼟㼑㼡㼐㼛㼍㼏㼍㼏㼕㼍 㻴㼍㼞㼕㻙㼑㼚㼖㼡 （＋） 㻭㻞 ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼀㼞㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼡㼙㻌㼔㼥㼎㼞㼕㼐㼡㼙 㼀㼍㼏㼔㼕㻙㼛㼞㼍㼚㼐㼍㻙㼓㼑㼚㼓㼑 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） ◆ 㻾㼡 㻳㼑㼞㼍㼚㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼞㼛㼐㼕㼡㼙㻌㼏㼕㼏㼡㼠㼍㼞㼕㼡㼙 㻻㼞㼍㼚㼐㼍㻙㼒㼡㼞㼛 （＋） 㻮 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ （+） 㻾㼡 㻳㼞㼛㼟㼟㼡㼘㼍㼞㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼕㼎㼑㼟㻌㼡㼢㼍㻙㼏㼞㼕㼟㼜㼍 㻹㼍㼞㼡㻙㼟㼡㼓㼡㼞㼕 （＋） 㻮 ● ● ● 㻯㼁 ・ ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻵㼞㼕㼐㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻵㼞㼕㼟㻌㼜㼟㼑㼡㼐㼍㼏㼛㼞㼡㼟 㻷㼕㻙㼟㼔㼛㼎㼡 （＋） 㻭㻞 ● ● 㻯㼁 㻻㻲 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻵㼞㼕㼐㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼕㼟㼥㼞㼕㼚㼏㼔㼕㼡㼙㻌㼟㼑㼜㼠㼑㼚㼠㼞㼕㼛㼚㼍㼘㼑 㻺㼕㼣㼍㼦㼑㼗㼕㼟㼔㼛㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻶㼡㼚㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻶㼡㼚㼏㼡㼟㻌㼚㼛㼐㼡㼘㼛㼟㼡㼟 㻵㼓㼡㼟㼍㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 㻗 㻾㼡 㻸㼍㼙㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼘㼟㼔㼛㼘㼠㼦㼕㼍㻌㼜㼟㼑㼡㼐㼛㼏㼞㼕㼟㼠㼍㼠㼍 㻺㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼠㼍㻙㼗㼛㼖㼡㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻸㼍㼙㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻳㼍㼘㼑㼛㼜㼟㼕㼟㻌㼠㼑㼠㼞㼍㼔㼕㼠 㼀㼍㼚㼡㼗㼕㻙㼖㼕㼟㼛 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ （+） 㻾㼡 㻸㼍㼙㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻳㼍㼘㼑㼛㼜㼟㼕㼟㻌㼘㼍㼐㼍㼚㼡㼙 㻯㼔㼕㼟㼔㼕㼙㼍㻙㼛㼐㼛㼞㼕㼗㼛㼟㼛㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻸㼍㼙㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻺㼑㼜㼑㼠㼍㻌㼏㼍㼠㼍㼞㼕㼍 㻵㼚㼡㻙㼔㼍㼗㼗㼍 （＋） 㻮 ● 㻭㻸 ・ ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻸㼕㼘㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼕㼘㼕㼡㼙㻌㼘㼍㼚㼏㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼡㼙 㻻㼚㼕㻙㼥㼡㼞㼕 （＋） 㻮 ● ● 㻯㼁 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻹㼍㼘㼢㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻹㼍㼘㼢㼍㻌㼙㼛㼟㼏㼔㼍㼠㼍 㻶㼍㼗㼛㻙㼍㼛㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻹㼛㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼍㼚㼚㼍㼎㼕㼟㻌㼟㼍㼠㼕㼢㼍 㻭㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● 㻵㻺 ・ （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻻㼞㼛㼎㼍㼚㼏㼔㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻻㼐㼛㼚㼕㼠㼑㼟㻌㼢㼡㼘㼓㼍㼞㼕㼟 㻻㼐㼛㼚㼕㼠㼑㼟㼡㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻻㼞㼛㼎㼍㼚㼏㼔㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼔㼕㼚㼍㼚㼠㼔㼡㼟㻌㼍㼚㼓㼡㼟㼠㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼡㼟 㻻㼗㼡㼑㼦㼛㻙㼓㼍㼞㼍㼓㼍㼞㼍 ・ ・ ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻻㼞㼛㼎㼍㼚㼏㼔㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼔㼕㼚㼍㼚㼠㼔㼡㼟㻌㼍㼑㼟㼠㼕㼢㼍㼘㼕㼟 㻻㼗㼡㼑㼦㼛㻙㼓㼍㼞㼍㼓㼍㼞㼍㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻻㼞㼛㼎㼍㼚㼏㼔㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼔㼕㼚㼍㼚㼠㼔㼡㼟㻌㼢㼑㼞㼚㼍㼘㼕㼟 㻻㼗㼡㼑㼦㼛㻙㼓㼍㼞㼍㼓㼍㼞㼍㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻻㼤㼍㼘㼕㼐㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻻㼤㼍㼘㼕㼟㻌㼏㼛㼞㼚㼕㼏㼡㼘㼍㼠㼍 㻷㼍㼠㼍㼎㼍㼙㼕 ＋ ＋ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼍㼞㼕㼤㻌㼗㼍㼑㼙㼜㼒㼑㼞㼕 㻷㼍㼞㼍㻙㼙㼍㼠㼟㼡 ＋ 㻮 ● ● 㻵㻺 ・ （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼘㼍㼚㼠㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼘㼍㼚㼠㼍㼓㼛㻌㼘㼍㼚㼏㼑㼛㼘㼍㼠㼍 㻴㼑㼞㼍㻙㼛㼎㼍㼗㼛 （＋） 㻭㻞 ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） ◆ 㻾㼡 㻼㼘㼍㼚㼠㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼘㼍㼚㼠㼍㼓㼛㻌㼙㼑㼐㼕㼍 㻿㼔㼕㼞㼛㼎㼍㼚㼍㻙㼛㼎㼍㼗㼛 ・ ・ ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼘㼍㼚㼠㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻰㼕㼓㼕㼠㼍㼘㼕㼟㻌㼜㼡㼞㼜㼡㼞㼑㼍 㻷㼕㼠㼟㼡㼚㼑㼚㼛㻙㼠㼑㼎㼡㼗㼡㼞㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● 㻯㼁 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼘㼍㼚㼠㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼕㼚㼍㼞㼕㼍㻌㼢㼡㼘㼠㼓㼍㼞㼕㼟 㻴㼛㼟㼛㼎㼍㻙㼡㼚㼞㼍㼚 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼘㼍㼚㼠㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼂㼑㼞㼛㼚㼕㼏㼍㻌㼏㼔㼍㼙㼍㼑㼐㼞㼥㼟 㻷㼍㼞㼍㼒㼡㼠㼛㻙㼔㼕㼥㼛㼗㼡㻙㼟㼛 （＋） 㻮 ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼘㼍㼚㼠㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼂㼑㼞㼛㼚㼕㼏㼍㻌㼜㼑㼞㼟㼕㼏㼍 㻻㻙㼕㼚㼡㼚㼛㻙㼒㼡㼓㼡㼞㼕 （＋） 㻮 ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼓㼞㼛㼟㼠㼕㼟㻌㼏㼍㼜㼕㼘㼘㼍㼞㼕㼟 㻵㼠㼛㻙㼗㼛㼚㼡㼗㼍㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻰 ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼓㼞㼛㼟㼠㼕㼟㻌㼓㼕㼓㼍㼚㼠㼑㼍 㻷㼛㼚㼡㼗㼍㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼘㼛㼜㼑㼏㼡㼞㼡㼟㻌㼍㼞㼡㼚㼐㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼡㼟 㻿㼡㼦㼡㼙㼑㻙㼚㼛㻙㼠㼑㼜㼜㼛㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼘㼛㼜㼑㼏㼡㼞㼡㼟㻌㼓㼑㼚㼕㼏㼡㼘㼍㼠㼡㼟 㻿㼡㼦㼡㼙㼑㻙㼚㼛㻙㼠㼑㼜㼜㼛㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼚㼠㼔㼛㼤㼍㼚㼠㼔㼡㼙㻌㼛㼐㼛㼞㼍㼠㼡㼙 㻴㼍㼞㼡㻙㼓㼍㼥㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼢㼑㼚㼍㻌㼒㼍㼠㼡㼍 㻷㼍㼞㼍㼟㼡㻙㼙㼡㼓㼕㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻮㼞㼛㼙㼡㼟㻌㼕㼚㼑㼞㼙㼕㼟 㻷㼛㻙㼟㼡㼦㼡㼙㼑㻙㼚㼛㻙㼏㼔㼍㼔㼕㼗㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） ◆ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼥㼚㼛㼟㼡㼞㼡㼟㻌㼏㼞㼕㼟㼠㼍㼠㼡㼟 㻷㼡㼟㼔㼕㻙㼓㼍㼥㼍 （＋） 㻰 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻰㼑㼟㼏㼔㼍㼙㼜㼟㼕㼍㻌㼏㼍㼑㼟㼜㼕㼠㼛㼟㼍 㻴㼕㼞㼛㼔㼍㻙㼚㼛㻙㼗㼛㼙㼑㼟㼡㼟㼡㼗㼕 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻰㼕㼓㼕㼠㼍㼞㼕㼍㻌㼏㼕㼘㼕㼍㼞㼕㼟 㻹㼑㼔㼕㼟㼔㼕㼎㼍 ＋ ＋ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻰㼕㼓㼕㼠㼍㼞㼕㼍㻌㼕㼟㼏㼔㼍㼑㼙㼡㼙 㻷㼕㼠㼍㻙㼙㼑㼔㼕㼟㼔㼕㼎㼍 ＋ ＋ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻰㼕㼓㼕㼠㼍㼞㼕㼍㻌㼢㼕㼛㼘㼍㼟㼏㼑㼚㼟 㻭㼗㼕㻙㼙㼑㼔㼕㼟㼔㼕㼎㼍 ＋ ＋ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼏㼔㼕㼚㼛㼏㼔㼘㼛㼍㻌㼏㼞㼡㼟㻙㼓㼍㼘㼘㼕 㻵㼚㼡㼎㼕㼑 ＋ ＋ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼏㼔㼕㼚㼛㼏㼔㼘㼛㼍㻌㼛㼏㼏㼕㼐㼑㼚㼠㼍㼘㼕㼟 㻵㼚㼡㼎㼕㼑㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 ・ ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼘㼥㼙㼡㼟㻌㼞㼑㼜㼑㼚㼟 Shiba-mugi (incl. Noge～） （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 （+） ◆ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼘㼥㼙㼡㼟㻌㼚㼛㼢㼍㼑㻙㼍㼚㼓㼘㼕㼍㼑 㻱㼦㼛㼙㼡㼓㼕㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻲㼑㼟㼠㼡㼏㼍㻌㼍㼞㼡㼚㼐㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍 㻻㼚㼕㻙㼡㼟㼔㼕㼚㼛㼗㼑㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻲㼑㼟㼠㼡㼏㼍㻌㼜㼞㼍㼠㼑㼚㼟㼕㼟 㻴㼕㼞㼛㼔㼍㻙㼚㼛㻙㼡㼟㼔㼕㼚㼛㼗㼑㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻴㼛㼘㼏㼡㼟㻌㼘㼍㼚㼍㼠㼡㼟 㻿㼔㼕㼞㼍㼓㼑㻙㼓㼍㼥㼍 （＋） 㻮 ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 ・ ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻴㼛㼞㼐㼑㼡㼙㻌㼎㼞㼍㼏㼔㼥㼍㼚㼠㼔㼑㼞㼡㼙 㻯㼔㼕㼟㼔㼕㼙㼍㻙㼙㼡㼓㼕㼗㼡㼟㼍 （＋） ・ ● ● 㼇㻺㻭㼉 㻾㻭 ・ （+） 㻾㼡

23 㻌㻌㻌㻌㻰㼑㼟㼠㼞㼕㼎㼡㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼎㼥㻌㼘㼕㼠㼑㼞㼍㼠㼡㼞㼑㼟㻌㻌㻞㻕 㻻㼡㼞㻌㼞㼑㼟㼡㼘㼠㻌㻌㻟㻕 㻲㼍㼙㼕㼘㼥 㻿㼏㼕㼑㼚㼠㼕㼒㼕㼏㻌㼚㼍㼙㼑㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㻌㻌㻝㻕 㻶㻭㻼㻭㻺㻱㻿㻱㻌㻺㻭㻹㻱 㻼㼑㼞㼕㼛㼐㻌㻠㻕 㻴㼛㼚㻚 㻴㼛㼗㻚 㻴㼍㼎 㻿㻴㻷 㻷㼁㻺 㻵㼀㼁 㼁㼞㻙㻭㼠 㻿㼠㼍㼠㼑 㻽㻙㼠㼕㼠㼥 㻿㼍㼗㼔 㻷㼍㼙 㻿㻴㻷 㻷㼁㻺 㻵㼀㼁 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻴㼛㼞㼐㼑㼡㼙㻌㼖㼡㼎㼍㼠㼡㼙 㻴㼛㼟㼛㻙㼚㼛㼓㼑㻙㼙㼡㼓㼕 （＋） 㻮 ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼛㼘㼕㼡㼙㻌㼠㼑㼙㼡㼘㼑㼚㼠㼡㼙 㻰㼛㼗㼡㻙㼙㼡㼓㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼛㼍㻌㼍㼚㼓㼡㼟㼠㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼍 㻴㼛㼟㼛㼎㼍㻙㼚㼛㻙㼚㼍㼓㼍㼔㼍㼓㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㼂㻻 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼛㼍㻌㼏㼛㼙㼜㼞㼑㼟㼟㼍 㻷㼛㻙㼕㼏㼔㼕㼓㼛㻙㼠㼟㼡㼚㼍㼓㼕 （＋） 㻮 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼛㼍㻌㼠㼞㼕㼢㼕㼍㼘㼕㼟 㻻㻙㼟㼡㼦㼡㼙㼑㼚㼛㻙㼗㼍㼠㼍㼎㼕㼞㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） ◆ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼡㼏㼏㼕㼚㼑㼘㼘㼕㼍㻌㼐㼕㼟㼠㼍㼚㼟 㻯㼔㼕㼟㼔㼕㼙㼍㻙㼐㼛㼖㼛㻙㼠㼟㼡㼚㼍㼓㼕㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼑㼠㼍㼞㼕㼍㻌㼒㼍㼎㼑㼞㼕 㻭㼗㼕㻙㼚㼛㻙㼑㼚㼛㼗㼛㼞㼛㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍 ＋ ＋ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼏㼛㼚㼛㼓㼛㼚㼛㼚㻌㼐㼕㼢㼍㼞㼕㼏㼍㼠㼡㼙 㻿㼔㼕㼎㼑㼞㼕㼍㻙㼕㼣㼍㼠㼍㼐㼑 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻲㼍㼓㼛㼜㼥㼞㼡㼙㻌㼠㼍㼠㼍㼞㼕㼏㼡㼙 㻰㼍㼠㼠㼍㼚㻙㼟㼛㼎㼍 （＋） 㻰 ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼑㼞㼟㼕㼏㼍㼞㼕㼍㻌㼙㼍㼏㼡㼘㼛㼟㼍 㻴㼍㼞㼡㻙㼠㼍㼐㼑 （＋） （＋） ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼑㼞㼟㼕㼏㼍㼞㼕㼍㻌㼟㼍㼓㼕㼠㼠㼍㼠㼍 㼁㼚㼍㼓㼕㻙㼠㼟㼡㼗㼍㼙㼕 ＋ ＋ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼡㼙㻌㼍㼞㼑㼚㼍㼟㼠㼞㼡㼙 㻴㼍㼕㻙㼙㼕㼏㼔㼕㼥㼍㼚㼍㼓㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼡㼙㻌㼎㼛㼞㼑㼍㼘㼑 㼁㼟㼔㼕㼛㻙㼙㼕㼏㼔㼕㼥㼍㼚㼍㼓㼕 ・ ＋ ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼡㼙㻌㼚㼑㼓㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼙 㻻㼗㼡㻙㼙㼕㼏㼔㼕㼥㼍㼚㼍㼓㼕 ・ ＋ ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 （+） ◆ ◆ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼡㼙㻌㼏㼍㼘㼏㼍㼠㼡㼙 㻹㼕㼏㼔㼕㼥㼍㼚㼍㼓㼕㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼡㼙㻌㼞㼕㼓㼕㼐㼡㼙 㻹㼕㼏㼔㼕㼥㼍㼚㼍㼓㼕㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 㻗 ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼑㼥㼚㼛㼡㼠㼞㼕㼍㻌㼖㼍㼜㼛㼚㼕㼏㼍 㻵㼠㼍㼐㼛㼞㼕 ＋ 㻭㻟 ● 㻯㼁 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼡㼙㼑㼤㻌㼍㼏㼑㼠㼛㼟㼑㼘㼘㼍㻌㼢㼍㼞㻚㻌㼍㼏㼑㼠㼛㼟㼑㼘㼘㼍 㻴㼕㼚㼍㻙㼟㼡㼕㼎㼍 （＋） ・ ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 㻗 （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼡㼙㼑㼤㻌㼏㼞㼕㼟㼜㼡㼟 㻺㼍㼓㼍㼎㼍㻙㼓㼕㼟㼔㼕㼓㼕㼟㼔㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻼㼛㼘㼥㼓㼛㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼡㼙㼑㼤㻌㼜㼍㼠㼕㼑㼚㼠㼕㼍 㻳㼕㼟㼔㼕㼓㼕㼟㼔㼕㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻼㼞㼕㼙㼡㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼚㼐㼞㼛㼟㼍㼏㼑㻌㼒㼕㼘㼕㼒㼛㼞㼙㼕㼟 㻿㼍㼗㼍㻙㼗㼛㼦㼍㼗㼡㼞㼍 （＋） 㻮 ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） ＋ 㻾㼡 㻾㼍㼚㼡㼚㼏㼡㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼍㼚㼡㼚㼏㼡㼘㼡㼟㻌㼍㼏㼞㼕㼟 㻿㼑㼕㼥㼛㻙㼗㼕㼚㼜㼛㼓㼑 ・ 㻮 ● ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻾㼍㼚㼡㼚㼏㼡㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼍㼚㼡㼚㼏㼡㼘㼡㼟㻌㼟㼏㼑㼘㼑㼞㼍㼠㼡㼟 㼀㼍㼓㼍㼞㼍㼟㼔㼕 ＋ ＋ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻾㼛㼟㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼘㼏㼔㼑㼙㼕㼘㼘㼍㻌㼙㼕㼏㼍㼚㼟 㻴㼍㼓㼛㼞㼛㼙㼛㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 ・ ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻾㼛㼟㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻹㼍㼘㼡㼟㻌㼠㼛㼞㼕㼚㼓㼛 㼆㼡㼙㼕 ＋ ＋ ● 㻯㼁 ・ （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻾㼛㼟㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼛㼠㼑㼚㼠㼕㼘㼘㼍㻌㼕㼚㼠㼑㼞㼙㼑㼐㼕㼍 㻷㼕㼖㼕㼙㼡㼟㼔㼕㼞㼛㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻾㼛㼟㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼛㼠㼑㼚㼠㼕㼘㼘㼍㻌㼚㼛㼞㼢㼑㼓㼕㼏㼍 㻱㼦㼛㻙㼚㼛㻙㼙㼕㼠㼟㼡㼙㼛㼠㼛㻙㼟㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● ● ● ● 㻭㻸 㻻㻲 （+） （+） ◆ 㻾㼡 㻾㼡㼎㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻳㼍㼘㼕㼡㼙㻌㼙㼛㼘㼘㼡㼓㼛 㼀㼛㼓㼑㼚㼍㼟㼔㼕㻙㼙㼡㼓㼡㼞㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● 㼇㻺㻭㼉 㻯㻾 ・ ・ ◆ 㻾㼡 㻾㼡㼎㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻳㼍㼘㼕㼡㼙㻌㼡㼘㼕㼓㼕㼚㼛㼟㼡㼙 㼅㼍㼑㻙㼙㼡㼓㼡㼞㼍㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻾㼡㼎㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻳㼍㼘㼕㼡㼙㻌㼢㼍㼕㼘㼘㼍㼚㼠㼕㼕 㼅㼍㼑㻙㼙㼡㼓㼡㼞㼍㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 （+） （+） 㻾㼡 㻿㼍㼘㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼛㼜㼡㼘㼡㼟㻌㼐㼑㼘㼠㼛㼕㼐㼑㼟 㻴㼕㼞㼛㼔㼍㻙㼥㼍㼙㼍㼚㼍㼞㼍㼟㼔㼕 㻗 ● 㻯㼁 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻿㼍㼘㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼍㼘㼕㼤㻌㼗㼛㼞㼕㼥㼍㼚㼍㼓㼕 㻷㼛㼞㼕㻙㼥㼍㼚㼍㼓㼕 ＋ 㻮 ● 㻯㼁 ・ ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㻿㼍㼜㼕㼚㼐㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼏㼑㼞㻌㼓㼕㼚㼚㼍㼘㼍 㻷㼍㼞㼍㼗㼛㼓㼕㻙㼗㼍㼑㼐㼑 ＋ ＋ ● 㻵㻺 ・ ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㼀㼍㼤㼛㼐㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼞㼥㼜㼠㼛㼙㼑㼞㼕㼍㻌㼖㼍㼜㼛㼚㼕㼏㼍 㻿㼡㼓㼕 ＋ （＋） ● 㻵㻺 㻾㻭 （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㼁㼘㼙㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼆㼑㼘㼗㼛㼢㼍㻌㼟㼑㼞㼞㼍㼠㼍 㻷㼑㼥㼍㼗㼕 ＋ （＋） ● 㻵㻺 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻾㼡 㼂㼕㼛㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼂㼕㼛㼘㼍㻌㼠㼞㼕㼏㼛㼘㼛㼞 㻿㼍㼚㼟㼔㼕㼗㼕㻙㼟㼡㼙㼕㼞㼑 （＋） 㻮 ● 㻯㼁 ・ （+） ・ 㻾㼡 㻭㼙㼍㼞㼍㼚㼠㼔㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼔㼑㼚㼛㼜㼛㼐㼕㼡㼙㻌㼒㼕㼏㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼡㼙 㻷㼛㻙㼍㼗㼍㼦㼍 㻮 ・ ★ 㻺㼑 㻭㼜㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼑㼓㼛㼜㼛㼐㼕㼡㼙㻌㼜㼛㼐㼍㼓㼞㼍㼞㼕㼍 㻵㼣㼍㻙㼙㼕㼠㼟㼡㼎㼍 （＋） 㻭㻞 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ ★ 㻺㼑 㻭㼜㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻰㼍㼡㼏㼡㼟㻌㼏㼍㼞㼛㼠㼍 㻺㼛㼞㼍㻙㼚㼕㼚㼖㼕㼚 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 （+） ・ ★ 㻺㼑 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼏㼔㼕㼘㼘㼑㼍㻌㼜㼠㼍㼞㼙㼕㼏㼍㻌 Ōbana-nokogiri-sō 㻮 ・ ★ ★ 㻺㼑 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼡㼐㼎㼑㼏㼗㼕㼍㻌㼘㼍㼏㼕㼚㼕㼍㼠㼍㻌㼢㼍㼞㻚㻌㼔㼛㼞㼠㼑㼚㼟㼕㼟 㻴㼍㼚㼍㼓㼍㼟㼍㻙㼓㼕㼗㼡 （＋） 㻭㻞 ・ ★ 㻺㼑 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼛㼘㼕㼐㼍㼓㼛㻌㼓㼕㼓㼍㼚㼠㼑㼍㻌㼢㼍㼞㻚㻌㼘㼑㼕㼛㼜㼔㼥㼘㼘㼍 㻻㻙㻭㼣㼍㼐㼍㼏㼔㼕㻙㼟㼛 （＋） 㻭㻞 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ ★ 㻺㼑 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼀㼍㼚㼍㼏㼑㼠㼡㼙㻌㼢㼡㼘㼓㼍㼞㼑㻌 㼅㼛㼙㼛㼓㼕㻙㼓㼕㼗㼡 㻮 ・ ★ 㻺㼑 㻮㼛㼞㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼏㼔㼕㼡㼙㻌㼢㼡㼘㼓㼍㼞㼑 㻿㼔㼕㼎㼑㼚㼍㼓㼍㻙㼙㼡㼞㼍㼟㼍㼗㼕 㻮 㻗 ★ 㻺㼑 㻮㼛㼞㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼥㼙㼜㼔㼥㼠㼡㼙㻌㻌㼤㻌㼡㼜㼘㼍㼚㼐㼕㼏㼡㼙 㻯㼛㼙㼒㼞㼑㼥㻌㻔㻴㼕㼞㼑㼔㼍㼞㼕㻙㼟㼛㻕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ ★ ★ 㻺㼑 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㻌㼚㼍㼜㼡㼟㻌㻸㻚 㻿㼑㼕㼥㼛㻙㼍㼎㼡㼞㼍㼚㼍 ＋ 㻮 ・? 㻺㼑 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼍㼗㼕㼘㼑㻌㼑㼐㼑㼚㼠㼡㼘㼍 㻻㼚㼕㻙㼔㼍㼙㼍㻙㼐㼍㼕㼗㼛㼚 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ ★ ★ 㻺㼑 㻯㼍㼞㼥㼛㼜㼔㼥㼘㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼍㼜㼛㼚㼕㼍㻌㼛㼒㼒㼕㼏㼕㼚㼍㼘㼕㼟 㻿㼍㼎㼛㼚㻙㼟㼛 㻮 ＋ ★ 㻺㼑 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼡㼜㼕㼚㼡㼟㻌㼜㼛㼘㼥㼜㼔㼥㼘㼘㼡㼟 㻿㼔㼡㼗㼗㼛㼚㻙㻸㼡㼜㼕㼚㼡㼟 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ ★ 㻺㼑 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻹㼑㼘㼕㼘㼛㼠㼡㼟㻌㼛㼒㼒㼕㼏㼕㼚㼍㼘㼕㼟㻌㼟㼟㼜㻚㻌㼟㼡㼍㼢㼑㼛㼘㼑㼚㼟 㻿㼔㼕㼚㼍㼓㼍㼣㼍㻙㼔㼍㼓㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 （+） （+） ★ 㻺㼑 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼀㼞㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼡㼙㻌㼏㼍㼙㼜㼑㼟㼠㼞㼑 㻷㼡㼟㼡㼐㼍㼙㼍㻙㼠㼟㼡㼙㼑㼗㼡㼟㼍 㻮 ・ ★ 㻺㼑 㻴㼥㼜㼑㼞㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻴㼥㼜㼑㼞㼕㼏㼡㼙㻌㼜㼑㼞㼒㼛㼞㼍㼠㼡㼙 㻿㼑㼕㼥㼛㻙㼛㼠㼛㼓㼕㼞㼕 㻮 㻗 ★ ★ 㻺㼑 㻸㼍㼙㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻹㼑㼚㼠㼔㼍㻌㻌㼤㻌㼓㼞㼍㼏㼕㼘㼕㼟 㻭㼙㼑㼞㼕㼗㼍㻙㼔㼍㼗㼗㼍 㻮 ・? ★ 㻺㼑 㻻㼤㼍㼘㼕㼐㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻻㼤㼍㼘㼕㼟㻌㼐㼕㼘㼘㼑㼚㼕㼕 㻻㼠㼠㼍㼏㼔㼕㻙㼗㼍㼠㼍㼎㼍㼙㼕 ＋ ・ ・ ★ ★ 㻺㼑 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼛㼘㼕㼡㼙㻌㼜㼑㼞㼑㼚㼚㼑 㻴㼛㼟㼛㻙㼙㼡㼓㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 ● 㻭㻸 ・ （+） ・ ★ 㻺㼑 㻭㼙㼍㼞㼍㼚㼠㼔㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼙㼍㼞㼍㼚㼠㼔㼡㼟㻌㼞㼑㼠㼞㼛㼒㼘㼑㼤㼡㼟 㻭㼛㻙㼓㼑㼕㼠㼛㼡 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 㻗 ・ 㻙 㻭㼙㼍㼞㼍㼚㼠㼔㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼔㼑㼚㼛㼜㼛㼐㼕㼡㼙㻌㼜㼡㼙㼕㼘㼕㼛 㻳㼛㼟㼔㼡㻙㼍㼞㼕㼠㼍㻙㼟㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻭㼜㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼑㼠㼔㼡㼟㼍㻌㼏㼥㼚㼍㼜㼕㼡㼙 㻵㼚㼡㻙㼚㼕㼚㼖㼕㼚 ・ 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼙㼎㼞㼛㼟㼕㼍㻌㼍㼞㼠㼑㼙㼕㼟㼕㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼍 㻮㼡㼠㼍㼗㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻞 㻙 㻙 （+） ・ 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼙㼎㼞㼛㼟㼕㼍㻌㼠㼞㼕㼒㼕㼐㼍 㻻㻙㼎㼡㼠㼍㼗㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼚㼠㼔㼑㼙㼕㼟㻌㼏㼛㼠㼡㼘㼍 㻷㼍㼙㼕㼠㼟㼡㼞㼑㻙㼙㼛㼐㼛㼗㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼞㼠㼑㼙㼕㼟㼕㼍㻌㼜㼞㼕㼚㼏㼑㼜㼟 㼅㼛㼙㼛㼓㼕 ＋ 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼞㼠㼑㼙㼕㼟㼕㼍㻌㼞㼡㼎㼞㼕㼜㼑㼟 㼅㼍㼎㼡㻙㼥㼛㼙㼛㼓㼕 ＋ 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㻌㼚㼛㼢㼍㼑㻙㼍㼚㼓㼘㼕㼍㼑 㻺㼑㼎㼍㼞㼕㻙㼚㼛㼓㼕㼗㼡 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼕㼞㼟㼕㼡㼙㻌㼍㼞㼢㼑㼚㼟㼑 㻿㼑㼕㼥㼛㻙㼠㼛㼓㼑㻙㼍㼦㼍㼙㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼛㼚㼥㼦㼍㻌㼟㼡㼙㼍㼠㼞㼑㼚㼟㼕㼟 㻻㻙㼍㼞㼑㼏㼔㼕㻙㼚㼛㼓㼕㼗㼡 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼛㼞㼑㼛㼜㼟㼕㼟㻌㼘㼍㼚㼏㼑㼛㼘㼍㼠㼍 㻻㻙㼗㼕㼚㼗㼑㼕㻙㼓㼕㼗㼡 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼞㼑㼜㼕㼟㻌㼠㼑㼏㼠㼛㼞㼡㼙 㼅㼍㼚㼑㼠㼍㻙㼎㼕㼞㼍㼗㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 （+） （+） 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼞㼕㼓㼑㼞㼛㼚㻌㼜㼔㼕㼘㼍㼐㼑㼘㼜㼔㼕㼏㼡㼟 㻴㼍㼞㼡㻙㼖㼛㼛㼚 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻴㼕㼑㼞㼍㼏㼕㼡㼙㻌㼏㼍㼑㼟㼜㼕㼠㼛㼟㼡㼙 㻷㼕㼎㼍㼚㼍㻙㼗㼛㼞㼕㼚㻙㼠㼍㼚㼜㼛㼜㼛 （＋） 㻭㻞 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼕㼘㼛㼟㼑㼘㼘㼍㻌㼎㼞㼍㼏㼔㼕㼍㼠㼍 㼅㼍㼚㼍㼓㼕㻙㼠㼍㼚㼜㼛㼜㼛㻌㼦㼛㼗㼡 ・ ・ ● 㻭㻸 㻾㻭 ・ ・ 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻴㼥㼜㼛㼏㼔㼍㼑㼞㼕㼟㻌㼞㼍㼐㼕㼏㼍㼠㼍 㻮㼡㼠㼍㼚㼍 （＋） 㻭㻞 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼛㼘㼕㼐㼍㼓㼛㻌㼍㼘㼠㼕㼟㼟㼕㼙㼍 㻿㼑㼕㼠㼍㼗㼍㻙㻭㼣㼍㼐㼍㼏㼔㼕㻙㼟㼛 （＋） 㻭㻞 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻭㼟㼠㼑㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼄㼍㼚㼠㼔㼕㼡㼙㻌㼛㼏㼏㼕㼐㼑㼚㼠㼍㼘㼑 㻻㻙㼛㼚㼍㼙㼛㼙㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻮㼛㼞㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻹㼥㼛㼟㼛㼠㼕㼟㻌㼍㼞㼢㼑㼚㼟㼕㼟 㻺㼛㼔㼍㼞㼍㻙㼙㼡㼞㼍㼟㼍㼗㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ （+） 㻙 㻮㼛㼞㼍㼓㼕㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻹㼥㼛㼟㼛㼠㼕㼟㻌㼟㼏㼛㼞㼜㼕㼛㼕㼐㼑㼟 㼃㼍㼟㼡㼞㼑㻙㼚㼍㻙㼓㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼘㼘㼕㼍㼞㼕㼍㻌㼜㼑㼠㼕㼛㼘㼍㼠㼍 㻳㼍㼞㼘㼕㼏㻌㼙㼡㼟㼠㼍㼞㼐 ・ 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻮㼍㼞㼎㼍㼞㼑㼍㻌㼢㼡㼘㼓㼍㼞㼕㼟 㻴㼍㼞㼡㼦㼍㼗㼕㻙㼥㼍㼙㼍㼓㼍㼞㼍㼟㼔㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼑㼜㼕㼐㼕㼡㼙㻌㼐㼕㼐㼥㼙㼡㼙 㻷㼍㼞㼍㼗㼡㼟㼍㻙㼓㼍㼞㼍㼟㼔㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻺㼍㼟㼠㼡㼞㼠㼕㼡㼙㻌㼛㼒㼒㼕㼏㼕㼚㼍㼘㼑 㻻㼞㼍㼚㼐㼍㻙㼓㼍㼞㼍㼟㼔㼕 （＋） 㻭㻞 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻮㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼛㼞㼕㼜㼜㼍㻌㼟㼥㼘㼢㼑㼟㼠㼞㼕㼟 㻷㼕㼞㼑㼔㼍㻙㼕㼚㼡㻙㼓㼍㼞㼍㼟㼔㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 （+） ・ 㻙 㻯㼍㼞㼥㼛㼜㼔㼥㼘㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼕㼘㼑㼚㼑㻌㼍㼞㼙㼑㼞㼕㼍 㻹㼡㼟㼔㼕㼠㼛㼞㼕㻙㼚㼍㼐㼑㼟㼔㼕㼗㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 （+） ・ 㻙

24 㻌㻌㻌㻌㻰㼑㼟㼠㼞㼕㼎㼡㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼎㼥㻌㼘㼕㼠㼑㼞㼍㼠㼡㼞㼑㼟㻌㻌㻞㻕 㻻㼡㼞㻌㼞㼑㼟㼡㼘㼠㻌㻌㻟㻕 㻲㼍㼙㼕㼘㼥 㻿㼏㼕㼑㼚㼠㼕㼒㼕㼏㻌㼚㼍㼙㼑㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㻌㻌㻝㻕 㻶㻭㻼㻭㻺㻱㻿㻱㻌㻺㻭㻹㻱 㻼㼑㼞㼕㼛㼐㻌㻠㻕 㻴㼛㼚㻚 㻴㼛㼗㻚 㻴㼍㼎 㻿㻴㻷 㻷㼁㻺 㻵㼀㼁 㼁㼞㻙㻭㼠 㻿㼠㼍㼠㼑 㻽㻙㼠㼕㼠㼥 㻿㼍㼗㼔 㻷㼍㼙 㻿㻴㻷 㻷㼁㻺 㻵㼀㼁 㻯㼛㼚㼢㼛㼘㼢㼡㼘㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼡㼟㼏㼡㼠㼍㻌㼜㼑㼚㼠㼍㼓㼛㼚㼍 㻭㼙㼑㼞㼕㼗㼍㻙㼚㼑㼚㼍㼟㼔㼕㻙㼗㼍㼦㼡㼞㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻯㼡㼏㼡㼞㼎㼕㼠㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼕㼏㼥㼛㼟㻌㼍㼚㼓㼡㼘㼍㼠㼡㼟 㻭㼞㼑㼏㼔㼕㻙㼡㼞㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼙㼛㼞㼜㼔㼍㻌㼒㼞㼡㼠㼕㼏㼛㼟㼍 㻵㼠㼍㼏㼔㼕㻙㼔㼍㼓㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼥㼠㼕㼟㼡㼟㻌㼟㼏㼛㼜㼍㼞㼕㼡㼟 㻱㼚㼕㼟㼔㼕㼐㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼑㼟㼜㼑㼐㼑㼦㼍㻌㼏㼥㼞㼠㼛㼎㼛㼠㼞㼥㼍 㻹㼍㼞㼡㼎㼍㻙㼔㼍㼓㼕 ＋ 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼛㼠㼡㼟㻌㼏㼛㼞㼚㼕㼏㼡㼘㼍㼠㼡㼟㻌㼟㼟㼜㻚㻌㼏㼛㼞㼚㼕㼏㼡㼘㼍㼠㼡㼟 㻿㼑㼕㼥㼛㻙㼙㼕㼥㼍㼗㼛㼓㼡㼟㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻹㼑㼐㼕㼏㼍㼓㼛㻌㼘㼡㼜㼡㼘㼕㼚㼍 㻷㼛㼙㼑㼠㼟㼡㼎㼡㻙㼡㼙㼍㼓㼛㼥㼍㼟㼔㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻹㼑㼐㼕㼏㼍㼓㼛㻌㼟㼍㼠㼕㼢㼍 㻹㼡㼞㼍㼟㼍㼗㼕㻙㼡㼙㼍㼓㼛㼥㼍㼟㼔㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 （+） ・ 㻙 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻹㼑㼘㼕㼘㼛㼠㼡㼟㻌㼛㼒㼒㼕㼏㼕㼚㼍㼘㼕㼟㻌㼟㼟㼜㻚㻌㼍㼘㼎㼡㼟 㻿㼔㼕㼞㼛㼎㼍㼚㼍㻙㻿㼔㼕㼚㼍㼓㼍㼣㼍㻙㼔㼍㼓㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 （+） ・ 㻙 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼀㼞㼕㼒㼛㼘㼕㼡㼙㻌㼍㼞㼢㼑㼚㼟㼑 㻿㼔㼍㼓㼡㼙㼍㻙㼔㼍㼓㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 （+） ・ 㻙 㻲㼍㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼃㼕㼟㼠㼑㼞㼕㼍㻌㼒㼘㼛㼞㼕㼎㼡㼚㼐㼍 㻲㼡㼖㼕 ＋ 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻴㼍㼘㼛㼞㼍㼓㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻹㼥㼞㼕㼛㼜㼔㼥㼘㼘㼡㼙㻌㼍㼝㼡㼍㼠㼕㼏㼡㼙 㻻㻙㼒㼡㼟㼍㼙㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻴㼥㼐㼞㼛㼏㼔㼍㼞㼕㼠㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼘㼛㼐㼑㼍㻌㼚㼡㼠㼠㼍㼘㼘㼕㼕 㻷㼛㻙㼗㼍㼚㼍㼐㼍㼙㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻸㼍㼙㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼍㼙㼕㼡㼙㻌㼜㼡㼞㼜㼡㼞㼑㼡㼙 㻴㼕㼙㼑㻙㼛㼐㼛㼞㼕㼗㼛㻙㼟㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻹㼍㼘㼢㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼎㼡㼠㼕㼘㼛㼚㻌㼠㼔㼑㼛㼜㼔㼞㼍㼟㼠㼕 㻵㼏㼔㼕㼎㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻺㼥㼙㼜㼔㼍㼑㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻯㼍㼎㼛㼙㼎㼍㻌㼏㼍㼞㼛㼗㼕㼚㼕㼍㼚㼍 㻴㼍㼓㼛㼞㼛㼙㼛㻙㼙㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻻㼤㼍㼘㼕㼐㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻻㼤㼍㼘㼕㼟㻌㼏㼛㼞㼥㼙㼎㼛㼟㼍 㻹㼡㼞㼍㼟㼍㼗㼕㻙㼗㼍㼠㼍㼎㼍㼙㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼢㼑㼚㼍㻌㼟㼍㼠㼕㼢㼍 㻹㼍㼗㼍㼞㼍㼟㼡㻙㼙㼡㼓㼕 㻮 㻙 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼞㼍㼓㼞㼛㼟㼠㼕㼟㻌㼏㼡㼞㼢㼡㼘㼍 㻿㼔㼕㼚㼍㼐㼍㼞㼑㻙㼟㼡㼦㼡㼙㼑㻙㼓㼍㼥㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻸㼛㼘㼕㼡㼙㻌㼙㼡㼘㼠㼕㼒㼘㼛㼞㼡㼙 㻺㼑㼦㼡㼙㼕㻙㼙㼡㼓㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 （+） ・ 㻙 㻼㼛㼚㼠㼑㼐㼑㼞㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻱㼕㼏㼔㼔㼛㼞㼚㼕㼍㻌㼏㼞㼍㼟㼟㼕㼜㼑㼟 㻴㼛㼠㼑㼕㻙㼍㼛㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻾㼛㼟㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼡㼎㼡㼟㻌㼍㼘㼘㼑㼓㼔㼑㼚㼕㼑㼚㼟㼕㼟 㻷㼡㼞㼛㼙㼕㻙㼗㼕㼕㼏㼔㼕㼓㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻾㼛㼟㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼡㼎㼡㼟㻌㼍㼞㼙㼑㼚㼕㼍㼏㼡㼟 㻿㼑㼕㼥㼛㻙㼥㼍㼎㼡㼕㼏㼔㼕㼓㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻾㼛㼟㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻾㼡㼎㼡㼟㻌㼑㼤㼟㼡㼘 㻵㼟㼔㼕㼗㼍㼞㼕㻙㼗㼕㼕㼏㼔㼕㼓㼛 ・ 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻿㼍㼘㼕㼏㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻼㼛㼜㼡㼘㼡㼟㻌㼍㼘㼎㼍 㼁㼞㼍㼖㼕㼞㼛㻙㼔㼍㼗㼛㼥㼍㼚㼍㼓㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 （+） ・ 㻙 㻿㼍㼡㼞㼡㼞㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻴㼛㼡㼠㼠㼡㼥㼚㼕㼍㻌㼏㼛㼞㼐㼍㼠㼍 㻰㼛㼗㼡㼐㼍㼙㼕 ＋ 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻿㼏㼞㼛㼜㼔㼡㼘㼍㼞㼕㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㼂㼑㼞㼎㼍㼟㼏㼡㼙㻌㼠㼔㼍㼜㼟㼡㼟 㻮㼕㼞㼛㼐㼛㻙㼙㼛㼦㼡㼕㼗㼍 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻿㼕㼙㼍㼞㼛㼡㼎㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻭㼕㼘㼍㼚㼠㼔㼡㼟㻌㼍㼘㼠㼕㼟㼟㼕㼙㼍 㻺㼕㼣㼍㻙㼡㼞㼡㼟㼔㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻿㼛㼘㼍㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻰㼍㼠㼡㼘㼍㻌㼙㼑㼠㼑㼘 㻯㼔㼛㼟㼑㼚㻙㼍㼟㼍㼓㼍㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻿㼛㼘㼍㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻰㼍㼠㼡㼘㼍㻌㼟㼠㼞㼍㼙㼛㼚㼕㼡㼙㻌㼢㼍㼞㻚㻌㼟㼠㼞㼍㼙㼛㼚㼕㼡㼙 㻿㼔㼕㼞㼛㼎㼍㼚㼍㻌㻯㼔㼛㼟㼑㼚㻙㼍㼟㼍㼓㼍㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻿㼛㼘㼍㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻰㼍㼠㼡㼘㼍㻌㼟㼠㼞㼍㼙㼛㼚㼕㼡㼙㻌㼢㼍㼞㻚㻌㼠㼍㼠㼡㼘㼍 㼅㼛㼟㼔㼡㻙㼏㼔㼛㼟㼑㼚㻙㼍㼟㼍㼓㼍㼛 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙 㻿㼛㼘㼍㼚㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑 㻿㼛㼘㼍㼚㼡㼙㻌㼏㼍㼞㼛㼘㼕㼚㼑㼚㼟㼑 㼃㼍㼞㼡㻙㼚㼍㼟㼡㼎㼕 （＋） 㻭㻟 㻙 㻙 ・ ・ 㻙

Remarks: 1) Two of the new alien taxa: 18. Anthoxanthum odoratum subsp. glabrescens and Elytrigia repens var. aristata are not included in the Table 1, because their distributions may be included in A. odoratum and E. repens respectively. Plant name for the plants, which have not been recorded in Honshu and Hokkaido, are given in italic. 2) ＋ means native plants,（＋） means naturalized plants.・ means the locality, where the species in question has not been recorded. Destributions are checked by the following literatures. ・For the Kuril Islands: Miyabe, K. 1890. The flora of the Kurile Islands. Memoirs of the Boston Soceity of Natural History 4: 203-275. Tatewaki, M. 1957. Geobotanical studies on the Kurile Islands. Acta Horti Gotoburgensis 21: 43-123. Barkalov, V.Y. 2009. Flora of the Kuril Islands. Dalnauka, Vladivostok. ・ For Sakhalin Smirnov, A.A. 2002. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Sakhalin Island. Sakhalin Science Center, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. ・ For Kamchatka Yakubov, V. V. and Chernyagina, O. A. (2004). Catalog of Flora of Kamchatka (Vascular Plants). 2), 3) Abbreviations and marks: Abbreviations: Hon.=Honshu, Hok.=Hokkaido, SHK=Shikotan, KUN=Kunashir, ITU=Iturup, Ur-At= from Urup to Atlasov (Islands between Iturup and Kamchatka), Sakh.=Sakhalin, Kam.=Kamchatka State: AL=Alien, CU=escaped from cultivation, IN=Introduced, [NA]=naturalized. Q-tity=quantity, VR=very rare, RA=rare, CR=comparably rare, OF=often, VO= very often. When the plant is regarded as naturalized plant in Hokkaido, the rank of Bluelist of Hokkaido is noted (A2, A3, B). Stae and Quantity follow Barkalov (2009). Marks: Destributions according to: Tatewaki (1957)= ○ , Barkalov (2009)= ● . ◆ : confirmed by us (-2012)★ : newly found by us (-2012). 4) Estimated introduced period. Ai: in Ainu period; Jp: in Japanese period; Ru: in Russian period; Ne: in the newest period. " － " indicates that the plant is still out of range of the three islands of our research.

25 Fig. 2. Invasive alien plants, found during our expedition and thier localities.

Aegopodium podagraria Solidago gigantea subsp. serotina in Kuril'sk (Shana).

146° 148°

Kuril’ sk (Shana)

45°

Kunashir Iturup

Yuzhno-Kuril’ sk (Furukamappu) mouth of Saratovskaya River 44° (Seoi-gawa)

Localities, where invasive alien plants were Habomai Isls Shikotan found during our expedition 2009ー2012. 50 km

A large colony of Rudbeckia laciniata, found along road to the mouth of the river Setatovskaya (Seoi-gawa). Photos by Norihisa Kondo.

26