Proposed Ligawasan Marsh Protected Area

The Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study

A Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) supported with a grant from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the World Bank, with supervision of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

PROPOSED LIGAWASAN MARSH PROTECTED AREA

INVESTMENT PROGRAM Volume II Project Setting, Description, and Analysis and Justification

December 2004

Investment Program (2006-2010) Page i

PREFACE

The Ligawasan Marsh (LM) Development Master Plan (1999-2025), formulated by Region XII of NEDA in 1998, recommended the inclusion of Ligawasan as a protected area (PA) under the National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS). However, there were not enough scientific bases to support the recommendation.

The Government, with the support of the Global Environmental Facility (GEF)- World Bank-United Nations Development Programme, has now undertaken two studies: (i) the Protected Area Suitability Assessment (PASA) Study, completed in 2001, and (ii) the Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, completed in 2004, which gathered the required scientific information. These studies have also completed the required stakeholder consultations at various levels. There was a strong consensus among the stakeholders that LM should be proclaimed as a PA under the NIPAS Act.

This report (Volume II) contains the detailed investment activities, for a five-year period between 2006 and 2010, promoting community-based conservation efforts, providing alternative, conservation-friendly livelihood interventions, and supporting social and rural infrastructure.

The program contains the Project Setting, Description, and Analysis and Justification. The project setting describes the biophysical condition, the socioeconomic and institutional settings, the natural resources and threat analyses, and past and current development programs. The description lays out the overall framework; vision, goal, and objectives; project components, management and implementation strategies, project cost and financing, and project sustainability plan. The analysis and justification provides the socio-institutional and market analyses, economic and financial considerations, environmental and organizational analyses, and conclusions and recommendations.

The program will facilitate the process of proclaiming the Ligawasan Marsh as a protected area (PA), empower the community and all the stakeholders on conserving and managing the valuable wetland with its unique and diverse wildlife, and reduce poverty by providing conservation-friendly livelihood support to reduce the pressure on the unsustainable utilization of the natural resources of the marsh.

The proposed program are only indicative plans which might be further revised during the project implementation phase when there will be more intensive consultations with stakeholders of the Marsh.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface i Table of Contents ii Acknowledgments iv Abbreviations v List of Appendices vi List of Annexes vii List of Tables in the Main Text viii List of Figures ix

Executive Summary 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 3 A. Project Background 3 B. Methodology 4 1. First Stakeholder Consultation Workshop 4 2. Socioeconomic Survey 5 3. Second Stakeholder Consultation Workshop 5 4. Barangay Consultation Workshops 5 5. Pre-Feasibility Assessment by Consultants 6 6. Third Stakeholder Consultation Workshop 6

Chapter 2 Project Setting 8 A. Geographic Location 8 B. Development Setting 8 1. Biophysical Condition 8 Climate and Precipitation 8 Topography and Slope 9 Soil 9 Hydrology and Drainage 9 Mangrove Swamp 10 Land Use 10 Development Constraints 11 2. Socioeconomic Situation 12 3. Institutional Setting 14 C. Natural Resources Condition 16 1. Wetland Habitat Classification 16 2. Flora of the Marsh 18 3. Fauna of the Marsh 23 a. Birds, Mammals, Amphibians, and Reptiles 23 b. Fish and Aquatic Biodiversity 24 i. Fishes 24 ii. Mollusks and Crustacean Biodiversity 25 iii. Plankton Diversity 26 4. Productivity of the Marshes 26 D. Threat Analysis and Proposed Interventions 26 1. Linkage between Threats and Recommended Prescriptions 27 E. Related Programs and Projects 29 1. Description of Past and Current Interventions 30 2. Remaining Gaps 30 3. Relevance of the Proposed Investment Program to Local Development 32

Chapter 3 Project Description 34 A. Overall Project Framework 34 B. Vision, Goal and Objectives 35 1. Vision 35 2. Goal and Objectives 35 C. Project Area 35 D. Project Components 36 1. Ecosystems Management and Protection 36 2. Institutional Development and Capacity-Building 49 3. Support for Environment-friendly Livelihood Activities 52 4. Environment-friendly Small Rural Infrastructure 57 5. Monitoring and Evaluation System for Wetland Biodiversity 61 Conservation E. Project Management 62 1. Organizational Structure 62 2. Manpower Training Support Plan 64 F. Implementation Strategies 68 1. Project Mobilization and Planning 68 2. Community Organizing and Mobilization 69 3. Project Implementation vis-à-vis Work Plan 70 4. Support Mechanism and Institutional Support 71 5. Procurement Plan 72 G. Project Cost and Financing 75 1. Project Cost and Financing Schemes 75 2. Schedule of Fund Releases 75 3. Fund Management System and Policies 75 4. Fund Disbursement Method 84 5. Fund Collection System 84 6. Provision on Sustainable Financing and Cost Recovery 86 H. Project Sustainability Plan 86 1. Sustainability Plan 86 2. Phase-Out Plan 87 3. Sustainability Risks and Constraint Assessment 87

Chapter 4 Project Analysis and Justification 89 A. Socio-Institutional Considerations 89 B. Market Analysis 90 C. Economic and Financial Considerations 94 D. Economic and Financial Analysis 100 E. Environmental Considerations 102 F. Organizational Feasibility Analysis 103 G. Analysis of Project Externalities 105 H. Conclusions and Recommendations 107

APPENDICES 108 ANNEXES 158 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 259

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to acknowledge the great contributions and heartfelt support extended to the team of consultants by many people and institutions in Ligawasan Marsh during the conduct of the Wetland Biodiversity Study and the formulation of the Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan and the Investment Program.

We gratefully acknowledge the full support we received during the field visits and barangay consultations from the following:

• The more than 4,200 key stakeholders (farmers, fisherfolks, women groups, youth leaders, traditional leaders, religious leaders, teachers, and businessmen) from ten municipalities in the Ligawasan Marsh Proper; and • The Honorable Mayors and their Municipal Planning and Development Officers (MPDO) and numerous barangay chairmen and members from these municipalities

We are also very grateful for the full unstinting support and expert advice we received, during the series of field visits and consultations, from the following Government officials and partners:

• Mr. Jim Sampulna, DENR RED • Secretary Emblawa Kabuntalan, Al Haj, DENR – ARMM • Director Romeo A. Manzan, DENR-PAWB, ARMM • Mr. Ali M. Hadjinasser, DENR Region XII-PAWB

Our appreciation is also extended to the following DENR officials for their expert advice and support:

• Mr. Rafael E. Camat, Jr., Assistant Secretary, DENR - FASPO • Ms. Ma. Lourdes Ferrer, Chief, Project Evaluation Division, FASPO, DENR; Ms. Socorro Mallare; and Ms. Josephine Q. Natividad, • Ms. Theresa Mundita S. Lim, Director, PAWB • Ms. Norma Molinyawe, Chief, Biodiversity Division, PAWB, and Ms. Teresita Blastique • Ms. Marlene Mendoza and Mr. Carlo Custodio , PAWB

We also commend the special participation and support extended to us by the following World Bank and UNDP officials:

• Mr. Gilbert Braganza, World Bank, Manila Office • Ms. Angie Cunanan, UNDP Director • Ms. Clarissa Arida and Ms. Jennifer Navarro, UNDP

To the entire community of Ligawasan Marsh, for welcoming us during the conduct of the socioeconomic surveys, the information drive, and barangay consultations, we gratefully acknowledge your kind support. Thank you.

ABBREVIATIONS

ANR Assisted natural regeneration ARMM Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao BCR Benefit Cost Ration BFZ buffer zone reforestation CBRMP Community-Based Resource Management Project CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan CO Community Organizing GEF Global Environmental Facility GIS Geographic Information System DA Department of Agriculture DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DOF Department of Finance EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return FASPO Foreign Assisted Special Projects Office IEC Information, Education, and Communications IPRA Indigenous People’s Rights Act LGU Local Government Unit LM Ligawasan Marsh M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MENRO Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Officer MFC Municipal Finance Corporation MILF Moro Islamic Liberation Front MOA Memorandum of Agreement NEDA National Economic and Development Agency NGO Non-Governmental Organization NIPAS National Integrated Protected Areas System NPV Net Present Value NRM Natural Resources Management OSY Out-of-School Youth PA Protected Area PASA Protected Area Suitability Assessment PAMB Protected Area Management Board PAWB Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau PMO Project Management Office PMU Project Management Unit PO People’s Organization PP Payback Period ROI Return on Investment RPS Riverbank Protection and Stabilization TA Technical Assistance TOR Terms of Reference UNDP United Nations Development Programme USAID United State Agency for International Development WFP Work and Financial Plan

LIST OF APPENDICES

Table Title No.

1 Summary of the number of households in the master list and number of 107 respondents interviewed

2 Age distribution of household heads/respondents per municipality 109

3 Distribution of household heads/respondents by number of household 112 members

4 Highest educational attainment of household heads/respondents per 114 municipality

5 Distribution of household respondents according to source of income/ 117 livelihood by municipality and barangay

6 Distribution of household respondents according to crops planted by 119 municipality and barangay

7 Estimated area planted to each crop and production by municipality and 121 barangay

8 Distribution of respondents according to fish captured 123

9 Fishing methods employed by the respondents 129

10 Types of wildlife gathered and estimated volume of catch by municipality 130 and barangay

11 Specific site in Ligawasan Marsh where wildlife is gathered 133

12 Method employed in wildlife collection 133

13 Types of livestock and poultry raised and estimated population per species 134

14 Methods employed in raising livestock and poultry 141

15 Types of handicraft produced by the respondent 142

16 Other sources of income of the respondent 145

17 Estimated annual income of household 151

18 Living condition of the household heads/respondents in terms of selected 155 indicators per municipality

LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex No. Title

1 Outputs of the Three Regional Clusters during the Second Stakeholder 159 Consultation Meeting, August 2004

2 Summary of Six Natural Resources Management (NRM) Interventions 164 showing Area and Locations Identified during the Barangay Consultation

3 Summary of Ten Livelihood Interventions showing Project Area and 167 Number of Beneficiaries Identified during the Barangay Consultation

4 Summary of Small Rural Infrastructure showing Project Area and Number 170 of Beneficiaries Identified during the Barangay Consultation

5 Project Interventions by Municipality 172

6 Assessment of the Suitability of Livelihood Proposals 182

7 List of Tree Species Recommended for Smallholder Tree Planting NRM 183 Interventions

8 Map 1. Administrative Boundary of North Cotabato, Maguindanao 184 & Sultan Kudarat

9 List of Barangays from Ten Municipalities Included in the Medium-term 185 Investment Program

10 Map 2. Topographic Map 186

11 Map 3. Habitat Classification Map 187

12 Summary of the Fauna and Fish and Aquatic Surveys Under the Wetland 189 Biodiversity Study

13 Summary of Threats and Proposed Interventions Linked to Management 200 Plan Prescriptions

14 Map 4. Threats Map 203

15 Map 5. Proposed Protected Area Map 204

16 Technical Description of the Ligawasan Marsh Protected Area 205

17 Inventory of Programs and Projects in Ten Municipalities of Ligawasan 208 Marsh Proper in 2004.

18 Logical Framework 211

19 Annual Detailed Implementation Plan for Six Habitat Restoration 219 Subprojects

20 Special Literacy Program under Prescription V (Support Program for 231 Environmental Protection)

21 Details of Seven Livelihood Interventions 243 WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page viii

22 Diagram of Proposed Mini-Growth Center 269

23 Staffing Schedule for Consulting Services 270

24 Work and Financial Plan 271

25 Economic and Financial Analyses for Habitat Restoration Subprojects 273

26 Economic and Financial Analyses for Seven Livelihood Subprojects 285

LIST OF TABLES IN THE MAIN TEXT

Table Title No.

1. Current General Land Use in Ten Municipalities, August 2004 11

2. Population of Ten Municipalities Included in the Investment Program 12

3. Inventory of Related Programs and Projects In Ten Municipalities 31 Included in the Investment Program

4. Types of Facilities to be Provided at the Mini-Growth Center 59

5. Proposed Training Modules and Cost Estimates 66

6. Stages of Project Implementation vis-à-vis Community Organizing Phases 74

7. Financing Plan 75

8. Annual Financial Requirements of the Project 77

9. Financial Plan for the Project 74

10. Funding Requirements Grouped by Project Component 79

11. Survival Rates and Number of Trees, between Year 6 and 12 95

12. Projected Value of Production and Incremental Benefits from Upland 95 Reforestation

13. Projected Value of Production from Riverbank Protection and Stabilization 96

14. Results of the Economic Analysis on Habitat Restoration Interventions 101

15. Results of the Financial Analysis of Livelihood Support Projects 102

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title No.

1. Threat Analysis in the Ligawasan Marsh Based on the Results of the 29 Socioeconomic Survey

2. Project Implementation Chart with LM Steering Committte (Precursor of Interim PAMB) 65

3. Existing Organizational Structure of Kabacan and the Offices Proposed 66 to join the New PMU

4. Technical Assistance Teams at Local, National, and Regional Levels 68

5. Flow Chart for Grant and Loan Funds 85

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Ligawasan Marsh is one of the largest wetlands comprising about 10% of the Mindanao River Basin. It is a conglomeration of three marshes, namely, the Ligawasan Marsh proper, the Libungan Marsh, and the Ebpanan Marsh. The Ligawasan Marsh complex supports a variety of wild flora and fauna and has been identified as a distinct and unique region among the 15 biogeographic regions of the Philippines due to the presence of significant varieties of flora and fauna. It is known to support species of endemic threatened birds and is identified as an important wetland site because of its relatively expansive swamp forests.

Covering the three (3) provinces of Maguindanao, North Cotabato, and Sultan Kudarat, the Ligawasan Marsh complex covers 20 municipalities and one (1) city and is home to 1,094,376 inhabitants. Presence of settlers within and around the marsh has brought some negative consequences that threaten the biodiversity of natural resources of Ligawasan Marsh. Threats to biodiversity conservation of Ligawasan Marsh may be generally classified as on-site and off-site. On-site threats include: (i) high potential for oil and gas; (ii) high population pressure; (iii) sedimentation from the cut-off channel; (iv) oil palm plantations; (v) poor environmental practices among marsh settlers like dumping of solid wastes in the river; (vi) unregulated use of inorganic fertilizers and chemicals; (vii) weak enforcement of environmental laws; (viii) conversion of some parts of the marsh to agricultural, residential, and other land uses; (ix) illegal cutting of swamp forest; (x) illegal fishing; (xi) bird hunting and wildlife (including egg) collection; (xii) introduction of exotic fish species like armor fish; (xiii) weak instutional capacity of LGUs and other stakeholders; and (xii) outbreak of war between the AFP and the MILF. On the other hand, off-sites threats to Ligawasan Marsh were identified, namely, (i) slash-and-burn farming practices in the upland watershed surrounding the marsh; (ii) conversion to fishpond of mangrove forests in Cotabato City; (iii) intensive use of chemicals by large commercial plantations around the marsh; (iv) operation of mining companies; and (v) dumping of wastes (plastic and non-degradable materials) in the rivers flowing to the marsh.

Due to the ecological significance of the Ligawasan Marsh, the Ligawasan Marsh Master Plan for 1999-2025 recommended its inclusion under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS). Results of the Protected Area Suitability Assessment (PASA) conducted by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) confirmed the need to accord protection status to the Ligawasan Marsh under RA 7586 under the category of a Natural Biotic Area in order to protect the natural resources therein as well as conserve the biological and cultural diversity of the area. Under the Natural Biotic Area scheme, the protected area is set aside to allow the way of life of societies living in harmony with the environment to adapt to modern technology at their own pace. The PASA results have also identified priority areas for conservation and management divided into five (5) core zones. Needing immediate conservation and management interventions are Zones 1 and 2, which cover the Ligawasan Marsh proper.

The present study has shown that there has been limited efforts aimed at protecting and conserving the biodiversity of the Ligawasan Marsh. It also appears that

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 2 much of the efforts in the area are geared towards providing livelihood and rural infrastructure support, housing and social infrastructure, and construction of farm-to- market roads and drainage facilities. The proposed investment program is timely in that if the program is implemented as a two-pronged approach of pursuing significant conservation interventions to restore the degraded habitats and providing alternative, conservation-friendly livelihood and small rural infrastructure, it is expected to protect the environment and reduce the poverty of the people on a sustainable basis.

For this investment program, only 10 municipalities falling under Priority Zones 1 and 2 will be considered. These municipalities, namely, M’lang, Kabacan, Tulunan, Datu Montawal, Pagalungan, Paglat, Sultan-sa-Barongis, S. K. Pendatun, Pikit, and Datu Piang have a strategic importance in the protection and preservation of the biodiversity of the Ligawasan Marsh. These are the identified priority areas for protection, divided into five (5) core zones. Together, these municipalities have 57 so-called “waterline” barangays whose inhabitants are considered as primary stakeholders of Ligawasan Marsh. The proposed investment program is designed to benefit more than 11,300 households and over 400,000 inhabitants within and around the marsh thru the various interventions that will be introduced in the area.

Project interventions included in this investment program are based on the management prescriptions obtained from the series of stakeholder consultations which are grouped into five major categories: (i) ecosystems management and protection, (ii) institutional development and capacity building, (iii) support for environment-friendly livelihood activities, (iv) support for environment-friendly small rural infrastructure, and (v) monitoring and evaluation system for wetland biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic upliftment. The total cost of the project is P 684.1M which is broken down by project component, namely, (i) Ecosystem Management and Protection = P 232.6M; (ii) Institutional Development and Capacity Building= P 47.9M; (iii) Environment- Friendly Livelihood Support = P 86.0M; (iv) Small Rural Infrastructure Project = P 48.7M; (v) Monitoring and Evaluation = P 5.8M; (vi) Training Support = P 9.6M; (vii) Project Management Support = P 217.8M; (viii) Consultancy Services = P 35.8M. Possible funding may come from the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility, Government of the Philippines, and participating local government units (LGUs).

This investment program would enhance and restore the habitats in the Ligawasan Marsh that would increase the population and variety of wildlife and birds, and reduce the poverty of the poor people living in the marsh through sustainable and conservation-enabling livelihood activities. The executing agency of the project will be the DENR, which will be responsible for overall supervision, coordination and financial management of the project. PAWB will provide policy support, including lobbying for the proclamation of LM as a protected area and providing technical assistance to the project. The project will have three levels of management, namely (i) a national PMO, which is directly under DENR-FASPO; (ii) two regional PMOs, one under the DENR-ARMM based in Cotabato City and the second one under DENR-Region XII located in Koronadal City; and (iii) ten municipal PMUs, one for each municipality.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Project Background

1. The Ligawasan Marsh is one of the Philippines’ largest wetlands, comprising about ten percent of the Mindanao River Basin. The Ligawasan Marsh Complex is a conglomeration of three marshes: the Ligawasan marsh proper, the Libungan, and the Ebpanan. The Ligawasan Marsh Complex supports a variety of wild flora and fauna and has been identified as a distinct and unique region among 15 biogeographic regions of the Philippines. The Ligawasan Marsh Development Master Plan for 1999-2025, formulated by Region XII Office of the National Economic and Development Agency (NEDA) in 1998, recommends the inclusion of the Marsh as a protected area under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) pursuant to Republic Act 1586.

2. To support the establishment of the Ligawasan Marsh as a protected area under NIPAS, DENR has carried out two studies, namely (i) the Protected Area Suitability Assessment (PASA) Study, conducted from March to September 2001, and (ii) the Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, conducted from March to December 2004.

3. The PASA study, which is one of the major requirements for the establishment of protected areas, confirmed the need to include the Ligawasan Marsh as part of the NIPAS under the category of Natural Biotic Area to protect the natural resources therein as well as conserve the biological and cultural diversity of Central Mindanao. Under the Natural Biotic Area, the protected area is set aside to allow the way of life of societies living in harmony with the environment to adapt to modern technology at their own pace.

4. The PASA study also identified five priority zones for conservation and management covering the three marshes. These included priority zones 1 and 2 covering Ligawasan Marsh proper, and priority zones 3, 4, and 5 covering Libungan and Ebpanan marshes. However, the PASA recommended that of the five priority zones, the follow-up study should focus on preparing an investment program, covering priority zones 1 and 2, covering the Ligawasan Marsh proper. The rationale is based on the need to conserve the remaining habitats there on a priority basis, and to establish a buffer zone in the eastern portion of Ligawasan March bordering three municipalities (Kabacan, M’lang and Tulunan) to protect the remaining natural resource whose inhabitants are rapidly destroying the remaining wetland swamp forest and converting herbaceous swamp areas into agricultural lands. The area includes an important wildlife and bird sanctuary that urgently needs conservation and protection.

5. As a follow-up to PASA, the Wetland Biodiversity Study was carried out from March 2004 to December 2004. Its objective is to prepare a long-term program to support the conservation of the Ligawasan Marsh. It consisted of four major activities, namely, (a) biological resources assessment, (b) ground truthing and aerial survey, (c) socioeconomic profiling, and institutional assessment and stakeholder analysis. The outputs of these activities are contained in the Management Plan for Ligawasan Marsh,

Medium-term Investment Program, and Project Brief. Each of these outputs is packages and presented in three separate volumes as follows:

Volume I: Wetland Management Plan for the Ligawasan Marsh complex,

Volume II: Medium-term Investment Program, involving a time slice of the management plan and covering a five-year period (2006–2010), and

Volume III: Project Brief, is based on the medium-term investment program and is prepared in accordance with GEF Guidelines.

6. The investment program, which is presented in this volume, focuses on a broad- based effort of empowered local communities on improving the natural habitats of threatened and endangered fauna species. The program also includes interventions— identified by the stakeholders—to address the environmental and natural resources issues and concerns in the project area, including adoption of alternative, conservation- enabling livelihoods and small rural infrastructure to ensure the sustainable use of the natural resources. The program will also cover capacity building and a broad-based education and awareness program for all stakeholders.

B. Methodology

7. The Medium-Term Investment Program for Ligawasan is the result of a series of activities from biological assessment studies, to socioeconomic survey, to institutional assessment, and to stakeholder analysis---which were conducted in close consultation with various stakeholders of Ligawasan Marsh. The consultations were made to obtain direct feedback from primary and secondary stakeholders on the types of interventions they consider essential to arrest the further deterioration of the natural resources of the marsh and the types of livelihood and small rural infrastructure suitable in their communities. The following activities were undertaken during the study period leading to the formulation of this Investment Program:

(i) socioeconomic survey covering primary stakeholders (between May and June 2004); (ii) three stakeholder consultation workshops covering involving primary, secondary and key stakeholders (the first one was held at Cotabato City in April 2004 and two more were held at Koronadal City in August and December 2004); and (iii) barangay stakeholder consultation workshops in ten municipalities (October 2004).

1. First Stakeholder Consultation Workshop, April 20-22, 2004

8. The First Stakeholders’ Consultation Workshop held on April 20-22, 2004 at Cotabato City provided an avenue to disseminate and validate the results of the PASA, clarify some problems and issues besetting Ligawasan Marsh, generate some recommendations to address these problems and issues, and finalize the plans and

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 5 activities for the conduct of the Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Project. The participants included representatives of the LGUs, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), NGOs, youth sector, DENR Head Office, FASPO, PAWB, DENR-Region XII, DENR ARMM, DENR Assistant Secretary, and international and local consultants of Winrock. Representatives from the Women’s Group, the Philippine National Oil Corporation (PNOC), and academic institutions from the region were also noted.

2. Socioeconomic Survey, May-June 2004

9. The survey was conducted between mid-May and mid June 2004 covering 53 barangays in nine (9) municipalities within or bordering the Ligawasan Marsh. The survey also covered 4,207 households out of the total 14,350 households who were included in the master list in nine (9) municipalities or a sample size of about 30%. Results of the survey provided the baseline information on the socioeconomic circumstances of Ligawasan Marsh settlers and the initial input for the threat analysis and identification of possible interventions.

3. Second Stakeholder Consultation Workshop, August 16-18, 2004

10. As conceived, the Second Stakeholder Consultation Workshop which was held at Koronadal City aimed to: (i) identify the major conservation issues and concerns pertaining to Ligawasan Marsh; (ii) generate from the participants appropriate strategies to address each issue and concern; and (iii) identify the agencies or entities that would carry out the desired actions.

11. Participants in this workshop were grouped into three (3) clusters, namely, (i) Group 1, consisted of the representatives from the municipalities of Kabacan, M’lang, and Tulunan; (ii) Group 2, consisted of representatives from Pikit, Pagalungan, and Pagagawan (Datu Montawal); and (iii) Group 3, consisted of representatives from Datu Piang, S. S. Barongis, S.K. Pendatun, and Paglat. Clustering of municipalities was based on similarities in agrophysical condition especially vegetation, contiguity of area, similar environmental settings and problems, and close family and community ties. Highlights of the workshop are summarized in Annex 1.

4. Barangay Consultation Workshops, October 4-10, 2004

12. A series of Barangay Stakeholder Consultation and Planning Workshops was held in eight 10 municipalities. Representatives of the people in each barangay, consisting of fisherfolks, farmers, women, youth leaders, businessmen, teachers, traditional leaders, imams and other religious leaders, and barangay officials participated. About 30 to 40 people attended the meeting in each municipality.

13. The main objectives of this consultation workshop were to: (i) validate the results of the socioeconomic survey and previous stakeholder consultation; (ii) obtain feedback from representatives of the “waterline” barangays of the marsh on problems and issues confronting them; and (iii) generate from the participants a list of interventions to address identified problems and issues.

14. A plenary session chaired by the municipal mayor was convened in the afternoon for a multisectoral planning dialogue with various stakeholders. It involved the participation of the municipal council members, local NGOs, and all the participants of the morning session. The session was able to validate, revise, and confirm the findings and recommendations of the stakeholders and it also enabled all the participants to identify other possible interventions which did not surface during the barangay planning meeting. The final session enabled the presentation of the agreed program of activities, which then served as the basis for preparing the municipal investment program under the Medium-term Investment Program. Summaries of the barangay consultations are given in Annex 2 (NRM Interventions), Annex 3 (Livelihood Interventions), Annex 4 (Rural Infrastructure), and Annex 5 (Summary of Interventions by Municipality).

5. Pre-feasibility Assessment

15. The series of consultations conducted by the consultants with various stakeholders generated a broad list of interventions to address identified problems and issues concerning the conservation of Ligawasan Marsh. The consultants conducted a pre-feasibility assessment of the projects proposed by stakeholders which served as the basis for inclusion of proposed interventions in the Investment Program. The criteria require that that all the proposed interventions must: (i) be conservation-friendly and will not aggravate the environmental problems identified, (ii) support the broad-based efforts to restore and conserve the habitats and natural resources of the marsh, (iii) be financially viable and sustainable, and (iv) be implemented by a well-organized and fully empowered people’s organization (PO) with strong commitment to conserving the wetland biodiversity of Ligawasan Marsh.

16. Annex 6 shows the result of the assessment of the livelihood proposals. Proposed interventions were rated either satisfactory or not. A satisfactory rating means that the intervention is environment-friendly and sustainable while if the rating is unsatisfactory, the intervention is not profitable and not environment-friendly. The consultants are not recommending three of the ten livelihood proposals because they did not meet the criteria. The three include dressmaking, freshwater shell harvesting, and hardwood furniture making.

17. A summary containing the list and locations of the recommended natural resources management (NRM) interventions is shown in Annex 2. A summary, of the number of beneficiaries under the recommended livelihood interventions is shown in Annex 5. Annex 4 summarizes the location and number of beneficiaries under the small rural infrastructure project. A list of tree species suggested for the smallholder tree planting NRM Intervention is shown as Annex 7.

6. Third Stakeholder Consultation Workshop, December 13-15, 2004

18. The third stakeholder consultation workshop was held at Koronadal City. It was attended by representatives of nine LGUs and the Association of Barangay Captains. Also represented were the Environment and Natural Resources Council of S. K. Pendatun, LM Makinogon Development Multi-Purpose Cooperative, Women’s Sector Organization of Pikit, the Fisherfolk Organization in Pikit, and the Bangsa Moro Youth

Assembly. Representatives of various national agencies, namely, the DENR, DA, DepEd, DAF-ARMM, and DILG, academe, non-government organizations, and consultants were also present.

19. The workshop achieved all three objectives to: (i) discuss and clarify the participant’s understanding of protected area management options for Ligawasan Marsh, (ii) identify the problems affecting the marsh and measures to address the problems, and (iii) agree on the different roles of stakeholders in implementing activities to improve the situation in Ligawasan.

20. The highlight of the workshop was the proclamation by all the participants to declare the Ligawasan Marsh as a protected area under the NIPAS Act. The group also confirmed its interest to pursue with the plan to obtain a Presidential Proclamation, which can be achieved during the implementation of the 5-year Investment Program (2006- 2010). Getting the required legislation passed by Congress will be undertaken during the implementation of second 5-year Investment Program (2011-2015).

CHAPTER 2

PROJECT SETTING

A. Geographic Location

21. The Ligawasan Marsh covers the provinces of Maguindanao, North Cotabato, and Sultan Kudarat. However, the proposed Investment Program shall only cover the provinces of Maguinadanao and North Cotabato as they fall within the Priority Zones 1 & 2 where biodiversity conservation activities will be undertaken.

22. The Maguindanao Province lies within 7°40north latitude and 123°15east longitude. It is bounded to the west by Illana Bay, on the north by Lanao del Sur, on the east by Cotabato province, and on the south by Sultan Kudarat province. Maguindanao Province is administered by the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)

23. The Province of North Cotabato lies on the eastern section of Region XII and is strategically located on the central portion of Mindanao Island. The province is bounded to the north by the provinces of Lanao del Sur and Bukidnon, on the east by Davao City, on the southeast by Davao del Sur province on the west by Maguindanao province, and on the southwest by Sultan Kudarat province.

24. Ten priority municipalities located inside the Ligawasan Marsh proper shall be the focus of the Investment Program. Six of the municipalities belong to Maguindanao Province, namely Datu Piang, Sultan sa Barongis (S. S. Barongis), Salipada K. Pendatun (S. K. Pendatun), Paglat, and Datu Montawal (formerly Pagagawan), and Pagalungan. The remaining four municipalities belong to North Cotabato Province, namely Kabacan, Mlang, Tulunan, and Pikit. The following are the main reasons why these municipalities were included as part of the priority area: (i) they possess unique biodiversity, (ii) presence of endangered or vulnerable species of endemic birds or animals, and (iii) remnants of wetland swamp forests and herbaceous swamp habitat (See Annex 8 - Map 1). A total of 57 barangays have met the criteria above, which were included in the proposed investment program (Annex 9).

B. Development Setting

1. Biophysical Condition

25. Climate and Precipitation. Based on the results of the PASA study, there are two (2) distinct climatic types in the vicinity of the marsh. The lower half (part of Kabuntalan, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Talayan, Datu Piang, Shariff Aguak, and Sultan sa Barongis) has a Type 3 or dry climate marked by one (1) to three (3) months of dry season. The upper half of the marsh which covers the municipalities in the province of Cotabato (except Pagalungan and S. K. Pendatun of Maguindanao Province) is observed to have a Type 4 or moist climate.

26. The dry months (when the ratio of runoff to precipitation is lowest) cover four months from January through April, while the wet months (when the heavy runoff occursparticularly in the northwestern portion of the river basin) cover four months from July through October. The total annual precipitation in the area is between 2,120 mm and 2,501 mm, with a deviation from the mean total of about 21 percent. The relative humidity in the marsh is high, with an average of 86.4 percent. The mean annual temperature ranges from a minimum of 24.7°C to a maximum of 33.7°C. The relatively high rainfall in the area is manifested further by the dense and complex drainage system of the river basin. As a result, the combined yearly precipitation is able to maintain the water level in the marsh.

27. Topography and Slope. A majority of the Ligawasan Marsh area has a 03% slope, equivalent to a flat to nearly flat terrain. However, there are also occasional patches of land with more than 3% slope. Due to its nearly flat topography, a large part of the Ligawasan Marsh area falls under the no apparent erosioncategory. The elevation of Ligawasan Marsh varies from 10-30 meters above sea level. Erosion occurring off- sites bring the sediments to the Ligawasan Marsh resulting in rapid build-up of deposits forming new land that people convert to agricultural uses (Annex 10 - Map 2).

28. Soil. The types of soil in the project area are characterized as being hydrosol, clay loam, or clay soil. The hydrosols cover about 18% of the area at the western and eastern ends of the marsh where severe wetness and poor drainage prevail. This area is suitable only for aquaculture development. The clay loam soil types are found in the areas of Timaga, Balut, and Kabacan, while clay soil is spread all over the area, such as Faraon, Kudarangan, and Tamontaka.

29. The parent soil in the marsh is derived from the coral limestone. The water is loaded with sediments (limestone materials) from the mountains off-sites, carried through the erosion process. Through the waterways draining into marsh, soil residues are deposited on the flood plains, which are called alluvial soils.

30. Hydrology and Drainage. As reported in the PASA, the Mindanao River is considered as the principal drainage system of the Cotabato River Basin, which traverses the three marshes comprising the Ligawasan Marsh complex. It is formed by the confluence of three major tributaries. The first major tributary is the Pulangi River where the main source of water comes from the province of Bukidnon, and is joined by the smaller Kabacan, Maridagao, and Malitubog Rivers in the north. The Libungan River, an important source of irrigation in the area, also merges with the Pulangi River in the north, in the town of Kabuntalan. The second major tributary, the Ala-a River, situated in the south, is joined by the Kabulnan River before it merges with the Maganoy River down to the town of Datu Piang and empties into the Mindanao River. This river runs down until it reaches the town of Kabuntalan to the northwest where it splits into another tributary river to the left, the Tamontaka River, before it exits to the right, passing through the Quirino Bridge in Cotabato City. The third major tributary is the Buluan River, located in the southeastern part of the Ligawasan Marsh proper. This river is the main outlet of water spilling over from Lake Buluan that flows directly into the Ligawasan Marsh proper. It traverses the marsh until the next tributary, the Cugcumen River, where it merges with the Paidu Pulangi River, which runs into the Mindanao River passing through Datu Piang and Kabuntalan, where it splits at Barangay Tumaginting.

31. Four other relatively small rivers flowing from the mountain, in the eastern part of the Ligawasan Marsh proper, are the Mlang River, the Malasila River, the Alep River, and the Kapingkong River. They all drain directly into the marsh proper. Other smaller rivers, namely the Brar River and the Tambunan River, also drain into the Ebpanan and Libungan marshes. The Kulanguan cut-off channel at the Tunggol Bridge drains directly into Ligawasan Marsh proper which brings heavy siltation in the Ligawasan marsh area.

32. On the whole, only two major rivers, namely the Pulangi River and the Buluan River, traverse the Ligawasan Marsh.

33. The quantity and quality of water in the marsh is a direct function of the conditions of the upland watersheds surrounding the marsh. Due to the accelerated erosion of degraded watershed areas, a gradual siltation of large portions of the marsh is occurring. In 1995, there are five legally declared watershed reserves in the Cotabato River Basin covering 217, 800 hectares (ha). These include: (i) Muleta-Manupali Watershed Forest Reserve (61,500ha) located in Lantapan, Pangantukan, Bukidnon; (ii) the Sebu Watershed Forest Reserve (4,900 ha) located in Banga, Kiamba, South Cotabato; (iii) the Ala-a River Watershed Forest Reserve (92,500 ha) located in Isulan, Banga, Surallah, Kiamba, South Cotabato; (iv) the Libungan Watershed Forest Reserve (52,820 ha) in Libungan, Almada, Cotabato; and (v) the Kidapawan Watershed Reservation in Kidapawan, Cotabato (Source: DENR Region XII, PASA Report).

34. Mangrove Swamp. The Ligawasan Marsh has a mangrove swamp area of about 1,100 ha, located where the Mindanao River flows into the sea at Cotabato City. However, the only mangrove area serving the Ligawasan Marsh is under threat from conversion into fishponds by big land owners. The mangrove swamp serves as the major breeding ground for local fishes and crabs, the former after reaching a certain size return upstream back into the marsh. When they reach maturity, these fishes return to the mangrove swamp to breed and complete their life cycle. Once the mangrove swamp is destroyed many local fishes will lose their breeding ground and the species will be lost. There is an urgent need to protect the remaining mangrove swamp area before it is completely destroyed. To address the problems affecting the mangrove swamp area, research grant funds will be provided by one of the eleven prescriptions formulated under the Management Plan, which will be carried out during the implementation of the proposed Project.

35. Land Use. Based on the comprehensive land use plans, the ten municipalities to be covered by this investment plan have an aggregate estimated land area of 386,358 ha. Five major land uses were noted, namely, agricultural land, woodland (forest), wetland (swamp/marsh), open grassland, and special or resettlement/built-up area. Agricultural lands comprise about 196,539 ha or 50.9%, woodland (forest); 30,734 ha or 8.0%; 120,324 ha or 31.1%; open grasslands, 15,622 ha or 4.0%; and settlement or built-up area, 23,139 ha or 6.0%. The data indicate the large expanse of agricultural land (50.9%) and the wetland or swamp area (31.1%) in the ten municipalities, which only imply their importance to the inhabitants of the Ligawasan Marsh complex (Table 1).

Table 1. Current General Land Use in Ten Municipalities, August 2004 (in hectares) Wetland Open Province/ Agricultural Woodland Special/ Total (swamp/ Grassland/ 1 Municipality Land (Forest) Misc. Area Land Area Marsh) Shrubland

A.Maguindanao 1. S.K. Pendatun 12,803 1,829 16,461 0 5,487 36,580 2. S.S. Barongis 16,099 4,972 8,810 198 379 30,458 3. Pagalungan 10,816 0 50,338 395 478 62,027 4. Datu Montawal 19,836 0 10,721 852 328 31,737 (Pagagawan)

5. Datu Piang 17,702 8,430 4,913 5,648 337 37,030 6. Paglat* na na na na na Na

B.North Cotabato 7. Pikit 47,974 1,075 11,714 2,151 2,546 65,460 8. M’lang 26,496 650 7.050 600 6,396 41,192 9. Kabacan 23,284 5,333 7,683 3,144 5,365 44,809 10. Tulunan 21,529 8,445 2,634 2,634 1,823 37,065 TOTAL 196,539 30,734 120,324 15,622 23,139 386,358 PERCENT 50.9 8.0 31.1 4.0 6.0 100.0 Note: Paglat is a newly created municipality carved out of S. K. Pendatun, which has no CLUP or community profile yet. na = not available

1 Special or Miscellaneous Area = settlement or built-up areas

36. Development Constraints. The conservation of biodiversity in the Ligawasan Marsh is affected by a number of factors. One is the denudation of the forest cover of the uplands surrounding the marsh, which has negatively impacted the marsh and its inhabitants. This has resulted in heavy erosion of the hillsides during the rainy season, which caused unabated sedimentation of the marsh. Sedimentation has brought an increase in built-up areas that has resulted in opening of new land for agriculture and human habitation.

37. With the increase in built-up area for agriculture and habitation, the population inside or within the vicinity of the marsh has also increased. This has resulted to increased pressure on the marshs natural resource-base because of the increased extraction activities from the wetland swamp forest and many small patches of forest inside the marsh.

38. Continuing hostilities between the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) during the last 30 years has also posed a serious threat on the efforts to protect and conserve the biodiversity of the Ligawasan Marsh. The marsh provides a sanctuary for the MILF which makes it an open target for military operations. Numerous military hostilities between the AFP and the MILF have brought about the physical destruction of the marsh and have also disturbed its ecosystem that provides important habitat and/or sanctuary for various fauna.

2. Socioeconomic Situation

39. Based on the May 2000 Census, the ten municipalities, included in the investment program, had a total population of 468,210 and comprised of 87,237 households. The municipality of Mlang, which is a buffer area, registered the highest population of 78,170 or 16.7%, with 15,533 households spread over 36 barangays. However, only three waterline barangays will be included in the investment program. The fourth barangay did not meet the criteria for inclusion into the program because its local leaders did not express interest in joining the program. Pikit has the second highest population of 68,455 people or 14.6% comprising 13,081 households spread over 42 barangays. Only 14 of these barangays are considered to be waterlinebarangays, which makes Pikit the top stakeholder of Ligawasan Marsh. Pagalungan, on the other hand, had the lowest population of 25,908 people or 5.5% (Table 2).

Table 2. Population of Ten Municipalities Included in the Investment Program (May 2000 Census ) Province / Municipality Population Percent of Total A. Maguidanao 1. Datu Piang 67,303 14.4 2. S. K. Pendatun 28,374 6.1 3. S. S. Barongis 34,709 7.4 4. Pagalungan 25,908 5.5 5. Datu Montawal 27,010 5.8 6. Paglat 34,722 7.4 Sub-Total 218,026 46.6 B. North Cotabato 7. Pikit 68,455 14.6 8. Kabacan 61,818 13.2 9. M’lang 78,170 16.7 10. Tulunan 41,741 8.9 Sub-Total 250,184 54.3

GRAND TOTAL 468,210 100.0

40. Results of the socioeconomic survey conducted under the current Wetland Biodiversity Study in 2004 and based on 30% sampling, showed that a majority of the people (56.8%) have a household size of 3 to 6 members. With a majority of the respondents falling within the 26 to 40 age bracket, there is a high probability that household size will increase within the next 5 to 10 years (see Tables 1 to 3 of the Appendix). An increase in population will exert more pressure on the natural resources of Ligawasan Marsh unless appropriate interventions to conserve and protect the remaining natural resources are undertaken successfully in the near future.

41. The survey also noted the low level of education of household-respondents across municipalities. On the average, less than two percent of the respondents had a college degree, less than four percent reached college level, less than seven percent finished and reached high school, less than six percent finished elementary, and less than 35% reached elementary level. It also appears that almost one-third of the household heads interviewed have no formal schooling. About 10% of the respondents took up Arabic studies (Appendix Table 4).

42. Low educational attainment of the respondents and their household is not a surprise considering the physical location of Ligawasan Marsh communities. Schools are usually found in the town proper and urban centers which are sometimes several kilometers away from the marsh. Access between the Ligawasan Marsh communities and the town proper becomes a problem during rainy season due to floods. Moreover, poverty in the Ligawasan Marsh area exerts a lot of pressure on children to drop out of school so that they help earn additional income for the family.

43. Results of the survey further showed that farming, livestock/poultry production, and fishing were the three major sources of livelihood of the people in the marshland. Overall, 80.4% of the households relied on farming for subsistence while 46.2% and 44.5% were engaged in fishing and livestock/poultry raising. The results also show that the households had multiple sources of income. That is, aside from farming, they were also involved in other livelihood activities, such as fishing, livestock/poultry raising, wildlife gathering, and handicraft-making (Appendix Tables 5 to 12). It is estimated that the contribution to the local economy of the Ligawasan Marsh and its surrounding is about P216 million annually, from its rich agricultural and fishing grounds.

44. It must be noted that a big portion of the marshland is submerged under water for almost six months, from the later part of June to the early part of December. Having multiple sources of income is, therefore, one coping mechanism of the people in order to survive during this period when farming is not possible. This also explains why fishing is the second major livelihood source, next to farming, as this is the most feasible livelihood activity when most of the marshland communities are submerged under water.

45. The predominance of farming as the main source of livelihood is manifested in the nine municipalities where the majority of the households depend on farming for a living. Sultan sa Barongis registered the highest number of households with farming as the main source of income with 95.3% of the respondents. This was followed by Tulunan and Mlang with 88.7% and 84.4% of the households, respectively, who were engaged in farming. The study noted the presence of large areas of land in these municipalities which were suited to rice and corn.

46. Fishing is the second major livelihood activity of the households in Ligawasan Marsh. Overall, almost half of the households (46.2%) depend on this livelihood activity for subsistence especially during the period when the marshland is flooded. Fishing is done either in the open water of the marsh or along tributaries that empty into the marsh. Fish species that are caught from the marsh include tilapia, mudfish, catfish, gurami, popoyo, hito lidep, bangus, lipunan, and carps (Appendix Tables 8-9).

47. Gathering wildlife from the marsh was a supplementary livelihood activity of most households. Only a very small number of households (2.7%) were found to engage in this activity perhaps due to uncertainty in the volume of harvest, difficulty in locating wildlife species, and long period of time required before catching any wildlife. Some respondents even regarded wildlife gathering not as a livelihood activity but more of a past time since they sometimes end up with no catch or no harvest at all after a day of wandering in the marsh (Appendix Tables 10-12).

48. As a livelihood activity, livestock/poultry raising provides supplemental income among households. Animals raised by the households include chicken, duck, cattle, carabao, goat, turkey, goose, horse, dove, and pig. More households were found to be raising chicken (28.6%) followed by those raising duck (20.1%), carabao (16.1%), goat (12.8%), and cattle (4.2%).

49. The common method employed in raising livestock and poultry includes feedlot, teethering, cut and carry, grazing, and others. More households were found to employ feedlot method in raising livestock. The findings further suggest that households raising livestock tend to adopt a combination of any of the aforementioned methods, like teethering and cut and carry. The latter is usually employed when conditions do not allow the teethering of animal in the open, especially during rainy days or when the marshland is submerged under water (Appendix Tables 13-14).

50. The survey also found that about 6.1% of the households were engaged in handicraft-making. Their number was relatively small since it was not considered by them as a major livelihood activity but more as a supplement to farming activity. The decision of the household whether or not to engage in handicraft making was influenced by their knowledge and skill in handicraft-making and availability of raw materials. It was further learned that these households would normally venture into handicraft-making if there was an explicit demand or if there was already a prospective market for a particular handicraft item. Women were the ones involved in handicraft-making (Appendix Table 15).

51. Although farming is the main source of income of the majority of the households living in Ligawasan, income from farming is affected by periodic flooding. Results of the survey tend to attest to this as shown by the fact that a majority of the households (58.1%) have an annual income is P 60,000 or less, which is below the poverty threshold level set by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). If income is used as the basic indicator of poverty, the household settlers in Ligawasan Marsh may be aptly called the poorestof the poor. Low income of the households is translated and manifested by their poor living condition that is characterized by inadequate access to basic social services and amenities (Appendix Tables 16-18).

3. Institutional Setting

52. Results of the PASA and the Wetland Biodiversity Studies provide an interesting background on the politico-institutional setting in the Ligawasan Marsh. The Ligawasan Marsh is predominantly inhabited by Maguindanaoans. The Maguindanaons are staunch Muslims and they faithfully observe the five pillars of Islam. The values and attitudes that govern their daily conduct and behavior are anchored on the principles and laws of the Quran. The Madrasa or Islamic schools in Maguindanao are largely responsible for the propagation and cultivation of the Islamic faith in the region.

53. By tradition and practice, the Maguindanaoan political system is autocratic. The head or chieftain is a sultan or datu who possesses a ruling power over his people. The social organization of the Muslims is divided between those adhering to the political system of the Philippine government and those adhering to Islam. Islamic groups refer to those who are tasked to implements the agama or religious principles. These are the

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 15 ulamas, uztadses, imam, shariah judges and other religious and learned groups, including Bangsamoro mujahideens. The traditional leaders, on the other hand, belong to both, and they also tend to enter electoral politics.

54. Traditional leadership is both ascribed and achieved based on roles or functions in the community. Those ascribed traditional leaders trace their lineage to the traditional royal houses or to descendants of Shariff Kabungsuan. The Maguindanao tarsila or genealogies starts with Shariff Kabungsuan. Maguindanao has three sultanates: (the sultanates of Buayan, Maguindanao, and Kabuntalan. All the members and descendants of these three sultanates are considered royal families and these people are the acknowledged leaders of the different areas of Maguindanao and are often called datu.

55. The acknowledged leaders in Maguindanao all come from these three sultanates. They have their own followers and they command respect from the community. National and local issues like politics, clan or family feud, land acquisition/ownership, etc. are usually decided upon by the council of elders who are especially designated by the datu or sultan to take care of such problems. Settlement of domestic problems is usually done by calling the parties concerned, talking about the problem on hand, then imposing a fine or penalty, or by an amicable settlement.

56. The Shariah court which implements the Muslim laws takes care of personal and family matters. All problems especially pertaining to marriage and divorce, ownership and inheritance, as well as division of properties, are taken care of by the Shariah court. Criminal cases, however, do not fall under its jurisdiction.

57. Utilization of the natural resources of the Ligawasan Marsh is governed by adat or customary law, Islamic precepts and institutions, and laws of the Philippine government. Islamic principles hold that land and all creation belong to God and that human beings are trustees or stewards of Gods creation. During early days when the marsh was still sparsely populated, anyone could settle and fish or farm in the Marsh, subject only to asking permission from the datu in the area. With the influence of other concepts of land ownership (Islamic and Philippine State) and with population pressure on resources, there is presently an increasing tension and conflict over resources in the Marsh. Conflicts over rights to own and control rice or fishing areas are usually solved at the clan or community level, presided over by the elders of those involved, and usually ending in amicable settlement. If still unresolved, the case is brought to the Bangsamoro mujahideen leaders in the area such as the revolutionary barangay chairman or area commander. In other cases, it is the government barangay chairman who is also a datu or a descendant of the royal houses who is consulted. The difficult cases are brought to the civil-military tribunal in the area.

58. An understanding of the politico-institutional dynamics in the area will greatly beneficial in the common efforts to protect and conserve the biodiversity of Ligawasan Marsh. This politico-institutional setting in the Ligawasan Marsh can help explain why the majority, if not, most of the households are not affiliated with any community-based organizations as revealed in the socioeconomic survey. Traditional institutions in the area like the datu system, Islamic principles and the like apparently govern the behavior of the inhabitants and how they interact with man and nature. Any future effort at

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 16 providing mechanisms for biodiversity conservation and ecologically sustainable development will require program implementers from the traditional institutions.

C. Natural Resources Condition

59. Ligawasan Marsh is the largest swamp and marsh area in Mindanao and one of the largest in the Philippines. It is a conglomeration of three marshes: the Ligawasan Marsh proper, Libungan, and Ebpanan.

60. The marsh is known to support species of endemic and threatened birds, including the Philippine eagle and the Philippine duck. Because of its relatively expansive swamp forests, it is identified as an important wetland site of many water bird species like herons, egrets, rails, shorebirds, and ducks. The marsh is also the last stronghold for the endemic and endangered Philippine crocodile and supports at least 31 species of freshwater fishes.

1. Wetland Habitat Classification

61. The wetland habitat of Ligawasan Marsh may be classified under three major groupings, namely, (i) marsh habitats which are naturally occurring habitat types in wetlands and are characterized by the presence of an assemblage of obligate and facultative hydrophtes; (ii) artificial habitats which are areas subjected to and maintained as part of human activities (i.e. agriculture, built-up areas etc.); and (iii) open water habitats (Annex 11 – Map 3).

62. As naturally occurring habitat in Ligawasan Marsh, marsh habitats maybe further classified as follows: (i) freshwater swamp forest habitat; (ii) herbaceous swamp habitat; and (iii) shrub swamp habitat.

63. Freshwater swamp forest habitat is regularly inundated with mineral-rich freshwaters from rivers and streams. Water levels fluctuate thus allowing periodic drying of the soil surface. This forest formation must have been extensive once as evidenced by the extant disparate patches found in the study sites. The canopy reaches up to 20 meters tall characteristically with Terminalia copelandii or Lanipao as an emergent tree species. The dominant canopy tree species found in the Ligawasan marsh is arringtonia racemosa Merr. (locally referred to as tupak). In other assemblages, Barringtonia acutangula ssp. acutangula abound. Other woody species include Nauclea orientalis (Bangkal) and Syzygium cf. bordenii Merr. (Malaruhat puti). Tall shrubs and small trees measuring no more than 10 cm such as Premna odorata, P. serratifolia, Securinega virosa, Clerodendrum sp. and Antidesma spp. occupy the lower stratum of the forest. Prominently outstanding in this layer is the bangkal-like tree architecture of Mitragyna diversifolia. Scandent shrubs such as Combretum sp., Stenochlaena palustris (diliman) and viny plants (i.e. Tetrastigma harmandii, Quisqualis indica ) grow on the branches of the lower canopy. In more open areas along banks of running waters are olichandrone spathacea, a medium-size tree characterized by long dark-colored fruits and Pongamia pinnata, a leguminous tree. On drier soils, especially in land formation referred as talitay, Lepisanthes fruticosa, Syzygium bordeni and Antidesma spp. gain advantage and are abundant. The ground vegetation is dominated by grasses and aroids. Palms, represented largely by Metroxylon sagu, are usually found bordering waterways, which

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 17 at times co-occur with the swamp forest type. Small stands of sagu are occasionally found even in areas presently cultivated for crops, indicating that the species must have been a dominant component of this formation.

64. Herbaceous swamp habitat forms transitional vegetation composed mostly of herbaceous life form. It characteristically consists of different species categorized as: rooted (grasses, sedges, graminoids and others), emergent (Nymphaea odorata, water lily, Nelumbo nucifera, lotus, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Typha angustifolia, cattails and Nymphoides indica) and floaters (Eichhornia crassipes, water hyacinth and its close relative Monochoria vaginalis, Pistia stratioides and Lemna pauciflora,). Floaters usually aggregate along considerable stretches of the banks. The major grasses that usually form extensive clumps include Leersia hexandra, Arundo donax, Phragmites sp., Panicum spp., Echinochloa crus-galli, Rhynchyletrum repens and Brachiaria mutica. Scirpus grossus is the major sedge species in the marsh proper. Other sedge species include Fimbristylis dichotoma, Cyperus iria, Fuirena umbellata, Cyperus brevifolius and Cyperus imbricatus. Most of these species occur in large patches. Vines such as Ipomoea spp, Merremia sp., other members of the family Convolvulaceae and several legumes also grow well in this habitat.

65. Shrub swamp habitat is a specialized habitat is typically a transitional stage in the ecological succession of swamps. Large areas exist on land mass formed through siltation subsequently colonized by shrubby plant species, such as Sesbania cannabina. A few individuals of small trees such as those found in the swamp forest occasionally occur. Tetrastigma, Ipomoea and leguminous vines twine around these woody plants. Extensive areas of shrub swamp habitat are also typically found at the confluence of major river systems and their tributaries. Although herbaceous plants readily colonize land masses that are formed from soil deposition, they may eventually be replaced by shrubs.

66. Based on the results of the present study, there are two major types of artificial habitats, namely, (i) ricefield habitat and (ii) dryland agriculture habitat.

67. Two subtypes of ricefield habitats were noted in the Ligawasan Marsh, namely, (a) ricefields with bunds located adjacent to herbaceous swamp and freshwater forest swamp habitats, and (b) ricefields without bunds in the interior of the marsh, which are planted to lowland rice varieties as flood water recedes.

68. Dryland habitats are areas that have been exposed after floodwaters receded thus freeing vast tracts of land for three dominant food crops: maize (Zea mays), upland rice (Oryza sativa), and cassava (Manihot esculenta). Additional economically important plants, such as sesame and summer vegetables are interplanted along with the main crops. The original successional vegetation is mainly characterized by Sesbania cannabina. Large areas of this type are removed (i.e. slash and burn) especially at the start of the dry season, contributing significantly to soil erosion. Farm boundaries are planted to Nauclea orientalis (bangkal), Musa sapientum (cooking banana), and Bambusa spp. (bamboo).

69. The remaining habitat category in Ligawasan Marsh, the open water habitats, consist of (i) still open water habitat and (ii) running open water habitat.

70. In still open water habitattype, scattered floaters such as Pistia stratioides and Eichhornia crassipes are found. Local human communities use this area for fishing and transportation. Along the periphery of the open water habitat are land areas temporarily converted to other uses by the fisherfolk. There are also some small land masses (islands) formed by the accumulation of dead organic matter (necromass), which are subject to colonization by weedy plants. The dynamics (i.e. ecological succession) of these small islands depend on proximity to river channels, availability of plant propagules, rate of siltation, size and depth of necromass, and hydrological processes among others. The colonization of these areas by plant propagules is influenced by proximity to land masses and effective dispersal mechanisms.

71. Running open water habitat are the bodies of water that persist during summer to connect different deep portions of the marsh downstream. This habitat also includes rivers and tributaries that are not necessarily inundated by floodwaters. The movement of this body of water is unidirectional. It serves as passage of the people, often aboard motorized banca. Herbs, few small trees, rice and vegetable planted by nearby communities are found along the banks.

2. Flora of the Marsh

72. The original flora in the area had been largely altered due to considerable human encroachment and land use conversion for agricultural purposes. The floristic composition in the marsh shows that there are 201 species belonging to 159 genera in 68 plant families.

73. There is a relatively low endemism of plants in the Ligawasan Marsh complex. Twelve species, out of 201 plant species or 6%, are endemic to the Philippines. Most of the 12 species are upland species. Using the 2001 IUCN Red Data enumeration for plants, there are no endangered, threatened, rare, or vulnerable species in the area. None are of immediate conservation concern. Observations suggest that the swamp forest sites are no longer intact. However, despite the relatively wide distribution of plant species found in the site (non-endemics) and low number of species that are in the Red Data list, the unique assemblage in a wide expanse of area makes the Ligawasan Marsh botanically complex and ecologically important. The various habitats found in the marsh are largely dependent on the dominant plant life forms and major physical and chemical factors. This offers complex sets of resources and conditions which determine the abundance or lack of fauna and microorganisms in the marsh.

74. The vegetation study conducted earlier under PASA also revealed that only 826ha can be considered as closed canopy forest and 6,655ha is considered as open canopy. It also showed that the 1,920ha declared wildlife and game refuge sanctuary is relatively free from agricultural activities. However, no apparent closed canopy forest was found in the area and is mostly covered with brushlands/shrublands.

75. The consultants have proposed a wetland habitat classification for Ligawasan Marsh contained in Volume I: the Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan and the Midterm report of the Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study. The classification scheme was adopted with modifications from the RAMSAR Convention.

Seven habitats were proposed: (a) marsh habitats consisting of naturally occurring habitats in wetlands and include (i) freshwater swamp forest habitat, (ii) herbaceous swamp habitat, and (iii) shrub swamp habitat; (b) artificial habitats consisting of areas subjected to and maintained as part of human activities (i.e. agriculture, built-up areas, etc.) and include (iv) ricefield habitats, and (v) dryland agriculture habitat; and (c) open water habitats consisting of (vi) still open water habitat, and (vii) running open water habitat.

Shrub habitat type dominated by Sesbania canabina in SKPendatun

Swampforest habitat type dominated by Terminalia copelandii and Barringtonia racemosa

Transitional areas associated with free flowing water bodies

Agricultural fields in Lower Paatan, Kabacan

Open water habitats Midpandakan

Herbaceous swamp habitat type dominated by Eichhornia crassipes located in Butelen

Transitional areas between degraded forest and herbaceous habitat type

Upper Picture: A degraded swamp forest with a sharp delineation of an ecotonal area comprising herbaceous flora. Midle Row: Loranthaceous flowers (mistletoe family), flowering branch of bangkal (Nauclea orientalis), Syzygium cf. bordeni and close-up view of the head inflorescence of bangkal. Bottom picture: Close-up of the tree architecture of Terminalia copelandii

Upper Row: A strand of Pandanus tectorius, grassland being converted to an agricultural field.

Lower Picture: A dense strand of young Metroxylon sagu in the foreground.

3. Fauna of Ligawasan Marsh a. Birds, Mammals, Amphibians and Reptiles

76. The fauna survey under the Wetland Biodiversity reported 206 terrestrial vertebrate species, under the classes Aves, Mammalia, Reptilia and Amphibia, which were recorded from 16 locations or study sites. There was an increase of 87 species from the previous list of 119 species of terrestrial vertebrates under PASA Study (Annex 12).

77. The birds surveyed have a total of 170 species from 47 families and accounted for an increase of 75 species from the previous list of 95 species. The number of endemic birds recorded was 39 species, a great majority of which are forest dependent species recorded from patches of swamp forests. The significant number of endemic species which are forest-dependent highlights the importance of the remaining swamp forest habitats for the biodiversity of Ligawasan Marsh. These forests were not accessible during the PASA surveys.

78. The marsh-dependent Tachybaptus ruficollis cotabato an endemic race of Grebe and Anas luzonica, the only endemic Philippine Duck are the only non-forest dependent endemic bird species in Ligawasan.

79. A total of 37 migratory species was recorded. They include Black-necked Grebe, Great-billed Heron, Intermediate Egret, Little Egret, Great Egret, Great-winged Teal, Osprey, the rare Avocet, the common Plovers, Stilts, Redshanks, Godwits, Sandpipers and Terns. Ten of these species have resident populations in the Philippines (e.g. Little Heron, Cattle Egret, Black-crowned Night Heron, Night Heron, Kingfisher, Pied Harrier, Richard's Pipit, etc.

80. The migratory species recorded in Ligawasan Marsh and vicinities can be classified into three groups: (i) species that are forest dependent (e.g. Gallicolumba criniger, Alcedo argentata, etc.), (ii) species that favor the open field or swamp (Podiceps ruficollis, Egretta garzetta, Butorides, Anas crecca) and (iii) the species that utilize the forest but feed in the adjacent open field or swamp (e.g. Pandion haliaeetus, Circus melanoleucos, Nycticorax nycticorax).

81. A total of 13 threatened bird species was recorded in the Ligawasan Marsh e.g. Gorsachius goisagi Japanese Night Heron (Vulnerable), the endemics like Anas luzonica (Vulnerable), Spizaetus philippensis (Vulnerable), the Gallicolumba criniger (Endangered), Alcedo argentata (Vulnerable), Ceyx melanurus (Vulnerable), Ficedula basilanica (Vulnerable), etc.

82. The mammals with 14 species accounted for four additional species from the previous ten species. The reptiles with 13 species accounted for 6 additional species from the previous 7 species with one threatened endemic, i.e. the Philippine Crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis. The Ligawasan Marsh is considered as one of the last strongholds of this endemic crocodile in the country, where the more widespread and larger species is also known to occur.

83. Only nine species of amphibians, including one endemic species Kaloula conjuncta, were recorded in Ligawasan. There could have been more species of amphibians recorded if the team were allowed to freely conduct surveys on amphibians during the evening. However, due to security considerations the local leaders and officials did not advise the team to conduct a night survey. The marsh is considered also as one of the most important habitats for the Philippine amphibians. When the peace and order situation of the area would allow it, the survey on amphibians should be a priority activity.

84. All the above 87 species were not reported earlier in the PASA report, thus considered as new records.

85. The increase in the number of terrestrial vertebrate species compared to the PASA Report was largely due to (a) deliberate efforts exerted by the team to conduct more surveys, (b) the conduct of surveys during the bird migration season from September to December and (c) being able to conduct surveys in and a round the remaining patches of swamp forests that was never made feasible during the PASA surveys. A significant number of 39 endemic bird species was recorded, almost all of which are forest-dependent species. The number of migratory bird species also increased dramatically to 37 species.

86. Thirteen bird species, that were not recorded during PASA but were recorded prior to the 2001 survey, were all observed and recorded during the recent surveys.

b. Fish and Aquatic Biodiversity

i. Fishes

87. Libungan Marsh has the most number of fish species. Of the 27 fish species noted, at least five species are marine forms known to be able to enter a few kilometers upstream of the river mouth. Twenty-two species were collected and noted from Ebpanan Marsh, at least three of which are predominantly marine forms. Only eighteen species were collected from Ligawasan Marsh, almost all of which are known to live in freshwater habitats only.

88. Libungan Marsh and Ebpanan Marsh are on the downstream area of Cotobato River. High tides and low inland water levels are very good conditions by which saltwater could enter several kilometers upstream. During such occasions, marine and estuarine euryhaline fish species (trevallys, glassfishes, etc) and other biota may be able to reach far inland. As a consequence, Ebpanan and Libungan Marsh, as occasional ecotones, exhibit edge effects such as having higher species counts than Ligawasan Marsh. On the other hand, there were species, like Puntius binotatus and Clarias nieuhoffi in Ligawasan Marsh that were so far not collected nor noted from the two other marshes. Presumably, they could not tolerate the occasional intrusion of saltwater.

89. Of the thirty (31) species collected from the three sites, nineteen (19) or 65% of them are native. In the PASA Report on Ligawasan Marsh, twenty-four (24) species were reported. Thus in this study, about 14 species are new site records. The cyprinids

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 25 and gobies sensu latu are the dominant groups with 6 of 30 species (20 %) each, then followed by the catfishes and gouramys.

90. Herre (1924) reported 7 species of the genus Puntius. It is believed that only two species have remained extant. Puntius binotatus is one. It is present in Agusan River and its tributaries as well as in Agusan Marsh. As it is native to Southeast Asia, from Thailand to Indonesia and the Philippines, it may well be fairly distributed in the whole of Mindanao. In the PASA Report, Puntius javanicus Ounior synonym of Barbodes gonionotus, FISHBASE 2000) was also recorded, but this is an introduced species. The PASA report reported only four species.

91. All the gouramys are introduced commercially important fishes, although T. pectoralis and T. trichopterus are more common than O. guramy.

92. The native Mesopristes cancel/atus "pigek" (incorrectly identified as Terapon mesopristes in the PASA Report) are sometimes caught at Cotabato River in the vicinity of Libungan Marsh. The adults usually inhabit the bay areas but can travel many kilometers upstream. It is regarded as a valuable food fish by the people in the area.

93. The most important fishery species from the marshes are dominated by introduced cyprinids, gouramys, cichlids, and the introduced catfish species. The native fishes, usually brought to and sold at fish landing sites, include the eels (A. marmorata and A. bicolor), the climbing perch, and the native catfish. Of these, the most expensive are the eels which usually fetch about PhP 700.00 in the Cotabato City markets.

ii. Mollusks and Crustaceans Biodiversity

94. Fourteen (14) species of mollusks were collected during the study (see Annex 12). All the mollusks collected in this study are widely distributed in the Philippines.

95. Vivipara costata is an edible snail, observed sold in the Cotobato Market. They are usually benthic, found crawling in muddy substrates or clinging to submerged vegetation in the river banks.

96. The golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata is an introduced pilid snail in the 1980's from America presumably as an additional fast growing protein source for the populace. It is now widely distributed in the Philippines and is regarded a major pest in rice paddies.

97. The lymnaeid Radix quadrasi is known to be the first intermediate host of the liver flukes Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica in the Philippines. Fascioliasis can occur also in humans but in the Philippines, this disease is more of a veterinary and agricultural importance as most of those affected are usually ruminants, especially carabaos. An individual can get infected from eating relatively uncooked/raw metacercaria-laden aquatic vegetation, such as watercress or kangkong.

98. The three bivalve species are numerous in Ligawasan Marsh. They are usually buried in sandy-muddy substrate. All of them are edible. The introduced species

Cristaria plicata has been cultured in Taiwan and in other countries not so much to their food value as their ability to produce pearls. In Taiwan, these are cultured in relative clean and transparent rivers, lakes or in man-made structures.

iii. Plankton Diversity

99. Only about a dozen plankton genera were collected and identified. About three sites were sampled in Ebpanan Marsh and the portion of Cotabato River in the vicinity of the marsh. Most of the plankton samples were collected in Ligawasan Marsh.

100. Only about four (4) species of phytoplankton were collected and identified from Ebpanan marsh and the adjacent Cotabato River. As Libungan Marsh is just nearby and would be continuous with Ebpanan during the floods, it is assumed that Libungan would also have similar species of plankton as Ebpanan. Not only are the plankton species severely diminished, they are also so rare that the average density is about 20 individuals per liter of water.

4. Productivity of the Marshes

101. With the scarcity of phytoplankton, it is assumed that primary and secondary (zooplankton) productivity is generally low, though probably increasing a little in the more lentic areas of the marsh during the dry season. Lotic systems such as the Cotabato River and the portions of the marshes where the main river channel flows are expected to contain very few plankton species both in diversity and abundance values.

102. With a low primary and zooplankton productivity, these situation deters the fishes to receive their nourishtment. Given the available data, it appears that fish productivity is dependent on the energy pathways: (i) living submerged plant as a base resource (ii) preying on aquatic invertebrates and (iii) detrivory.

103. Fish aquaculture appears, for now, not to be a good alternative livelihood option. Maintaining traditional methods will probably have a lesser negative impact than introducing high-energy subsidy aquaculture on the aquatic environment.

D. Threat Analysis and Proposed Interventions

104. Obviously, the core problem confronting all stakeholders of Ligawasan Marsh is the degradation of the natural resources of the marsh. Results of the socioeconomic survey tend to affirm this as shown in Figure 1. The problem tree analysis (as shown in Figure 1) identifies a host of many interrelated factors such as (i) increase in built-up areas, (ii) illegal fishing activities, (iii) outbreak of war, (iv) massive land conversion, and (v) pollution of marsh water as causing the degradation of the Ligawasan Marsh.

105. According to the respondents, illegal logging activities and slash-and-burn farming in the uplands that surround the marsh pose a serious threat to the marsh. Erosion in the hillsides is the main cause of the heavy siltation downstream and build-up

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 27 of large portions of the marsh. These newly built areas eventually attract new households to settle there. Since they do not have a steady source of income, the new settlers would turn to the Ligawasan Marsh for their subsistence and exert a lot of pressure to its natural resources.

106. Illegal fishing activities also pose a serious threat to Ligawasan Marsh as they indiscriminately kill or eliminate aquatic fauna irregardless of size and species. Illegal fishing, therefore, affects the biodiversity of the aquatic habitat and endangers the existence of some fauna species. Results of the survey indicate that inadequate livelihood opportunities drive many fishers to employ illegal fishing techniques to gain advantage over the others. Hostilities between the AFP and the MILF during the last 30 years have also contributed to the degradation of the Ligawasan Marsh. Since it is the home of the MILF, many battles have been staged in Ligawasan Marsh by the military, the most recent of which was in year 2000. The numerous hostilities between the military and the MILF have physically altered the Ligawasan Marsh and have disturbed the marsh ecosystem that provide important habitat for various fauna.

107. Land conversion has also contributed to the rapid degradation of the Ligawasan Marsh. Conversion usually takes place along the borders of the marsh where farmers convert herbaceous swamp vegetation to ricefields and into small pockets of fishponds. Inadequate livelihood opportunities drive many households to convert portions of the marsh to new agricultural uses in order to derive additional income. Pollution of marsh water is also a serious threat facing Ligawasan Marsh area as it contributes to loss and/or reduction of biodiversity. This is mainly brought about by the chemical and fertilizer application by farmers in food crop production activities, by large commercial plantations using aerial spraying, and by dumping of waste materials into rivers that found their way to the Ligawasan Marsh.

108. The effects of the unabated destruction of the marsh have already manifested themselves in different forms like health problems especially during rainy season, declining bird population, and declining fish catch. Continued destruction of the marsh would eventually result to greater poverty.

1. Linkage between Threats and Recommended Prescriptions

109. Annex 13 contains the overall assessment made by the consultants summarizing all the threats (identified by the stakeholders and observations made by the team of consultants) and their impacts to the environment and proposed interventions to address these threats. These threats are then linked to the prescriptions contained in the Management Plan and described in details in Chapter 3 of this report. In relation to the proposed interventions recommended by the consultants, the threats facing the Ligawasan Marsh can be classified into two major categories: either on-site threats or off-site threats. This classification was used because the interventions being recommended were formulated to address the problems and threats found inside (on- site) the marsh, while those threats found outside (off-site) the marsh would be addressed through the prescriptions providing competitive grant funds to support research by highly qualified researchers from the academe and research agencies.

110. Under the on-site threats, nine categories of threats have been identified, namely: (i) subsistence-based destructive resource utilization, (ii) poor environmental practices, (iii) infrastructure, (iv) high population pressure, (v) potential for oil and natural gas, (vi) palm oil plantations, (vii) political boundaries and A & D lands, (viii) peace and order problems, and (ix) lack of education and access to schools. Examples of activities and impacts on the environment are shown in Annex 13.

111. Under the off-site threats, five major types have also been identified: (i) slash- and-burn farming practices in the upland watersheds surrounding the marsh, (ii) conversion of mangrove forests at Cotabato City, (iii) commercial banana plantations, (iv) hazardous tailings from mining operations, and (v) dumping of solid waste in the rivers being deposited in the marsh (See Annex 14-Map 4).

112. Since no scientific data are available to show that (i) tailings from the commercial and small miners contain large quantities of mercury, and (ii) chemicals used by commercial plantations are toxic or causing health problems to the marsh stakeholders, a research fund under Prescription 1 was proposed to address the problems through research.

Poverty

Low

Health Declining Bird Declining Fish problems population catch

DEGRADATION OF THE LIGAWASAN

Increased Illegal Land Pollution of Outbreak of built-up fishing Conversion marsh water war area

Inadequate Dumping of Livelihood Chemical and wastes in opportunity fertilizer Sedimentatio the river application n

Poor execution of Soil erosion environmental laws

Flooding Rainy season

Kaingin/ Illegal hillside logging farming

Figure 1. Threat Analysis in the Ligawasan Marsh Based on the Results of the Socioeconomic Survey

E. Related Programs and Projects

1. Description of Past and Current Interventions

113. Table 3 shows the inventory of related programs and projects carried out in the ten municipalities in 2002. Annex 17 shows the current programs and projects in 2004. During the last 10 years, the ten municipalities had been the focus of development assistance from both local and international sources. The following section will provide an idea on (i) what has been done and what has not been done over the past 10 years, and (ii) what still needs to be done.

114. Based on reviewed documents, it is apparent that there had been limited efforts aimed at protecting and conserving the biodiversity of the Ligawasan Marsh. The inventory in 2002 showed that reforestation projects were undertaken in the municipalities of Datu Piang, covering 60ha, S. K. Pendatun, 1.0ha, Kabacan, 20ha, M’lang, 3.5ha, and Tulunan, 312ha, respectively. Other interventions were road construction in Datu Piang, cooperative formation and development in Datu Piang, flood control in Pagalungan, construction of multipurpose buildings in Sultan sa Barongis and Pikit, toilet construction and water sanitation in Sultan sa Barongis, housing project in Sultan sa Barongis and Pikit, and construction of fish landing and mosque and agriculture and livelihood support project in Pikit.

115. Similarly, the 2004 programs indicate limited efforts planned for the conservation of biodiversity and covered mostly providing livelihood and rural infrastructure support, housing and social infrastructure, and construction of farm-to-market roads and drainage facilities. The proposed investment program is timely in that if the program is implemented as a two-pronged approach of pursuing significant conservation interventions to restore the degraded habitats and providing alternative, conservation- friendly livelihood and small rural infrastructure, it is expected to protect the environment and reduce the poverty of the people participating in the Project.

2. Remaining Gaps

116. Despite the presence of various development interventions in the area, there still exists a threat of losing the biodiversity of the Ligawasan Marsh in the near future. This is due to the fact that the same causal factors which are responsible for the continued degradation of the marsh are still left unattended. Gauging from the type of projects that had been or are being implemented in the area, very little effort is made to protect and rehabilitate its denuded wetland forest which is home to important bird and other animal species. Also, very little effort is done to curb the unabated illegal fishing and overfishing in Ligawasan. There were also reports coming from the LGU officials regarding continued extraction of timber and wood from the marsh for poles or firewood. As a result, the degradation of the natural resources of Ligawasan will continue and there will be more pressure exerted by the inhabitants and stakeholders of the marsh on the remaining natural resources.

Table 3. Inventory of Related Programs and Projects In Ten Municipalities Included in the Investment Program Municipality Related Programs and Projects Remarks

Datu Piang Construction of a congressional building in Barangay Completed Sambolawan by ZOPPAD-CIDSS 3-year barangay road project by DPWH Completed 7-year reforestation project involving 60ha Ongoing 10-year private sector-led cooperative project in Ongoing Barangay Damabalas Pagagawan No on-going development project Still a part of Pagalungan Pagalungan Flood control project and construction of irrigation Ongoing facilities 10-year barangay road improvement by LGU and Ongoing DPWH 4-year day care center project at Brgy. Bagoenged Ongoing by DSWD S. K. 1-hectare Integrated Social Forestry project assisted Completed Pendatun by CIDA There were other projects in health, agriculture, and Completed education implemented in the area about 2 or 3 years ago Sultan sa 1-ha housing project implemented by DSWD Completed Barongis Construction of a multipurpose building project Completed 3-ha toilet construction project in 3 sitios by Accion Completed Contra Hambre Water sanitation (water pump) project in a sitio by Completed Accion Contra Hambre Kabacan 20-ha community forest project Ongoing M’lang 3.5 ha community forest project Ongoing Pikit 4.5-ha housing project in barangay Bulod and Completed Bagoenged undertaken by DSWD Fish landing and multipurpose hall covering an area Ongoing of 2,400sqm and 800sqm, respectively, in Barangay Bagoenged implemented by DSWD Mosque construction in barangays Bulod and Completed Bagoenged through a foreign donor Corn seed supply for 10ha jointly undertaken by the Completed LGU and the DA Kabir chicken project with provincial LGU as Completed implementing agency Tulunan 312-ha reforestation project Ongoing 6-year African oil palm contract growing in 150ha in Ongoing

Barangay Dungos 2-year sugarcane growing in 3ha in Barangay Completed Popoyon Paglat No available data Still a part of SK Pendatun Source: Protected Area Suitability Assessment Study, 2002

117. Based on the above, there is a need to rehabilitate, protect, and conserve of what remains of the natural resources of Ligawasan Marsh in order to leave a lasting legacy to future generations. There are vast tracks of land within the wetland swamp forest areas that need to be rehabilitated thru assisted natural regeneration activities. Restoration of these denuded portions of the wetland swamp forest will complement existing reforestation activities in the area as presented in the preceding section thereby resulting in a synergistic effect. With increasing population and rapid expansion in built- up areas, encroachment on the remaining wetland swamp forest may not be effectively prevented unless direct interventions are undertaken. A buffer zone reforestation activity covering herbaceous swamps surrounding the wetland forest may be undertaken to protect what remains of the wetland forest. Contributing also to the siltation of the Ligawasan Marsh is the continued erosion of the riverbanks. Stabilization and protection of the riverbanks will reduce the siltation of rivers which drain into the marsh. Establishment of a wildlife sanctuary has been identified as a possible development intervention in order to preserve important wildlife species. These are just some of the possible interventions that need to be introduced in the ten municipalities to address the degradation problems of Ligawasan.

3. Relevance of the Proposed Investment Program to Local Development

118. The relevance of the proposed Investment Progam to local development concerns and strategies is well reflected in the Physical Framework Plans (PFPs) of the Provinces of Maguindanao and North Cotabato. The PFPs of the two (2) provinces envision an ecologically-balanced/environmentally stable, world-class tourism, trading and industrial center in the Asia-Pacific Region. In line with this vision, these provinces intend to pursue the goal of attaining an ecologically-balanced and sustainable environment. It must be noted that central to promoting an ecologically-balanced and sustainable environment is the protection and conservation of Ligawasan Marsh. This concern is well articulated in the NEDA Master Plan for Ligawasan Marsh.

119. The Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs) of the ten municipalities to be covered by this proposed investment project have also stressed the need to address the development concerns relative to the Ligawasan Marsh. They have also emphasized the need to maintain and ensure a reasonable ecological balance between development and the environment. The immediate objective of these municipalities is to protect the natural environment from further degradation and mitigate their negative effects. It is also well reflected in their CLUPs the need to improve agricultural productivity, promote and develop small-scale industries and other livelihood opportunities, and to improve the delivery of basic social services, particularly water supply.

120. With the above premise, the proposed Medium-Term Investment Project for Ligawasan Marsh is, no doubt, within the scope of local development plans. It is basically designed to protect and maintain the biodiversity of the Ligawasan Marsh and to uplift the socioeconomic condition of its primary stakeholders. This development concern will be directly addressed by the project’s natural resources management component which will make possible the rehabilitation, protection, and conservation of the natural resource-based of Ligawasan Marsh. The proposed Medium-Term Investment Project will address the causal factors responsible for the degradation of the Ligawasan Marsh like illegal fishing, soil erosion and siltation, pollution of marsh water, provision of livelihood opportunities and other basic services, and others.

121. At present, Ligawasan Marsh settlers may be classified as the “poorest of the poor” based on their annual income and living condition. The majority (58.10%) of the households were found to have an annual income of P 60,000 or less based on the results of the socioeconomic survey. High poverty incidence among households undeniably exerts a lot of pressure on Ligawasan Marsh. The proposed Medium-Term Investment Project aims to address this concern by providing complementary livelihood opportunities that are not in conflict with the rehabilitation, protection, and conservation of Ligawasan Marsh. It will introduce and support livelihood projects which were identified by the people during community planning and series of stakeholder consultations. These livelihood opportunities are not meant to replace existing livelihood system but only to provide supplementary income sources.

122. These livelihood support interventions are designed to strengthen the local economy. With improved local economy, it is anticipated that revenue generation by the LGU will also improve, resulting in better delivery of basic services. The project will, however, initially support the delivery of basic social services and small rural infrastructure in support of the various conservation measures.

CHAPTER 3

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

A. Overall Project Framework

123. The proposed investment program for Ligawasan is based on lessons learned in conserving biodiversity in the Philippines and in other countries that biodiversity conservation in settled and highly populated areas will be successful and more sustainable if supplemented with socioeconomic activities, such as livelihood and small rural infrastructure development. By enhancing the productive capacity of the settlers through these livelihood opportunities, it is argued that they will become less dependent on the natural resources for livelihood support, thereby, sparing the forest or natural resources from the settlersdestructive extraction activities. By coincidence, areas needing environmental management interventions are usually those with a poor infrastructure support facility due to inadequate financial capability of the LGU. Having a poor infrastructure support facility poses a constraint in delivering the required interventions. The proposed project will, therefore, provide what is necessary to support complementary rural infrastructure. This framework has been adopted by the World Bank in Community-Based Resource Management Projects (CBRMPs), which are implemented by selected local government units (LGUs) in the Philippines. Examples include the CBRMPs in three municipalities of Casiguran, Juban, and Magallanes, in Sorsogon, Bicol Region, and in Kitcharao, Agusan del Norte, Sta. Josefa, Agusan del Sur, and Socoro, Surigao del Norte in Mindanao (see bibliography). The project framework is in Annex 18.

124. The goal of the proposed investment program is to conserve the biodiversity of the marsh on a sustainable basis and to reduce the poverty of the people living in the marsh. It consists of the following components: (i) ecosystems management and protection, (ii) institutional development and capacity building, (iii) support for environment-friendly livelihood activities, (iv) support for environment-friendly small rural infrastructure, and (v) monitoring and evaluation system for wetland biodiversity conservation.

125. It is expected that the proposed medium-term investment program will have a positive impact on the environment and will contribute to the long-term conservation of biodiversity and natural resources of Ligawasan Marsh. Communities will be strengthened to develop their capacity to take charge of implementing their own conservation programs, which they themselves helped formulate and develop. They will also be supported to undertake positive measures or interventions of their choice intended to directly enhance and protect the biodiversity of Ligawasan Marsh. An information, education, and communication (IEC) campaign will be undertaken to make the communities aware of the negative impacts of practices that threaten the sustainability of significant flora and fauna species. The project will promote community- based livelihood activities that provide an alternative source of income. These livelihood activities, which will be supported by the provision of required social and rural infrastructure, are expected to reduce poverty in the Ligawasan Marsh.

126. Implementation of the various community-based project interventions will be funded through GEF and World Bank assistance. The GEF is expected to provide grant funds for the conservation and management activities of the program while the World Bank will be tapped to provide the funds for the livelihood and infrastructure development components based on agreed funding scheme.

B. Vision, Goal, and Objectives

1. Vision

127. From the identified issues and problems that need to be addressed and based on the series of consultation with stakeholders, the following vision statement was agreed at the Third Stakeholder Consultation Workshop held in Korondanal City on December 13- 15, 2004:

We envision Ligawasan Marsh as a prime model of natural biotic wetland managed by an empowered community to protect and conserve ecological balance, cultural diversity, and economic stability for sustainable peace and development.

2. Goal and Objectives

128. Based on the abovementioned vision statement, the overall goal of the project is to conserve and manage in a sustainable manner the wetland biodiversity of the Ligawasan Marsh, cognizant of the current anthropological, economic, and ecological problem.

129. The specific objectives of this medium-term investment program are as follows:

(a) to enhance and restore the habitats in Ligawasan Marsh that would increase the population and variety of wildlife and birds; and

(b) to reduce the poverty of the poor people living in the marsh through sustainable and conservation-enabling livelihood activities.

C. Project Area

130. The project area covers ten priority municipalities located inside the Ligawasan Marsh proper. Six municipalities belong to the Maguindanao Province, namely, Datu Piang, S. S. Barongis, S. K. Pendatun, Paglat, Datu Montawal and Pagalungan. The remaining four municipalities belong to North Cotabato Province, namely, Kabacan, Mlang, Tulunan, and Pikit.

D. Project Components

131. This section provides the list of project interventions identified during the barangay planning and consultation workshops and series of stakeholders consultation meetings. The proposed project interventions, which form part of the investment plan for Ligawasan Marsh are classified as: (i) ecosystems management and protection, (ii) institutional development and capacity building, (iii) support for environment-friendly livelihood activities, (iv) support for environment-friendly small rural infrastructure, and (v) monitoring and evaluation system for wetland biodiversity conservation.

1. Ecosystems Management and Protection

(a) Goals, Objectives and Targets

132. The goal of this component is to protect and maintain the ecosystem (wetland biodiversity) of the Ligawasan Marsh by undertaking habitat restoration activities, delineating appropriate management zones for sustainable use of resources, facilitate the declaration of the Ligawasan Marsh as a protected area, law enforcement, and research for the benefit of local inhabitants and future generation to come.

133. The specific objectives of this component are: (i) lay the ground works for the establishment of the Ligawasan Marsh as a protected area such as establishment of Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee and organizing lobby groups; (ii) delineate and implement a management zoning system; (iii) strengthen local law enforcement in Ligawasan Marsh thru the Bantay Pawas; (iv) develop and implement specific habitat restoration interventions for the conservation of the natural resources; and (v) support on-site and off-site research activities.

134. To realize the aforementioned goal and objectives, the following specific activities will be carried out as follows:

1. Establishment of Ligawasan Marsh as a Protected Area

• Conduct of a 3-day workshop in 10 municipalities to validate the management plan at P 30,000/day x 3 days x 10 municipalities.

• Drafting of the proposal proclaiming the Ligawasan Marsh as a protected area involving four (4) PAWB staff at P 12,000/day/staff to cover hotel, airfare, and allowance for three (3) days.

• Sponsor and organize a group to lobby Congress for the enactment of a law declaring Ligawasan Marsh as a protected area involving a funding requirement of P 13,000 per member per day to cover hotel accommodation, air fare, and local transport and allowance for a duration of four (4) days per trip at three (3) trips for a 5-man lobby team.

2. Implementation of a Management Zoning System

• Quarterly consultation meetings over a 3-year period with the members of the local communities to identify and decide on the types of management zones that are appropriate for each municipality amounting to P 50,000 per consultation meeting; and

• Identification and demarcation of the Ligawasan Marsh according to management zones in each of the ten municipalities involving a funding requirement of P 1,000,000 per municipality for survey mapping activities.

3. Law Enforcement in Ligawasan Marsh

• Organization of Bantay Pawas in 13 barangays from six (6) towns to effectively enforce approved policies and rules for the protection of the marsh involving a funding requirement of P 350,000 per barangay to cover the cost of uniform, motorized boat, cellular phone, flashlights, raincoat, and meal allowance.

• Preparation of iron signages with plywood backing, stand, and painting at P 3,000 per signage x 30 signages x 3 barangays x 10 municipalities.

• Financial assistance to the Sangguniang Bayan (SB) for the conduct of special sessions to deliberate and pass ordinances and resolutions for the protection of the marsh involving a funding requirement of P 300 allowance/SB member/session x 4 sessions/year x 10 SB members x 10 towns x 5 years.

• Provision for legal assistance to Bantay Pawas at P 100,000/year x 2 years x 10 towns.

• Provision for reward and incentive for successful apprehension made at P 2,000/apprehension x 20 apprehensions/year x 5 years.

4. Habitat Restoration

• Conduct of a 3-day consultation workshop to identify and finalize project interventions at P 30,000/day x 3 days x 10 towns.

• Provision for the implementation of specific interventions to conserve the natural resources of the marsh:

• A total of 660 hectares of the wetland forest and 2,000 hectares of the herbaceous swamp in Kabacan, Mlang, and Tulunan shall be placed under assisted natural regeneration (ANR) intervention amounting to P 22,070,400.

• A total of 2,000 hectares of herbaceous swamp located in Kabacan, Mlang, and Tulunan shall be placed under wetland forest restoration (WFR) intervention amounting to P 66,880,000.

• A total of 2,000 hectares of herbaceous swamp surrounding the wetland forest in said municipalities shall be placed under buffer zone reforestation (BZR) intervention amounting to P 55,304,000.

• A 23-km degraded riverbank of two major rivers in Datu Piang shall be protected and stabilized amounting to P 994,773.

• A 180-hectare second growth residual forest in Datu Piang shall be rehabilitated under a community-based reforestation scheme amounting to P 8,164,260.

• A 10-hectare wildlife/bird sanctuary will be established in Kabacan, SK Pendatun, and Pagalungan with a funding requirement of P 1,500,000 each for a total of P 4,500,000.

• An aggregate area of 215ha occupied by 860 households or 0.25ha per household across 10 municipalities will be planted to a mix of fruit trees and indigenous tree species either in their backyard or perimeter of their farms with a funding requirement of P 6,250 per household for a total amount of P 5,375,000.

Annex 17 shows the annual detailed implementation plan for the six habitat restoration subprojects.

5. On-Site and Off-Site Researches

• Develop a research program in support to biodiversity conservation measures for Ligawasan Marsh focusing on any of the following :

• Hydrological studies in selected rivers and waterways to understand and determine the extent and impact of: (i) excessive siltation originating from the denuded upland watershed areas located in Bukidnon and South Cotabato Provinces; (ii) agro-chemical pollution from the nearby commercial banana plantations in Makilala, Buluan, and Paglat; (iii) mercury and other hazardous tailings from commercial and smallholder mining activities surrounding the marsh; and (iv) solid and domestic wastes in rivers and in waters of Ligawasan for a total research grant of P 3,500,000.

• Hydrological studies to determine the rate of sedimentation coming from the man-made cut-off channel and estimate its contribution to rapid build-up of built-

up areas leading to loss of habitat and recommend practical solutions to alleviate the problem for a total research grant of P 1,000,000.

• Assessment studies of different flora and fauna in Ligawasan Marsh to determine home range, breeding, and status amounting to P 1,000,000.

• Research to assess the status of the fishery resources and determine the maximum sustainable yield and total allowable catch of fish stock in Ligawasan, the extent of extraction, the impact of the use of different gear and breeding sites and seasonal variations of fish and other marine resources in the amount of P 1,000,000.

• Mangrove rehabilitation to improve the habitat for marine fishes and lessen pressure on Ligawasan Marsh freshwater resources amounting to P 1,500,000.

• Pilot project for commercial farming based on salt-water crocodile residing in freshwater areas in Ligawasan Marsh proper in the amount of P 2,000,000, and others.

• Other related R & D activities involving a total of P 5,000,000.

• Provision for operating expenses of the research committee covering supplies, travel, and incentives at P 300,000/year x 5 years or a total of P 1,500,000.

(b) Strategies and Approaches

1. Establishment of Ligawasan Marsh as a Protected Area

135. The investment proposal recognizes the rigid procedure involved in the establishment of a protected area. It is for this reason that there is a heavy emphasis on the conduct of consultation meetings with various stakeholders. The series of consultations will eventually lead to the delineation of management zones following the protected area concept. The strategy that will be adopted is to organize first the Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee consisting of the mayors from the ten municipalities and governors of the two (2) provinces to provide direction and leadership in the management of the marsh until a Presidential Proclamation is signed placing the whole marsh under protected area status. With the proclamation of the Ligawasan Marsh as protected area, the Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee may later on evolve into the Protected Area Management Board. Each municipality will have to promulgate local ordinances to provide clear guidelines in the management and protection of the marsh.

136. To facilitate its establishment as a protected area, a proposal shall be prepared with assistance from PAWB staff. A series of consultation will be also done to validate the management plan for Ligawasan simultaneous with the documentation of marsh occupants. The Steering Committee shall also organize groups to lobby Congress for the enactment of a law declaring Ligawasan Marsh as a protected area.

2. Implementation of a Management Zoning System

137. While preparations are underway for the proclamation of Ligawasan Marsh as a protected area, the project shall hold community consultations to identify and confirm the different management zones in each municipality. Stakeholders shall be requested to demarcate these zones in their respective areas or municipalities using the maps generated from the aerial survey. It must be noted that five (5) management zones were identified in the recently concluded Wetland Biodiversity Study, namely (i) multiple use zone; (ii) recreational/tourism zone; (iii) communal fishing zone; (iv) strict protection zone; and (v) sustainable use zone. More consultations will be conducted with concerned barangays to finalize the boundary delineating these areas. Ground survey mapping activities will also have to be done to validate aerial images.

3. Law Enforcement in Ligawasan Marsh

138. Central to the law enforcement activities in Ligawasan Marsh is the organization of Bantay Pawas. The project shall provide the required funding support to the Bantay Pawas to make them functionally effective. The Bantay Pawas will operate under the direction of the Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Officer (MENRO), if existing, or the LGUs Project Management Unit. They will follow a program of regular visits to the designated proposed protected area to deter illegal activities. All PMU staff in each municipality together with the MENRO and members of the Bantay Pawas will undergo intensive training on (i) the dos and donts of conserving and protecting wetland biodiversity, and (ii) straight-forward arrest procedures to minimize risks in life and limbs and also to avoid unnecessary court litigations.

139. The LGUs will enact local ordinances detailing allowable and non-allowable activities in the Ligawasan Marsh. Examples of such activities that need to be banned includes (i) the use of battery-operated electric probes that kill even the young fishes; (ii) collecting wildlife animals and migratory and endangered endemic bird species; (iii) hunting of birds; (iv) timber poaching; and (v) use of powerful motorized bancas creating excessive noise that scare and disturb the natural biology of the areas wildlife. A reward and incentive system for Bantay Pawas will be instituted and awarded to those who make the successful arrest of violators of environmental laws and regulations.

4. Habitat Restoration

140. The goal of the component is to enhance and restore the natural habitats in Ligawasan Marsh to address the extensive degradation problem. The specific objectives include (i) restoring degraded wetland forest and herbaceous swamp habitats through specific interventions formulated by the inhabitants, such as assisted natural regeneration, wetland forest restoration, buffer zone development, and restoration of a second growth forest; (ii) stopping erosion of riverbanks in selected municipalities, through riverbank protection and stabilization by planting appropriate species; (iii) increasing the number of birds and the number of bird species by providing support to develop existing and new bird sanctuaries in several municipalities; (iv) stabilizing the land and reducing soil erosion on a 180-ha denuded upland area through community- based replanting; and (v) reducing dependence of inhabitants on forest resources for WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 41 firewood and raw materials for furniture-making by establishing smallholder tree farms on private lands. Seven (7) habitat restoration interventions are being proposed, the strategies of which are presented below:

141. Assisted Natural Regeneration. Based on the satellite image and GIS mapping, the Ligawasan Marsh has an estimated wetland forest of 3,300ha which provide sanctuary to important bird and animal species. This wetland forest is found in the municipalities of Kabacan, Mlang, and Tulunan with an estimated area of 1,600 ha, 900ha, and 800ha, respectively. It is estimated that about 20% of the wetland forest or 660ha need to be rehabilitated thru assisted natural regeneration (ANR) broken down as follows: (a) Kabacan = 320ha; (b) Mlang = 180ha; and (c) Tulunan = 160ha.

142. Because the designated area is located within a bird and wildlife sanctuary, the type of rehabilitation for this project is protection-oriented reforestation, meaning that the trees to be planted there are to remain indefinitely and that the trees are not to be harvested, as in production-oriented forest establishment. The objective of rehabilitating the watershed reserve is to restore the habitat for important bird and wildlife species. The strategy for doing this is to reforest open patches of land within the wetland forest.

143. Species chosen for this project are indigenous forest trees that typically inhabit the wetland forest ecosystem of the area like talisay (Terminalia catappa), putat (Barringtonia racemosa), and bangkal (Nauclea orientalis). The aforementioned tree species were chosen from a biological diversity standpoint and have had a good survival rate in previous reforestation projects in the area. Also, the planting materials are locally available and seedlings for these species are relatively easy to propagate. Talisay will be planted at 10m x 10m spacing while bangkal and putat will be planted at 10m x 20m spacing. Bangkal and putat will be alternately planted in-between rows of talisay. Total density is 200 trees per ha broken down as follows: (a) Talisay = 100 seedlings/ha; (b) Bangkal = 50 seedlings/ha; and (c) Putat = 50 seedlings/ha.

144. For the seedling requirements of this project intervention, a nursery will be established in each barangay as a propagation center of planting materials as well as a meeting place for the participating stakeholders. The establishment and operations of the nursery will commence at the onset of the project implementation period, coinciding with social preparation and survey mapping and planning activities, and last until the replacement seedlings for the project area are hauled and planted in the field. Activities for the establishment of the nursery, include: (i) fencing and clearing; (ii) construction of a bunkhouse; (iii) establishment of potting medium, preparation, and storage area; (iv) construction of potting shed and potting medium preparation area; (v) preparation of rearing beds; (vi) procurement of seeds, polybags, materials, and equipment; and (vii) potting, sowing, watering, weeding, fertilizer application, spraying, pruning, and other management activities. It must be emphasized that the project will make use of wildlings taken from the wetland forest. They will be propagated in the nursery area for a period of eight (8) to 10 months or until they attained a height of at least two (2) meters.

145. Plantation establishment activities will involve: (i) strip brushing, (ii) staking and hole digging, and (iii) hauling and planting of seedlings. It will be done in two stages, that is, during Year 1 and Year 2.

146. Strip brushing and staking, and hole digging will ideally take place during the dry season months of January to March. The reforestation area will be cleared of grasses using bolos but existing trees, shrubs, and cover crops will not be removed. During the brushing process, dead branches, rocks and other debris will be piled up in wall-like formations along the strips. Dead grasses will be deposited in compost piles which will be the source of organic fertilizer to be applied to the plants during plantation maintenance activities.

147. Compost piles will be established during the clearing of the project area, making use of the cut grass accumulated from strip brushing. Dung of carabaos and other animals that may be found in the area will be added to the piles of compost. Five cubic meters of compost will be made for each hectare of reforestation area.

148. Immediately after clearing operations, each spot is marked with a two-meter long stake of a piece of bamboo stick or other appropriate material available in the area. A hole will be dug and the spot will be intensively weeded within a half-meter radius, placing the pulled up weeds in the planting hole.

149. Planting of seedling should be completed before the marsh water rises up to one meter deep. Plantation establishment will continue the following year, until the area is fully planted. Shortly after that, the first maintenance cycle will begin, covering first the initially planted areas.

150. As part of plantation maintenance, ring-weeding will be carried out twice a year. During each weeding cycle, each spot will be intensively weeded within a half meter radius around the plant by inserting a broken off bolo or digging tool two inches under the ground surface, grasping the weeds with the other hand, pulling them out, roots and all. The pulled out weeds will be placed around the base of the plant so as to retain moisture and add to the organic material content around the plant

151. Immediately after the flood water recedes, replanting of dead or missing hills will be undertaken. This will be done shortly before the second stage of plantation establishment commences. A 20% replanting rate is presumed due to the difficult physical environment of the marsh.

152. Wetland Forest Restoration. As revealed in the satellite imagery and GIS mapping, the remaining wetland forest of Ligawasan Marsh found in the municipalities of Kabacan, Mlang, and Tulunan is enveloped by a thick vegetation of herbaceous swamp. Ground truthing activities have revealed the existence of herbaceous swamp around the wetland forest which has an estimated area of about 6,300ha distributed as follow: (a) Kabacan = 1,900ha; (b) Mlang = 2,800ha; and (c) Tulunan = 1,600ha. Key informant accounts indicate this herbaceous swamp used to be a part of the wetland forest.

153. Recognizing the importance of wetland forest in the maintenance of biodiversity in the marsh, the project is proposing the restoration of the wetland forest in the herbaceous swamp facing the municipalities of Pikit, Pagagawan, and Pagalungan. The proposed area for this type of intervention is 2,000ha out of the estimated 6,300ha herbaceous swamp surrounding the wetland forest.

154. Restoration of the wetland forest in the herbaceous swamp would require the planting of the same tree species which will be used in the ANR intervention, namely, talisay, putat, and bangkal. The same planting distance and tree arrangement will be adopted for a total tree density of 200 trees/ha. Plantation establishment and maintenance activities will basically be the same as in the ANR intervention.

155. Buffer Zone Reforestation. This proposed intervention will be undertaken in the herbaceous swamp which surrounds the existing wetland forest. As noted in the preceding section, the area of the herbaceous swamp is estimated at 6,300ha. Buffer zone reforestation will be undertaken around the wetland forest to establish a buffer zone between the wetland forest and the built-up area. Absence of a buffer zone in terms of vegetative cover or strip will facilitate human encroachment and conversion of the herbaceous swamp and wetland forest into a built-up area of waterline barangays.

156. Out of the estimated area of 6,300 hectares herbaceous swamp, only 2,000ha will be placed under this intervention. Tree species which will be used for this intervention are nipa (Nypa fruticans) and libi or sago (Metroxylon sagu). These tree species thrive well in the area and have seedlings that are available in the area. Planting distance to be observed is 8m x 8m yielding a tree density of 156 seedlings/ha. Alternate strip planting of these tree species will be followed.

157. Plantation establishment and maintenance activities will be basically the same as in the ANR intervention. The following chart shows the proposed tree arrangement and planting distance using nipa and libi.

158. For the seedling requirements of the buffer zone reforestation (BFZ) intervention, the project will make use of wildlings which will be gathered from the marsh and propagated in the nursery. Each participating barangay will have its own nursery as the propagation center of planting materials as well as a meeting place for the participating stakeholders. The establishment and operations of the nursery will commence at the onset of the project implementation period, coinciding with social preparation and survey mapping and planning activities and last until the replacement seedlings for the project area are hauled and planted in the field. Activities for the establishment of the nursery, include: (i) fencing and clearing; (ii) construction of a bunkhouse; (iii) establishment of potting medium, preparation, and storage area; (iv) construction of potting shed and potting medium preparation area; (v) preparation of rearing beds; (vi) procurement of seeds, polybags, materials, and equipment; and (vii) potting, sowing, watering, weeding, fertilizer application, spraying, pruning, and other management activities.

159. Riverbank Protection and Stabilization. One of the factors for the heavy siltation of the Ligawasan Marsh is erosion of the riverbanks. This usually takes place after heavy rain which results in the overflow of floodwater from the river. Continuous erosion of the riverbanks is largely due to the absence of a deep-rooted and extensive root system of vegetative cover. It is for this reason that the riverbank protection and stabilization (RPS) intervention is proposed by the municipality of Datu Piang which is one of the municipalities that is severely affected by this problem.

160. The proposed RPS project will cover an estimated river length of 23km distributed as follows: (a) 18km from barangay Balong to Dasawao along Rio Grande

River, and (b) 5km from the Poblacion to Pandi along Dambalas River. A 7.5m easement on each side of the river will be placed under the RPS. Locally adapted and indigenous vegetative cover and/or tree species will be used.

161. The proposed riverbank protection and stabilization area shall be planted with kawayan tinik (Bambusa bulmeana), pandan tinik (Pandanus sp.), and anahaw (Livistonia rotundiflora). These vegetative cover will be planted in strips with pandan tinik planted one (1) meter from the riverbank at 5 meter spacing, kawayan tinik at five (5) meters spacing and three (3) meters from pandan tinik , and anahaw at five (5) meters spacing and three (3) meters from the kawayan tinik strip. With these plant spacings, total plant population for the 23-km riverbank stabilization project is 11,500 for pandan tinik and 4,600 each for kawatan tinik and anahawa. Some project participants may plant buri (Corypha elata) as an alternative to anahaw at the same spacing, subject to the availability of planting materials. Other households may also plant leguminous forage crops in between strips to serve as feeds for goat and carabao and as covercrop to prevent surface soil from being washed into the river during heavy rain.

162. For the seedling requirements of this subproject intervention, suckers of pandan tinik will be gathered and raised in the nursery until the time of planting. Anahaw and/or buri will be germinated in rearing beds then transferred to potted bag and raised until the time of planting. Kawayan tinik will be propagated from culms cut into 2-node cuttings placed in 6x 8polythylene bags in the nursery. The cuttings will be placed or staked vertically with the first node embedded in the soil.

163. Upland Reforestation. A total of 180 ha of denuded upland in barangay Dasawao in Datu Piang will be rehabilitated through community-based reforestation. Present vegetation in the proposed reforestation area includes cogon (Imperata cylindrica.) and other grasses with patches of pioneering shrubs and trees.

164. The objective of reforesting the upland area is to stabilize the soil and minimize soil erosion which is contributing heavily on the siltation of the river. The strategy for doing this is to convert the grassland ecosystem into a secondary forest, which will eventually develop into a climax forest, complete with the inhabitation of interrelating flora and fauna which survive from and provide support to the forest ecosystem.

165. Species chosen for this project are indigenous forest trees that typically inhabit the secondary and primary forest ecosystems of the area. Though the trees are not to be cut, some of the species chosen, aside from being important components of the forest ecosystem from a biological diversity aspect, also provide opportunities for sustainable utility. The forest tree species to be used in the reforestation of the area are narra (Pterocarpus indicus), ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephalia) and mango (Mangifera indica ). Ipil-ipil will serve as a nurse tree that will replenish lost soil nutrients. It will be thinned during the fourth year and every two years thereafter and branches will be sold to generate additional income.

166. The choice for narra, mango, and ipil-ipil is based on the fact that these tree species are adaptable and grow well in the area. Narra provides permanent root structures to protect the soil from further erosion and storing rainwater for groundwater reserve. Mango is widely grown in the province and its fruits have huge market potential

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 45 both locally and abroad. On the other hand, the choice for ipil-ipil is due to its soil amelioration potential as nurse tree and the fact that substantial income maybe derived from its twigs and branches once sold as firewood.

167. Aside from their importance from biological diversity and economic utility standpoints, aforementioned tree species were selected because they are hardy (not particularly susceptible to pest or wind damage) and have had good survival rates in previous reforestation projects in the area. Also, the planting materials are locally available and seedlings for these species are relatively easy to propagate.

168. For the seedling requirements of this project intervention, a nursery will be established in the participating barangay as the propagation center of planting materials and meeting place for the participating stakeholders. The establishment and operations of the nursery will commence at the onset of the project implementation period, coinciding with social preparation and survey mapping and planning activities, and last until the replacement seedlings for the project area are hauled and planted in the field. Activities for the establishment of the nursery, include: (i) fencing and clearing; (ii) construction of bunkhouse; (iii) establishment of potting medium, preparation, and storage area; (iv) construction of potting shed; (v) preparation of rearing beds; (vi) procurement of seeds, polybags, materials, and equipment; and (vii) potting, sowing, watering, weeding, fertilizer application, spraying, pruning, etc.

169. Plantation establishment activities will involve: (i) strip brushing; (ii) staking, hole digging, and mulching; (iii) establishment of graded trails; and (iv) hauling and planting of seedlings. These activities will ideally take place during the dry season months of January to March. When the rain begins about the middle of June, planting of seedlings will commence. Mango will be planted at 9m x 9m spacing. Narra will be planted in between strips of mango at 3m x 3m spacing while ipil-ipil will be intercropped between strips of narra and mango at 2m x 3m spacing. Plantation establishment will be done in two stages and is expected to be completed in Year 3. Shortly after each stage, the first maintenance cycle will begin, covering first the initially planted areas.

170. Clearing operations will commence at least three (3) months prior to the actual date of planting. The reforestation area will be cleared of grasses using bolos, but existing trees, shrubs, and cover crops will not be removed. During the brushing process, dead branches, rocks and other debris will be filed up in wall-like formations along the contours of every two (2) meters change in elevation. Dead grasses will be deposited in compost piles which will be the source of organic fertilizer to be applied to the plants during plantation maintenance activities

171. Clearing operations will commence at least three (3) months prior to the actual date of planting. The reforestation area will be cleared of grasses using bolos, but existing trees, shrubs, and cover crops will not be removed. During the brushing process, dead branches, rocks and other debris will be filed up in wall-like formations along the contours of every two (2) meters change in elevation. Dead grasses will be deposited in compost piles which will be the source of organic fertilizer to be applied to the plants during plantation maintenance activities.

172. Compost piles will be established during the clearing of the project area, making use of the cut grass accumulated from strip brushing. Dung of carabaos and other animals that may be found in the area will be added to the piles of compost. Five cubic meters of compost will be made for each hectare of reforestation area.

173. Immediately after clearing operations, each spot is marked with a two-meter long stake of a piece of bamboo stick, gajo grass or other appropriate material available in the area. A hole will be dug and the spot will be intensively weeded within a half-meter radius, placing the pulled up weeds in the planting hole.

174. Graded trails will be established in the proposed reforestation area to allow adequate mobility of personnel and materials through the project area with minimal erosion damage. Trails leading to and within the plantation area will be 1.5m wide with a maximum gradient of five degrees. Drainage canals will be constructed on the inner edge of the side cut and both edges of a through-cut with minimum width and depth of 25 cm.

175. As part of plantation maintenance, ringweeding and mulching will be carried out twice a year. During each weeding cycle, each spot will be intensively weeded within a half meter radius around the plant by inserting a broken off bolo or digging tool two inches under the ground surface, grasping the weeds with the other hand, pulling them out, roots and all. The pulled out weeds will be placed around the base of the plant so as to retain moisture and add to the organic material content around the plant.

176. Fertilizer application will also be a part of plantation maintenance. The project will use organic fertilizer from compost pile and will be applied within a meter radius from the plant.

177. Wildlife/Bird Sanctuary. There are two existing bird sanctuaries in Ligawasan Marsh: (a) a privately-owned 2-ha sanctuary in barangay Baras in Tacurong City, and (b) swamp forest area in Cuyapon (Dunguan), Kabacan. The Baras sanctuary can be rehabilitated by planting fruit-bearing tree species to attract new migratory bird species. The current species are heron and egrets which have taken up residency in the area, started breeding and laying eggs. They roost in the area before sundown but they fly away at sunup to other nearby places to hunt for fish for their meals. The swamp forest sanctuary needs replanting and assisted natural regeneration support to expand the area and to improve the vegetation. Other municipalities will be encouraged to establish their own bird sanctuaries, which can be utilized for future ecotourism activities.

178. So far, three (3) barangays, namely, Dunguan in Kabacan, Kalbugan in Pagalungan, and Badak in S.K. Pendatun, have expressed interest in wildlife sanctuary activities during the barangay consultations. These barangays will be provided with technical and financial support to establish a 10-ha of wildlife and bird sanctuary each. Activities to be undertaken as part of wildlife and bird sanctuary establishment includes the following:

• Fencing of the sanctuarys periphery using barbed wire and vegetative posts to ward off hunters and other intruders who might disturb the birds and animals.

• Re-introduction of selected birds and wildlife species which used to inhabit the area.

• Construction of 5-km foot paths and/or walking tracks to facilitate the mobility of maintenance personnel and visitors.

• Construction of a 20-foot watch tower in a strategic area of the sanctuary for monitoring purposes using local materials.

• Development of rest and recreation areas with bench seats, interpretation signs and labels, huts, etc. using local materials.

• Development of a sanctuary web site.

179. The proposed wildlife and bird sanctuary will be open to the public for freedom walking seven (7) days a week during summer months with roving guides to point out features and items of special interest and answer visitor questions. Nocturnal tours will also be introduced to observe certain activities of birds and other wildlife which only take place during night time. Educational and school group tours will be sponsored with an educational facility on-site and educational resource material will be available through the sanctuaries web site.

180. Smallholder Tree Planting. The communities have expressed great interest in establishing tree plantations using locally adapted and indigenous tree species on lands occupied by farmers that are planted to a mix of food crops and fruit trees. Many would like to establish strips of tree species in their backyards and in the perimeter of their farms. This intervention will support the establishment of tree seedling nurseries in each community which will provide for the seedling requirements of interested groups and individuals. This activity will support the need of current furniture makers located in the marsh (for simple beds, tables, and chairs for household use) who will source their future wood requirements from these tree plantations.

181. Initially, the project will support the establishment of tree plantations of 20 households per barangay. One household beneficiary will have an initial tree plantation area of 0.25ha.

Support for On-Site and Off-Site Researches

182. The goal of the eight component is to enhance the conservation and management of the Ligawasan Marsh by providing grants to address environmental problems at various on-site and off-site locations. The specific objectives are to (i) determine the extent and impact of various sources of environmental degradation (chemical pollution, heavy sedimentation, etc.) originating from on-site and off-site locations, (ii) conduct studies on fishery and resources and biology of important fauna and flora present in the marsh, and (iii) assist in rehabilitation and conservation of the only mangrove swamp area in Ligawasan.

183. The granting of research funds will be on a competitive basis. Interested individuals or entities will be required to submit a research proposal according to research thematic areas.

184. The PMO will establish a research committee of up to seven members to direct and manage the research grants. The committee will prepare its Terms of Reference and the criteria to award grants, and finalize its annual work plan and budget. The committee will also establish a monitoring system to record information on details of research grants, including dissemination of results. The members must be of various disciplines, including ecosystem management, biology, biochemistry, irrigation or civil engineering, fisheries, and environment or forestry.

185. An annual advertisement in newspapers will be made to invite research proposals. The announcement must specify the deadline of submitting proposals and criteria for awards. The committee will then meet to review the research projects and decide on the winning proposals. Some members of the committee will also conduct field visit during the year to review the progress made. Research results must be widely disseminated to the public by the committee so that the findings can be utilized to help improve the welfare of the inhabitants of the marsh.

186. Ecosystem management component of this project is very crucial to the conservation of the Ligawasan Marsh. Success of the different activities under this component like the establishment of protected area and management zoning system, law enforcement, and habitat restoration require the support and participation of the target beneficiaries.

187. Establishment of the protected area and the Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee are very essential to the conservation and protection of the biodiversity in Ligawasan Marsh. A series of consultation meetings with the stakeholders shall precede the establishment of the protected area in order to get their commitment. Formation of the Steering Committee will also require a series of consultations with the Local Chief Executives of the 10 municipalities. Taking the lead in establishment of the protected area and formation of the Steering Committee are the Project Management Units (PMUs) of the 10 participating municipalities. They will be responsible for the quarterly consultation meetings and in the delineation of suitable management zones in Ligawasan Marsh.

188. There will be a total of 13 barangays where the Bantay Pawas will be organized. Each Bantay Pawas will have a minimum of five members coming from peoplesorganizations (POs). The PMU of each LGU will be responsible for the organization of Bantay Pawas. The Bantay Pawas are expected to enforce environmental laws and apprehend violator.

189. In the case of the seven habitat restoration interventions, each has a distinct set of project beneficiaries. Actual project partners for the various habitat restoration interventions will come from those living within and/or close to the intervention site. Actual plantation establishment will be done by the project partners. The logistics and

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 49 technical assistance, including training, will be provided by the project. The project partners are expected to protect and maintain the reforestation project and keep it safe from forest encroachers. They will receive 70% of the harvest (either in cash or in kind) from ipil-ipil, libi, and mango with 30% going to the municipal LGU. All these and other arrangements will be stipulated in the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) to be executed between the municipal LGU and the project partners.

190. The riverbank stabilization project will cover a total distance of 23km at 7.5m easement. Households living along riverbanks and landowners whose lands are along the riverbanks will be required to demarcate at least 7.5m from the embankment in accordance with the provisions of RA No. 1273 otherwise known as Public Land Act, PD No. 705 otherwise known as Forestry Code, and PD No. 1067 otherwise known as Water Code of the Philippines. The 7.5m wide easement will be planted with pandan tinik, anahaw, and kawayan tinik to stabilize the riverbanks and prevent soil scouring in the future. The subproject will provide the project partners with seedlings and assist them in establishing the vegetative cover of the riverbanks. They are, however, expected to maintain the area and do replacement planting for dead spots. The riverbank stabilization project is envisioned to spur cottage industries in the municipality by providing the required raw materials for handicraft-making activities of the household. Project partners will share 30% of the proceeds of the project or sale of raw materials to the LGU. A MOA will be signed between the project partner and the LGU.

191. The ultimate beneficiaries of on-site and off-site research activities are the inhabitants of the Ligawasan Marsh. Results from the research projects will solve or mitigate the progressive degradation of the environment in the marsh, which will benefit the well-being of the stakeholders. Research will be conducted by experienced researchers and faculty members of state institutions of higher learning based in Mindanao, assisted by research partners from other parts of the country.

2. Institutional Development and Capacity Building

(a) Goal, Objectives, and Targets

192. The goal of this component is to organize and mobilize local government units, non-government organizations, and community members and other stakeholders to enable them to actively engage in biodiversity conservation activities and other support interventions.

193. The specific objectives of this component are: (i) train and empower the community, LGUs, NGOs, and NGAs; (ii) design and implement an environmental education and awareness program for Ligawasan Marsh; (iii) establish a special literacy program for Ligawasan Marsh.

194. To realize the aforementioned goal and objectives, the following specific activities will be carried out as follows:

Training and Empowerment

• Organization and training of POs at 3 POs x 57 barangays x P 3,000 food allowance/meeting x 10 meetings for a total of P 5,130,000.

• Capability building for LGUs to strengthen local governance capacity at 2,000 food allowance x 9 PMU members x 10 towns x 3/year x 2 years for a total of P 900,000.

• Conduct of PMU-PO consultation workshop at 2 meetings x 12 months x 57 barangays x P 2,000 for a total of P 2,736,000.

• Quarterly inter-municipal/provincial consultation dialogue at 200,000/meeting/quarter x 4 meetings x 5 years for a total of P 4,000,000.

• Quarterly one-day stakeholdersworkshop to promote meaningful participation of LGUs and POs in the conservation of the marsh at 300/participant x 100 participants x 4 workshops/year x 5 years for a total of P 600,000.

Environmental Education and Awareness Program

• Conduct of a survey to assess the level of environmental awareness of marsh settlers at P 200,000/town x 10 towns for a total of P 2,000,000.

• Provision for the operation of a 5-year IEC program at P 125,000/town x 10 towns for a total of P 1,250,000.

• Production of IEC materials, radio and newspaper, and documentary films at P 500,000/town x 10 towns for a total of P 5,000,000.

Special Literacy Program

• Special literacy program for out-of-school youth involving a funding requirement of P 2,000,000/town x 10 towns for a total of P 20,000,000.

(b) Strategies and Approaches

Training and Empowerment

195. The specific objectives of this activity is to: (i) mobilize the community in the conservation of Ligawasan Marsh thru the organization of POs to broaden grassroots and community-based participation; and (ii) prepare the various stakeholders for the delicate task of protecting the Ligawasan Marsh. Organization of the POs shall follow prescribed community organizing strategies. A community organizing and mobilization program shall be developed for each of the 10 municipalities to promote meaningful participation and interaction between the LGU and the communities.

196. Empowerment of the POs will be promoted through the conduct of capacity enhancement activities. Based on in-depth training needs assessment, training will be designed and conducted for LGUs and other regional/national agencies to integrate biodiversity conservation into development planning for Ligawasan Marsh.

197. To promote strong collaboration between the PO, the LGU, and other stakeholders, periodic consultation dialogues shall be undertaken by the PMU. Inter- municipal agreements involving mayors shall also be worked out by the project thru regular consultation workshops for a more unified conservation effort in Ligawasan Marsh.

Environmental Education and Awareness Program

198. The objective of this activity is to enhance the conservation of Ligawasan Marsh through a broad-based education and awareness campaign program. The objective will be realized by: (i) designing an environmental education and awareness program for the marsh; (ii) developing information materials suitable for use in various media, including local radio and newspapers; and (iii) conducting a broad-based conservation awareness campaign, including use of multi-media.

199. The component will require the preparation of a broad-based conservation awareness campaign to impart conservation values to local leaders, civil society and to all the participating households to alert them of threats on biodiversity resources. The design of the program should be based on an in-depth survey and analysis of awareness status and needs of various stakeholders. Messages should be communicated through various media including local radio and newspapers, the religious organizations and through dialogues with various groups.

200. To become more effective, an environmental education and awareness program will be integrated in the curricula of schools (both elementary and secondary) found in the ten municipalities covered by the project. The project will also work for the integration of the environmental education and awareness program in barangay and municipal festivities to promote awareness on the environmental issues affecting the Ligawasan Marsh. Finally, the project will work with the governments field workers, such as Barangay Health Workers and Agricultural Technicians, and the POs to promote and enhance environmental consciousness.

Special Literacy Program

201. The special literacy program is designed to enhance the productivity out-of- school youths and improve their awareness on the conservation of Ligawasan Marsh. A special literacy curriculum shall be developed for the out-of-school youths of Ligawasan Marsh by adopting similar curriculum developed for indigenous people. Learning modules shall be developed by involving curriculum development expert, teacher- facilitators, and OSY students. Classes shall be conducted covering 200 contact-hours or five (5) months at 10 hours a week (Annex 20).

202. The project will adopt CO as its core implementing strategy in PO formation. The target participants in the CO activity are the household settlers in the barangays covered by the project. This is needed to prepare them to implement the various interventions and to ensure project sustainability. It must be emphasized, however, that the proposed project will not use CO or formation of POs as a pre-requisite for the implementation of the various interventions as done in other programs or projects. Rather, formation of POs will be need-driven resulting from intensive social preparation activities. The project will, thus, initially work with households and individuals that could later on evolve into a PO. It is not, however, discounted that the project may work with existing POs in the area which shall undertake the various activities. These POs will be screened using certain criteria before being considered as project partners. Successful POs will then undergo capacity building process to prepare them to assume their responsibilities.

203. The target participants of this component are the various stakeholders, especially those who will be directly affected by unabated degradation of the marsh. To join hands in undertaking this component will be the mass media practitioners (print and broadcast), the LGUs, NGOs, and the academe. A 30-minute information dissemination program on Ligawasan Marsh biodiversity conservation will be developed and hosted by a local radio station in collaboration with a NGO and academe. Print materials on Ligawasan Marsh biodiversity conservation and protection will be prepared and distributed to the various stakeholders. Finally, the project will contract the services of the academe or a NGO to prepare film documentaries depicting the present state of the marsh and the possible consequences if left unattended.

3. Support for Environment-friendly Livelihood Activities

(a) Goal, Objectives, and Targets

204. The goal this component is to enhance the conservation of biodiversity of the marsh by increasing the income of the poor inhabitants thru livelihood activities. The main cause of the destruction of the wetland forest and the natural resources of the marsh is the lack of employment and sustainable source of income. Timber poaching and cutting trees for firewood are resorted to by the inhabitants to meet their need for food, and the fuel to cook food. The specific objective is to provide the inhabitants with a sustainable source of income through seven interventions, which are initial proposals provided by the stakeholders during consultations with the communities and during the barangay consultation workshops.

205. The following are the target activities of the component: • 32 peoples organizations or approximately 640 households from 32 barangays in 10 municipalities engaged in duck raising project for an amount of P 28,945,600.

• 1,020 households from 35 barangays in 10 municipalities implementing smallholder goat raising project amounting to P 33,894,600.

• 460 households from 23 barangays in seven (7) municipalities doing backyard feedlot cattle fattening project amounting to P 7,038,000.

• 270 households from 19 barangays in seven (7) municipalities engaged in mat-weaving project, amounting to P 3,585,600.

• 40 households from two (2) barangays in two (2) municipalities provided assistance in kalakat, amounting to P 552,880.

• 60 households in two barangays in the Municipality of Kabacan are provided with funding assistance in pandan hat, amounting to P 398,760.

• 60 households in two barangays in the Municipality of Kabacan are provided with funding assistance in food cover, amounting to P 383,580.

206. It must be noted that the abovementioned livelihood activities are initial proposals based on consultations with the communities. More maybe identified in the course of the subject or some of the above livelihood activities may even be replaced in favor of newly-identified ones. Detailed descriptions of seven recommended environmentally friendly livelihood activities are given in Annex 21.

(b) Approaches and Strategies

Duck Raising

207. The proposed duck raising project will be implemented in the 10 municipalities covering 32 barangays and a total of 640 households. There will initially be 20 household-partners per barangay for this project. The duck raising project will make use of the river as its natural habitat and source of supplementary feed. It will provide the project partner with additional income as incentive for maintaining and managing the various habitat restoration interventions in Ligawasan Marsh. As a complimentary livelihood activity to rice farming, duck raising will also provide rice farmers with additional income from the sale of eggs. The birds will also serve as natural pest control against golden snail which has infested some of the ricefields in the project area. Moreover, duck raising will also add up to the soil nutrients and organic matter content required for better agronomic and yield performance of rice.

208. Implementation of this project intervention will be the main responsibility of the households who may later on be formed in a peoples organization (PO). The project will make available to the project partners 25 ready-to-lay pullets and five (5) male ducks. For their part, the project partners will assume the labor requirement as their equity. The project partner will be required to return the capital once the birds start laying eggs.

209. Based on the Department of Agricultures (DA) experience, duck raising has always been a failure due to problems with stock acquisition especially if ready-to-lay pullets are used. There is always that tendency to get a ready-to-laypullet that is actually a culled bird or an unproductive bird. The project will, therefore, closely monitor stock acquisition from the source to avoid getting recycled stocks.

Goat Raising

210. Goat raising is one reliable alternative source of livelihood in the rural areas which remain untapped. Nowadays, goat meat sells at comparatively the price same as that of chicken or pork in the market. In some places in the Philippines, however, particularly in the northern and central provinces of Luzon, goat meat is a delicacy and sells at a higher price than chicken and pork, and in some occasion even higher than beef.

211. With the aforementioned premise, the project will assist the proposal by the community to raise goats. The project is targeting 1,020 households from 35 barangays of the 10 priority municipalities. The household-beneficiaries will be selected based on their interest, willingness and capability to undertake the project. Availability of an adequate supply of pasture grasses and other different species of plants in their respective farms or area will also be a proper consideration. Each of the beneficiaries will be provided 10 females (does) and one (1) male which have already given birth (kidded) once, and had mated at least once, respectively. This is to assure that the animals are capable of producing their species, hence, prolific breeds.

212. The proposed project will involve raising of goats in a stilt-type house which is so designed because of the unpredictable flooding in the area. It will be constructed within the premises and close to the house of the project beneficiary for close supervision and management. Adequate protection from flood should be a prime consideration when constructing a goat house or shed to provide shelter for the animals against elements and other animals. Goats are afraid of rain and wetness so they prefer to sleep in elevated areas or platforms.

213. The animals will be fed with pasture grasses and legumes which are abundant in the area throughout the year. When floodwater has receded, the animals can be allowed to graze in the open field but care has to be observed that the animals do not do any damage to the neighbors property.

214. It is being assumed that five does will produce one kid each while the other five will have two kids each. Each household-beneficiary, therefore, will be able to produce 15 kids per kidding. A total of 15,300 goats is expected to be produced every kidding for the 1,020 household-beneficiaries. The household partners will benefit from this project intervention for at least 6 to 8 years which is the economic life span of goats although they may live up from 13 to 15 years.

Backyard Feedlot Cattle Fattening

215. The Ligawasan Marsh teems with grasses and other plants which can be used as feed for cattle. There are, in fact, a number of households in each of the barangays who were observed to be raising cattle which indicates that it is technically feasible to raise this particular livestock in the area. It is for this reason that the project will support the proposal of the community to engage in feedlot cattle fattening.

216. The proposed project involves the feeding in confinement of feeder cattle for a period of six (6) months for the purpose of fattening them for beef production. The animals will be fed mainly with pasture grasses and silage which are abundant in barangays. Project partners, however, will be required to establish a backyard intensive

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 55 feed garden to provide for the feed requirements of the animals. Establishment of a backyard intensive feed garden requires the planting of legumes and forage grasses in plots by project partners. Feedlot cattle fattening complements the existing farming system in the area as it can utilize crop residues and other farm by-products that are usually left to rot on the ground. The project can also help in maintaining soil fertility by way of organic fertilizer which can be derived from cow manure.

217. A total of 460 households from 23 barangays in seven (7) municipalities will be supported in this project. Selection of beneficiaries will be based mainly on their willingness and capability to undertake the project. Availability of an adequate supply of forage grasses and other feed materials in their respective farms or area will also be a major consideration. Each of the beneficiaries will be provided with one feeder stock aged 1 ½ years old and weighing about 150-200kg. The animals will be fed for about six (6) months after which it will be sold for slaughter. With an expected average daily gain (ADG) of 0.7-1.0kg, each animal is expected to, more or less, gain 144kg for the whole feeding period of six (6) months. The expected final body weight, therefore, of the feeder stock will be from 294 to 344kg. For the whole project 460 of these animals will be ready for market for six (6) months and after every six months if so desired. It is expected that the project will be a viable alternative source of livelihood for the rural folks.

Mat-weaving

218. Mat weaving is a lucrative home industry. It is one of the oldest of mans creations done by joining leaves with a minimum of tools. Among Filipino Muslims, grass mats are used for religious purposes like to sit-upon during prayer, meditation or offering of worship, thanksgiving ritual of food offering (kanduli) and during weddings. For some, it is used for sleeping and as home décor.

219. The materials for mat weaving are locally taken from Ligawasan Marsh i.e.from Buri palm (Corypha elata), Pandan (Pandamus spp), and Popo na baw (Cyperus alternifolius), Pupaw na baw (Cyperus kyelengia), Balabak (Scriptus grossus/typha angustifolia), Sidsid (tikog), Tambilil (Ceperus kyelengia/Fimbristylis globulosaI).

220. The target beneficiaries of this project intervention are some 30 households per barangay in 9 barangays, or a total a 270 households in the four (4) municipalities around Ligawasan Marsh, namely, Mlang, Pikit, Tulunan, and Pagalungan. The project beneficiaries will be selected on the basis of their interest, willingness and capacity to undertake the project. Availability of raw materials for mat making year-round will be given a prime consideration. Each beneficiary will be provided the necessary tools in mat weaving, which are not locally available.

Kalakat/Amakan Making

221. The Ligawasan Marsh abounds with local raw materials which can be used in making kalakat/amakan. It is one cottage industry which is gaining patronage in the area due to the increasing cost of regular plyboard made of processed round logs. The local plyboard is commonly displayed from various outlets of native products and hardwares. Kalakat or Amakan materials are made from oil palm fronds or from sliced bamboo.

Weavers produce plain or decorative 4 x 8 square meter-size plyboard with various design like diamond, victory, octagon and customized design per order.

222. Since oil palm fronds are just left on the ground after harvest, local craftsmen and entrepreneurs develop the material into plyboard. Similarly, bamboo (butong variety) in areas with several stands are utilized to make kalakat or amakan plyboard. The capital required for this project is minimal and it only needs a skillful household to initiate this income generating project. Moreover, planting bamboo along the river banks and waterline will ensure the supply of raw materials for kalakat/bamboo and at the same time this protects river banks from erosion.

223. The project aims to provide a sustainable income source for some 40 households in the two (2) barangays. They will be organized into a cooperative/PO based on their willingness and capability to undertake the project.

Pandan Hat Making

224. The Ligawasan Marsh area teems with local materials like pandan and buri which can be used in the production of hats or sayap which is made by joining grasses and interlacing leaves. The sayap is used mostly by men and women in the farm and during fishing.

225. The proposed project will involve 60 households in barangays Kaligasan and Magatos in the municipality of Kabacan. The women and perhaps some youth in the community will benefit the most from the project. The project will provide them the required capital needed to obtain the necessary inputs or raw materials. The weaver may buy the raw materials from the market or hire someone to collect them from Ligawasan Marsh. A weaver can make 50 to 70 hats made of pandan per day.

Food Cover Making

226. Food cover making which is locally known as todong is a popular cottage industry in Maguindanao. The todong is a colorful food cover for both ordinary use and for special festivities like thanksgiving (kanduli) and wedding. Materials needed in making todong are locally available in Ligawasan Marsh like buri, pandan, anahaw, coconut midribs, and bamboo.

227. Some 60 households will be involved in this livelihood project. They could be the same households who are engaged in pandan hat making as they are complementary handicrafts or a different set of household-beneficiaries.

228. Livelihood development assistance will be provided to selected households in selected barangays and municipalities which proposed a particular project intervention. These livelihood activities are designed to support the projects habitat restoration activities. They are an essential component of this project as a diversionary mechanism aimed at preventing the unabated destruction of the natural resource-base.

229. To benefit from the seven livelihood development activities are some 3,000 household-beneficiaries and their immediate members. This does not include the secondary household-beneficiaries who will also benefit out of project expansion through animal dispersal after two or three years. Household-beneficiaries of the seven livelihood undertakings will receive technical and financial assistance from the project but are expected to return to the project management the cost of stocks and biologics upon harvest. Moreover, household-beneficiaries will also be required to provide the necessary equity (e.g. labor, housing, equipment/fixtures, etc.).

4. Environment-friendly Small Rural Infrastructure Support

(a) Goal, Objectives, and Targets

230. The goal of this component is to enhance the viability of the recommended rural livelihood activities, and thus promote the sustainable protection of the environment, by providing environment-friendly small rural infrastructure. The specific objective is to ensure the success of livelihood interventions by providing needed small infrastructure to project participants. Experience in the past indicated that livelihood interventions are often not successful because of the lack of supporting rural infrastructure. This component will provide such infrastructure, which were similarly identified and formulated by the stakeholders themselves during the barangay consultation workshops.

231. The following are the target activities:

• Construction of drying pavement in 26 barangays in eight (8) municipalities at P 148,000 per unit for a total funding requirement of P 3,848,000.

• Rehabilitation of 2-km farm-to-market road in 10 barangays in 10 municipalities at 440,000 per barangay for a total funding requirement of P 4,400,000.

• Establishment of mini-growth centers in 16 barangays for a total funding requirement of P 18,235,000.

• Construction of 30 units of potable water supply system in selected barangays for an amount of P 2,400,000.

• Provision of 3,000 units of toilet bowls covering13 barangays in the Municipalities of Mlang, Kabacan, and Sultan sa Barongis, at P 1,408 per unit, for a total funding requirement of P 4,224,000.

• Construction of 300 units of communal toilets in the Municipalities of Mlang, Datu Piang, Sultan sa Barongis, and S. K. Pendatun, at P 4,000 per unit, for a total of P 1,200,000.

• Distribution of 2,000 units of jetmatic water hand pumps and piping/fitting system in 30 barangays, at P 4,000 per unit, for a total funding requirement of P 8,000,000.

(b) Strategies and Approaches

232. The conservation and preservation of the biodiversity of the Ligawasan Marsh cannot be independent from supporting structures, facilities, and services which add to the quality of life of the low income and sometimes isolated communities in the marsh. Such small rural infrastructure, which has direct impact on the conservation and preservation of the biodiversity of the marsh, includes the following: (i) construction of drying pavement, (ii) rehabilitation of farm-to-market road, and (iii) establishment of mini- growth centers.

233. The following is a brief description of the strategies and approaches of the aforementioned interventions:

Construction of Cemented Drying Floors

234. The lack of drying facilities in the barangays around the marsh and high cost of transportation to dry their palay, corn, and other farm products in nearby drying facility are some of the major factors that limit agricultural production in the area. This situation discourages farmers from producing more which ultimately deprives them from earning higher income. The elements of production are there (e.g. high soil fertility, favorable climate, etc.) but cannot be utilized to their full potential because of the lack of a drying facility.

235. The proposed project will provide one (1) unit of drying pavement (cemented) with an area of 400 square meters. To benefit from this project intervention are household-settlers from the 26 barangays in eight (8) municipalities. The drying pavements will not only provide for the postharvest requirement of the households but also a venue for socio-cultural activities in the barangays. The project will provide the required funding assistance while the recipient communities will supply the needed labor requirement during the construction phase. Recipient communities can charge users of the drying pavement with some modest amount or fee which will be used for maintenance work.

236. Recipient communities of this project intervention will devise or formulate policies/guidelines for the use of the drying pavement and collection system for the rentals and drying fees. The money collected will be put in a trust fund of the barangay for the repair and maintenance of the facility.

Rehabilitation of Farm-to-Market Road

237. The project intends to assist in the rehabilitation of farm-to-market roads in 10 barangays. Rehabilitation of existing roads will not only benefit recipient communities but also provide indirect benefits to other barangays that traverse this road.

238. Rehabilitation of the 2-km farm-to-market road will be undertaken using funding assistance form the project. Rehabilitation works will include dredging of drainage

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 59 system along the road to lessen occurrence of flood, patch-up works, re-gravelling and/or re-concreting, and other related works. This intervention is expected to provide short-term employment for recipient communities during the construction phase. 239. Expectedly, rehabilitation of the farm-to-market road will speed up the movement of aqua and agricultural products from the farm gate and/or fish landing/mini-growth centers to the urban and/or market centers. Presence of better road facility in the barangays will help preserve the quality of products and reduce weight loss during transit, hence, resulting in a better market price.

Establishment of Mini-Growth Centers

240. This investment plan proposes the establishment of mini-growth centers in 16 barangays located in 10 municipalities. It will be located in a strategic barangay so that neighboring barangays will also be served.

241. The mini-growth center is basically a convergence of social and physical infrastructure facilities deemed to uplift the socioeconomic condition of the marsh settlers. Among the facilities that shall be provided by mini-growth center are boat docking, fish landing, shed, cooperative store, meeting hall and office, special literacy center, day care center, stalls for rent, and drying floors, farm-to-market road, and livestock auction shed (see Annex 22). To be funded out of loan grant assistance are the following infrastructure facilities: boat docking, fish landing, meeting hall and office, special literacy center, day care center, and farm-to-market road. The mini-growth center will be linked to the barangay proper, where most of the population resides, through the farm-to-market road. It is envisioned that the mini-growth center will be the core of socioeconomic services and activities of clustered barangays along the mash. With the mini-growth centers, marsh settlers will no longer need to go to urban areas (i.e. town and city proper and market centers) after selling their fish and agricultural produce to buy their basic necessities and other family needs. They can do procurement of their necessities at the mini-growth center. Not only that, they can also avail of medical services and other social services at the mini-growth center.

Table 4. Types of Facilities to be Provided at the Mini-Growth Center

Type of Facility/ Building Unit of Measure Fish Landing Food Length Area Existing (7) New (6) Crops/ Livestock Boat Docking 30 m - 25,000.00 25,000.00 - Fish Landing steps, 5 steps @ 10 50 m - - 50,000.00 - m long per step Shed, 5m x 8 m - 40 sqm - 100,000.00 100,000.00 Cooperative Store - 70 sqm 330,000.00 330,000.00 330,000.00 Meeting Hall and Office, 6m x - 50 sqm 140,000.00 140,000.00 140,000.00 8.5m Special Literacy Center - 40 sqm 110,000.00 110,000.00 110,000.00 Day Care Center, 5m x 8m - 40 sqm 110,000.00 110,000.00 110,000.00 Stalls for Rent, 5 stalls @ 2m x - 30 sqm 75,000.00 75,000.00 75,000.00 3m Drying Floor, 10m x 12m 120 sqm 50,000.00 50,000.00 - Farm-to-Market Road 1.0 km - 220,000.00 220,000.00 220,000.00 Livestock Auction Shed - 20 sqm - - 110,000.00 Direct Cost per Center 1,060,000.00 1,210,000.00 1,185,000.00

Total Direct Cost 7,420,000.00 7,260,000.00 3,555,000.00

Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawsan Marsh Study, 2004

Construction of Potable Water System

242. This intervention calls for the construction of 300 units of potable water system in 30 barangays in 10 municipalities. Obtaining potable water supply is one problem which the marsh settlers have to contend with due to the perennial problem of flooding. Ocular surveys and key informant accounts have confirmed the availability of water sources in the barangays which can be tapped to provide a potable water system to the households. Clean and potable water will undoubtedly improve the health and living conditions of the inhabitants.

243. To carry out this intervention, a communal water system will be set up in strategic areas of recipient barangays. Project beneficiaries are expected to provide the labor requirement for the construction of the water system. Household beneficiaries may come up with some rules in which a certain amount will be collected among water users. The amount collected will be kept in a trust fund to be used for the repair and maintenance of the water facility.

Provision of Toilet Bowls

244. Improper waste disposal was identified by the stakeholders as one of the factors which cause the pollution of Ligawasan Marsh. If not addressed, this will add to the contamination of the marsh waters leading to some health problems for the marsh settlers. It is for this reason the project will carry out the provision of toilet bowls to some 3,000 households in 50 barangays around Ligawasan Marsh.

245. The project will provide the toilet bowls to the recipient households upon endorsement by the barangay officials. Household recipients will assume the cost of labor and other material inputs.

Construction of Communal Toilets

246. Even if the project will distribute free toilet bowls, not all of the households will be able to put up their own toilets due to inadequate income. It is for this reason that the project will provide assistance in the construction of communal toilets that could accommodate a cluster of poor households. Intended beneficiaries of this intervention will provide the necessary labor during the construction phase. They will likewise take charge of the repair and maintenance of the toilet facility and ensure its proper use.

Distribution of Jetmatic Water Pumps

247. Access to clean water is one of the problems faced by most households in the marsh. The project proposes to provide 2,000 units of jetmatic water pumps including accessories or a piping system to 50 barangays in the 10 municipalities. The unit cost is P 3,892 for a total funding requirement of P 8,000,000. Household recipients will provide the labor requirement for the installation of the water system.

248. Expected to benefit from this project component are some 3,000 households from 30 barangays coming from 10 municipalities. Target beneficiaries will provide equity in the construction of a potable water system and a communal toilet in the form of labor. Household-recipients of toilet bowls will assume the cost of other materials. The 2,000 jetmatic pumps will be distributed by sitio or cluster of households with labor coming from the recipients.

5. Monitoring and Evaluation System for Wetland Biodiversity Conservation

(a) Goal, Objectives, and Targets

249. The goal of the monitoring and evaluation component is to develop and establish a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system for the project, to monitor the progress made in the concerted efforts towards the conservation and protection of the biodiversity and improvement in the socioeconomic conditions of the beneficiaries, and program of project implementation.

250. The specific objective will be to: (i) establish the set of performance indicators, and (ii) put into operations a monitoring and evaluation system for Ligawasan Marsh. The activities under this component will include: (i) development of analytical and sampling tools, and (ii) monitoring to assess the change in the magnitude of threats by conducting field and aerial surveys. At the same time, impact indicators will be identified and developed, e.g., the presence of indicator species and lessons learned from completed and ongoing conservation projects.

251. The performance evaluation will assess the appropriateness, effectiveness, and efficiency of the strategy and policy in achieving its objectives and outcomes at all levels (see the Project Logframe in Annex 18). The assumptions, logical structure, and performance indicators will be used to focus on specific performance evaluation.

252. Monitoring will be a regular activity of the project which will be performed by project management staff at different management hierarchy (PMO and PMU levels). The specific targets of this component are:

• Development of a decision-support system that would include analytical and sampling tools for regular inventory and monitoring of wetland biodiversity;

• Process monitoring to assess change in the magnitude of threats;

• Field and biological surveys;

• Aerial imagery and targeted questionnaires;

• Identification and formulation of impact indicators (e.g. presence of indicator species, changes in habitat size/use, changes in human settlement patterns); and WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 62

• Synthesis of lessons learned from other similar completed or on-going programs for inputting into the project design.

253. The total funding requirement for this component is P 5,000,000. Services of consulting firms will be contracted to carry out aforementioned activities.

(b) Strategies and Approaches

254. The bases for the conduct of monitoring will be the detailed work plan and action plan of the project. The primary concerns of project monitoring activities are to find out if project inputs are delivered on time according to quantity and quality specification, identifying problems and operational bottlenecks, and identifying opportunities which can improve overall project operation. Information generated by project staff out of their monitoring activities will be fed back to the project management for appropriate management and policy action. The PMO will come up with monitoring formats which can be used by project staff for documentation purposes.

255. Another important project management control mechanism is periodic evaluation which will be done to ascertain project performance and come up with policy recommendations. Evaluation will be based on the project logical framework, which will provide the objectively verifiable indicators (OVIs) needed to evaluate project performance. The project management office will conduct annually a year-end evaluation as a routine activity to find out how far they have gone with the project and determine what revisions and improvements are needed in the project design. The annual year-end evaluation, therefore, will become part of the formative evaluation of the project.

256. Aside from the annual year-end evaluation, a more comprehensive final or summative evaluation will be done towards the end or immediately after project completion. This project completion report (PCR) preparation will be done either by a two-person team, consisting of a project economist and an agriculturist, to be contracted for this purpose. The PMO, assisted by the PMUs will prepare its own PCR, which will be the basis for the external evaluators for conducting the independent project performance assessment. The PCR evaluation is necessary to determine if the objectives were achieved or not and, to justify the possible expansion/replication of project interventions within and outside the present participating communities. The projects logical framework will be one of the bases for the conduct of summative evaluation.

E. Project Management

1. Organizational Structure

257. The executing agency for the project will be DENR, which will assume the responsibility for overall supervision , coordination, and financial management . PAWB will provide policy support, including lobbying for the proclamation and providing technical assistance to the project. The project will have three levels of management, namely (i) a national PMO, which is directly under DENR-FASPO (Foreign Assisted WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 63

Special Projects Office), based in Manila; (ii) two regional PMOs, one under the DENR- ARMM based in Cotabato City and the second one under DENR-Region XII located in Koronadal City; and (iii) ten municipal PMUs, one for each municipality. Project implementation will be done based on the UPMO set-up of the DENR, according to the DBM Circular. Figure 2 shows the project implementation chart with the proposed Interim PAMB (LM Steering Committee). The clustering of municipalities into three regions is also recommended.

258. A lean national PMO office will be created for this project under the FASPO. DENR will appoint a national project manager who will serve as the overall coordinator in implementing the project. Other support staff from FASPO will be assigned to serve in the national PMO for the duration of project implementation period. The concerned field officer of the DENR Region XII and ARMM will conduct the day-to-day operations of the project and will be led by the respective Regional Executive Directors (REOs). Similarly, existing staff of DENR in the two regional PMOs will be assigned to serve in the regional offices. The primary responsibilities of the regional PMOs are to provide (i) technical support to the work of the LM Steering Committee, (ii) technical support and backstopping to the implementation of the project together with the technical assistance (TA) team of consultants, and (iii) coordination and liaison work with the regional offices of the national line agencies to channel their support to the project. The LM Steering Committee, which will be formed at the start of project implementation, will be based at the office of DENR Region XII at Koronadal City, which was chosen because of availability of comparatively good and cheaper hotel facilities, better business support services, and improved peace and order situation.

259. The ten participating municipalities will establish their own PMUs, to be headed by the Municipal Planning and Development Officer (MPDO) as PMU Manager. The PMU team will include the existing LGU staff, comprising: (i) the Municipal Engineer (rural and social infrastructure), (ii) the Municipal Agricultural Officer (livestock, crops & cooperatives), (iii) Municipal Accountant (project accounting and M & E system), (iv) Health Officer (social infrastructure), (v) HRD Management Officer (Training & Special Literacy Program), (vi) Social Welfare Development Officer (women and youth), (vii) Economic Enterprises Officer (product marketing), (viii) Public Information Officer (education and awareness program), and (ix) ABC Captain (barangay liaison & PO formation). The PMU Manager will be directly responsible for implementing the project in the municipality, promote the project in target communities, prepare annual work plan and budget, formation of PO and capacity building, implementation of environmental and livelihood projects, establish M & E recording system, report to the Municipal Mayor on regular basis on progress of the project, and support the Municipal Mayor to participate in the LM Steering Committee. Figure 3 shows the existing organizational structure of the municipality of Kabacan. We have identified specific offices, which should join the municipal PMU.

260. To provide technical support to the National PMO, Regional PMOs, and PMUs, a Technical Assistance (TA) team will be contracted by the DENR. The consultant team will be led by a Team Leader and assisted by subject matter specialists. The recommended experts, at the national level and the regional level, are shown in Figure 4. The TA team will: (i) prepare the training and capacity building program, (ii) review and approve annual work plans and budgets of LGUs, (iii) assess R & D project

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 64 proposals, (iv) design and prepare the project benefit monitoring and evaluation system, (v) provide technical advice and support to regional PMOs, and municipal PMUs, (vi) liase with national line agencies and their regional officials and international funding agencies, and (vii) prepare and submit 6-month progress and financial reports to DENR, World Bank, GEF, and DOF-MFC. Annex 23 shows the proposed staffing schedule for consulting services.

2. Manpower Training Support Plan

261. There will be intensive training for the PMU and LGU staff and government agencies (GAs) on participatory processes, social preparation, local policy development and legislation, project development and management, wetland development technology package, and institutional development to develop the necessary capacity to implement the various project interventions. They in turn are expected to train the project beneficiaries or partners belonging to POs in the abovementioned subject matter. The cost of the training program will come from grant assistance. The objective of the training program is to strengthen the capability of PMUs and LGUs and other agencies to support initiatives on wetland biodiversity conservation and protection. The training program for the LGU, NGA, and project management staff will be managed by the DILG- Local Government Academy with resource persons and trainors coming from the different technical departments, NGOs, and TA consultant team.

262. The training courses for project beneficiaries will be conducted by the PMUs, LGUs, and GAs, who have already undergone the same training program. Most of the training will be done on-site in the barangays and charged under the social preparation component of the project interventions. The proposed training activities and their corresponding cost estimate are presented in Table 6. The conduct of training will start in Year 1 up to Year 4. Year 1 training activities will include modules on (a) Participatory Processes, (b) Rapid Community Appraisal, and (c) Social Preparation. For Year 2, there will be two (2) training activities involving modules on (a) Project Development and Management and (b) Wetland Technology Development Training Package. Training activities in Year 3 will tackle modules on (a) Local Policy Development and Legislation and (b) Institutional Development. The only training that will be conducted in Year 4 will involve the module on planning for sustainable development where participants will be asked to formulate a project sustainability plan in preparation for the project phase-out.

263. All participating LGUs, through their PMUs, will be required to prepare and submit a training plan to support various project interventions. Funding requirement for these local training will come from the social preparation and mobilization budget for each intervention.

OFFICE OF THE MUNICIPAL MAYOR ( KABACAN ) OFFICE OF THE VICE MAYOR

Municipal Mayor The Vice Mayor Public Information Function

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY TO THE SANGGUNIAN HUMAN PERMITS AND ECONOMIC GENERAL PERSONAL STAFF RESOURCES LICENSES ENTERPRISES SERVICES MANAGEMENT

Human Resources Private Secretary Market and Meat Administrative SANGGUNIANG BAYAN Management License Inspector and Inspector Officer II Officer II Civil Security Unit S E C R E T A R I A T

OFFICE FOR ACCOUNTING OFFICE PLANNING AND OFFICE ON TREASURY ASSESSOR'S OFFICE OF THE AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING AND OF THE BUDGET OFFICE DEVELOPMENT HEALTH OFFICE OFFICE CIVIL REGISTRAR AND OFFICE INTERNAL SOCIAL WELFARE OFFICE SERVICES COOPERATIVES AUDIT OFFICE DEVELOPMENT

Planning Social Accountant Budget Officer Development Treasurer Assessor Health Officer Civil Registrar Agriculturist Engineer Development (M & E) Coordinator Officer

B A R A N G A Y S

LEGEND:

Offices proposed to join Project Management Unit

Figure 2. Project Implementation Chart with the Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 66

DENR GEF - WB Secretary

USEC. for POLICY & TECH SERVICES

FASPO PAWB NATIONAL

NATIONAL PMO CONSULTANTS

DENR - DENR - INTERIM PAMB REGIONAL ARMM PMO REG. XII PMO INTER-MUNICIPAL / PROVINCIAL BOARD

PAGALUNGAN PIKIT SOUTHERN NORTH EASTERN REGION WESTERN REGION D. MONTAWAL TULUNAN CLUSTER CLUSTER CLUSTER

PAGLAT M'LANG

LOCAL S. K. PENDATUN KABACAN PMU PAGLAT PAGALUNGAN TULUNAN S. S. BARONGIS S. K. PENDATUN D. MONTAWAL M'LANG DATU PIANG PMU S. S. BORONGIS PIKIT KABACAN PMU PMU DATU PIANG PMU

B. 1 B. 2 B. 3 B. 4 B. 1 B. 2 B. 3

B. 1 B. 2 B. 3 B. 1 B. 2 B. 3 B. 1 B. 2 B. 3

P. O. P. O. P. O. P. O. P. O. P. O. P. O. P. O. P. O. P. O. P. O. P. O. P. O. P. O.

LEGEND: DENR = Department of Environment & Natural Resources; GEF = Global Environment Facility; WB = World Bank; Technical PMO = Project Management Office; PMU = Project Management Unit; ARMM = Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao; Admin. PAWB = Protected Area and Wildlife Bureau; USEC = Undersecretary; PAMB = Protected Area Management Board; B = Barangay; PO = People's Organization PMU = Project Management Unit .Figure 3. Existing Organizational Structure of Kabacan and the Offices Proposed to join the New PMU

Table 5. Proposed Training Modules and Cost Estimates. No. Module No. of Rate/Day/ Number of Total Days Participant Participants 1 Planning for Sustainable Development

(a) Sustainable Development and Philippine 3 2,500 50 375,000.00 Agenda 21 (b) Strategic Planning 5 2,500 50 625,000.00 (c) Environmental Planning 5 2,500 50 625,000.00

2 Participatory Process 5 2,500 30 375,000.00

3 Rapid Community Appraisal 5 2,500 30 375,000.00

4 Social Preparation

(a) Community Organizing and Mobilization 7 2,500 50 875,000.00 (b) Cooperative Development 5 2,500 50 625,000.00

5 Local Policy Development and Legislation 5 2,500 30 375,000.00

6 Project Development and Management 7 2,500 50 875,000.00

7 Wetland Technology Development 10 2,500 30 750,000.00

8 Institutional Development and Capacity Building

(a) Leadership Development 3 2,500 50 375,000.00 (b) Communication Skill 3 2,500 50 375,000.00 (c) Conflict Management 3 2,500 50 375,000.00 (d) Management of Change 3 2,500 50 375,000.00 (e) Team Building 5 2,500 50 625,000.00 (f) Organization and Management 3 2,500 50 375,000.00 Total 8,375,000.00 Source: Winrock International consultants estimates, 2004

National Consultants PMO Project Director Team Leader Accountant M & E Specialist IEC Specialist Research & Dev’t Specialist NATIONAL

DENR- DENR- Regional Coordinator ARMM Region XII Administrative Assistant PMO PMO CO Specialist M & E Specialist Project Analyst IEC Specialist Training Specialist Enterprise Dev’t. Sp. REGIONAL Gender & Youth Dev’t Specialist

Pagalungan Pikit Datu Montawal Tulunan

Paglat M’lang S. K. Pendatun Kabacan

Sultan sa Barongis

Datu Piang

Barangay 1 Barangay 1 Barangay 1 Barangay 1 Barangay 1

LOCAL

Figure 4. Technical Assistance Teams at Local, National, and Regional Levels

F. Implementation Strategies

1. Project Mobilization and Planning

264. Over the past two decades, a number of ecological restoration programs and projects were implemented in the country to address the worsening condition of the environment. A common feature of these programs and projects is that most of them viewed the intended beneficiaries more as an end and the object of development and

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 69 not as a means and a partner in the development process. It is unfortunate that most of these programs and projects were not sustained and had the tendency to prematurely terminate once funding assistance is terminated. They also failed to capitalize on the important role of the LGUs and the communities, which were relegated to peripheral status. Due to the time-bound nature of most projects, it became a norm to fast track the physical establishment of project interventions in order to impress policy makers and funding agencies. This resulted to a situation whereby project beneficiaries are forced to implement an activity without full comprehension of the overall project rationale and philosophy.

265. The present project will try to depart from the traditional mode of program/project implementation by putting more emphasis on social preparation and mobilization activities. This is in accordance with the community organizing framework presented in the preceding sections. A key strategy in the social preparation and mobilization process is providing the various stakeholders a means to actively take part in situational analysis, formulation of community plans, validation of plans, project implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. With this strategy, the various stakeholders are provided with the means for direct involvement in forming a collective understanding of how their individual livelihood needs relate to the environmental conditions of their community. It is anticipated that various social preparation and rehabilitation activities will prepare participating communities for the tougher task of sustaining project interventions. Active involvement of the municipal LGU, in various aspects of the project development cycle (starting from planning to implementation and to monitoring and evaluation of benefits), is expected to yield positive gains in ensuring project sustainability.

2. Community Organizing and Mobilization

266. Success of this Investment Program will depend much on the active participation of the various stakeholders.The project will follow the community organizing (CO) strategy as its framework in implementing the various interventions in all the participating barangays. The CO framework consists of three interrelated phases, namely, (a) Phase 1-Social Preparation and Mobilization; (b) Phase 2-Project Implementation and Capacity Building, and (c) Phase 3-Phase out and Follow-through.

267. Phase 1 of the CO process will commence six (6) months after project approval or immediately after project mobilization. This period represents the actual entry phase of most CO activities. Actual physical establishment of the various project interventions may not yet be realized during this period due to a number of procedural matters that need to be attended to. This stage of the CO process will cover 12 months to be devoted to building rapport with the community, immersion, community integration, information and education campaign, validation of community profiles and plans, conduct of social and institutional development training, and formation of sectoral community organizations where necessary. It is also during this stage whereby the subproject can already start identifying prospective project partners for the various project interventions. Training programs designed to enhance project partners capacity to implement habitat restoration interventions and livelihood projects may also be done at this point to give them enough time to assimilate the knowledge. Establishment of the nursery will

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 70 commence simultaneously with the social preparation and mobilization activities in order that planting materials will be available by April of Year 2.

268. The next 36 months of the project will correspond with Phase 2 of the CO process. It is anticipated that by this time, participating communities are now ready to implement the different interventions. The bulk of the project interventions, therefore, will be implemented during this 36-month period. Capacity building activities will be implemented simultaneously with the project interventions and will focus on the institution building and technical aspect. During the early part of Phase 2, the CO workers and the project will have a more active role in the implementation process providing training on capacity building activities and guiding project partners for the eventual project hand-over. The latter part of Phase 2 is a transition stage for Phase 3. It is anticipated that by the end of Phase 2, participating communities, POs, and community leaders are now enabled and empowered to assume the responsibilities of implementing and managing the project.

269. Phase 3 of the CO process will coincide with the period when most of the project interventions have been implemented and most capacity building activities have been provided. This is also the stage in which the CO worker and the project prepare to exit from the community. Phase 3 corresponds to the last six (6) months of the project which is the phase-out stage. It will not be a sudden withdrawal but a gradual process to allow the community to settle into its own schedules and procedures. The withdrawal phase, however, will not totally divorce the project and its CO workers from these communities as they are expected to devote part of their time monitoring and evaluating the progress of project implementation in said communities and ensure sustainability of community organizations and their various activities.

270. The target participants in the CO activity are the household settlers in the barangays covered by the project. This is needed to prepare them to implement the various interventions and to ensure project sustainability. It must be emphasized, however, that the proposed project will not use CO or formation of POs as a pre- requisite for the implementation of the various interventions as done in other programs or projects. Rather, formation of POs will be need-driven resulting from intensive social preparation activities. The project will, thus, initially work with households and individuals that could later on evolve into a PO. It is not, however, discounted that the project may work with existing POs in the area which shall undertake the various activities. These POs will be screened using certain criteria before being considered as project partners. Successful POs will then undergo capacity building process to prepare them to assume their responsibilities.

3. Project Implementation vis-a-vis Work Plan

271. The first six months of project implementation will be devoted to project mobilization and organizing (see Table 6). It will involve establishing the PMOs, hiring project staff, procurement of equipment and policy formulation. The next six months will cover social preparation and mobilization and will involve holding barangay assemblies, meetings, training, IEC campaign, and exchange visits. This is necessary so that the community and intended beneficiaries are socially, organizationally, and technically

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 71 prepared to implement the different project interventions. It is also during this period whereby arrangements between project partners and the PMUs will be finalized through a MOA. The community will discuss and validate the program of interventions and finalize the work plans for the next one year.

272. POs will be formed six months after the start of project implementation while seedling nurseries will be established in the last quarter of Year 1.

273. For the habitat restoration projects, actual implementation will start with a survey mapping to demarcate and designate the areas for each participant. At the same time, seedling nurseries would have been established to ensure seedling availability.

274. Actual planting of seedlings in the field for various habitat restoration projects (e.g upland reforestation, assisted natural regeneration, wetland forest restoration, riverbank protection and stabilization, etc.) will be preceded by activities such as strip brushing in the field and digging hole and staking. Planting will start by January or February in Year 2. This is the period when the level of marsh water is low and some parts of the marsh are dry. By this time also, the seedlings in the nursery are already big enough (about 2m tall) to withstand stress caused by transplanting. Plantation establishment will be done in two stages during Year 2 and 3, and will be a continuing activity due to the need to replant some missing hills. Field maintenance will follow two months after planting and will be also be a continuing activity until the seedlings have reached a height that they would no longer be choked by weeds or covered by flood water.

275. The implementation of livelihood projects will start after most habitat restoration project activities have been completed. This sequencing has to be done to avoid putting too much pressure and burden on participants and PMU staff that could result in poor plantation establishment or maintenance. A screening process will be followed for prospective project partners in order to select only the most competent ones. Among the possible qualification criteria in the selection of project partners are commitment to the project, technical readiness, availability of family labor, and willingness to pay back the loan portion of the financial assistance. A MOA between the LGU and the selected project partner is a pre-requisite before the initiation of livelihood projects.

276. The implementation of the small rural infrastructure activities will begin simultaneously with the field work for the habitat restoration interventions.

4. Support Mechanism and Institutional Support

277. The proposed investment project covers two regions, two provinces, ten municipalities, and 57 barangays. The wide geographic coverage of the project made it necessary that the required institutional support be provided to ensure the success of the various interventions. It is, therefore, important to identify who are the other stakeholders, individuals, groups or organizations that might impact on or influence the efforts to conserve the natural resources of Ligawasan Marsh.

278. Based on the results of the series of stakeholder consultations undertaken during the Wetland Biodiversity study, institutional support for the efforts to conserve and

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 72 protect the biodiversity of Ligawasan Marsh can be drawn from various institutions at the global/international, national, regional, and local levels. At the global/international level, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility (GEF), and U. S. Agency for International Development (USAID) may be tapped to provide funding assistance. These institutions have been actively providing financial assistance to Mindanao in environmental conservation. The World Bank, for instance, was the major source of funding assistance for the CBRMPs which were implemented in two provinces covering several municipalities in Mindanao. The UNDP, on the other hand, has been providing small project grants for promoting environmental protection and conservation in the last 10 years.

279. At the national level, strong institutional support from national government agencies (NGAs), like the DENR, the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), the Philippine National Police (PNP), and the Department of Finance/Bureau of Local Government Finance (DOF/BLGF) is very important. Any plan of protecting Ligawasan Marsh must have the strong support of the DENR since they are the ones mandated for this task. DENRs access to funding agencies and favorable endorsement of this project is also very crucial. It is also recognized that no amount of development effort will succeed with unstable peace and order situation. The AFP has a very important role in maintaining the peace and security in the area so that development work will go unhampered. The role of the DOF/BLGF in this project cannot also be disregarded as they are a major conduit in the flow of funding assistance to the LGUs.

280. Technical and other related support for the project will be provided by institutions operating at the regional and local levels. These institutions may include any of the following: (i) national line agencies of the DENR, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Department of Tourism, National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, and the Department of Public Works and Highways; (ii) provincial, municipal, and local government units; (iii) non-government organizations; (iv) academic institutions; (v) the MILF; (vi) the datu system; and (vii) community-based organizations.

281. Procurement of required project inputs such as seeds, seedlings, animal stocks, equipment, and others will be centralized through the PMUs supply and procurement unit. This is to avoid duplication and to observe a standard of quality. All procurement activities will be in accordance with the World Bank’s Guidelines on procurement and the prescribed government rules and procedures. It will be based on the work and financial plan and annual procurement plan submitted to the project office by the PO or the community.

5. Procurement Plan

282. All procurement proposals will be prepared by the POs for submission to the PMUs. At the PMUs, all procurement proposals shall be reviewed by concerned unit before endorsing the proposals for approval by the Project Manager. This is necessary to (i) validate if requisitioned items are in accordance with the work and financial plan and annual procurement plan, and (ii) check if these items conform to the technical requirements of concerned project interventions. The PMU Manager will make the final evaluation of procurement proposals before approving them for appropriate action.

283. After the approval of procurement proposals, the Supply and Procurement Unit of the PMU will prepare all documents required for the processing of the requisition. Procurement of materials maybe done either by sealed bid or open canvass depending on the amount involved. All canvass papers will be evaluated by the municipalities Procurement Bid and Award Committee (PBAC) with representatives from concerned PO.

Table 6. Stages of Project Implementation vis-a-vis Community Organizing Phases.

Project/Community Organizing Phases Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 A. Project Mobilization & Organizing 1. Establishment of project mgt. office xxx 2. Hiring of project staff xxx 3. Equipment procurement xxx 4. Policy formulation xxx xxx 5. Others xxx xxx xxx xxx B. Social Preparation & Mobilization 1. Information & education campaign xxx xxx 2. Barangay assemblies xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx 3. Stakeholders’ meetings xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx 4. Plan validation xxx xxx 5. Identification of key leaders xxx 6. Core group formation xxx xxx 7. Project partner identification xxx xxx xxx 8. Training activities xxx xxx xxx xxx 9. Formation of POs xxx xxx xxx xxx C. Project Implementation & Capacity Building 1. Continuing capacity building xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx 2. Nursery establishment xxx xxx xxx xxx 3. Planting & project implementation xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx 4. Monitoring and evaluation xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx D. Phase-Out and Follow Through xxx xxx

G. Project Cost and Financing

1. Project Cost and Financing Scheme

284. The total cost of the project is P 684.1 million. The cost is split by project component, namely, (i) Ecosystem Management and Protection = P 232.6 million; (ii) Institutional Development and Capacity Building= P 47.9 million; (iii) Environment- Friendly Livelihood Support = P 86.0 million; (iv) Small Rural Infrastructure Project = P 48.7 million; (v) Monitoring and Evaluation = P 5.8 million; (vi) Training Support = P 9.6 milllion; (vii) Project Management Support = P 217.8 million; and (viii) Consultancy Services = P 35.8 million.

285. It is proposed that GEF provide a grant of P 321.9 million (equivalent to about $5.9 million) to constitute 47.1 percent of the total project cost. It will cover a part of the project costs focusing mainly on the conservation activities, training, project management and procurement, and consultancy services. It is also proposed that the World Bank provide a loan of P 233.2 million ($4.3 million) to constitute 34.1 percent of the total project cost. The loan will finance the livelihood and rural infrastructure, training, and a part of the project management costs. The Government will finance about P 95.0 million ($1.7 million) to constitute 13.9 percent of the total project cost to provide operating expenses at national and regional levels. The ten LGUs will finance P 33.9 million ($0.6 million) to constitute 5.0 percent of project cost, as their equity contributions representing the salary, office, transportation and allowance of staff when implementing the project for five years. A summary of the financing plan is in Table 10.

Table 8: Financing Plan

Source Total Cost (P million) Total Cost ( $ million) Per Cent of Total GEF 321.9 5.9 47.1 World Bank 233.2 4.3 34.1 GOP 95.0 1.7 13.9 LGU 33.9 0.6 5.0 Total 684.1 12.5 100.0

2. Schedule of Fund Releases

286. From the detailed implementation plan for various interventions, P 180.8 million of the funding assistance is needed during the first year. The amount of funding assistance is expected to decrease in the fifth year to only P 60.7 million (see Table 9).

3. Fund Management System and Policies

287. The total amount of funding assistance required to be able to implement the investment project is P 555.2 million. Grant funds from GEF will be managed by DENR and kept under a special trust fund account. Funds from the World Bank will be channeled to the Municipal Finance Corporation of the Ministry of Finance for relending to the LGUs. WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 76

288. The flow of funds from the DENR to the LGU will follow the prescribed accounting and auditing procedures of the Government (see Figure 5 for flow chart for grant and loan funds). All fund releases to the project will be kept as a trust fund and deposited directly to a specifically-designated government bank. Disbursement of project funds will be based on the scope of the approved work and financial plan. Progressive billing shall be followed by the LGU. The following contains specific financial policies proposed for this project:

(a) There are seven habitat restoration projects with a total cost of P 163,288,433 (refer to Table 10). Fund releases will be in accordance with the five-year work and Financial Plan (WFP) attached as Annex 24. Disbursement of project funds will be in accordance with the Detailed Implementation Plan (DIP) for each project intervention. Project partners will not directly disburse project funds except in cases where it is not possible for the project management to do so. Project partners will be required to pay to the LGU about 30% of the proceeds from their harvests or sale of animals to be recycled or deposited by the LGU to repay its loan from the World Bank;

(b) Funds for the livelihood support amounts to P 74,799,020. Fund releases shall be based on the WFP. Disbursement of funds will be based on the DIP. Project partners will be required to pay back the capital to the LGU either in cash or in kind depending on agreement contained in the MOA between the PO and the PMU;

(c) Funds for the small rural infrastructure component amount to P 42,307,000. This will be provided to LGUs as part of the loan package;

(d) Competitive research grants amounting to P 16,500,000 will be made available by the project to deserving agencies or institutions or scientist to address various environmental problems found either on-site or off-site locations, or for resource assessment research, and other biodiversity related topics. This will be funded from the GEF grant;

(e) The LGU budget for community organizing and mobilization is embedded in the allocation for habitat restoration projects. The source of funds is GEF;

(f) A separate funding assistance is provided for project management at the PMU level which is embedded in the budget allocation for habitat restoration projects. This amount will be used for (i) paying wages, salaries, and incentives; (ii) defraying maintenance and operation expenses; and (ii) acquisition of equipment and facilities to support project operation;

(g) A funding assistance of P 8,375,000.00 out of the GEF grant will be provided for the conduct of training program covering eight (8) modules;

(h) The project will also put in place a Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) system which is needed to ensure success of project interventions. Funding requirement for the projects M & E system is P 5,000,000.00 coming from the GEF grant; and

(i) An amount of P 189,368,500.00 will be allocated for Project Management and Commodity Procurement at the national and regional project management levels in support of LGU field operations. Funding source is the GEF grant.

Table 9. Annual Financial Requirements of the Project.

Yearly Financial Requirements

PROJECT TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Ecosystem Management & Protection 202,262,433 78,016,427 65,953,534 34,931,724 19,100,156 4,260,592 Institutional Development & Capacity Building 41,616,000 7,869,000 11,619,000 7,604,000 7,604,000 6,920,000 Env.-Friendly Livelihood Support 74,799,020 57,851,720 16,947,300 Small Rural Infrastructure Project 42,307,000 7,008,000 21,413,500 12,405,500 1,480,000 Monitoring and Evaluation 5,000,000 500,000 1,500,000 3,000,000 Training Support

8,375,000 2,250,000.00 1,625,000.00 2,875,000.00 1,625,000.00 Project Management & Procurement 189,368,500 50,571,500 35,655,500 34,830,500 34,380,500 33,930,500 Consultancy Services

31,113,330 11,018,440 6,743,110 4,899,810 3,796,660 4,655,310 TOTAL

594,841,283 157,233,367 200,861,364 115,993,834 67,986,316 52,766,402 CONTINGENCY (15%) 89,226,192 23,585,005 30,129,205 17,399,075 10,197,947 7,914,960 GRAND TOTAL

684,067,475 180,818,372 230,990,569 133,392,909 78,184,263 60,681,362 Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004

Table 10. Financial Plan for the Project

Funding Source

PROJECT TOTAL GEF World Bank GOP LGU A. Ecosystem Management &

Protection 232,601,798 232,601,798 B. Institutional Development &

Capacity Building 47,858,400 47,858,400 C. Env.-Friendly Livelihood Support

86,018,873 79,578,873 6,440,000 D. Small Rural Infrastructure Project

48,653,050 39,833,838 8,819,212 E. Monitoring and Evaluation

5,750,000 5,750,000 F. Training Support

9,631,250 9,631,250 G. Project Management & Procurement

217,773,775 104,179,650 94,964,125 18,630,000 H. Consultancy Services

35,780,330 35,780,330 GRAND TOTAL

684,067,475 321,990,527 233,223,611 94,964,125 33,889,212

Table 11. Funding Requirements Grouped by Project Component.

Prescription/Objective/Actions Objectives/Activities/Interventions Funding Requirement A. Ecosystem Management Objective 1 and Protection (a) Conduct of a 3-day workshop in 10 municipali- 900,000.00 ties to validate the management plan at PhP 30,000/day x 3 days x 10 municipalities. Objective 2 (a) Provision for the implementation of specific interventions to conserve natural resources of the marsh: -A total of 660 hectares of the wetland forest & 22,070,400.00 2,000 hectares of the herbaceous swamp in Kabacan, M'lnag, and Tulunan shall be placed under ANR intervention. -A total of 2,000 hectares of herbaceous swamp 66,880,000.00 located in Kabacan, M'lang, and Tulunan shall be placed under WFR intervention. -A total of 2,000 hectares of herbaceous swamp 55,304,000.00 surrounding the wetland forest in said municipalities shall be placed under BZR intervention. -A 23-km degraded riverbank of two major rivers 994,773.00 in Datu Piang shall be rehabilitated under a community-based reforestation scheme. -A 180-hectare second growth residual forest in 8,164,260.00 Datu Piang shall be rehabilitated under a community-based reforestation scheme. -A 10-hectare wildlife/bird sanctuary will be 4,500,000.00 established in Kabacan, SK Pendatun, and Pagalungan with a funding requirement of PhP 1,500,000 each. -Smallholder mixed tree planting at PhP 6,250/ 5,375,000.00 HH x 860 HHs. Objective 3 (a) Quarterly consultation meetings local commu- 600,000.00 nities over 3-year period to identify and decide the types of management zones appropriate for each municipality amounting to PhP 50,000 per consultation meeting. (b) Identification and demarcation of Ligawasan 10,000,000.00 Marsh according to management zones in each of the 10 municipalities involving a funding quirement of PhP 1,000,000/municipality for WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 80

survey mapping activities. Objective 4, 5, 6 & 7 (a) Organization of Bantay Pawas in 13 barangays 4,550,000.00 (from six towns) to effecively enforce approved policies and rules for the protection of the marsh involving a funding requirement of PhP 350,000 per barangay to cover the cost of uniform, motorized boat, cellular phone, flashlights, raincoat, and meal allowance. (b) Preparation of iron signage with plywood 2,700,000.00 backing, stand, and painting at PhP 3,000 per signage x 30 signages x 3 barangays x 10 municipalities. (c) Financial assistance to the SB for the conduct 600,000.00 of special sessions to deliberate and pass ordinances and resolutions for the protection of the marsh involving a funding requirement of PhP 300 allowance/SB member/session x 4 meetings/year x 10 SB members x 10 towns x 5 years. (d) Provision for legal assistance to Bantay Pawas 2,000,000.00 at PhP 100,000/year x 2 years x 10 towns. (e) Provision for reward and incentive for success- 200,000.00 ful apprehension made at PhP 2,000/apprehension x 20 arrests/year x 5 years. Objectives 8 & 9 (a) Provision for operating expenses of the research 1,500,000.00 committee covering supplies, travel, and incentives at PhP 300,000/year x 5 years. (b) Provision for the conduct of research activities to solve and/or mitigate site-specific problems: -Hydrological studies in selected rivers and 3,500,000.00 waterways to determine the extent and impact of (i) excessive siltation originating from denuded upland watershed areas located in Bukid- non, North Cotabato, and South Cotabato; (ii) agrochemical pollution from nearby commercial banana plantations in Makilala, Buluan, and Paglat; (iii) mercury and hazardour tailings from commercial and smallholder mining activities surrounding the marsh; and (iv) solid and domestic wastes in rivers and in the waters of

Ligawasan. -Hydrological study to determine the rate of 1,000,000.00 sedimentation from the man-made cut-off channel and estimate its contribution to rapid build-up of new land areas. -Assessment of different flora and fauna to 1,000,000.00 determine home range, breeding, and status. -Assessment of the status of fishery resources, 1,000,000.00 maximum sustainable yield and total allowable catch of aquatic resources in Ligawasan. -Mangrove rehabilitation activities. 1,500,000.00 - Pilot crocodile farming 2,000,000.00 -Other related R & D activities 5,000,000.00 Objectives 9 & 10 -Provision for the development and installation 5,000,000.00 M & E system for Ligawasan that includes the (i) formulation of indicators to measure the condition of the natural resource; (ii) conduct of field and biological surveys, aerial imagery, and field surveys; (iii) development of biodiversity monitoring system; and (iv) M & E training for PMU staff. Subtotal 206,338,433.00 B. Institutional Development and Objectives 1 & 2 Capacity Building (a) Organization and training of POs at 3 POs x 57 5,130,000.00 barangays x PhP 3,000 food allowance/meeting x 10 meetings (b) Capability building for LGUs to strengthen local 900,000.00 governance capacity at PhP 2,000 food allowance x 9 PMU members x 10 towns x 3/yr x 2 years. (c) Conduct of PMU-PO consultation workshop at 2,736,000.00 2 meetings x 12 months x 57 barangays x PhP 2,000. (d) Quarterly inter-municipal/provincial consultation 4,000,000.00 dialogue at PhP 200,000/meeting/quarter x 4 meetings x 5 years. (e) Quarterly one-day stakeholders' workshop to 600,000.00 promote meaningful participation of LGUs and POs in the conservation of the marsh at PhP 300/participant x 100 participants x 4/year x 5 years. Objective 3 & 4 (a) Drafting of the proposal proclaming the Ligawa- 144,000.00 san Marsh as a protected area involving 4 WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 82

PAWB staff at PhP 12,000/day/staff to cover hotel, airfare, & allowance for 3 days. (b) Sponsor and organize a group to lobby 780,000.00 Congress for the enactment of a law declaring Ligawasan Marsh as a protected area involving a funding requirement of PhP 13,000/member/ day to cover hotel, airfare and local transport & allowance for a duration of 4 days per trip at 3 trips for a 5-man lobby team. Objective 5, 6, & 7 (a) Conduct of a survey to assess level of environ- 2,000,000.00 mental awareness of marsh settlersat PhP 200,000/town x 10 towns. (b) Provision for the operation of a 5-year IEC pro- 1,250,000.00 gram at PhP 125,000/town x 10 towns. (c) Production of IEC materials, radio & newspaper, 5,000,000.00 and documentary films at PhP 500,000/town x 10 towns x 5 years. Objective 8 (a) Special literacy program for out-of-school youth 20,000,000.00 involving a funding requirement of PhP 2,000,000 per town x 10 towns.

Subtotal 42,540,000.00 C. Support for Environment- friendly Objectives 1 & 2 Livelihood Activities (a) Duck raising 28,945,600.00 (b) Smallholder goat raising 33,894,600.00 (c) Backyard feedlot cattle fattening 7,038,000.00 (d) Mat-weaving 3,585,600.00 (e) Kalakat-making 552,880.00 (f) Pandan hat-making 398,760.00 (g) Food cover making 383,580.00 Subtotal 74,799,020.00 D. Support for Environment- (a) Provision for the implementation of the friendly following Rural Infrastructure rural infrastructure projects: -Construction of drying pavement in 8 towns 3,848,000.00 covering 26 barangays at PhP 148,000/unit. -Rehabilitation of 2-km farm-to-market road in 10 4,400,000.00 municipalities covering 10 barangays -Establishment of mini-growth centers in 16 18,235,000.00 barangays. (b) Provision for the implementation of the following WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 83

social infrastructure activities: -Construction of 30 units potable water supply 2,400,000.00 system in selected barangays. -Provison of 3,000 units of toilet bowls covering 4,224,000.00 1 barangay in M'lang, 2 barangays in Kabacan, and 9 barangays in Sultan sa Barongis at PhP 1,408/unit. -Construction of 300 units of communal toilets in 1,200,000.00 M'lang, Datu Piang, Sultan sa Barongis, and SK Pendatun at PhP 4,000 per unit. -Distribution of 2,000 units of jetmatic water 8,000,000.00 pumps and piping/fitting system in 30 brgys at PhP 4,000/unit. Subtotal 42,307,000.00 E. Training Support (a) Conduct training on eight modules 8,375,000.00 Subtotal 8,375,000.00 F. Project Management Support 189,368,500.00 Subtotal 189,368,500.00 G. Consultancy Services 31,113,330.00 Subtotal 31,113,330.00 TOTAL 594,841,283.00

CONTINGENCY (15%) 89,226,192.45

GRAND TOTAL 684,067,475.45

4. Fund Disbursement Method

289. The grant and equity components of the funding assistance will be deposited as a trust fund in one of the government banks in the province, preferably the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP). Bank withdrawals and fund disbursement will be in accordance with prescribed government accounting and auditing procedures. All financial disbursements will be in accordance with the DIP of each project intervention.

5. Fund Collection System

290. Funding assistance to project partners is premised of the principle of no free ride. In this regard, the beneficiaries of livelihood support program will pay back to the LGU the capital cost (e.g. stocks and biologics) they received, either in cash or in kind, or depending on the MOA. For NRM project interventions, beneficiaries will give the LGU the equivalent value amounting to 30% share of the harvest for three harvest cycles or seasons.

291. The Municipal Treasurer will be in-charged of collecting the amortization payment from project beneficiaries with receipts, assisted by the PMUs and POs. A detailed fund collection system will be drawn up by the PMUs in consultation with project partners.

GEF Grant World Bank Loan

NATIONAL DOF

Municipal Finance DENR-FASPO Corporation

Interim DENR-ARMM DENR-Region PAMB 12

REGIONAL

10 LGUs LOCAL

RE-LENDING

PO PO PO PO PO PO

Figure 5. Flow Chart for Grant and Loan Funds.

6. Provision on Sustainable Financing and Cost Recovery

292. One limiting factor for the sustainability of conservation efforts is availability of funds. Experience in previous efforts to conserve the natural resources of a protected area show that appropriate strategies must be designed that will sustain conservation efforts. Based on this experience, the project has identified some strategies to promote sustainable financing of the conservation efforts in Ligawasan Marsh: • Seek a small share of budget appropriation from participating LGUs for the protection of Ligawasan through their Internal Revenue Allotment.

• Lobby for budget appropriations from the ARMM Legislative Assembly and the two provincial governments.

• Lobby for appropriations from Congress during the proclamation of the Ligawasan Marsh as a protected area.

• Collect a conservation fee from tourists visiting the wildlife and bird sanctuaries to be assisted under the project.

• Pursue potential revenue sources from printing post cards and royalties from new Ligawasan Marsh publications.

293. Part of the project cost recovery mechanism is to require project partners to pay the capital cost of livelihood projects (e.g. stocks and biologics), either in cash or in kind. The LGU may also charge a minimal interest on funds provided under the livelihood support project as part of the cost recovery mechanism. The cost recovery mechanism will be stipulated in the terms and conditions of the MOA between the PMU and the project partners.

H. Project Sustainability Plan

1. Sustainability Plan

294. Protecting the biodiversity of Ligawasan Marsh is a very complicated effort because of the physical, socio-cultural, and political constraints obtaining in the area. To ensure the sustainability of the project, participation of the POs in project implementation will be maximized. The officials and members of the POs and project partners will undergo the rigid process of social preparation. The required organizational structure, institutional arrangement, and policy support system will be established at the municipal and barangay levels to ensure that project operation will not be disrupted even after external financial support is withdrawn.

295. As part of the implementation strategy, project assistance will be extended to project partners in kind and not cash payment, following the principle of no free ride. Recipients of loans for livelihood activities will be required to return part of the capital to the LGU, either in cash or in kind, depending of agreements contained in the MOA. The project partners will be required to give the LGU 30% share from the proceeds of habitat

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 87 restoration projects for three consecutive harvests. This is needed to generate funds, which will be used by LGU to reach out to more beneficiaries.

2. Phase-out Plan

296. Based on the detailed implementation plan, all project interventions should have been established in all barangays by the 5th year. It is anticipated that strong and functional national and regional PMOs and municipal PMUs are in place to oversee and manage the various project activities. It is also anticipated that the implementing policies on natural resources management have been formulated with corresponding legislative support. All these are indicators that the phase-out period is already imminent.

297. As indicated in the projects CO framework, the phasing-out of the project will be done in a gradual manner. A gradual phase out will take place starting on the 4th year of project implementation when most project interventions have been completed. There will be a series of barangay assemblies and meetings to explore the possibility of unifying the different POs into one management council, which will oversee rehabilitation and protection activities at Ligawasan Marsh.

3. Sustainability Risks and Constraints Assessment

298. Active involvement of the POs in all aspects of the project development cycle is one factor that can make the project a truly sustainable undertaking. Full support of municipal officials and the presence of supporting structure and policies also count in the sustainability of the project.

299. Overall project sustainability, however, maybe influenced by other factors not anticipated during the project preparation stage. For the present project, there are a number of constraining factors that could risk the projects success and its prospects for sustainability. One is the presence of the MILF who may not support the project due to some practical implications. Improving the socioeconomic condition of the people in and around Ligawasan Marsh might weaken the support of the people the MILF has vowed to serve and protect. This development effort will also open up the marsh to the outside world which will not be favorable for the insurgency movement. It is expected that intensive social preparation within the CO framework will provide mitigating measure to this problem.

300. The Ligawasan Marsh is considered as having a rich deposit of natural gas. With the present economic reality facing the national government and for the sake of national interest, the present national leadership may support efforts to explore the natural gas reserve in the area. Some participants during the series of stakeholders consultation workshops had shown this growing apprehension. Efforts to protect and conserve the Ligawasan Marsh will be greatly benefited if these apprehensions are put to rest. Strong national support for the protection and conservation of the Ligawasan Marsh will deter any attempts at exploiting the alleged natural gas reserve in the area.

301. The priority development zone which will be covered by this investment program stretches over two provinces and two regions. This will have some serious management implications regarding the conservation and protection of Ligawasan Marsh. Change in

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 88 leadership in these two provinces will certainly affect the focus of development direction in the marsh. One effective measure to address this constraint is to set up an interim PAMB for Ligawasan Marsh. Provincial and municipal LGUs concerned may pass a joint legislation creating an interim PAMB to oversee the protection and conservation of Ligawasan Marsh. A nationally-created PAMB that is insulated from local political dynamics will be more appropriate.

302. The local political landscape is also a potential source of project instability. By the time the project proposal is approved and funded, there could be a change in political leadership or key personalities at the municipal and barangay levels. A change in the political landscape may result in a change in development priority. Local political landscape may, indeed, change but trained and empowered project staff and project partners will bring stability to project implementation. The bottom-up nature of the project and its heavy emphasis on social preparation and capability building will deter any disruptions in project implementation due to political dynamics.

303. Local residents confirmed a common observation that climatic and weather conditions in Mindanao had become erratic over the last ten years. This will pose some problems in the establishment and maintenance of various project interventions. With this, the proposed project does not discount the possibility that a typhoon or a long dry spell may occur causing the destruction of plantations. The proposal has anticipated this situation such that a replanting scheme is incorporated in the project design. Another measure taken to mitigate the risk from typhoon is diversification of crops or tree components of habitat restoration projects. Each tree species has its own degree of tolerance and/or resistance to environmental stress factors such that not all might be wipe out during an adverse climatic condition.

304. Finally, the project also considers market uncertainty as a possible source of risk and a problem for project sustainability. The project is expected to produce certain commodities and finished products whose present market demand is not yet well- established. These factors, however, should not deter or prevent the project from pursuing these interventions. A market analysis conducted for this project showed that these commodities and finished products have good market potential. The proposal has also looked into the possible support mechanism which can be provided by the DA, DTI, and other entities in the marketing aspect of commodities which will be pursued by project partners.

CHAPTER 4

PROJECT ANALYSIS AND JUSTIFICATION

A. Socio-Institutional Considerations

305. As discussed in the preceding section, most of the ten municipalities participating in the project had been the focus of development assistance by both local and international funding agencies. It is, however, apparent that there was a limited effort aimed at conserving and protecting the biodiversity of the Ligawasan Marsh. The proposed project aims to give greater priority to the conservation of the marsh which previous programs have failed to address.

306. The present proposal is based on the results of a series of consultations and dialogues with all the stakeholders, namely, the farmers, fisherfolks, youth, women, traditional and religious leaders, municipal and barangay officials, government agency officials, and academe, and NGOs. All of them perceive the same core problem of the unabated degradation of Ligawasan Marsh and the same concern for rehabilitating and protecting the marsh from further destruction. Results of the socioeconomic survey would further attest to this when 76.23% of the respondents expressed their support and willingness to participate in the protection of the marsh.

307. Also crucial to the success of any development program is the support of socio- political institutions at various levels. These institutions lend legitimacy to the program and give it the legal personality to seek the support it needs. Program legitimacy is achieved when the proposed program operates within the ambit of accepted development framework.

308. The relevance of the proposed project to local development concerns and strategies is well reflected in the PFPs of the Provinces of Maguindanao and North Cotabato. The PFPs of the two provinces envision an ecologically-balanced and environmentally stable Ligawasan Marsh, with potential for world-class tourism, and as a vibrant trading and industrial center in the Asia-Pacific Region. It also supports the thrusts and priorities of the NEDA Master Plan for Ligawasan Marsh, which calls for the protection and conservation of Ligawasan Marsh.

309. Interestingly, the CLUPs of the ten municipalities have also articulated and stressed the need to address the development concerns affecting the Ligawasan Marsh. They have also emphasized the need to maintain and ensure a reasonable ecological balance of its environment. The immediate objective of these municipalities is to protect the natural resources from further degradation and to mitigate their negative effects. It is also well-reflected in the CLUPs the need to improve agricultural productivity, promote and develop small-scale industries and other livelihood opportunities, and to improve the delivery of basic social services, particularly water supply.

310. Based on the above, we can conclude that the proposed project’s social acceptance and sustainability is most likely assured. The design of the project gives top priority to full stakeholder participation and social preparation and mobilization activities, which are expected to strengthen and prepare participating communities for the difficult task of sustaining project operations. Various project interventions, which will be implemented by project partners, were identified directly by the stakeholders during a series of stakeholder consultations and workshops. These were eventually formalized during the community planning workshop held in October 2004. The involvement of the community and different stakeholders in designing the project made sure that the proposed project interventions reflect the felt needs of the target beneficiaries. The stakeholders are expected, therefore, to develop that feeling of ownership of the project since they were part in the process of planning and designing these interventions.

311. The emphasis of the project on social preparation and mobilization also ensures the sustainability of the proposed project. The proposed project will give full emphasis on active involvement of newly formed POs and formation of needed structures at barangay level, where none exist at the moment. Provision of technical backstopping to these POs and project partners also safeguards project sustainability. Finally, the technical assistance component to be provided for each project intervention will answer the training requirement of project partners and implementors.

B. Market Analysis

312. The proposed project is expected to yield millions of pesos of commodities derived from habitat restoration interventions (e.g. mango, ipil-ipil, nipa, and libi) and the livelihood support projects (e.g. duck, goat, cattle, kalakat making, mat, food cover, etc.). It is, therefore, necessary to determine the market potential of these commodities in order to guide the project’s market development efforts. The following is a brief discussion of the market analysis for selected commodities:

1. Mango

313. The inclusion of mango in the upland reforestation activity under this project means expanding the production area for this commodity in Mindanao. It must be noted that Mindanao is one of the major mango producing centers after Pangasinan, Southern Tagalog, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, and Western Visayas. Overall, the country produced an estimated 787,083 metric tons (mt) of fresh mango in 1999 with an estimated area of 113,561 ha, which is lower than 1998 production of 950,070 mt. The drop in production can be attributed to lower yield of 6.93mt per ha in 1999 compared to 10.08 mt per ha in 1998.

314. The country’s mango is sold in both the local and international market. Local market of Mindanao’s mango goes as far as Visayas, notably Region VIII, Bicol Region, and Metro Manila. Exact volume sold in the local market, however, cannot be ascertained due to unavailable data. The world market offers a bright prospect for Philippine mango. World demand for mango has been increasing exhibiting an average growth rate of 8% annually for the period of 1996-1998. About 457,000 mt were imported by mango buyers in the world in 1998. The biggest importer of mango is the

United States importing an average of 185,000 mt annually. Asian market has been expanding, with China ranked second among top mango importers. Top importers from Europe include Netherlands, France, UK, Germany, and Belgium with an aggregate average volume of imported mango of 95,000mt annually.

315. The Philippines is the second largest world exporter of mango after Mexico, supplying 10% of the world demand in 1998. It was noted, however, that the country’s yearly export of mango has been fluctuating. Total export in 1999 was valued at US $41.7 million registering a 19% decline from its 1998 total of US $51.4 million. Hong Kong is the country’s biggest export market for fresh mango absorbing 76% of the total volume traded. However, the 1999 export to Hong Kong experienced a sharp decline in terms of volume because of poor local production. Japan is the second leading fresh mango market of the country absorbing 21% of the total export volume valued at US $12,470,000 in 1999. Although the export volume and value dropped by almost 10% from 1998, the Philippines continued to supply mangoes to more than half of the Japanese market.

316. Based on the above, one gets the impression that the international market promises a bright prospect for the project’s mango produce. About half of the project’s future mango production will target the aforementioned countries as its international market in order not to disrupt the local market, which is currently served by existing mango production area in the country. The market thrust of the project for this commodity received a boost with the opening of the additional 2,000mt quota for the Philippines by the United States in 2002. Trade analysts expect an increase in the US quota for the Philippines in succeeding years due to better eating quality of the country’s mangoes compared to those coming from Mexico. The Asian market remains to be a “captive” market for Philippine mangoes. Export volume to Hongkong, Japan, and other Asian countries suffered a decline in recent years due to poor local production. The project hopes to fill in the gap, especially in Hongkong, which is the gateway to the huge China market, which is second to the largest world importer of fresh mango after the United States.

317. Mango marketing is considered a complicated process since there are a number of middlemen or distribution channels involved. The LGU Project Management Unit (PMU), which will provide marketing assistance to the participating barangays, will play an important role in the marketing of mango. They may conduct direct negotiations with key players in the market, from distribution (e.g. traders, contract-buyers, sprayer- traders, assemblers-wholesalers, retailers, brokers/freight forwarders, etc.), to processors and to consumers (institutional buyers like hotels and restaurants and other end-users. The marketing efforts will be strengthened by the support from the DA and DTI.

2. Fuelwood

318. The project’s upland reforestation intervention requires the planting of ipil-ipil (Leaucaena) in combination with timber (narra) and fruit (mango) trees to serve as a shade tree and soil ameliorant. The ipil-ipil branches will be pruned every two years to give narra and mango more room for growth. Pruned ipil-ipil branches will be sold to derive income for the project partners. The market for the fuelwood will be the

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 92 neighboring areas of the project. Growing ipil-ipil for firewood is one way to reduce the dependence of inhabitants for their fuelwood supply on the wetland forest. For the charcoal produced from ipil-ipil, the commodity may be sold to industrial and commercial users in Davao City, Tacurong City, Koronadal City, General Santos City, and other urban centers. Marketing of pruned branches and charcoal will be done by the POs with assistance from the project and concerned government entities.

3. Cattle

319. Compared to the other livestock industries, the cattle industry is one of the least developed. Statistics show that the country has a total cattle population of 2.377 million heads as of 1998. The growth of the industry has been so slow that the national cattle inventory has revolved around the figure of 2 million for some time now. On the other hand, there is a stable demand for beef. In fact, the demand has been increasing as shown by the fact that the per capita consumption of beef has increased from 1.0 kg in 1983 to 1.58 kg in 1993. To meet the increasing demand, about 500,000 heads of cattle are slaughtered every year. These are mostly imported from Australia. If importations are not made the total cattle inventory, about 2 million will be exhausted in just about two years.

320. Results of the series of consultations with barangay residents during the field visits revealed that marketing has never been a problem among the cattle raisers in the area. Buyers come to buy their animals, however, farmers chose to sell their animal at the market which is near the farm, in order to get a good price. The availability of the markets in the neighboring towns and cities (i.e. Cotabato City, Tacurong, Koronadal, Gen San, Kidapawan, etc.) close to the project sites which are inter-connected by good roads give the farmer-producer a wide range of market for his/her animal.

321. The selling price of cattle in the area ranges from P10, 000.00 to P16, 000.00 per head, while beef which is usually available in the local markets in the morning is sold at P120.00 per kilo. However, the selling price of cattle in the nearby cities is higher, ranging from P 18,000.00 to P 20,000.00 per head, while beef is sold at P 130.00 to P 150.00 per kilo. The cattle fattened under the project will be sold at the Mini-Nucleus Growth Centers to be established under the project, which will be operated and managed by the cooperative. This will help eliminate middlemen and increase the income of producers.

322. Based on the above, the introduction of feedlot cattle fattening project in 23 barangays covering 460 households is not expected to experience any marketing problems. There is still a high demand for live cattle for slaughtering in the local markets to meet the increasing demand for beef. Key informants even opined that the number of cattle to be produced by the project is only enough to cater to the beef demand by the whole Mindanao especially the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), which because of religious preference puts a premium on beef.

4. Ducks

323. As proposed, duck raising for egg production will be implemented by the POs in 32 barangays. A total of 32 POs, each one raising 300 heads of ducks, or a total of 9,600 heads (approximately 8,000 females and 1,600 male ducks). With the assumption that the total number of eggs produced per duck annually is 200, the total number of eggs that will be produced on annual basis is estimated at 1.6 million eggs or an average of 133,334 per month, or 33,334 eggs per week, or a daily production of 4,762 eggs.

324. With the projected duck egg production, the basic issue is where to market the eggs. The Philippine duck inventory from 1991–2001 shows a total population of 9,986,803 heads. Of this total, about 7,810,034 or equivalent to 78.2% were raised by small-scale backyard operators while the remaining 21.8% or 2,176,769 ducks were raised by commercial-scale farms. The major shift in the total duck production is attributable to the development in the commercial duck sector.

325. The annual per capita consumption of duck eggs was 0.65kg (BAS, 2001). In the same year, the average production of egg was 47,197mt. In spite of this production, the country still imported, from 1991–2000, an average of 156.58mt of duck eggs mostly from China. Aside from the low level of consumption, another issue confronting the duck industry is the seasonal variations in demand and supply, resulting to fluctuating prices. The farm gate price of duck egg is highest in July (P2.55 per piece). On the other hand, the retail price is highest in September and December (P3.18 per piece) and lowest in April and May (P3.04 per piece) (BAS, 2001). The provinces of Sultan Kudarat and Maguindanao are among the ten top producers of duck eggs. The proposed intervention is expected to stabilize the demand and supply of duck eggs and prevent future importation of duck eggs from other countries.

5. Goat

326. The project is targeting to benefit 1,020 households from 35 barangays from ten priority municipalities. Each beneficiary will be provided with 10 does and one buck; with the does having already kidded at least once and the buck having mated before and have produced one or two offspring.

327. The assumption is that five of the ten animals will produce one kid each while the other five will have two kids each. Each beneficiary will be able to produce 15 goats per kidding. For the 1,020 households, a total of 15,300 goats is expected to be produced every kidding.

328. There is obviously a demand for goat in the local market, if live weight and goat meat prices are used as indicators. In the cities of Tacurong and Koronadal, the price of goat (liveweight) ranges from P 1,500 to P 1,800 per head while the price of goat’s meat ranges from P 130 to P 140 per kilo. These price levels are also observed in Cotabato City and nearby towns. Comparatively, on a per kilo price basis, beef is sold at P 150 while goat meat at P 130 which apparently presents no barrier for the demand for goat meat. This indicates that the demand for goat meat is as substantial as that for beef.

329. Six of the 10 priority municipalities are raising more goats than other meat animals including cattle, carabao, and swine. Of the remaining four municipalities, cattle ranks first, followed by goat, in terms of the number of goat raisers. This clearly manifests that there is a demand for goat meat and a wide range of market in the area. Further boosting the market potential of goat is the fact that part of Mindanao does not consume pork.

B. Economic and Financial Considerations

1. Habitat Restoration

330. Upland Reforestation. The proposed reforestation project is part of Datu Piang’s watershed area. The 180ha to be covered under this activity is planned to be a protection forest and free from harvesting or economic exploitation. The cost of establishing the upland reforestation project is P 8,164,260. This intervention calls for the planting of narra in combination with ipil-ipil and mango. The inclusion of narra in the intervention is expected to provide a stable root system for soil stabilization and ground water storage, while mango will provide cash income for the project partners aside from complementing the role of narra. Ipil-ipil is expected to provide additional cash income for the project partners from the sale of firewood aside from its role as shade tree or a soil ameliorant.

331. For purposes of determining the economic impact of this project intervention, the total economic value method will be used by identifying and determining the “used value” and “non-used value” associated with reforestation. The “used value” of the forest trees (i.e. narra and ipil-ipil) will be computed on the 15th year to be able to determine the economic/cash value of the timber stand. It does not mean to say, however, that the forest trees will be logged as it is intended as a protection forest. Benefits falling under “non-used value” category basically include additional income resulting from sale of non- timber or forest by-products. The following assumptions are derived as bases for determining the economic returns of this intervention:

(i) Only 80% of the trees are expected to survive upon reaching harvest age despite adoption of a replanting scheme;

(ii) Narra will have an average annual increment of 0.70cm in diameter and 0.69m in height. It is being estimated that about 15bft can be produced from each tree on the 15th year valued at P25/bft;

(iii) Mango will bear fruit on the 5th year. Only 75% of the surviving trees will bear fruit yielding 150 kg/tree upon reaching full-bearing age on the 9th year. First year of fruit-bearing (6th year) is only 20% of its full fruit-bearing potential of 150 kg/trees and with 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% fruit bearing on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th year, respectively. Fruit-bearing potential of mango will decline starting the 16th year. Harvested fruit will be sold at P10/kg farm gate price; and

(iv) The branches of ipil-ipil will be thinned starting on Year 6 and every two years thereafter until Year 12, for a total of four thinning operations. The number of ipil-ipil trees to be thinned decreases by 10% every thinning

operation. The following yield assumptions are made per thinning operation:

Table 11. Survival Rates and Number of Trees, between Year 6 and 12 Year Survival Rate No. of Trees Value of Yield Per (%) Tree 6 80 239,760 P 10 8 70 209,880 P 15 10 60 179,820 P 20 12 50 149,940 P 25 Source: Winrock Consultants estimate, 2004

Table 12. Projected Value of Production and Incremental Benefits from Upland Reforestation. Tree Species Total Incremental Year Narra Mango* Ipil-ipil** Benefits 6 - 3,969,000 2,397,600 6,366,600 7 - 7,938,000 - 7,938,000 8 - 11,907,000 3,148,200 15,055,200 9 19,845,000 - 19,845,000 10 - 19,845,000 3,596,000 23,441,000 11 - 19,845,000 - 19,845,000 12 - 19,845,000 3,748,500 23,593,500 13 - 19,845,000 - 19,845,000 14 - 19,845,000 - 19,845,000 15 59,940,000 19,845,000 - 79,785,000 Source: Winrock Consultants estimate, 2004.

* The cost of production of mango is 50% of the gross production value according to sources in the internet. **The cost of gathering and preparing the ipil-ipil fuelwood is 25% of the gross production value.

332. Based on the foregoing assumptions, the project is expected to derive about six million pesos (P 6,366,000) worth of products from the upland reforestation project, during the 6th year, from the sale of mango fruits and fuelwood. The value of produce from upland reforestation intervention is expected to increase in succeeding years as mango trees reach their full-bearing potential.

333. Riverbank Protection and Stabilization. The proposed riverbank protection and stabilization (RPS) project will cover an estimated river length of 23km—distributed as follows: (i) 18km from barangay Balong to Dasawao along Rio Grande River, and (ii) 5km from the Poblacion to Pandi along Dambalas River. A 7.5m easement on each side of the river will be placed under RPS. Locally adapted and indigenous vegetative cover and/or tree species will be used.

334. The proposed riverbank protection and stabilization area will be planted to kawayan tinik (Bambusa bulmeana.), pandan tinik (Pandanus sp.), and anahaw

(Livistonia rotundiflora). It is assumed that these plant species will only have an 80% survival rate by the time they reached productive stage.

335. Harvesting of pandan tinik will start in Year 4. By that time, it is being assumed that there are 18,400 pandan tinik plants with harvestable leaves for the entire riverbank stabilization project. The projected yield is 40 leaves per plant per year to be sold at P 1 per leaf. Total value of production each year starting Year 4 is estimated to be P 736,000.

Table 13. Projected Value of Production from Riverbank Protection and Stabilization. Projected Value of Production (P) Total Incremental Year Pandan Tinik Anahaw Kawayan Tinik Benefits 4 736,000 - - 736,000 5 736,000 368,000 552,000 1,656,000 6 736,000 368,000 552,000 1,656,000 7 736,000 368,000 552,000 1,656,000 8 736,000 368,000 552,000 1,656,000 9 736,000 368,000 552,000 1,656,000 10 736,000 368,000 552,000 1,656,000 11 736,000 368,000 552,000 1,656,000 12 736,000 368,000 552,000 1,656,000 13 736,000 368,000 552,000 1,656,000 14 736,000 368,000 552,000 1,656,000 15 736,000 368,000 552,000 1,656,000 Source: Winrock Consultants estimates, 2004

336. Anahaw and kawayan tinik will be harvested starting on Year 5. There will be about 7,360 anahaw trees with harvestable leaves from the entire riverbank stabilization area. The projected harvest is 50 leaves per tree per year starting on Year 5. Each leaf will be sold at P 1. Projected value of production for the 23-km riverbank stabilization project is P 368,000 every year.

337. For kawayan tinik, there will be 7,360 bamboo hills planted for the entire riverbank stabilization area with harvestable poles. Yearly harvest starting on Year 5 is three poles per hill or 22,080 poles for the whole stabilization area. Each pole will be sold at P 25 for a gross production value of P 552,000 yearly.

338. Based on Table 14, the riverbank stabilization project will generate a total production from its crop components valued at P 18,952,000 from Year 4 to Year 15. The cost of establishing the 23-km riverbank stabilization project is P 994,773. In addition to the income stream from these crops, the project’s main non-monetary benefit is the expected stabilization of river embankment and reduction in soil erosion, resulting in the protection of hundreds of hectares along the river from flooding. The subproject intervention will also provide opportunities that could spin off to other livelihood development activities, such as mat making and handicraft-making. WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 97

339. Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR). Approximately 660ha of wetland forest will be placed under assisted natural regeneration intervention using talisay, putat, and bangkal. Total density is 200 trees per ha broken down as follows: (i) Talisay: 100 seedlings/ha; (ii) Bangkal: 50 seedlings/ha; and (iii) Putat: 50 seedlings/ha. This means that the 660ha placed under ANR will have a total of 66,000 talisay trees, 33,000 bangkal trees, and 33,000 putat trees. An 80% survival rate is assumed for the three tree species.

340. It is assumed that about 15bft can be produced from each tree on the 15th year valued at P 25/bft. However, these tree species are not to be cut as they are meant to provide habitat and sanctuary for the various bird and other fauna in the marsh. By the 15th year, the remaining tree population is assumed at 105,600 trees with approximately 15bft per tree. Total value of the remaining tree population is P 39,600,000. The total cost of establishing the ANR intervention is P 22,070,400.

341. Other non-monetary benefits of this intervention include improved habitat conditions for birds and other wildlife resulting in higher population and more diverse species of birds and other wildlife, and improvement in the micro-climate in the marsh. All these non-monetary benefits will, therefore, promote the biodiversity in the marsh.

342. Wetland Forest Restoration. Recognizing the importance of wetland forest in the maintenance of biodiversity in the marsh, the project is proposing the restoration of the wetland forest in the herbaceous swamp facing the municipalities of Pikit, Pagagawan, and Pagalungan. The proposed area for this intervention is 2,000ha out of the estimated 6,300ha of herbaceous swamp surrounding the wetland forest. This will require the planting of the same tree species which will be used in the ANR intervention, namely, talisay, bangkal, and putat. The same planting distance and tree arrangement will be adopted for a total tree density of 200 trees/ha. This means that 2,000ha being proposed for this intervention will have a total of 200,000 talisay trees, 100,000 bangkal trees, and 100,000 putat trees. An 80% survival rate is assumed for the three tree species.

343. It is assumed that about 15bft can be produced from each tree on the 15th year valued at P 25/bft. However, these tree species are not to be cut as they are meant to provide habitat and sanctuary for the various bird and other fauna in the marsh. By the 15th year, the remaining tree population is assumed at 320,000 trees with approximately 15 bft per tree. Total value of the remaining tree population is P 120,000,000. The total cost of establishing this intervention is P 66,880,000.

344. Similar to ANR, the other significant non-monetary benefits from this intervention include improved habitat conditions resulting to higher population and more diverse species of birds and other wildlife and improvement in the micro-climate in the marsh. All these non-monetary benefits will, therefore, promote the biodiversity in the marsh.

345. Buffer Zone Reforestation. This intervention will be undertaken around the wetland forest to establish a buffer zone between the wetland forest and the built-up area. Out of the estimated area of 6,300ha of herbaceous swamp, only 2,000ha will be placed under this intervention. Tree species which will be used for this intervention are

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 98 nipa and libi. Planting distance to be observed is 8m x 8m yielding a tree density of 156 seedlings/ha. Alternate strip planting of these tree species will be followed. An 80% survival rate is also assumed for both tree species or 62 trees each of nipa and libi. The 2,000ha of herbaceous swamp placed under this intervention will have a total of 124,000 trees each of nipa and libi.

348. Nipa leave will be ready for harvest after three (3) years. It is assumed that each tree will yield two harvestable leaves per tree per week or eight leaves per tree every month. The total harvestable number of leaves annually is 96 leaves per tree or 11,904,000 leaves for the whole buffer zone area. Nipa leaves, which are used as roofing material, will be sold at a farm gate price of P 0.50 for a gross value of production of P 5,952,000. This computation of the production value of nipa does not include harvestable leaves from matured suckers produced by the mother trees, which will add more income to farmers.

349. Libi can be harvested seven (7) years after planting. By this time, libi trees have already attained a height of 10 to 11 meters and a harvestable sago of 100kg to 200kg valued at an average of P 1,000 per tree. This means that the 2,000ha buffer zone reforestation will have a total value of production of sago of P 124,000,000. Harvesting of sago will be done every year starting the 7th year up to the 16th year. Area to be harvested each year will be limited to only 200ha to prevent deforestation of the area. This will also give second-growth libi trees from the suckers of the mother tree to grow and mature. The yearly production value of libi from the 200ha is P 12,400,000.

350. The buffer zone reforestation intervention is also expected to yield other non- monetary benefits that include improved habitat condition for birds and other wildlife, increase in the population of birds and other wildlife, improvement in the micro-climate in the marsh. All these non-monetary benefits will therefore promote the biodiversity in the marsh.

2. Environment-Friendly Livelihood Support

351. The proposed investment program for Ligawasan Marsh has eight livelihood support projects. These livelihood projects are intended to provide alternative and supplementary source of income to lessen the pressure on the natural resources f the marsh cause by the marsh inhabitants. The following is a brief presentation of their benefit stream.

352. Duck Raising. Duck raising is proposed as an alternative and supplementary source of income for households in about 32 barangays in Ligawasan Marsh. The target barangays, where duck raising will be carried out, provide favorable conditions for this livelihood undertaking with the availability of a body of water and feed supply therein. This livelihood project can greatly help ease the pressure on the continued depletion and destruction of the natural resources of Ligawasan Marsh.

353. There is no doubt that duck raising is one livelihood activity that is adaptable to the “waterline” barangays of Ligawasan Marsh as we found out in the socioeconomic survey and several stakeholder consultations. There are, in fact, some residents who raise a few ducks either for meat or egg purpose. It may be safely said that duck raising

354. The proposed duck raising project will be implemented by the POs in all 32 barangays. Each PO will raise 300 ducks for egg production, comprising 250 ready-to- lay ducks and 50 ready-to-breed drakes. With the assumption that the total egg production per duck in one year is 200, the total number of eggs that will be produced in one year is approximately 1,600,000 or an average of 133,334 per month, or 33,334 eggs per week, or 4,762 eggs daily. On the second year of laying, the total number of eggs expected to be produced is about or 18,800 eggs per 100 heads. The total cost of production is P 45,227.50 for the first year and P 29,227.50 for the second year. The net income stands at P 10,772.50 on the first year increasing to P 26,232.50 on the second year.

355. Goat Raising. The project is targeting 1,020 households from 35 barangays, all from the ten priority municipalities as beneficiaries of the goat raising project. Each household will be provided with 10 does which have already given birth (kidded) once, and one buck, which had sired offspring at least once to indicate ability to breed and a sign of fertility.

356. The animals will be bred and five does will produce one kid each, while the other five foes are expected to produce two kids each. Each beneficiary, therefore, will have 15 goats per kidding. The beneficiary will raise these kids which may be sold after 6 to 7 months at P 1,500 per head. This will give them a gross income of P 22,500 which is not yet enough to recoup the capital investment of P 33,230 which includes the cost of acquiring the parent animals. It is expected, however, that a net income of P 9,270 will be realized by the households on the second kidding and onward from the sale of the kids.

357. Backyard Feedlot Cattle Fattening. This project intervention will be implemented in 23 barangays involving 460 households. Each beneficiary will be provided with one feeder stock (cattle) aged 1½ years old and weighing from 150 to 200kg. The animals will be fed for about six months in solitary confinement, after which it will be sold to generate income.

358. With an expected average daily gain of 0.7-1.0kg, each animal is expected to gain 144kg for the whole feeding period of six months. The expected final body weight of the feeder stock will be from 294kg to 344kg. Assuming that the final body weight of the feeder stock is 344kg, the gross income from this project intervention is P 18,420 per household. The net income of each household beneficiary is P 3, 120. The total cost of production is P 15,300.

359. Mat Making. The Ligawasan Marsh contains plenty of local materials which can be used for mat making. Mat-weaving is a traditional skill among Maguindanaoan women, using local materials from the Ligawasan Marsh, such as buri, balabak, sidsid, and tambilil. They weave mats as a novelty item that has a good market demand locally.

360. About 30 households in each of the nine barangays in four municipalities in Ligawasan Marsh will be involved in this project for a total of 270 households. Each beneficiary will be provided with the necessary tools for in mat weaving to enhance the

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 100 quality of the product. The raw materials will be obtained locally from the habitat restoration interventions to be promoted under the project.

361. To start up with this intervention, each beneficiary will be provided with a capitalization of P 12,700 to defray the cost of constructing a weaving area and the cost of procuring tools. An additional amount of P 580 will also be made available for the raw materials every week and thereafter or P 2,320 on a monthly basis. The total capitalization per beneficiary is P 13,280 during the initial week. Each beneficiary is expected to generate a net income of P 995 per week or P 3,280 per month.

362. Kalakat/Amakan Making. There is obviously a local market demand for kalakat/amakan (made of oil palm fronds or thin bamboo strips) in the area as indicated by the type of houses in the area and the number of households who are involved in this livelihood activity. The increasing demand for kalakat/amakan in the area is primarily due to increasing cost of plywood made of processed round logs. Weavers produce plain or decorative 4sqm x 8sqm-sized plyboard with various shapes and designs like diamond, victory, and octagonal.

363. The project aims to provide a sustainable income for target households in the municipalities of Mlang and Datu Piang by utilizing available raw materials from oil palm and bamboo. A total of 40 households in two barangays will be involved in this livelihood activity. The capitalization required per household is P 12,865 for fixed costs covering workshop area and tools, P 320 recurring cost for raw materials, and P 635 for labor. Beneficiaries will earn a net income of P 395 daily, or P 2,765 weekly, or P 11,850 monthly.

D. Economic and Financial Analysis

1. Economic Analysis

364. There are seven habitat restoration interventions proposed under this investment proposal. Valuation of the costs and benefits was done using market prices which the Consultant Team was able to obtain in the project area. Other sources were also used to establish market prices like periodicals, market bulletin, the internet, published and privately-held statistics about prices for both national and international markets. With these various sources of determining market prices, the team was fairly convinced that there was not much significant difference or distortion in the prices of goods and services involved in the implementation of the habitat restoration interventions. This conclusion was guided by the principle that market price is the best approximation of the true value of goods or services that are widely bought and sold, hence, it will be the best price to use in valuing either a cost or benefit.

365. The economic indicators used were Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), Environmental Internal Rate of Return (EIRR), and Net Present Value (NPV) (see Annex 25 for the economic and financial analyses. For any project to pass the economic feasibility test, its BCR must be equal to or above one, and it must have high EIRR, and high and positive NPV. The BCR gives one an idea on the amount or value of benefits for every peso invested while the NPV enables one to look into the future values of benefits at present

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 101 time. A project passes the EIRR test if the EIRR value generated is greater than or equal to the prevailing interest rate. The following formulas were used to compute the aforementioned indicators:

PV of Benefits BCR = ______

PV of Cost

where PV stands for Present Value

NPV = PV OF Benefits – PV of Cost

where PV stands for Present Value

366. The economic analyses of the habitat restoration projects all yielded very favorable results based on the economic feasibility criteria, except for the ANR and wetland forest restoration. In the first place these two interventions are primarily intended to improve the habitats for birds and other fauna to increase their population and the number of other species that will be encouraged to reside there.

367. In terms of BCR, upland reforestation, riverbank protection and stabilization, and buffer zone reforestation yielded 1.50, 7.47, 7.66 which means that these projects are worth investing in because of the estimated high benefits or returns (Table 15). It does not mean to say, however, that ANR and wetland forest restoration are not economically feasible projects in terms of BCR. The low BCR values for these interventions are due to the fact that the “used value” of the forest trees was computed only on the 15th year in order to determine the cash value of the timber stand, although because of the primary purpose of improving the habitats, these interventions will not be cut and will be under strict and complete no-cur category.

368. In terms of the NPV, all habitat restoration projects, except for ANR and wetland forest restoration, registered high positive values which are indicative of the projects’ worth over 15 years. Negative NPV values for the two aforementioned projects are due to the fact that that the value of the tree species will only be computed only after 15 years and no yearly incremental benefits were considered.

369. Despite low BCR and negative values, ANR and wetland forest restoration registered high internal rates of returns of 25.60% and 25.50%, respectively. The other three habitat restoration projects registered even higher internal rates of return which is not surprising due to their higher BCR and NPV values.

Table 14. Results of the Economic Analysis on Habitat Restoration Interventions. Economic Indicators Habitat Restoration Interventions BCR EIRR NPV Assisted Natural Regeneration 0.15 25.60 (31,063,641) Wetland Forest Restoration 0.32 25.50 (35,404,898) Buffer Zone Reforestation 7.66 29.40 288,101,165 Riverbank Protection and Stabilization 7.47 36.85 5,020,137

Community-Based Upland Reforestation 1.50 28.50 16,160,380 Wildlife/Bird Sanctuary - - - Mixed Tree Planting - - - Source: Winrock Consultant Estimates, 2004

2. Financial Analysis

370. The proposed Medium-Term Investment Program for Ligawasan Marsh has seven livelihood support projects which were subjected to financial analysis, namely, duck raising, smallholder goat raising, backyard feedlot cattle fattening, mat-weaving, kalakat/amakan making, pandan hat making, and food cover making. The purpose of the analysis is to determine the level of profitability of these projects and capability of project partners to meet their financial obligations. In addition to BCR, IRR and NPV, other indicators used were Return on Investment (ROI) and Payback Period (PP). The ROI is a useful tool in determining the proportion of earnings with the total investment cost while the PP enables one to assess the number of years required to recoup the original investment. A project passes the ROI test with higher ROI values while a project with shorter PP is more desired (Annex 26 shows the economic and financial analyses for the seven livelihood subprojects).

371. All seven livelihood projects registered high values as follows: (i) high NPVs, high ROIs, and high IRRs; (ii) BCR higher than 1.0; and (c) shorter PPs. Of the seven livelihood projects, mat-weaving registered the highest BCR value of 1.8. Kalakat making, on the other hand, had the highest NPV at P 113,427, highest IRR at 132.55, highest ROI at 532%, and shortest payback period of 0.19. The favorable results of the financial analysis only indicate the feasibility of investing in these project interventions.

Table 15. Results of the Financial Analysis of Livelihood Support Projects. Financial Indicators Environment-Friendly Livelihood Projects BCR FIRR ROI NPV PP Duck Raising 1.47 97.20 41% 29,621 2.44 Smallholder Goat Raising 1.10 88.95 42% 4,846 2.40 Backyard Feedlot Cattle Fattening 1.20 75.95 200% 2,399 4.90 Mat-weaving 1.80 132.50 183% 30,748 0.54 Kalakat/Amakan Making 1.36 132.55 532% 113,427 0.19 Pandan Hat Making 1.50 132.55 468% 95,752 1.90 Food Cover Making 1.33 132.50 93% 9,674 1.10 Source: Winrock Consultants estimates, 2004

E. Environmental Considerations

372. The Ligawasan Marsh is home to endemic and threatened birds and other fauna. Because of its relatively expansive swamp forests, it is identified as an important wetland site of many water bird species like herons, egrets, rails, shorebirds, and ducks. The

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 103 marsh is also the last stronghold for the endemic and endangered Philippine crocodile and supports at least 33 species of freshwater fishes.

373. The existence of these important fauna and fish species is, however, threatened by the degradation of Ligawasan Marsh. The original flora in the area had been largely altered due to considerable human encroachment and land use conversion for agricultural purposes. Field observations also confirm that swamp forest sites, which provide important habitat to birds and other animal species, have been degraded and are no longer intact.

374. Degradation of Ligawasan Marsh is brought about by both on-site and off-site threats. On-site threats consist of subsistence-based destructive resource utilization (e.g. illegal fishing, illegal cutting of wetland swamp forest, collecting wildlife and eggs, indiscriminate bird hunting, and conversion of habitats to agricultural lands), poor environmental practices (e.g. dumping of wastes in the river causing pollution, unregulated use of inorganic fertilizer and chemicals, weak enforcement of environmental laws, uncoordinated policies of government agencies, and introduction of exotic fish species), and incompatible infrastructure project (i.e. cut-off channel in Pagalungan). Off-site threats to Ligawasan Marsh consist of slash-and-burn farming in the upland watershed, conversion of mangrove area in Cotabato City, excessive use of chemicals by commercial plantations, poisonous tailings from mining operations, dumping of wastes (plastic and non-degradable materials) in the river, and lack of clearing of debris in rivers and waterways.

375. The proposed Medium-Term Investment Program for Ligawasan Marsh is deemed to provide the desired interventions in order to address the aforementioned threats. Obviously, the habitat restoration plan of this proposal is such that favorable impacts are generated and maximized. No adverse environmental impact is foreseen to occur as a result of project implementation. The following means of control of soil erosion has been incorporated in the habitat restoration plan, namely, ANR of the wetland forest, wetland forest restoration in herbaceous swamps, buffer zone reforestation, establishment of bird/wildlife sanctuary, riverbank protection and stabilization, upland reforestation, and mixed tree planting. These interventions are designed to facilitate the restoration of the biodiversity of Ligawasan Marsh.

F. Organizational Feasibility Analysis

376. There will be three (3) levels of management for implementing the project, namely, national, regional, and local levels. At the national level, the DENR will establish a national PMO, which will be responsible for the overall administration and coordination of the project. Since the project covers two regions, the DENR will work with the existing DENR offices there, the DENR-ARMM based in Cotabato City, and Region XII based in Koronadal City. Each regional office will establish a small support group using their organic staff. Their primary role is to support the activities of the interim PAMB, which will provide direction and guidelines, particularly policies affecting the establishment of

Ligawsan Marsh as a PA. With the assistance of PAWB, the most important output during the implementation of the five-year investment project is getting a Presidential Proclamation proclaiming the Ligawasan as a PA.

377. At the local level, each participating municipalities will establish it own PMU using the LGUs organic staff. The PMU will be responsible for project implementation in their part of the project area in collaboration with the beneficiaries and POs.

378. Considering the varied technical expertise required to implement various project interventions, the project will hire a Technical Assistance (TA) group to provide the pool of consultants for technical backstopping at the national, regional and local levels. The TA will have a parallel structure from the national to the regional level headed by a national Team Leader and a Regional Project Coordinator. The Team Leader and the Regional Project Coordinator will be assisted by a team of subject matter specialists who will provide technical backstopping to the DENR regional staff and PMU staff.

379. To implement the investment program, two fund sources will be sought, namely, (i) the GEF grant for the conservation and protection of biodiversity of Ligawasan Marsh, and (ii) loan funds from the World Bank for the livelihood and small rural infrastructure activities. The GEF grant fund will be managed by the DENR-FASPO in Manila which will open a PMO. Funds intended to support the work of the interim PAMB to be based at DENR Region XII at Koronadal City will be channeled through the two DENR-PAWB Offices: the DENR-PAWB, ARMM, and the DENR-PAWB, Region XII. The rest of the GEF grant funds intended for habitat restoration and other activities under the different components of the project will be administered by the PMO and will be paid directly to the PMUs to be established in ten municipalities.

380. The loan funds from the World Bank will be managed directly by the Municipal Finance Corporation (MFC) of the Ministry of Finance. The MFC will responsible for relending of World Bank loans to ten LGUs. The funds will be managed by the PMUs of ten municipalities based on the annual work plans to be submitted and approved by the PMO.

381. From the aforementioned, the project will adopt a modified type of organizational design where the administrative and technical supervision are lodged under two separate structures. It also tries to avoid the traditional regional project management structure, as a separate organizational entity, to do away with the usual bureaucratic red tape. The DENR Regional Office may instead decide which among its exiting divisions will have administrative jurisdiction over the project. At the municipal level, the project will make use of the existing organic staff of the LGU. This type of organizational design has the advantage of bypassing onerous financial management system, it is insulated from political maneuverings, it provides the municipal LGUs with greater financial control, and enables project staff to deliver desired goods and services because of concentration of authority on the project management through the PMU. To enhance the operational feasibility and sustainability of the project, training and capacity building support will be provided to all project staff and beneficiaries. The TA component of the project is expected to prepare the project staff in proper management of the project while equipping project partners with technical know-how on various project interventions. Other than those mentioned above, the present system and procedures governing the

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 105 implementation of foreign-assisted projects will be followed to enhance the smooth operation of the project. Formulation of WFP and DIPs will serve as the basis for fund releases and fund disbursement, respectively

382. Strong PO participation will help ensure the success of the project. The presence, therefore, of strong POs will add up to the project’s operational feasibility. The autonomous nature of the POs in the project is envisioned to make them stronger and free from the LGU’s regulatory function or control. The ability of the POs to implement the different project interventions with minimal assistance from the project management will lessen the burden on PMU project staff and enable them to do useful resource networking and viable marketing of products.

G. Analysis of Project Externalities

383. The proposed project appears to be feasible based on technical, financial, economic, marketing, organizational, social, and environmental considerations. The project is also expected to produce positive impacts for project beneficiaries. However, the proposed project may also generate some spillover effects that could positively or negatively affect other groups external to the project. This section attempts to identify and describe possible project externalities that may occur in order to anticipate, address, and mitigate their adverse impacts. Among the positive externalities expected include:

(i) One long-term positive impact of the project is the restoration of the habitats and restoration of biodiversity to the Ligawasan Marsh. The various habitat restoration interventions, namely, ANR, wetland forest restoration, buffer zone reforestation, riverbank stabilization and protection, wildlife/bird sanctuary, upland reforestation, together with the environmental education awareness program, social preparation and mobilization, and others will greatly contribute to the rapid restoration of the biodiversity of Ligawasan Marsh;

(ii) The riverbank stabilization and protection, and upland reforestation will also address the problem of soil erosion and sedimentation of the marsh and clogged waterways aside from providing habitat to important birds and fauna. The first three interventions, namely, ANR, wetland forest restoration, and buffer zone reforestation will restore the vegetative forest cover of the marsh which had been effectively removed after years of unabated destruction. These interventions will result in improved wildlife habitat conditions and improved micro-climate in the marsh;

(iii) On-site and off-site environmental interventions are expected to reduce the rate of soil erosion in the upland watersheds surrounding the marsh and on arable lands along rivers and various tributaries inside the marsh. The heavy sedimentation results in increased build-up of land. It should be noted that the “waterline” barangays fronting the Ligawasan Marsh are the ones most affected by the sedimentation of the rivers and tributaries as it leads to more frequent flooding during heavy rains because of these built-up areas. Continuous erosion of soil surface in these areas is due to the lack of vegetative cover and root WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 106

systems which protect the top soil from excess run-off water during heavy rains. Eroded soil particles are washed away and deposited to the bottom of creeks, rivers, and tributaries resulting in sedimentation and elevation of riverbeds that eventually lead to flooding of the lowlands.

(iv) With the success of proposed habitat restoration interventions, namely buffer zone reforestation and riverbank stabilization, the participants will have alternative sources of income. Consequently, destruction of the swamp forest and vegetation of the marsh will be greatly reduced which will positively impact the biodiversity of the marsh;

(v) The project also offers bright prospects for the development of other livelihood and entrepreneurial activities in the area resulting in higher and sustainable income among households. Maintenance of intercrops like bamboo, anahaw, pandan tinik, and ipil-ipil will require employment of hired labor thereby providing new sources of income source for other households. Mango is expected to start producing on the 6th year and will also open up business opportunities in processing, trading and distribution, etc. The various livelihood activities such as raising of goats for meat, ducks for egg production, cattle for fattening for profit, and weaving of mats, kalakat polyboard, and native hats and food cover making, to be introduced by the project will surely encourage other households to follow suit. New opportunities will also come, such as the opening of veterinary and related industries and businesses needed to support these livelihood activities. With the development of the Wildlife/Bird Sanctuary project, other sectors will also benefit as manifested by the opening of sari-sari and novelty stores that cater to the needs of the local tourists and students from various schools. The transport sector is also expected to benefit from the project and so with the OSYs who would be encouraged to participate in livelihood projects of interest to them or they may be tapped as local tour guides;

(vi) Other groups who are not direct stakeholders of the marsh (e.g. academe, NGOs, etc.) are also expected to benefit from this project in terms of opportunities for professional development and consultancy work, such as the competitive grant funds for off-site and on-site research to address environmental problems affecting the deterioration of the marsh.

384. As emphasized in the preceding section, the proponents of this project do not expect adverse environmental impacts resulting from the various interventions since only those interventions which satisfied the criteria will be financed under the project. The ecosystem management component of this proposal has been designed such that favorable environmental impacts are generated and maximized.

385. It is, however, not being discounted that the project might yield some negative externalities. These may include the following:

(i) Additional land planted to mango might result in some distortions in the existing marketing system of the commodity. Increased mango production might result in price depression that could affect those involved in the production and

trading of this commodity. To mitigate this potential problem, the project will attempt to open up markets abroad and in other regions of the country with the assistance of participating government agencies. The American and Asian markets provide bright prospects for the country’s mango industry;

(ii) As more people become involved in duck raising, goat raising, and feedlot cattle fattening, animal waste disposal may cause significant concerns in selected communities. It might ultimately affect air quality and health of other people who are directly involved in these activities. The project is aware of this and will institute safe environmental measures to address these concerns like proper waste disposal, organic farming/composting, regulation, etc.;

(iii) Aside from the aforementioned, another possible negative impact of intensified animal raising activities is the destruction of the vegetative cover of the marsh if participants do not follow the requirement of raising goats on raised pens and tethered cattle for fattening, and growing their own legume trees and other grasses to feed their animals. Cattle and goat require good amount of feedstuff especially grasses. On the other hand, ducks might feed on fingerlings in the marsh;

(iv) Most of the Ligawasan Marsh inhabitants do not own the land that they are occupying, either their farm lot or their home lot. Development interventions in Ligawasan Marsh may also result in land speculation leading to the displacement of the present inhabitants; and

(v) The marsh is considered as the stronghold of the MILF rebellion. Any development in the area would need their full participation and agreement so that close consultation with their leaders will be needed at the start of project implementation.

H. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

386. An analysis of the project’s technical, financial, economic, organizational, and social acceptability all yielded favorable results which are indications that this undertaking will succeed given the required conditions and support from the different stakeholders. Overall project sustainability, however, maybe influenced by factors such as: (i) presence of the MILF in the project area and how they will react to the proposed project, (ii) urgency of establishing the interim PAMB to deter any incompatible utilization of the Ligawasan Marsh natural resources, (iii) change in political landscape, (iv) adverse climatic condition, and (v) market uncertainty.

Table 1. Summary of the Number of Households in the Master List and Number of Respondents Interviewed. Total Number of 30% Sample Distribution of Respondents Households in the Respondent Percentage Size Master List

Municipality of Paglat Dumakling 93 28 20 17.7 Itdig 213 64 93 82.36 Sub-total 306 92 113 100.00

Municipality of Tulunan Dungos 334 100 28 13.73 Galidan 204 61 126 61.76 Popoyon 190 57 50 24.51 Sub-total 728 218 204 100.00

Municipality of Mlang Dugong 610 183 183 47.66 Dunguan 522 157 129 33.59 Guanan 115 34 72 18.75 Sub-total 1,247 374 384 100.00

Municipality of SSB Langgapangan 193 58 28 5.75 Tugal 474 142 86 17.66 Gadungan 320 96 96 19.71 Angkayamat 317 95 95 19.51 Bulod 420 126 111 22.79 Papakan 278 83 71 14.58 Sub-total 2002 600 487 100.00

Municipality of SKP Bulod 373 112 72 7.16 Kulasi 159 47 42 4.18 Kaladturan 194 58 32 3.18 Lao-lao 150 45 98 9.75 Lower Idtig 131 39 39 3.88 Midpandakan 180 54 52 5.17 Makainis 189 57 54 5.37 Panasolen 343 103 103 10.25 Pidtiguian 190 57 58 5.77 Badak 777 233 259 25.77 Lasangan 492 148 147 14.63 Lumabao 331 99 49 4.88 Sub-total 3509 1052 1005 100.00

Municipality of Datu Montawal Bulod 236 71 71 30.87 Dunguan 227 68 68 29.57 Talapas 158 47 48 20.87 Talitay 141 42 43 18.7 Sub-total 762 228 230 100.01

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Table 1. (Continuation) Total Number of 30% Sample Distribution of Respondents Households in the Respondent Percentage Size Master List

Municipality of Pagalungan Bagoenged 114 34 34 14.29 Buliok 174 52 52 21.85 Kudal 124 37 38 15.97 Kalbugan 379 114 114 47.90 Sub-total 791 237 238 100.00

Municipality of Pikit Bagu Enged 135 40 40 4.63 Barungis 251 75 77 8.92 Buliok 364 109 113 13.09 Bulod 129 39 46 5.33 Bulol 178 53 52 6.03 Kabasalan 268 80 80 9.27 Katilakan 76 23 26 3.01 Kulambog 191 57 57 6.60 Langayen 190 57 57 6.60 Makasendeg 179 54 53 6.14 Paido Pulangi 205 62 73 8.46 Punol 215 77 68 7.88 Rajah Muda 208 62 72 8.34 Talitay 142 43 49 5.68 Sub-total 2731 831 863 100.00 GRAND TOTAL 14,350 4,315 4,207 - PERCENTAGE 100.00 30.07 29.32 -

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Table 2. Age Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents per Municipality. Age Bracket Distribution of Respondents No Below 20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 Above 80 Total Response Frequency Municipality of Paglat Dumakling - - 2 4 4 4 2 2 - 1 - - - - 1 20 Itdig - 6 18 10 14 16 12 5 7 1 1 - 1 - 2 93 Total - 6 20 14 18 20 14 7 7 2 1 - 1 - 3 113 Percentage - 5.31 17.70 12.39 15.93 17.70 12.39 6.19 6.19 1.77 0.88 - 0.88 - 2.65 100.00

Municipality of Tulunan Dungos 1 - 1 6 4 5 2 2 3 - 1 1 - - 2 28 Galidan 2 16 17 22 15 21 10 9 7 4 1 - 2 - - 126 Popoyon - 4 5 8 9 6 5 4 3 - 1 - 1 - 4 50 Total 3 20 23 36 28 32 17 15 13 4 3 1 3 - 6 204 Percentage 1.47 9.80 11.27 17.65 13.73 15.69 8.33 7.35 6.37 1.96 1.47 0.49 1.47 - 2.94 100.00

Municipality of Mlang Dugong 1 3 21 25 34 25 27 12 11 11 3 2 1 - 7 183 Dunguan - 4 9 27 20 20 21 3 14 5 1 - 1 1 3 129 Guanan 2 4 12 11 9 12 7 2 5 3 3 - - - 2 72 Total 3 11 42 63 63 57 55 17 30 19 7 2 2 1 12 384 Percentage 0.78 2.86 10.94 16.41 16.41 14.84 14.32 4.43 7.81 4.95 1.82 0.52 0.52 0.26 3.13 100.00

Municipality of SSB Langgapangan - 2 2 5 4 2 4 3 1 - 1 1 1 - 2 28 Tugal 3 8 13 6 13 14 10 5 5 2 2 - 2 - 3 86 Gadungan 3 6 17 14 14 14 9 9 4 3 1 1 1 - - 96 Angkpayamat 6 5 20 22 8 12 9 2 5 1 1 1 3 - - 95 Bulod 2 6 18 21 21 16 7 5 5 3 5 1 1 - - 111 Papakan 5 3 12 8 9 6 12 7 3 1 - 1 2 - 2 71 Total 19 30 82 76 69 64 51 31 23 10 10 5 10 - 7 487 Percentage 3.90 6.16 16.84 15.61 14.17 13.14 10.47 6.37 4.72 2.05 2.05 1.03 2.05 - 1.44 100.00

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Table 2. (Continuation) Age Bracket Distribution of Respondents Below 20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 Above 80 No Response Total Frequency Municipality of SKP Bulod - 3 13 16 13 6 13 3 2 2 - - - - 1 72 Kulasi - 8 2 9 7 7 3 2 3 - - 1 - - - 42 Kaladturan - 2 5 6 4 5 5 2 3 ------32 Lao-lao 3 9 18 10 15 10 13 6 6 3 4 - - - 1 98 Lower Idtig - 4 4 8 1 10 2 1 5 2 2 - - - - 39 Midpandakan 2 7 15 6 8 5 4 - 3 - - - - - 2 52 Makainis 1 4 7 14 6 8 5 5 2 1 - - - - 1 54 Panasolen 1 8 18 21 15 18 9 6 1 2 - - 1 1 2 103 Pidtiguian 1 8 5 9 13 7 6 2 - 3 2 2 - - - 58 Badak 7 23 39 38 29 24 15 26 15 10 8 2 4 1 18 259 Lasangan 1 14 25 36 22 10 8 8 11 3 5 - 1 - 3 147 Lumabao 1 6 8 7 8 4 5 6 - 1 1 - - - 2 49 Total 17 92 155 172 140 104 86 66 46 25 20 5 6 2 30 1005 Percentage 1.69 9.15 15.42 17.11 13.93 10.35 8.56 6.57 4.58 2.49 1.99 0.50 0.60 0.20 2.99 100.00

Municipality of Datu Montawal Bulod 3 3 7 15 12 16 7 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 71 Dunguan 3 10 12 11 4 12 6 1 3 3 1 - 1 - 1 68 Talapas 1 6 3 9 8 4 10 1 3 3 - - - - - 48 Talitay 1 3 - 2 7 8 9 4 4 3 1 - - - 1 43 Total 147 82 23 37 31 40 32 8 12 12 3 0 1 0 2 230 Percentage 63.91 35.84 9.94 16.09 13.48 17.39 13.91 3.48 5.22 5.22 1.30 0.00 0.43 0.00 0.87 100.00

Municipality of Kabacan Cuyapon 3 14 22 32 34 22 12 7 10 13 3 1 - - 1 174 Kilagasan 0 13 17 19 19 18 23 12 8 9 6 2 2 - 4 152 Magatos 0 8 18 26 19 10 12 4 1 2 2 1 - - 2 105 Lower Paatan 7 17 24 36 38 21 24 16 7 5 5 2 2 - 5 209 Upper Paatan - 1 6 8 10 4 2 3 3 2 1 - - - 3 43 Total 10 53 87 121 120 75 73 42 29 31 17 6 4 - 15 683 Percentage 1.46 7.76 12.74 17.72 17.57 10.98 10.69 6.15 4.25 4.54 2.49 0.88 0.59 - 2.2 100

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Table 2. (Continuation) Age Bracket Distribution of Respondents No Below 20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 Above 80 Total Response Frequency Municipality of Pagalungan Bagoenged - 1 2 8 6 - 7 1 2 3 1 - - - 3 34 Buliok 2 1 4 12 9 8 4 4 4 1 - - - - 3 52 Kudal - - 5 10 4 2 4 2 5 1 - 1 3 1 - 38 Kalbugan 3 5 26 19 14 16 13 2 6 5 2 - 1 - 2 114 Total 144 67 38 49 33 26 28 9 17 10 3 1 4 1 8 238 Percentage 60.50 28.33 15.91 20.59 13.87 10.92 11.76 3.78 7.14 4.20 1.26 0.42 1.68 0.42 3.36 100.00

Municipality of Pikit Bagu Enged 1 5 4 3 9 10 - 3 3 1 - - - - 1 40 Barungis 2 1 9 14 9 16 9 3 5 7 1 - 1 - - 77 Buliok - 11 11 26 21 12 9 8 7 2 2 2 1 1 - 113 Bulod 2 8 8 6 4 1 6 4 - 2 - 1 3 - 1 46 Bulol 1 8 9 9 7 4 7 4 2 - 1 - - - - 52 Kabasalan 3 8 12 15 14 10 6 4 3 - 2 - 1 - 2 80 Katilakan - - 2 3 1 1 5 1 3 1 3 - 1 1 4 26 Kulambog - 4 5 12 11 7 7 2 2 3 1 2 - - 1 57 Langayen 1 6 11 9 12 10 2 3 1 1 1 - - - - 57 Makasendeg - 5 16 12 15 1 ------4 53 Paido Pulangi 1 8 12 13 6 9 8 2 8 4 1 - - - 1 73 Punol 1 7 6 9 15 8 5 5 3 3 4 - - - 2 68 Rajah Muda 3 9 5 10 11 8 11 3 2 4 - 1 1 - 4 72 Talitay - 3 9 3 13 12 4 3 1 - 1 - - - - 49 Total 15 83 119 144 148 109 79 45 40 28 17 6 8 2 20 863 Percentage 1.74 9.62 13.79 16.69 17.15 12.63 9.15 5.21 4.63 3.24 1.97 0.70 0.93 0.23 2.32 100.00 TOTAL 80 324 587 712 650 527 435 240 217 141 81 26 39 6 103 4207 PERCENTAGE 1.90 7.70 13.95 16.92 15.45 12.53 10.34 5.70 5.16 3.35 1.93 0.62 0.93 0.14 2.45 100.00

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Table 3. Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents by Number of Household Members. Number of household Members No Total Distribution of Respondents 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 Above 10 Response

Municipality of Paglat Dumakling 4 10 2 4 - - - 20 Itdig 25 16 23 14 8 - 7 93 Total 29 26 25 18 8 - 7 113 Percentage 25.66 23.01 22.12 15.93 7.08 - 6.19 100

Municipality of Tulunan Dungos 9 8 8 3 - - - 28 Galidan 11 30 37 29 14 5 - 126 Popoyon 11 20 10 7 1 - 1 50 Total 31 58 55 39 15 5 1 204 Percentage 15.2 28.43 26.96 19.12 7.35 2.45 0.49 100

Municipality of Mlang Dugong 12 60 52 40 18 1 - 183 Dunguan 11 31 36 36 15 - - 129 Guanan 2 20 33 17 - - - 72 Total 25 111 121 93 33 1 - 384 Percentage 6.51 28.91 31.51 24.22 8.59 0.26 - 100

Municipality of SSB Langgapangan 7 10 8 2 1 - - 28 Tugal 23 21 15 17 8 2 - 86 Gadungan 17 28 26 14 8 1 2 96 Angkayamat 16 22 32 15 9 1 - 95 Bulod 10 34 29 23 15 - - 111 Papakan 15 21 20 10 4 - 1 71 Total 43 136 130 81 45 4 3 487 Percentage 8.83 27.93 26.69 16.63 9.24 0.82 0.62 100

Municipality of SKP Bulod 4 16 13 21 18 - - 72 Kulasi 4 10 3 17 8 - - 42 Kaladturan 6 8 3 10 5 - - 32 Lao-lao 12 23 16 28 19 - - 98 Lower Idtig 5 6 7 13 8 - - 39 Midpandakan 8 15 7 12 10 - - 52 Makainis 4 10 19 14 7 - - 54 Panasolen 8 36 30 21 8 - - 103 Pidtiguian 7 19 5 18 8 - 1 58 Badak 54 84 49 48 21 2 1 259 Lasangan 30 43 46 24 4 - - 147 Lumabao 11 20 12 4 1 0 1 49 Total 153 290 210 230 117 2 3 1005 Percentage 15.22 28.86 20.90 22.89 11.64 0.20 0.30 100.00

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Table 3. (Continuation) Number of household Members No Distribution of Respondents Above Total 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 Response 10 Municipality of Datu Montawal Bulod 5 27 21 15 3 - - 71 Dunguan 8 16 16 19 9 - - 68 Talapas 4 20 11 7 6 - - 48 Talitay 3 9 5 11 15 - - 43 Total 20 72 53 52 33 - - 230 Percentage 8.70 31.30 23.04 22.61 14.35 - - 100.00

Municipality of Kabacan Cuyapon 21 50 61 31 11 - - 174 Kilagasan 27 68 30 18 8 - 1 152 Magatos 8 32 36 23 6 - - 105 Lower Paatan 28 82 63 26 9 - 1 209 Upper Paatan 12 20 5 5 1 - - 43 Total 96 252 195 103 35 - 2 683 Percentage 14.06 36.90 28.55 15.08 5.12 - 0.29 100.00

Municipality of Pagalungan Bagoenged 10 11 8 3 - - 2 34 Buliok 5 28 10 7 1 1 - 52 Kudal 9 14 4 10 1 - - 38 Kalbugan 20 37 33 15 7 1 1 114 Total 44 90 55 35 9 2 3 238 Percentage 18.49 37.82 23.11 14.71 3.78 0.84 1.26 100.00

Municipality of Pikit Bagu Enged 3 11 10 12 4 - - 40 Barungis 12 24 30 9 3 - - 77 Buliok 6 29 33 35 10 - - 113 Bulod 5 15 13 8 5 - - 46 Bulol 4 15 13 15 5 - - 52 Kabasalan 14 22 24 15 2 2 1 80 Katilakan 10 8 6 2 - - - 26 Kulambog 6 15 13 18 4 1 - 57 Langayen 14 13 16 11 3 - - 57 Makasendeg 12 34 7 - - - - 53 Paido Pulangi 2 31 25 13 2 - - 73 Punol 13 24 17 11 3 - - 68 Rajah Muda 12 18 19 17 4 - 2 72 Talitay 1 12 17 12 7 - - 49 Total 114 271 243 178 52 3 3 863 Percentage 13.21 31.40 28.16 20.63 6.03 0.35 0.35 100.00 GRAND TOTAL 555 1306 1087 829 347 17 22 4207 PERCENTAGE 13.19 31.04 25.84 19.71 8.25 0.40 0.52 100.00

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Table 4. Highest Educational Attainment of Household Heads/Respondents per Municipality. Highest Educational Attainment Distribution of Respondents Elem. High School High School College College No Arabic Elem. Level Total Graduate Level Graduate Level Graduate Response Municipality of Paglat Dumakling - 8 - - - 1 - 11 20 Itdig - 44 3 6 11 5 1 23 93 Total - 52 3 6 11 6 1 34 113 Percentage - 46.02 2.65 5.31 9.73 5.31 0.88 30.09 100.00

Municipality of Tulunan Dungos 1 4 5 7 1 1 2 7 28 Galidan 75 8 7 4 5 1 - 26 126 Popoyon - 10 9 7 5 2 1 16 50 Total 76 22 21 18 11 4 3 49 204 Percentage 37.25 10.78 10.29 8.82 5.39 1.96 1.47 24.02 100.00

Municipality of Mlang Dugong 2 80 16 23 23 10 5 24 183 Dunguan 4 38 6 20 13 9 3 36 129 Guanan 2 35 1 3 9 6 - 16 72 Total 8 153 23 46 45 25 8 76 384 Percentage 2.08 39.84 5.99 11.98 11.72 6.51 2.08 19.79 100.00

Municipality of SSB Langgapangan 1 9 1 4 4 2 - 7 28 Tugal 6 27 3 5 5 2 - 38 84 Gadungan 8 25 10 3 3 5 4 38 96 Angkayamat 10 34 5 5 5 - 1 35 95 Bulod 12 19 15 17 17 4 7 20 111 Papakan 7 27 2 - - 1 - 34 71 Total 44 141 36 34 34 14 12 172 485 Percentage 9.07 29.07 7.42 7.01 7.01 2.89 2.47 35.46 100.00

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Table 4. (Continuation). Highest Educational Attainment Distribution of Respondents Elem. Elem. High School College College No Arabic High School Graduate Total Level Graduate Level Level Graduate Response Municipality of SKP Bulod 11 25 7 2 2 1 1 23 72 Kulasi 2 18 - 1 1 2 1 17 42 Kaladturan - 16 2 - - 4 2 8 32 Lao-lao 1 54 - 10 10 8 1 14 98 Lower Idtig 5 9 2 6 6 3 - 8 39 Midpandakan 8 22 - 4 4 - - 14 52 Makainis 5 16 3 - - 3 2 25 54 Panasolen 4 55 - 4 4 3 5 28 103 Pidtiguian 14 18 1 2 2 - - 21 58 Badak 29 77 5 14 14 17 10 93 259 Lasangan 21 69 1 1 1 1 0 53 147 Lumabao 6 15 2 5 5 2 4 10 49 Total 56 242 15 32 32 24 15 179 1005 Percentage 5.57 24.08 1.49 3.18 3.18 2.39 1.49 17.81 100.00

Municipality of Datu Montawal Bulod 5 21 - - - 1 - 44 71 Dunguan - 24 5 3 3 2 - 31 68 Talapas - 21 2 - - 3 1 21 48 Talitay - 13 - - - 3 - 27 43 Total 5 79 7 3 3 9 1 123 230 Percentage 2.17 34.35 3.04 1.30 1.30 3.91 0.43 53.48 100.00

Municipality of Kabacan Cuyapon 3 84 7 11 11 2 1 55 174 Kilagasan 9 57 13 11 11 3 4 44 152 Magatos 5 44 6 - - 6 - 44 105 Lower Paatan 3 88 9 8 8 6 2 85 209 Upper Paatan 1 12 6 5 5 4 2 8 43 Total 21 285 41 35 35 21 9 236 683 Percentage 3.07 41.73 6 5.12 5.12 3.07 1.32 34.55 100.00

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Table 4. (Continuation). Highest Educational Attainment Distribution of Respondents Elem. Elem. High School High School College College No Arabic Total Level Graduate Level Graduate Level Graduate Response

Municipality of Pagalungan Bagoenged 4 9 4 3 3 1 - 10 34 Buliok 1 17 1 3 3 3 3 21 52 Kudal 3 9 2 5 5 1 - 13 38 Kalbugan 5 49 2 5 5 5 1 42 114 Total 13 84 9 16 16 10 4 86 238 Percentage 5.46 35.29 3.78 6.72 6.72 4.20 1.68 36.13 100.00

Municipality of Pikit Bagu Enged 1 13 2 2 2 5 - 15 40 Barungis 5 20 8 9 9 4 - 22 77 Buliok 3 33 7 15 15 11 3 26 113 Bulod - 15 5 6 6 2 1 11 46 Bulol 2 19 5 3 3 2 1 17 52 Kabasalan 1 39 7 - - - - 33 80 Katilakan - 4 6 2 2 - - 12 26 Kulambog - 19 8 5 5 2 1 17 57 Langayen 2 23 2 - - 1 1 28 57 Makasendeg 1 15 4 6 6 2 - 19 53 Paido Pulangi 2 31 2 6 6 2 2 22 73 Punol 3 26 14 2 2 1 1 19 68 Rajah Muda 3 30 5 5 5 3 - 21 72 Talitay - 18 4 6 6 - - 15 49 Total 23 305 79 67 67 35 10 277 863 Percentage 2.67 35.34 9.15 7.76 7.76 4.06 1.16 32.10 100.00 TOTAL 246 1363 234 257 254 148 63 1232 4207 PERCENTAGE 5.85 32.40 5.56 6.11 6.04 3.52 1.50 29.28 100.00

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Table 5. Distribution of Household Respondents According to Source of Income/Livelihood by Municipality and Barangay. Sources of Income/Livelihood* (n=4207)

Wildlife Livestock/ Municipality/Barangay Farming Fishing Collection poultry Handicraft Others

Municipality of Paglat (n=113) Dumakling 13 13 - 5 3 2 Itdig 75 20 - 47 6 6 Sub-total 88 33 - 52 9 8 Percentage 77.88 29.2 - 46.02 7.96 7.08

Municipality of Tulunan (n=204) Dungos 24 2 - 8 3 3 Galidan 122 54 11 57 11 17 Popoyon 35 15 - 11 - 15 Sub-total 181 71 11 76 14 35 Percentage 88.73 34.8 5.39 37.25 6.86 17.16

Municipality of Mlang (n=384) Dugong 151 15 - 81 5 88 Dunguan 110 8 - 59 4 45 Guanan 63 8 - 20 1 14 Sub-total 324 31 - 160 10 147 Percentage 84.38 8.07 - 41.67 2.6 38.28

Municipality of SSB (n=487) Langgapangan 26 23 - 2 - 5 Tugal 82 41 3 42 9 21 Gadungan 85 43 3 49 2 28 Angkayamat 95 121 5 27 7 18 Bulod 105 32 2 48 5 37 Papakan 71 20 6 28 5 19 Sub-total 464 280 19 196 28 128 Percentage 95.28 57.49 3.9 40.25 5.75 26.28

Municipality of SKP (n=1005) Bulod ------Kulasi 35 1 - 9 3 12 Kaladturan ------Lao-lao 76 8 - 50 1 16 Lower Idtig 31 5 - 18 8 12 Midpandakan 47 18 3 11 8 12 Makainis 38 19 2 19 1 14 Panasolen 92 6 - 54 2 38 Pidtiguian 40 8 1 22 9 16 Badak 40 5 - 16 5 17 Lasangan 69 24 3 44 5 18 Lumabao 23 1 - 8 - 8 Sub-total 491 95 9 251 42 163 Percentage 82.52 15.97 1.51 42.18 7.06 27.39

*Multiple responses

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Table 6. Distribution of Household Respondents According to Crops Planted by Municipality and Barangay. Crops Planted* (n=3052) Municipality/Barangay Rice Corn Coconut Banana Vegetables Cassava Others

Municipality of Paglat (n=113) Dumakling 13 7 1 - - 1 - Itdig 75 59 1 - - 1 1 Sub-total 88 66 2 - - 2 1 Percentage 100 75 2.27 - - 2.27 1.14

Municipality of Tulunan (n=204) Dungos 20 7 1 1 - 1 - Galidan 122 61 3 - 1 - 2 Popoyon 35 4 1 - - 1 - Sub-total 177 72 5 1 1 2 2 Percentage 97.79 39.78 2.76 0.55 0.55 1.1 1.1

Municipality of Mlang (n=384) Dugong 157 10 1 - - 1 - Dunguan 82 42 1 2 2 2 - Guanan 58 8 1 - - 1 - Sub-total 297 60 3 2 2 4 - Percentage 91.67 18.52 0.93 0.62 0.62 1.23 -

Municipality of SSB (n=487) Langgapangan 23 27 1 1 - 1 - Tugal 70 72 1 - - 1 2 Gadungan 49 75 1 1 3 1 - Angkayamat 59 76 - - - 1 - Bulod 67 64 - 1 - 1 - Papakan 44 53 1 2 - - - Sub-total 312 367 4 5 3 5 2 Percentage 67.24 79.09 0.86 1.08 0.65 1.08 0.43

Municipality of SKP (n=1005) Bulod ------Kulasi 35 8 1 1 - - 2 Kaladturan ------Lao-lao 76 29 7 - - - - Lower Idtig 31 28 - - - - - Midpandakan 45 35 - 1 - - 1 Makainis 38 17 1 - - - - Panasolen 92 58 4 - - - - Pidtiguian 40 31 1 - - - - Badak 40 13 1 - - - - Lasangan 69 50 - - - - - Lumabao 23 19 1 - - - 1 Sub-total 489 288 16 2 - - 4 Percentage 99.59 58.66 3.26 0.41 - - 0.81

*Multiple responses

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Table 6. (Continuation) Crops Planted* (n=3052) Municipality/Barangay Rice Corn Coconut Banana Vegetables Cassava Others Municipality of Datu Montawal (n=230) Bulod 59 50 - - - - 4 Dunguan 41 25 - - - - - Talapas 41 18 2 1 - 1 1 Talitay 32 21 3 - - - - Sub-total 173 114 5 1 0 1 5 Percentage 75.22 49.57 2.17 0.43 0.00 0.43 2.17

Municipality of Kabacan (n=683) Cuyapon 130 ------Kilagasan 101 3 - 1 1 - - Magatos 95 1 - - - - - Lower Paatan 124 3 1 1 - - 1 Upper Paatan 43 ------Sub-total 493 7 1 2 1 - 1 Percentage 90.79 1.29 0.18 0.37 0.18 - 0.18

Municipality of Pagalungan (n=238) Bagoenged 25 10 5 - - - - Buliok 33 31 1 - 3 - - Kudal 30 11 1 - - - - Kalbugan 96 83 - - - - 6 Sub-total 184 135 7 - 3 0 6 Percentage 77.31 56.72 2.94 0.00 1.26 0.00 2.52

Municipality of Pikit (n=863) Bagu Enged 29 24 2 - - - - Barungis 67 60 3 - 1 - 2 Buliok 82 89 - - 1 - 1 Bulod 39 13 3 - - - 1 Bulol 37 15 1 - - - 1 Kabasalan 67 73 - - - - 1 Katilakan 20 21 - - - - 1 Kulambog 43 50 - - 1 - 2 Langayen 55 43 - - 11 - - Makasendeg 48 44 - - - - - Paido Pulangi 65 64 - - - - - Punol 58 59 - - - - 3 Rajah Muda 46 21 3 3 - - - Talitay 33 26 1 - - - - Sub-total 689 602 13 3 14 - 12 Percentage 97.32 85.03 1.84 0.42 1.98 - 1.69 TOTAL 2902 1711 56 16 24 14 33 PERCENTAGE 95.09 56.06 1.83 0.52 0.79 0.46 1.08

*Multiple responses

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Table 7. Estimated Area Planted to Each Crop and Production by Municipality and Barangay. Crops (ha) Estimated Production (sack) Municipality/Barangay Rice Corn Rice Corn

Municipality of Paglat (n=113) Dumakling 39.75 32.5 1,986 2,275 Itdig 72 71.5 3,600 5,720 Sub-total 111.75 104 5,586 7,995 Percentage 51.8 48.2 41.13 58.87

Municipality of Tulunan (n=204) Dungos 159.65 86.5 7,983 6,920 Galidan 158 21 7,900 1,680 Popoyon 76.5 9.18 3,825 734 Sub-total 394.15 116.68 19,708 9,334 Percentage 77.16 22.84 67.86 32.14

Municipality of Mlang (n=384) Dugong 231.5 11.5 1,075 805 Dunguan 126.5 70 7,590 63,900 Guanan 92.5 18 5,550 1,620 Sub-total 450.5 99.5 14,215 66,325 Percentage 81.91 18.09 17.65 82.35

Municipality of SSB (n=487) Langgapangan 38.5 60 1,925 4,800 Tugal 192.5 186.45 9,625 7,916 Gadungan 65.25 119.5 3,915 9,560 Angkayamat 111.25 284.5 6,675 22,750 Bulod 162.25 170.25 9,735 3,620 Papakan 95.75 104.5 5,745 8,360 Sub-total 665.5 925.2 37,620 57,006 Percentage 41.84 58.16 39.76 60.24

Municipality of SKP (n=1005) Bulod - - - - Kulasi 63.05 17 3,783 1,530 Kaladturan - - - - Lao-lao 122.25 41 7,335 3,280 Lower Idtig 58 28.5 3,480 2,280 Midpandakan 178.75 204.25 12,513 6,340 Makainis 82.25 51 4,935 4,080 Panasolen 204.25 62 10,213 4,960 Pidtiguian 92.75 43.5 5,565 3,480 Badak 207.75 16 10,388 1,120 Lasangan 129 90.5 6,450 7,240 Lumabao 298.25 194.75 20,878 14,606 Sub-total 1436.3 748.5 85,540 48,916 Percentage 65.74 34.26 63.62 36.38

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Table 7. (Continuation) Crops (ha) Estimated Production (sack) Municipality/Barangay Rice Corn Rice Corn Municipality of Datu Montawal (n=230) Bulod 82.75 88.5 4,393 6,840 Dunguan 83.50 25.50 5,010 2,040 Talapas 53.25 36.25 2,663 2,538 Talitay 33.75 29.50 688 2,065 Sub-total 253.25 179.75 12754 13483 Percentage 110.11 78.15 5545.22 5862.18

Municipality of Kabacan (n=683) Cuyapon 129.50 - 6,475 - Kilagasan 161.00 45.00 8,050 3,600 Magatos 122.00 3.00 6,100 270 Lower Paatan 298.50 0.50 4,925 35 Upper Paatan 62.50 - 3,125 - Sub-total 773.50 48.50 28,675 3,905 Percentage 94.10 5.90 88.01 11.99

Municipality of Pagalungan (n=238) Bagoenged 17.75 11.00 888 880 Buliok 30.00 64.25 1,500 5,140 Kudal 35.00 6.00 410 480 Kalbugan 23.00 118.25 1,380 9,460 Sub-total 105.75 199.5 4178 15960 Percentage 44.43 83.82 1755.46 6705.88

Municipality of Pikit (n=863) Bagu Enged 41.00 58.00 2,050 5,220 Barungis 17.75 106.75 888 8,540 Buliok 67.75 152.75 4,065 2,220 Bulod 66.25 21.00 3,975 1,890 Bulol 47.75 17.50 2,865 1,400 Kabasalan 7.00 155.00 350 2,400 Katilakan 10.00 34.50 620 2,760 Kulambog 36.00 86.00 1,800 6,020 Langayen 23.50 77.75 1,175 6,220 Makasendeg 10.00 65.00 530 5,200 Paido Pulangi 1.00 61.00 50 5,490 Punol 3.00 111.50 150 8,920 Rajah Muda 45.50 41.00 2,275 3,280 Talitay 23.75 37.25 188 2,980 Sub-total 400.25 1025.00 20,981 62,540 Percentage 28.08 71.92 25.12 74.88 TOTAL 4,590.25 3,446.63 229,256 285,464 PERCENTAGE 57.11 42.89 44.54 55.46

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Table 8. Distribution of Respondents According to Fish Captured. Types of Fish* (n=399) Municipality/Barangay Tilapia Mud Fish Cat Fish Gurami Popoyo Hito Lidep Bangus Katipa Lipunan Carpa Others Municipality of Paglat (n=113) Dumakling 3 3 2 3 2 ------Itdig 7 5 5 6 4 ------Sub-total 10 8 7 9 6 ------Percentage 30.30 24.24 21.21 27.27 18.18 ------

Municipality of Tulunan (n=204) Dungos 6 5 6 4 7 1 - - - 4 - Galidan 3 4 4 4 4 - - - - 1 1 Popoyon 2 2 1 1 2 ------Sub-total 11 11 11 9 13 1 - - - 5 1 Percentage 15.49 15.49 15.49 12.68 18.31 1.41 - - - 7.04 1.41

Municipality of Mlang (n=384) Dugong 8 9 - 3 8 2 - 4 - - - Dunguan 3 6 3 ------Guanan 4 5 - - 2 2 - - - - - Sub-total 15 20 3 3 10 4 - 4 - - - Percentage 48.39 64.52 9.68 9.68 32.26 12.90 - 12.90 - - -

Municipality of SSB (n=487) Langgapangan 3 3 3 2 - - - - 1 1 2 Tugal 7 6 2 4 ------Gadungan 2 2 3 2 2 - - - 1 3 - Angkayamat 8 6 3 5 4 - - - - 7 - Bulod 7 4 - 3 3 - - - - 5 - Papakan 4 3 2 4 3 - - - - 4 - Sub-total 31 24 13 20 12 - - - 2 20 2 Percentage 11.07 8.57 4.64 7.14 4.29 - - - 0.71 7.14 0.71 *Multiple responses

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Table 8. (Continuation) Types of Fish* (n=399) Municipality/Barangay Hito Tilapia Mud Fish Cat Fish Gurami Popoyo Bangus Katipa Lipunan Carpa Others Lidep

Municipality of SKP (n=1005) Bulod ------Kulasi 1 1 1 2 1 - - - - 1 - Kaladturan ------Lao-lao 5 4 4 4 4 - - - - 3 - Lower Idtig 2 4 2 2 2 - - - - 1 - Midpandakan 8 6 6 7 6 - - - - 4 2 Makainis 4 3 3 4 3 - - - - 2 1 Panasolen 10 8 9 9 10 - - - - 8 3 Pidtiguian 4 2 3 5 5 - - - - - 3 Badak 3 2 2 1 - - - - - 2 2 Lasangan 5 4 3 5 5 - - - - 2 2 Lumabao 14 7 8 10 8 - - - - 5 3 Sub-total 56 41 41 49 44 - - - - 28 16 Percentage 86.15 63.08 63.08 75.38 67.69 - - - - 43.08 24.62

Municipality of Datu Montawal (n=230) Bulod 6 28 4 6 13 5 - - 9 2 2 Dunguan 6 6 2 1 - 1 - - - 3 1 Talapas 5 7 4 2 2 2 - - - 3 1 Talitay 3 5 2 3 1 1 - 1 1 1 5 Sub-total 20 46 12 12 16 9 - 1 10 9 9 Percentage 8.70 20.00 5.22 5.22 6.96 3.91 - 0.43 4.35 3.91 3.91

Municipality of Kabacan (n=683) Cuyapon 11 9 3 7 7 3 - 1 1 2 5 Kilagasan 10 8 2 6 6 4 - 3 - 1 - Magatos 6 7 1 3 4 3 - 1 - - - Lower Paatan 13 15 2 7 10 - - 1 - 1 1 Upper Paatan 2 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - - Sub-total 42 40 9 23 28 11 - 6 1 4 6 Percentage 34.15 32.52 7.32 18.7 22.76 8.94 - 4.88 0.81 3.25 4.88

*Multiple responses

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Table 8. (Continuation) Types of Fish* (n=399) Municipality/Barangay Tilapia Mud Fish Cat Fish Gurami Popoyo Hito Lidep Bangus Katipa Lipunan Carpa Others

Municipality of Pagalungan (n=238) Bagoenged 4 4 - 5 5 2 - - 3 - 5 Buliok 6 6 3 1 2 - - - 2 3 2 Kudal 7 7 3 5 3 2 - - - 3 8 Kalbugan 13 11 4 3 4 - - 1 2 10 10 Sub-total 30 28 10 14 14 4 0 1 7 16 25 Percentage 12.61 11.76 4.20 5.88 5.88 1.68 0.00 0.42 2.94 6.72 10.50

Municipality of Pikit (n=863) Bagu Enged 5 4 1 - 2 1 - - 2 2 2 Barungis 12 11 5 8 6 3 - - 5 7 6 Buliok 14 11 4 9 7 5 - 3 4 3 7 Bulod 6 6 1 3 5 3 - - - 2 2 Bulol 7 9 1 6 5 3 - 1 2 2 1 Kabasalan 11 11 6 8 11 7 - - 6 1 12 Katilakan 3 3 1 3 3 1 - 1 - - - Kulambog 6 7 3 5 7 3 1 1 2 - 4 Langayen 7 7 3 4 5 1 - - - - 5 Makasendeg 6 6 5 3 4 1 - - - 2 3 Paido Pulangi 5 4 - 3 3 2 - - 1 - 3 Punol 7 8 3 7 6 2 - 3 4 - 10 Rajah Muda 5 2 2 4 5 2 - - 2 1 5 Talitay 2 2 - 1 1 2 - - 1 1 - Sub-total 96 91 35 64 70 36 1 9 29 21 60 Percentage 24.06 22.81 8.77 16.04 17.54 9.02 0.25 2.26 7.27 5.26 15.04 TOTAL 311 262 141 203 213 65 1 21 49 103 119 PERCENTAGE 25.66 21.62 11.63 16.75 17.57 5.36 0.08 1.73 4.04 8.50 9.82

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Table 8. (Continuation) Volume of fish catch per string Municipality/Barangay Tilapia Mud Fish Cat Fish Gurami Popoyo Hito Lidep Bangus Katipa Lipunan Carpa Others

Municipality of Paglat (n=113) Dumakling 237 41 30 124 22 - - - - 165 - Itdig 364 54 86 90 43 - - - - 85 - Sub-total 601 95 116 214 65 - - - - 250 -

Municipality of Tulunan (n=204) Dungos 447 129 344 100 106 4 - - - 54 2 Galidan 178 94 7 46 88 - - - - 2 10 Popoyon 49 14 3 10 98 ------Sub-total 674 237 354 156 292 4 - - - 56 12

Municipality of Mlang (n=384) Dugong 92 64 - 15 70 12 - 16 - 14 2 Dunguan 45 35 17 ------12 - Guanan 117 51 - - 30 6 - - - - - Sub-total 254 150 17 15 100 18 - 16 - 26 2

Municipality of SSB (n=487) Langgapangan 68 39 34 25 - - - - 10 25 8 Tugal 611 147 27 105 ------Gadungan 19 23 16 15 26 - - - 3 14 - Angkayamat 535 296 56 101 8 - - - - 259 - Bulod 52 24 - 7 7 - - - - 34 - Papakan 193 113 47 125 52 - - - - 141 - Sub-total 1478 642 180 378 93 - - - 13 473 8

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Table 8. (Continuation) Volume of fish catch per string Hito Municipality/Barangay Tilapia Mud Fish Cat Fish Gurami Popoyo Lidep Bangus Katipa Lipunan Carpa Others

Municipality of SKP (n=1005) Bulod ------Kulasi 1 2 2 2 11 2 - - - 5 - Kaladturan ------Lao-lao 163 35 59 59 60 58 - - - 73 - Lower Idtig 31 38 19 19 21 27 - - - 6 - Midpandakan 334 140 148 148 174 116 - - - 56 57 Makainis 182 87 70 70 137 73 - - - 15 11 Panasolen 420 189 139 139 276 252 - - - 101 26 Pidtiguian 32 9 22 22 34 23 - - - - 11 Badak 116 27 27 27 75 0 - - - 96 13 Lasangan 174 190 50 50 143 113 - - - 43 27 Lumabao 234 74 53 53 145 83 - - - 27 68 Sub-total 1687 791 589 589 1076 747 - - - 422 213

Municipality of Datu Montawal (n=230) Bulod 1148 6078 6214 12220 32 135 0 0 6722 9558 54 Dunguan 593 197 16 100 - 7 - - - 34 12 Talapas 65 133 48 22 21 17 - - - 30 3 Talitay 45 193 100 40 10 61 - 1 8 22 124 Sub-total 1851 6601 6378 12382 63 220 0 1 6730 9644 193

Municipality of Kabacan (n=683) Cuyapon 316 151 41 192 106 83 - 15 25 8 52 Kilagasan 235 77 66 92 95 20 - 23 - 10 - Magatos 1005 583 110 22 57 163 - 2 - - - Lower Paatan 339 214 56 94 113 - - 6 - 9 7 Upper Paatan 23 5 8 - 4 34 - - - - - Sub-total 1508 1030 281 400 375 300 - 46 25 27 59

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Table 8. (Continuation) Volume of fish catch per string Municipality/Barangay Tilapia Mud Fish Cat Fish Gurami Popoyo Hito Lidep Bangus Katipa Lipunan Carpa Others

Municipality of Pagalungan (n=238) Bagoenged 30 33 - 28 23 2 - - 25 - 47 Buliok 770 202 17 18 22 - - - 24 19 11 Kudal 91 66 35 72 33 13 - - - 32 71 Kalbugan 468 205 76 76 30 - - 15 3 55 55 Sub-total 1359 506 128 194 108 15 - 15 52 106 184

Municipality of Pikit (n=863) Bagu Enged 119 30 14 - 20 8 - - 6 30 46 Barungis 1893 1068 80 1691 130 1676 - - 2303 2337 71 Buliok 8315 528 132 8142 135 364 - 9 20 9 84 Bulod 2911 1450 3 582 2703 339 - - - 1079 298 Bulol 8815 5234 11 6547 6354 2622 - 15 3520 3600 22 Kabasalan 538 333 88 166 213 96 - - 37 30 222 Katilakan 81 48 11 35 21 16 - 2 - - - Kulambog 203 170 87 117 192 21 5 12 7 - 49 Langayen 3356 4967 904 4707 267 34 - - - - 125 Makasendeg 26395 9880 6345 4088 1009 432 - - - 950 410 Paido Pulangi 692 143 - 346 72 46 - - 20 - 74 Punol 271 165 49 84 96 4 4 21 31 - 151 Rajah Muda 66 77 84 44 105 21 - - 22 11 66 Talitay 2239 145 - 432 192 465 - - 192 444 - Sub-total 55894 24238 7808 26981 11509 6144 9 59 6158 8490 1618 GRAND TOTAL 65,306 34,290 15,851 41,309 13,689 7,448 18 137 12,978 19,494 2,289

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Table 9. Fishing Methods Employed by the Respondents

Fishing Method Frequency Percentage

Hook and line 121 9.98 Pintik 17 1.40 Fish net 615 50.74 Fish cage 32 2.64 Fish corral 27 2.23 Talik 226 18.65 Salakab 20 1.65 Sukob 61 5.03 No Response 93 7.67 Total 1212 100.00

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Table 10. Types of Wildlife Gathered and Estimated Volume of Catch by Municipality and Barangay. No. of Type of Wildlife Municipality/Barangay Respondents Estimated Yield Gathered (n=101)

Municipality of Paglat (n=113) Dumakling - - - Itdig - - -

Municipality of Tulunan (n=204) Dungos - - -

Galidan Tiko 1 14 Balabak 1 2 Wild duck 1 19 Budso 1 17 Tigkugan 1 10 Tumatagintin 1 10 Tegol 1 2 Teko 1 5 Punay 1 20 Telek 2 34

Popoyon - - -

Municipality of Mlang (n=384) Dugong - - - Dunguan - - - Guanan - - -

Municipality of SSB (n=487) Langgapangan - - -

Tugal Wild duck 2 15 Teko 1 7

Gadungan Wild duck 1 2 Genggeb 1 9 Heron 1 4

Angkayamat Tegol 1 32 Punay 1 8 Genggeb 1 5 Manatar 1 10 Telek 1 8

Bulod Teko 1 3 Tegol 1 13

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Table 10. (Continuation) No. of Type of Wildlife Municipality/Barangay Respondents Estimated Yield Gathered (n=101)

Papakan Wild duck 1 10 Tumatagintin 1 2 Tegol 1 68 Manatar 1 5 Heron 1 20 Telek 1 23

Municipality of SKP (n=1005) Bulod - - -

Kulasi - - -

Kaladturan - - -

Lao-lao - - -

Lower Idtig - - -

Midpandakan Tiko 1 6 Wild duck 1 11 Papago 1 14

Makainis Tiko 2 19

Panasolen - - -

Pidtiguian Papago 1 2

Badak - - -

Lasangan Tiko 3 19

Lumabao - - -

Municipality of Datu Montawal (n=230) Bulod Tiko 1 233 Turtle 1 120 Wild Duck 1 7 Genggeb 1 17 Begok 1 3

Dunguan - - -

Talapas Wid duck 1 3

Talitay - - -

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Table 10. (Continuation) No. of Type of Wildlife Municipality/Barangay Respondents Estimated Yield Gathered (n=101)

Municipality of Kabacan (n=683) Cuyapon Wild duck 1 3

Kilagasan Tigkugasan 2 3 Telek 20 180 Papago 2 2 Beguk 2 1 Genggeb 15 65

Magatos - - -

Lower Paatan Wild Duck 1 3 Beguk 1 1 Tegol 1 3

Upper Paatan Tigkugasan 1 1

Municipality of Pagalungan (n=238) Bagoenged - - -

Buliok - - -

Kudal Tiko 1 8

Kalbugan - - -

Municipality of Pikit (n=863) Bagu Enged - - -

Barungis Wild duck 1 2

Buliok Tegol 1 2

Bulod - - -

Bulol Tigkugasan 2 3

Kabasalan Tiko 1 20

Katilakan - - -

Kulambog - - -

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Table 10. (Continuation) No. of Type of Wildlife Municipality/Barangay Respondents Estimated Yield Gathered (n=101)

Langayen Telek 5 36

Makasendeg Telek 2 4

Paido Pulangi - - -

Punol - - -

Rajah Muda - - -

Talitay - - -

Table 11. Specific Site in Ligawasan Marsh Where Wildlife is Gathered. Collection Site Frequency (n=101) Percentage

Shrubby marsh 41 40.59 Herbaceous marsh 10 9.90 Forest Swamp 17 16.83 River 2 1.98 Open water/lake 11 10.89 No Response 20 19.80 Total 101 100.00

Table 12. Method Employed in Wildlife Collection. Collection Site Frequency (n=101) Percentage

Using a gun 24 23.76 Bird's trap 33 32.67 Bare hand 19 18.81 Others 3 2.97 No Response 22 21.78 Total 101 100.00

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Table 13. Types of Livestock and Poultry Raised and Estimated Population per Species. Livestock/ Poultry No. of Respondents No. of Municipality/Barangay Raised (n=383) Heads

Municipality of Paglat (n=113) Dumakling Chicken 2 184 Duck 1 124 Carabao 1 5 Goat 1 7

Itdig Chicken 16 276 Duck 9 112 Cow 7 33 Carabao 7 24 Goat 8 46

Municipality of Tulunan (n=204) Dungos Chicken 2 550 cattle 1 6 Duck 1 509 Cow 1 1 Carabao 1 12 Pig 1 8 Goat 1 2

Galidan Chicken 30 321 Cattle 2 2 Duck 20 136 Carabao 1 1 Goat 4 5

Popoyon Chicken 4 207 Duck 4 187 Carabao 2 4 Goat 1 5

Municipality of Mlang (n=384) Dugong Chicken 52 232 Duck 14 67 Cow 1 1 Carabao 7 12 Goat 7 22

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Table 13. (Continuation) Livestock/ Poultry No. of Respondents No. of Municipality/Barangay Raised (n=383) Heads Dunguan Chicken 14 263 Cattle 2 4 Duck 18 152 Cow 1 2 Carabao 10 20 Goat 14 87

Guanan Chicken 7 510 Cow 1 1 Carabao 1 8 Pig 5 96 Goat 5 116 Duck 1 207

Municipality of SSB (n=487) Langgapangan Chicken 1 128 Duck 1 93

Tugal Chicken 18 376 Cattle 1 4 Duck 14 172 Carabao 5 61 Goat 4 20

Gadungan Chicken 25 318 Duck 15 141 Carabao 8 22 Goat 1 9

Angkayamat Chicken 14 271 Cattle 2 2 Duck 6 57 Carabao 4 14 Goat 1 1

Bulod Chicken 25 431 Cattle 2 9 Duck 8 188 Cow 2 4 Carabao 7 63 Goat 4 36

Papakan Chicken 6 197 Duck 12 111 Carabao 6 20 Goat 4 48

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Table 13. (Continuation) Livestock/ Poultry No. of Respondents No. of Municipality/Barangay Raised (n=1391) Heads

Municipality of SKP (n=1005) Bulod - - -

Kulasi Chicken 3 72 Duck 3 86 Carabao 2 12 Goat 1 1

Kaladturan - - -

Lao-lao Chicken 30 129 Duck 9 150 Carabao 9 24 Goat 2 8

Lower Idtig Chicken 12 158 Duck 4 47 Carabao 2 5

Midpandakan Chicken 3 221 Duck 2 210 Cow 1 2 Carabao 3 20 Goat 2 16

Makainis Chicken 8 131 Duck 5 97 Carabao 4 10 Goat 2 12

Panasolen Chicken 20 372 Duck 24 239 Carabao 6 14 Goat 4 39

Pidtiguian Chicken 9 132 Duck 5 134 Carabao 4 10 Goat 4 61

Badak Chicken 16 112

Lasangan Chicken 21 118 Goat 13 62 Duck 10 118

Lumabao Duck 8 98

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Table 13. (Continuation) Livestock/ Poultry No. of Respondents No. of Municipality/Barangay Raised (n=1391) Heads

Municipality of Datu Montawal (n=230) Bulod Chicken 16 811 Duck 5 22 Cow 1 2 Carabao 6 27 Goat 6 28

Dunguan Chicken 4 204 Duck 2 121 Goat 3 13 Carabao 2 7 Goose 1 10 Turkey 1 13

Talapas Chicken 5 238 Duck 1 41 Cattle 2 5 Carabao 5 27 Goat 3 38

Talitay Chicken 3 71 Duck 3 31 Carabao 2 9 Goat 3 13

Municipality of Kabacan (n=683) Cuyapon Chicken 30 292 Duck 7 93 Carabao 2 2 Pig 10 62 Goat 5 45 Cow 1 2

Kilagasan Chicken 2 180

Magatos Chicken 23 623 Duck 8 134 Carabao 7 22 Goat 3 9

Lower Paatan Chicken 18 866 Duck 15 286 Carabao 7 15 Pig 5 15 Goat 12 105

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Table 13. (Continuation) Livestock/ Poultry No. of Respondents No. of Municipality/Barangay Raised (n=1391) Heads

Upper Paatan Chicken 4 266 Duck 4 47 Carabao 1 1 Pig 3 6

Municipality of Pagalungan (n=238) Bagoenged Chicken 3 42 Duck 1 20 Cow 2 6 Carabao 2 4 Goat 2 5

Buliok Chicken 3 197

Kudal Chicken 4 28 Duck 3 21 Cow 1 2 Goat 1 2

Kalbugan Chicken 4 353 Duck 3 101 Carabao 1 2 Goat 1 6

Municipality of Pikit (n=863) Bagu Enged Chicken 5 411 Duck 2 68 Cow 2 3 cattle 1 1 Carabao 2 6 Goat 1 1

Barungis Chicken 13 422 Duck 7 68 Cow 1 3 Carabao 8 21 Goat 6 31

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Table 13. (Continuation) Livestock/ Poultry No. of Respondents No. of Municipality/Barangay Raised (n=1391) Heads

Buliok Chicken 30 598 Duck 10 126 Cow 2 3 Carabao 6 16 Goat 3 16

Bulod Chicken 8 238 Duck 4 22 Cow 1 2 Carabao 3 9 Goat 4 20

Bulol Chicken 14 296 Duck 2 20 Cow 1 2 Carabao 2 3 Goat 4 35

Kabasalan Chicken 7 147 Duck 5 35 Cow 1 3 Carabao 4 5 Goat 4 10

Katilakan Chicken 3 53 Cow 1 8 Pig 3 14 Carabao 3 8 Goat 4 21

Kulambog Chicken 5 145 Duck 5 71 Carabao 5 17 Cow 2 9 Turkey 1 5 Pig 2 4 Goat 4 32

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Table 13. (Continuation) Livestock/ Poultry No. of Respondents No. of Municipality/Barangay Raised (n=1391) Heads

Langayen Chicken 23 675 Duck 3 32 Cow 4 23 Carabao 6 21 Dove 1 40 Goat 4 37

Makasendeg Chicken 28 615 Duck 3 140 Cow 3 12 Carabao 2 5 Goat 4 64

Paido Pulangi Chicken 23 167 Duck 7 157 Cow 1 1 Carabao 3 7 Goat 4 32

Punol Chicken 7 157 Turkey 2 31 Duck 3 47 Cow 3 10 Carabao 5 12 Goat 5 22

Rajah Muda Chicken 11 295 Duck 5 32 Cow 2 2 Carabao 4 8 Goat 3 40

Talitay Chicken 9 188 Duck 2 8 Cow 1 4 Carabao 2 5

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Table 14. Methods Employed in Raising Livestock and Poultry. Collection Site Frequency (n=1391) Percentage

Feedlot 711 53.74 Teethering 234 17.69 Cut and carry 177 13.38 Grazing 420 31.75 Others 75 5.67

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Table 15. Types of Handicraft Produced by the Respondent. Type of Handicraft No. of Respondents Estimated Municipality/Barangay made (n=240) Yield

Municipality of Paglat (n=113) Dumakling Kalakat 2 78

Itdig Kalakat 2 10 Mat weaving 5 11

Municipality of Tulunan (n=204) Dungos Mat weaving 1 970 Kalakat 1 110 Coconut leaves 1 30

Galidan Mat weaving 3 15 Kalakat 6 1495 Coconut leaves 2 102

Popoyon - - -

Municipality of Mlang (n=384) Dugong Nipa hat making 5 800

Dunguan Mat weaving 4 7

Guanan Wall making 1 61000

Municipality of SSB (n=487) Langgapangan - - -

Tugal Nipa hat making 6 1120 Kalakat 1 70 Mat weaving 2 4

Gadungan Kalakat 2 180

Angkayamat Mat weaving 3 19 Kalakat 3 300 Nipa hat making 1 415

Bulod Nipa hat making 5 1600

Papakan Mat weaving 1 8 Coconut leaves 1 200 Fish equipment 1 30 Nipa hat making 1 200 Talik making 1 5

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Table 15. (Continuation) Type of Handicraft No. of Respondents Estimated Municipality/Barangay made (n=240) Yield Municipality of SKP (n=1005) Bulod - - -

Kulasi Mat weaving 2 4 Nipa hat making 1 10

Kaladturan - - -

Lao-lao Mat weaving 1 2

Lower Idtig Mat weaving 3 212 Roof making 1 200 Nipa hat making 1 750 Hat making 3 630

Midpandakan Kalakat 4 2310 Roof making 2 600 Nipa hat making 2 200

Makainis Nipa hat making 1 250

Panasolen Mat weaving 2 63

Pidtiguian Mat weaving 5 207 Roof making 2 20 Nipa hat making 2 3

Badak Mat weaving 1 2 Nipa hat making 1 600

Lasangan Mat weaving 2 27 Nipa hat making 1 600 Roof 1 300

Lumabao Mat weaving 3 163 Nipa hat making 2 250 bagombong making 1 1500 Municipality of Datu Montawal (n=230) Bulod - - -

Dunguan Roof making 4 600

Talapas Mat weaving 2 90 Roof making 1 400

Talitay Mat weaving 1 3

Municipality of Kabacan (n=683) Cuyapon Mat weaving 6 300 Nipa hat making 8 15200

Kilagasan Mat weaving 27 2500 Nipa hat making 23 160000 Roof making 38 55000

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Table 15. (Continuation) Type of Handicraft No. of Respondents Estimated Municipality/Barangay made (n=240) Yield

Magatos - - -

Lower Paatan Mat weaving 4 500

Upper Paatan - -

Municipality of Pagalungan (n=238) Bagoenged - - -

Buliok Hat making 1 300

Kudal - - -

Kalbugan Hat making 3 900

Municipality of Pikit (n=863) Bagu Enged Wood Bundling 2 20

Barungis - - -

Buliok Roof making 1 600

Bulod Roof making 1 600

Bulol - - -

Kabasalan Mat weaving 1 3

Katilakan - - -

Kulambog Wood Bundling 2 20

Langayen - - -

Makasendeg - - -

Paido Pulangi - - -

Punol Wood Bundling 2 20

Rajah Muda Mat weaving 2 10

Talitay Roof Making 8 3800

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Table 16. Other Sources of Income of the Respondent. No. of Respondents Municipality/Barangay Other Sources of Income (n=1233)

Municipality of Paglat (n=113) Dumakling Fire wood 1 Carpenter 1

Itdig Rice mill 2 Bussiness 1 Carpenter 1 laborer 1 Driver 1

Municipality of Tulunan (n=204) Dungos Military 2 Carpenter 2 Buy and Sell 2 Fire wood 2 Laborer 2 Driver 2

Galidan Carpenter 1 Laborer 1 Driver 1 Government employee 1 Sari-sari Store 1 Cogon harvest 2 Talahib Cutting 1 Agent 2 Popoyon Carpenter 2 Laborer 1 Driver 6 Sari-sari Store 2 Vendor 2

Municipality of Mlang (n=384) Dugong Carpenter 16 Firewood 4 Buy and sell 2 laborer 52 Driver 16

Dunguan Carpenter 2 Laborer 21 Fire wood 2 Driver 6 Saw operator 6

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Table 16. (Continuation) No. of Respondents Municipality/Barangay Other Sources of Income (n=1190)

Guanan Laborer 16 Driver 4

Municipality of SSB (n=487) Langgapangan Laborer 2 Saw Operator 2

Tugal Buy and sell 8 Laborer 2 Driver 4 Sari-sari Store 4

Gadungan Laborer 4 Driver 12 Sari-sari Store 4 Teacher 2

Angkayamat Laborer 6 Driver 21 Buy and sell 6 Sari-sari Store 8

Bulod Carpenter 8 Buy and sell 4 Laborer 6 Driver 10 Saw Operator 2

Papakan Fire wood 2 Laborer 4 Sari-sari Store 5 Vendor 2

Municipality of SKP (n=1005) Bulod - -

Kulasi Carpenter 2 Laborer 4 Sari-sari Store 6

Kaladturan - -

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Table 16. (Continuation) No. of Respondents Municipality/Barangay Other Sources of Income (n=1233)

Lao-lao Laborer 2 Driver 4 Sari-sari Store 5

Lower Idtig Laborer 4 Driver 2 Sari-sari Store 2

Midpandakan Carpenter 2 Laborer 8 Driver 13 Fire wood 4 Business 2

Makainis Laborer 2 Driver 4 Sari-sari Store 2

Panasolen Laborer 12 Driver 6 Business 12 Sari-sari Store 6

Pidtiguian Laborer 4 Driver 4 Sari-sari Store 8

Badak Laborer 10 Driver 4 Sari-sari store 3

Lasangan Laborer 10 Driver 3 Business 1 Sari-sari store 4

Lumabao Carpenter 2 Fire wood 2 laborer 3 Govermment employee 1 Municipality of Datu Montawal (n=230) Bulod Driving Boat 4 Laborer 13 Govermment employee 2 Sari-sari Store 4 Driver 2 Roof Making 2 Teacher 2

Dunguan Laborer 28 Driver 4 Sari-sari Store 10

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Table 16. (Continuation) No. of Respondents Municipality/Barangay Other Sources of Income (n=1233)

Talapas Laborer 2 Driver 4 Govermment employee 2 Sari-sari Store 3

Talitay Driving Boat 2

Municipality of Kabacan (n=683) Cuyapon Carpenter 4 Laborer 28 Driver 21 Saw Operator 7

Kilagasan Fire wood 7 Laborer 26 Driver 14 Business 2

Magatos Laborer 14 Driver 16 Saw Operator 2 Sari-sari Store 6

Lower Paatan Laborer 36 Driver 11 Sari-sari Store 7

Upper Paatan Laborer 26 Driver 12 Government employee 2 Sari-sari Store 6

Municipality of Pagalungan (n=238) Bagoenged Carpenter 2 Wood gathered 2 Driver 2

Buliok Carpenter 9 Laborer 2 Business 2 Sari-sari Store 5

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Table 16. (Continuation) No. of Respondents Municipality/Barangay Other Sources of Income (n=1233)

Kudal Laborer 2 Driver 3 Government Employee 3 Wood gathered 4 Sari-sari Store 3

Kalbugan Laborer 8 Driver 9 Sari-sari Store 13

Municipality of Pikit (n=863) Bagu Enged Driving Boat 3 Carpenter 2 Laborer 12 Driver 8 Business 2 Sari-sari Store 8

Barungis Driving Boat 2 Carpenter 6 Driver 2 Sari-sari Store 8

Buliok Driving Boat 2 Carpenter 16 Hired Laborer 4 Laborer 6 Driver 4 Sari-sari Store 20

Bulod Driver 2 Business 2 Sari-sari Store 2 Vendor 2

Bulol Laborer 2 Driver 2 Government Employee 2 Sari-sari Store 2

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Table 16. (Continuation) No. of Respondents Municipality/Barangay Other Sources of Income (n=1233)

Kabasalan Carpenter 2 Laborer 4 Driver 2 Business 2 Sari-sari Store 6 Vendor 4

Katilakan Driver 3 Government Employee 3 Sari-sari Store 2

Kulambog Carpenter 5 Driver 5 Business 3 Sari-sari Store 3

Langayen Driving Boat 4 Carpenter 5 Saw Operator 4 Business 1

Makasendeg Carpenter 6 Driver 1 Sari-sari Store 5

Paido Pulangi Laborer 29 Driver 3 Business 4 Sari-sari Store 6

Punol Carpenter 15 Laborer 35 Driver 28

Rajah Muda Laborer 9 Driver 6 Government Employee 4 Sari-sari Store 6

Talitay Carpenter 5 Laborer 6 Driver 2 Sari-sari Store 3

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Table 17. Estimated Annual Income of Household. Estimated Annual Average Income Municipality/Barangay 100,000 & Below 20,000 21,000-40,000 41,000-60,000 61,000-80,000 81,000-100,000 No Response Total above

Municipality of Paglat Dumakling 7 5 2 2 - 3 1 20 Itdig 44 18 9 7 1 2 12 93 Sub-total 51 23 11 9 1 5 13 113 Percentage 45.13 20.35 9.73 7.96 0.88 4.42 11.50 100.00

Municipality of Tulunan Dungos 16 6 4 - - 2 - 28 Galidan 25 39 25 7 5 24 1 126 Popoyon 14 14 4 2 3 2 11 50 Sub-total 55 59 33 9 8 28 12 204 Percentage 26.96 28.92 16.18 4.41 3.92 13.73 5.88 100.00

Municipality of Mlang Dugong 55 41 36 20 8 22 1 183 Dunguan 41 50 18 5 6 7 2 129 Guanan 19 23 8 6 5 6 5 72 Sub-total 115 114 62 31 19 35 8 384 Percentage 29.95 29.69 16.15 8.07 4.95 9.11 2.08 100.00

Municipality of SSB Langgapangan 1 5 6 8 5 3 - 28 Tugal 12 21 18 14 6 15 - 86 Gadungan 22 31 10 6 5 9 13 96 Angkayamat 24 21 13 13 9 15 - 95 Bulod 24 36 20 10 8 10 3 111 Papakan 9 24 9 6 4 15 4 71 Sub-total 92 138 76 57 37 67 20 487 Percentage 18.89 28.34 15.61 11.70 7.60 13.76 4.11 100.00

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Table 17. (Continuation) Estimated Annual Average Income Municipality/Barangay Below 20,000 21,000-40,000 41,000-60,000 61,000-80,000 81,000-100,000 100,000 & above No Response Total Municipality of SKP Bulod 11 20 10 8 7 15 1 72 Kulasi 16 10 5 2 2 4 3 42 Kaladturan 7 6 2 3 - 9 5 32 Lao-lao 37 22 11 6 6 12 4 98 Lower Idtig 15 9 4 5 - 3 3 39 Midpandakan 9 18 7 2 4 11 1 52 Makainis 16 14 11 2 2 4 5 54 Panasolen 27 34 17 8 4 9 4 103 Pidtiguian 13 23 10 2 3 4 3 58 Badak 121 52 18 22 8 11 27 259 Lasangan 88 14 17 8 15 2 3 147 Lumabao 22 5 13 4 - 1 4 49 Sub-total 382 227 125 72 51 85 63 1005 Percentage 38.01 22.59 12.44 7.16 5.07 8.46 6.27 100.00

Municipality of Datu Montawal Bulod 12 9 8 8 8 22 4 71 Dunguan 12 13 10 9 3 13 8 68 Talapas 10 11 11 5 3 4 4 48 Talitay 13 13 6 5 - 4 2 43 Sub-total 47 46 35 27 14 43 18 230 Percentage 20.43 20.00 15.22 11.74 6.09 18.70 7.83 100.00

Municipality of Kabacan Cuyapon 26 32 22 14 7 20 53 174 Kilagasan 31 38 27 18 13 18 7 152 Magatos 19 29 14 13 10 17 3 105 Lower Paatan 15 14 10 15 11 11 133 209 Upper Paatan 13 9 8 6 1 6 - 43 Sub-total 104 122 81 66 42 72 196 683 Percentage 15.23 17.86 11.86 9.66 6.15 10.54 28.7 100.00

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Table 17. (Continuation) Estimated Annual Average Income Municipality/Barangay 100,000 & Below 20,000 21,000-40,000 41,000-60,000 61,000-80,000 81,000-100,000 No Response Total above Municipality of Pagalungan Bagoenged 16 3 6 3 1 - 5 34 Buliok 13 9 4 4 2 14 6 52 Kudal 15 10 4 1 2 4 2 38 Kalbugan 23 14 20 11 16 28 2 114 Sub-total 67 36 34 19 21 46 15 238 Percentage 28.15 15.13 14.29 7.98 8.82 19.33 6.30 100.00

Municipality of Pikit Bagu Enged 7 7 7 7 4 7 1 40 Barungis 13 16 9 10 8 20 1 77 Buliok 19 20 14 16 23 20 1 113 Bulod 13 12 10 2 2 5 2 46 Bulol 19 16 5 8 2 6 2 52 Kabasalan - 7 7 6 4 54 2 80 Katilakan 6 4 4 - 4 6 2 26 Kulambog 4 3 8 6 8 25 3 57 Langayen 5 9 7 7 6 22 1 57 Makasendeg 2 4 4 12 10 20 1 53 Paido Pulangi 10 15 16 9 5 17 1 73 Punol 2 10 10 9 3 31 3 68 Rajah Muda 12 11 14 13 6 15 1 72 Talitay 16 9 8 4 1 7 4 49 Sub-total 128 143 123 109 86 255 25 863 Percentage 14.83 16.57 14.25 12.63 9.97 29.55 2.90 100.00 GRAND TOTAL 1041 906 580 397 279 634 370 4207 PERCENTAGE 24.74 21.54 13.79 9.44 6.63 15.07 8.79 100.00

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Table 18. Living Condition of the Household Heads/Respondents in Terms of Selected Indicators per Municipality. No. Reporting Datu Indicators Paglat Tulunan Mlang Kabacan SKP SSB Pagalungan Pikit Montawal (n=113) (n=204) (n=384) (n=683) (n=230) (n=1005) (n=487) (n=238) (n=863)

1. Housing Ownership (a) Owned/with Claims 12 189 275 457 190 754 428 199 650 (b) Rented - 7 5 18 1 216 13 2 13 (c) Being occupied for free with consent of the owner 5 5 86 158 30 27 35 21 178 (d) Being occupied for free without consent of the owner 3 3 12 37 9 8 10 11 19 (e) Others 93 - 3 3 - - - 5 - Total 113 204 381 673 230 1005 486 238 860 2. Type of House (a) Permanent - 39 99 171 22 50 45 18 141 (b) Temporary 12 131 247 405 156 504 347 151 599 (c) Mixed 8 31 31 94 52 204 73 64 123 (d) Others 93 1 2 1 - 36 2 - - Total 113 202 379 671 230 794 467 233 863 3. Source of Water (a) River - 13 5 4 1 85 13 - 4 (b) Stream - 8 7 88 42 368 16 52 67 (c) Deep well 13 89 233 394 174 128 180 147 723 (d) Communal water system 5 64 130 175 13 394 275 23 62 (e) Others 95 24 2 8 - 1 1 - 1 Total 113 198 377 669 230 976 485 222 857 4. Type of Lighting (a) Electricity 1 30 159 280 2 48 13 - 28 (b) Kerosene 18 149 185 300 175 475 437 204 611 (c) Candle 1 18 27 68 51 404 17 30 192 (d) Others 93 7 6 22 2 67 20 - 29 Total 113 204 377 670 230 994 487 234 860

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Table 18. (Continuation) Percentage Datu Indicators Paglat Tulunan Mlang Kabacan SKP SSB Pagalungan Pikit Montawal (n=113) (n=204) (n=384) (n=683) (n=230) (n=1005) (n=487) (n=238) (n=863)

1. Housing Ownership (a) Owned/with Claims 10.62 92.65 71.61 66.91 82.61 75.02 87.89 83.61 75.32 (b) Rented - 3.43 1.30 2.64 0.43 21.49 2.67 0.84 1.51 (c) Being occupied for free with consent of the owner 4.42 2.45 22.40 23.13 13.04 2.69 7.19 8.82 20.63 (d) Being occupied for free without consent of the owner 2.65 1.47 3.13 5.42 3.91 0.80 2.05 4.62 2.20 (e) Others 82.30 - 0.78 0.44 - - - 2.10 - Total 100.00 100.00 99.22 98.54 100.00 100.00 99.79 100.00 99.65 2. Type of House (a) Permanent - 19.12 25.78 25.04 9.57 4.98 9.24 7.56 16.34 (b) Temporary 10.62 64.22 64.32 59.30 67.83 50.15 71.25 63.45 69.41 (c) Mixed 7.08 15.20 8.07 13.76 22.61 20.30 14.99 26.89 14.25 (d) Others 82.30 0.49 0.52 0.15 - 3.58 0.41 - - Total 100.00 99.02 98.70 98.24 100.00 79.00 95.89 97.90 100.00 3. Source of Water (a) River - 6.37 1.30 0.59 0.43 8.46 2.67 - 0.46 (b) Stream - 3.92 1.82 12.88 18.26 36.62 3.29 21.85 7.76 (c) Deep well 11.50 43.63 60.68 57.69 75.65 12.74 36.96 61.76 83.78 (d) Communal water system 4.42 31.37 33.85 25.62 5.65 39.20 56.47 9.66 7.18 (e) Others 84.07 11.76 0.52 1.17 - 0.10 0.21 - 0.12 Total 100.00 97.06 98.18 97.95 100.00 97.11 99.59 93.28 99.30 4. Type of Lighting (a) Electricity 0.88 14.71 41.41 41.00 0.87 4.78 2.67 - 3.24 (b) Kerosene 15.93 73.04 48.18 43.92 76.09 47.26 89.73 85.71 70.80 (c) Candle 0.88 8.82 7.03 9.96 22.17 40.20 3.49 12.61 22.25 (d) Others 82.30 3.43 1.56 3.22 0.87 6.67 4.11 - 3.36 Total 100.00 100.00 98.18 98.10 100.00 98.91 100.00 98.32 99.65

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Table 18. (Continuation) No. Reporting Datu Indicators Paglat Tulunan Mlang Kabacan SKP SSB Pagalungan Pikit Montawal (n=113) (n=204) (n=384) (n=683) (n=230) (n=1005) (n=487) (n=238) (n=863)

5. Type of Kitchen stove (a) Electricity - 4 6 2 - 41 13 - - (b) LPG 1 6 16 58 11 56 462 2 20 (c) Wood/charcoal 97 193 352 603 217 769 3 227 833 (d) Kerosene 15 1 1 5 2 28 1 2 4 Total 113 204 375 668 230 894 479 231 857 6. Type of Toilet (a) water-sealed septic tank used exclusively by the household 1 23 91 142 19 65 45 23 80 (b) Water-sealed septic tank shared with other household 4 55 54 91 18 356 109 18 206 (c) Open Pit 8 102 96 239 153 381 187 123 438 (d) Closed Pit (Antipolo Type) 2 11 126 183 40 2 38 65 133 (e) Others 93 1 - 7 - 48 2 - - (f) None 5 - - - - 51 106 - - Total 113 192 367 662 230 903 487 229 857 7. Household Appliances* (a) TV 1 35 57 162 10 126 49 5 45 (b) Radio 7 127 206 311 90 347 227 73 384 (c) Wall Clock 3 34 111 198 25 90 61 13 136 (d) Others 93 - 10 12 - 44 1 - - (e) None 9 - - - - 0 138 - - Total 113 196 384 683 125 607 476 91 565

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Table 18. (Continuation) Percentage Datu Indicators Paglat Tulunan Mlang Kabacan SKP SSB Pagalungan Pikit Montawal (n=113) (n=204) (n=384) (n=683) (n=230) (n=1005) (n=487) (n=238) (n=863)

5. Type of Kitchen stove (a) Electricity - 1.96 1.56 0.29 - 4.08 2.67 - - (b) LPG 0.88 2.94 4.17 8.49 3.00 5.57 94.87 0.84 2.32 (c) Wood/charcoal 85.84 94.61 91.67 88.29 94.35 76.52 0.62 95.38 96.52 (d) Kerosene 13.27 0.49 0.26 0.73 0.87 2.79 0.21 0.84 0.46 Total 100.00 100.00 97.66 97.80 100.00 88.96 98.36 97.06 99.30 6. Type of Toilet (a) water-sealed septic tank used exclusively by the household 0.88 11.27 23.70 20.79 8.26 6.47 9.24 9.66 9.27 (b) Water-sealed septic tank shared with other household 3.54 26.96 14.06 13.32 7.83 35.42 22.38 7.56 23.87 (c) Open Pit 7.08 50.00 25.00 34.99 66.52 37.91 38.40 51.68 50.75 (d) Closed Pit (Antipolo Type) 1.77 5.39 32.81 26.79 17.39 0.20 7.80 27.31 15.41 (e) Others 82.30 0.49 - 1.02 - 4.78 0.41 - - (f) None 4.42 - - - - 5.07 21.77 - - Total 100.00 94.12 95.57 96.93 100.00 89.85 100.00 96.22 99.30 7. Household Appliances* (a) TV 0.88 17.16 14.84 23.72 4.35 12.54 10.06 2.10 5.21 (b) Radio 6.19 62.25 53.65 45.53 39.13 34.53 46.61 30.67 44.50 (c) Wall Clock 2.65 16.67 28.91 28.99 10.87 8.96 12.53 5.46 15.76 (d) Others 82.30 - 2.60 1.76 - 4.38 0.21 - - (e) None 7.96 - - - - - 28.34 - - Total 100.00 96.08 100.00 100.00 54.35 60.40 97.74 38.24 65.47

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Table 18. (Continuation) Percentage Datu Indicators Paglat Tulunan Mlang Kabacan SKP SSB Pagalungan Pikit Montawal (n=113) (n=204) (n=384) (n=683) (n=230) (n=1005) (n=487) (n=238) (n=863)

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Annex 1a Outputs from Group 1 (Kabacan, M’lang and Tulunan) During the Second Stakeholder Consultation Meeting, August 2004 CONSERVATION STRATEGIES AGENCY RESPONSIBLE ISSUES/CONCERNS

1. UNSTABLE PEACE & a. Conduct constant dialogues among LGU, POCs, Religious ORDER leaders (Government and NGOs), Leaders and elders of various stakeholders

b. Conduct stakeholders peace summit LGU, Religious Leaders, Peace Advocates

2. DESTRUCTION OF a. Massive Information Education LGUs, DENR, NGOs, MFPCs NATURAL RESOURCES Campaign (IEC) (symposia, public / DepEd hearings, consultations.)

b. Review, amend, and implement LGU ( Exec & SB ) / existing ordinances/or enact new (Municipal & Barangay) ones

c. Organization of community-based DENR / LGU Bantay Kalikasan (Municipal and Barangay)

d. Provision of alternative livelihood LGU/ DA/ DAR/ DSWD/ projects DENR

e. Provision of capacity building LGU/ DA/ DAR/ DSWD/ DENR

3. RESISTANCE TO a. Massive IEC and provision of capacity Traditional Leaders/ LGUs & ACCESS BASIC SERVICES building RLAs (DOH, DSWD, DA, DAR, DepEd, DENR)

b. Incorporation of IEC during Friday Religious Leaders and Elders religious congregation

a. Intensify IEC on Integrated Pest DA / LGU Management and organic farming

b. Conduct fora on ill effects of agro- DA / LGU / FPA chemicals

c. Enact ordinances on regulation of the LGU/ Barangay Councils use of agro-chemicals

4. PRESENCE OF a. Intensify IEC on SWM / RA 9003 by LGU / DENR / SWMB and DOMESTIC SOLID LIQUID “purok” level Committee WASTE ALONG THE PERIPHERY OF THE b. Strong political will to implement RA LGU / Brgy. Captains LIGAWASAN MARSH 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000)

5. HIGH INCIDENCE OF a. Intensify IEC on health and family care DOH / LGU/ DepEd/ POVERTY education POPCOM/ DOT

b. Provision of Income Generating LGUs/ Congressmen/ Projects Governors/ Senators

c. Capacity building on basic alternative DA/ BFAR/ TESDA/ NGOs livelihood projects (WED)/ RIC/RCBW

6. HIGH BIRTH RATE a. Massive IEC on Reproductive Health DOH/ LGU/ POPCOM

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7 a. Organize and strengthen local tourism LGU/ DOT/ DENR . EXPLOITATION OF councils CULTURAL ARTS & ECO- TOURISM POTENTIALS b. Intensify tourism-related IEC LGU/ DOT

Annex 1b Outputs from Group 2 (Pikit, Pagalungan and Datu Montawal) During the Second Stakeholder Consultation Meeting, August 2004

CONSERVATION AGENCY RESPONSIBLE ISSUES/CONCERNS STRATEGIES

1. Unresolved Peace and a. Speed up Government- MILF - Government and MILF Order Situation Peace Talks

b. Promote LGU Peace Talks with the - LGU and Armed groups Armed Groups

2. High incidence of poverty: a. Introduce sustainable economic - DA, LGU & NGOs ECONOMIC program ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL * Establishment of cold storage to all - DA, LGU & NGOs fishlanding in the 3 municipalities

* Establishment of livestock projects - DENR & NGOs to the silted areas

* Establishment of Biodiversity - DENR, LGU & NGOs Resource Center

* Rehabilitation of the destroyed - GRP, LGU & NGOs game refuge and wildlife sanctuaries

* Halt the presence of armed - DepEd, LGU & NGOs elements both AFP & BIAF and let the community to police the marsh

* Financing Madrasa school and - TESDA, DSWD & conduct the appropriate skills NGOs training

* Introduction of livelihood projects for women (weaving, sewing )

3. SILTATION a. Dredging of the cut-off channel - DPWH

b. Clearing of waterways - LGU & DPWH

c. Reforestation of watersheds in the - DENR, LGU & upper portion of Rio-Grande NGOs de Mindanao

4. OVER-FISHING a. Enactment of Municipal ordinance - LGU against violators of illegal fishing

b. Organization of BANTAY-PAWAS - LGU & NGOs

5. Updating of maps on: a. Request for cadastral survey - DENR Boundaries of Pikit, Datu Montawal & Pagalungan b. Tax mapping - LGU

6. Reclassification of public a. Reclassify the identified public - DENR, Congresswoman Lala land to alienable & disposable land within Pikit through Talino Santos land congressional action

7. Delineation of areas a. Actual survey must be - DENR to be covered under the undertaken to delineate the protected area identified areas within the reclassified public land to be covered under NIPAs

Annex 1c Outputs from Group 3 (Paglat, Sultan sa Barongis, SK Pendatun, Datu Piang) During the Second Stakeholder Consultation Meeting, August 2004

Responsible Issues/ Concern Strategies Agencies Environmental 1. Siltation a. Incorporation of strategies and action plans in DENR, LGU, NGO, the Barangay and municipal development PO, plans Business/Private Sectors * Enforce total log ban Academe * Policy advocacy * Reforestation project * IEC on cause and effects of siltation * Research studies on the rate of siltation * Religious enforcement of environmental laws

2. Gradual extinction of a. IEC on endangered flora and fauna of LM DENR, LGU, NGO, endangered species (Tri-media)/Advocacy PO, Academe, (flora & fauna) b. Research on biology, breeding and Business and propagation of endangered species Private Sectors

3. Illegal fishing DA, BFAR and all a. Policy advocacy/IEC on effects and line agencies existing laws on illegal fishing b. Community organizing c. Organize, strengthen and expansion of Bantay Pawas d. Introduction of alternative livelihood (Bio-organic home gardening, livestock raising, cottage industries) e. Policy advocacy/IEC on cause and effects of habitat loss to biodiversity 4. Habitat loss DA, BFAR and all a. Community organizing line agencies b. Organize, strengthen and expansion of Bantay Pawas c. Introduction of alternative livelihood (Bio-organic home gardening, livestock raising, cottage industries)

5. Introduction of exotic BFAR, DENR species a. IEC on effects to biodiversity b. Banning of exotic flora and fauna species introduction into the LM communities

6. Fish kills a. Research to establish predictable pattern of fish kill occurrences b. Water quality monitoring

7. Institutional

1. Lack of concern of a. Networking/Linkaging/Collaboration Academe, BFAR, DENR, DAR, DOST, DENR DTI, BFAR, DPWH, All agencies OMA concerned All agencies concerned

2. Inadequate basic a. Lobbying for the provision of adequate social services basic social services b. Coordination and linkage with appropriate agencies c. Conduct of Donors Forum LGU’s, NGO’s, d. Resource mobilization Academe (SKPSC), other 3. High poverty a. Provision of livelihood projects line agencies incidence b. Capability building trainings on entrepreneurship c. Introduction of IGP’s

4. Low literacy a. Mobile school Academe b. Functional literacy (MINSUPLA) (SKPSC), NGO, DEP Ed. Other suggested a. Tripartite Partnership with LGU, NGO, strategies PO’s (Civil Society Organization) b. Community Counterpart c. Participatory planning, monitoring and evaluation (PIT Mgt.) d. Community-based programs/projects e. Transparency and accountability f. Access to information g. Collaboration/sharing of resources

ANNEX 2 Summary of Six Natural Resources Management (NRM) Interventions Showing Area and Locations Identified During Barangay Consultation Type of Project Estimated Area Proposed Location (ha.) 1. Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) for 3,300 ANR interventions will be done in the remaining wetland forest located in Habitat Protection and Restoration Kabacan, M’lang and Tulunan with an estimated area of 3,300 hectares (ha). However, only 20% of the wetland forest, however, or 660 hectares will be placed under ANR interventions. These wetland forest areas have been identified based on the GIS mapping: (a) Malam= 600 ha; (b) Paatan= 400 ha; (c) Cuyapon= 600 ha; Dunguan= 600 ha; (d) Tulunan= 800 ha; and (e) Tilbao= 300 ha. 2. Buffer Zone Reforestation (BZR) for Habitat 6,300. The BZR interventions will be undertaken around the wetland forest to Protection and Restoration establish a buffer zone between the the herbaceous swamp habitat, which surrounds the remaining wetland swamp forest and rice fields and built-up area. Estimated total area of the proposed buffer zone is 6,300 ha distributed as follows: (a) Malam= 1,000 ha ; (b) Paatan= 500 ha; (c) Cuyapon/Dunguan= 2,400 ha; (d) Tulunan= 1,600 ha; and (e) Tilbao= 800 ha.Each buffer zone will consist of 500 m wide strips x 1 km long plots, running parallel to the herbaceous swamp habitat and built-up areas. Tree species proposed inc;lude sagu, nipa, pandan and other species of interest to beneficiaries. 3. Riverbank Protection and Stabilization (RPS) 35 meters long The RPS will be carried out in the Municipality of Datu Piang. Estimated for Environmental Protection strips length of the river for RPS is 23 km distributed as follows: (a) 18 km from barangay Balong to Dasawao along Rio Grande River; and (b) 5 km from the Poblacion to Pandi along Dambalas River. A 7.5 meter easement in each side of the river shall be placed under RPS (i.e. 15 meters x 23 km= 35 hectares). Locally adapted and indigenous tree species will be utilized. 4. Upland Reforestation on Communal Land in 920 Residents of Barangay Dasawao in the Municipality of Datu Piang has Ten Municipalities for Habitat Restoration expressed interest to undertake 200 ha of upland reforestation. Interested communities in selected baranagays in the other nine municipalities (80 ha x 9 municipalities) will be encouraged to undertake upland reforestation to expand the areas with tree species to attract more migratory bird sanctuary in various parts of Ligawasan marsh, which the communities will establish with the triple objectives of (i) promoting environmental awareness and inetrest to manage the environment,(ii) expanding new habitas for tree dwelling migratory birds in Ligawasan Marsh, and (iii) generating income opportunities in the community involving nursery establishment and WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 165

maintenance, field planting, and maintenance of the ujpland reforested areas by the community. 5. Wildlife Sanctuary for Future Ecotourism - There are two existing bird sanctuaries in Ligawasan Marsh: (i) a privately- Activities owned 2-ha sanctuary in Barangay Baras in Tacurong City, and (ii) swamp forest area in Cuyapon (Dunguan), Kabacan. The Baras sanctuary can be rehabilitated by planting fruit-bearing tree species to attract new migratory bird species there. The current speciers are heron and egrets which have taken up residency in the area, started breeding and laying eggs. They roost in the area before sundown but they fly away at sunup to other nearby places to hunt for fish for their meals. The swamp forest sanctuary needs replanting and assisted natural regeneration support to expand the area and to improve the vegetation. Other municipalities will be encouraged to esta;lish their own bird sanctuaries, which can be utilized for future ecotourism activities. Interested barangays will be provided technical and financial support to establish two to three brid sanctruaies with an estimated area of 300 ha (10 ha x 3 sites x 10 municipalities). Three barangays (Dunguan, Kabacan(?), Kalbugan, Pahalungan, and Badak (S.K. Pendatun) have expressed interest in wildlife sanctuary activities during the barangay consultations ) 6. Tree Planting on Communal Land and The communities have experessed great interest in establishing tree Backyard Areas (10 municipalities, 43 plantations using locally adapted and indigenous tree species on ujpland barangays) communikal lands. Many would like to establish strips of tree species in their backyards and perimeters of farms. The intervention will support establishing tree seedling nurseries in each community to distribute seedlings to interested groups and individuals. This activity will support the needs of current furniture makers located in the marsh (for simple beds, tables, and chairs for household use) who will source their future wood requirements from these tree plantations. It will 100.00 M’lang (Dunguan=10 has.; Gaunan= 50 has.; and Dugong= 40 has.) 50.00 Kabacan (Kiligasan= 25 has. and Magatos= 25 has.) 140.00 Datu Piang (Dambalas= 130 has. and Reina Regente= 10 has.) 50.00 Tulunan (Popoyon= 25 has. and Dungos= 25 has.) 100.00 Datu Montawal (25 has/barangay x 4 barangays) 90.00 Pagalungan (covering Kalbugan, Kudal, Bagoenged, and Buliok) 140.00 Pikit (20 has./barangay x 7 barangays) 260.00 SKP (160 has. covering Laolao, Lasangan, Panosolen and Midpandakan; 100 has. covering Lower Idtig, Bulod, Badak, and Makainis) 100.00 Paglat ( 100 has. covering Upper Idtig and Damakling) WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 166

240.00 SSB (90 has. covering Angkayamat, Tugal and Langgapanan; 75 has. covering Darampua, Masulot and Kulambog; 75 has. covering Bulod, Total: 1,270 ha Papakan and Gadungan.

ANNEX 3 Summary of Ten Livelihood Interventions Showing Project Area and Numbers of Beneficiaries Identified During Barangay Consultation

Type of Project Proposed Project Area Total Number of Municipality Barangays Covered Beneficiaries 1. Duck Raising (10 M’lang Dunguan 20 HHs municipalities, 32 Gaunan 10 HHs barangays, and 640 Dugong 20 HHs households (HHs) Kabacan Upper Paatan 30 HHs Cuyapon 20 HHs Lower Paatan 20 HHs Datu Piang Pandi 20 HHs Damabalas 20 HHs Dasawao 20 HHs Reina Regente 20 HHs Datu Montawal Talapas 20 HHs Talitay 20 HHs Pagalungan Bulod 20 HHs Dungguan 20 HHs Kalbugan 20 HHs Kudal 20 HHs Pikit Bagoenged 20 HHs Buliok 20 HHs Paidu Pulangi 20 HHs Macasendig 20 HHs S. K. Pendatun Punol 20 HHs Katilakan 20 HHs Laolao 20 HHs Lasangan 20 HHs Paglat Panosolen 20 HHs Bulod 20 HHs Upper Idtig 20 HHs Damakling 20 HHs Sultan sa Barongis Angkayamat 20 HHs Langgapanan 20 HHs Tugal 20 HHs

SUMMARY LIVELIHOOD PROJECT INTERVENTIONS

Type of Project Proposed Project Area Total Number of Municipality Barangays Covered Beneficiaries 2. Goat Raising (10 M’lang Dunguan 30 HHs municipalities, 35 Gaunan 30 HHs barangays, and 1,020 Dugong 30 HHs HHs) Kabacan Magatos 30 HHs Lower Paatan 30 HHs Upper Paatan 30 HHs Datu Piang Damabalas 30 HHs Tulunan Dungos 30 HHs Popoyon 30 HHs Datu Montawal Talapas 30 HHs Talitay 30 HHs Bulod 30 HHs

Dungguan 30 HHs Pagalungan Kalbugan 30 HHs Kudal 30 HHs Buliok 30 HHs Pikit Macasendig 30 HHs Bulol 30 HHs Bulod 30 HHs S. K. Pendatun Panosolen 30 HHs Midpandacan 30 HHs Badak 30 HHs Makainis 30 HHs Paglat Upper Idtig 30 HHs Damakling 30 HHs Sultan sa Barongis Angkayamat 30 HHs Langgapanan 30 HHs Tugal 30 HHs Darampua 30 HHs Masulot 30 HHs Kulambog 30 HHs Bulod 30 HHs Papakan 30 HHs Gadungan 30 HHs 3. Cattle Fattening (7 M’lang Dunguan 20 HHs municipalities, 23 Kabacan Kilagasan 20 HHs barangays, and 460 Tulunan Popoyon 20 HHs families) Dungos 20 HHs Datu Montawal Talapas 20 HHs Talitay 20 HHs Bulod 20 HHs Dungguan 20 HHs Pagalungan Kalbugan 20 HHs Buliok 20 HHs S. K. Pendatun Upper Idtig 20 HHs Bulod 20 HHs Badak 20 HHs Makainis 20 HHs Sultan sa Barongis Angkayamat 20 HHs Langgapanan 20 HHs Tugal 20 HHs Bulod 20 HHs Papakan 20 HHs Gadungan 20 HHs Darampua 20 HHs Masulot 20 HHs Kulambog 20 HHs 4. Mat-weaving (7 M’lang Dunguan 30 HHs municiplaities, 19 Gaunan 30 HHs barangays, and 570 Dugong 30 HHs HHs) Tulunan Dungos 30 HHs Pagalungan Kudal 30 HHs Buliok 30 HHs Pikit Paidu Pulangi 30 HHs Macasendig 30 HHs Kulambog 30 HHs Langayen 30 HHs

SUMMARY LIVELIHOOD PROJECT INTERVENTIONS

Type of Project Proposed Project Area Total Number of Municipality Barangays Covered Beneficiaries S. K. Pendatun Laolao 30 HHs Lasangan 30 HHs Badak 30 HHs Makainis 30 HHs Paglat Upper Idtig 30 HHs Damakling 30 HHs Sultan sa Barongis Bulod 30 HHs Papakan 30 HHs Gadungan 30 HHs 5. Kalakat-weaving (2 M’lang Dunguan 20 HHs municipalities, 2 Datu Piang Pandi 20 HHs barangays, and 40 HHs) 6. Handicraft-making Kabacan Kilagasan 20 HHs (1 municipality, 2 Magatos 20 HHs barangays, and 40 HHs) 7. Dressmaking (1 Tulunan Dungos 30 HHs municiplaity, 1 barangay, and 30 HHS) 8. Kabibi Multiplication Pagalungan Kalbugan 30 HHs (1 muniipa 9. Furniture-making (1 S. K. Pendatun Laolao 20 HHs municipality, 4 Lasangan 20 HHs barangays, and 80 Badak 20 HHs HHs) Makainis 20 HHs 10. Vegetable Sultan sa Barongis Bulod 30 HHs Production (1 Gadungan 30 HHs municipality, 2 Papakan 30 HHs barangays, and 90 HHS

Annex 4. SUMMARY OF SMALL RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE SHOWING PROJECT AREA & NUMBER OF BENEFICIARIES IDENTIFIED DURING BARANGAY CONSULTATION

Type of Project Proposed Project Area No. of Unit Specifications/ Municipality Barangay Detail 1. Construction of potable water M’lang Dunguan 7 units 1 unit per sitio supply system 2. Provision of toilet bowl M’lang Dunguan 50 units Kabacan Kaligasan 25 units Lower Paatan 25 units Sultan sa Barongis Angkayamat 50 units Tugal 50 units Langgapanan 50 units Darampua 50 units Masulot 50 units Kulambog 50 units Bulod 50 units Papakan 50 units Gadungan 50 units 3. Construction of communal M’lang Gaunan 10 units Culvert to be used (using colvert) Datu Piang Damabalas 4 units Dasawao 4 units M’lang Dunguan 1 unit 600-1,000 sqm Gaunan 1 unit 4. Construction of fish landing Pikit Paidu Pulangi 1 unit Macasendeg 1 unit Paglat Upper Itdig 1 unit Damakiling 1 unit Kabacan Kilagasan 1 unit 1000 sqm Cuyapon 1 unit 1000 sqm Lower Paatan 1 unit 1000 sqm Upper Paatan 1 unit 1000 sqm 5. Construction of drying Datu Piang Damabalas 1 unit 800 sqm pavement Dasawao 1 unit 800 sqm Tulunan Popoyon 1 unit 450 sqm Dungos 1 unit 450 sqm Datu Montawal Talapas 1 unit 800 sqm Talitay 1 unit 800 sqm Bulod 1 unit 800 sqm Pagalungan Kalbugan 1 unit 800 sqm Kudal 1 unit 800 sqm Buliok 1 unit 800 sqm Pikit Paidu Pulangi 1 unit 1,000 sqm Macasendig 1 unit 1,000 sqm S.K. Pendantun Laolao 1 unit 1,000 sqm Lasangan 1 unit 1,000 sqm Badak 1 unit 1,000 sqm Makainis 1 unit 1,000 sqm Sultan sa Barongis Bulod 1 unit 800 sqm Papakan 1 unit 800 sqm Gadungan 1 unit 800 sqm Darampua 1 unit 800 sqm Masulot 1 unit 800 sqm Kulambog 1 unit 800 sqm Bagoenged 10 units By sitio/cluster 6. Distribution of jetmatic water Kabacan Kilagasan 15 units pump Lower Paatan 15 units Datu Piang Damabalas 30 units Pandi 30 units Reina Regente 30 units Tulunan Dungos 10 units WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 171

Datu Montawal Talapas 10 units Dungguan 12 units 3 units per sitio Pagalungan Kalbugan 10 units By sitio/cluster Kudal 10 units By sitio/cluster Bagoenged 10 units By sitio/cluster S.K. Pendatun Laolao 10 units Lasangan 10 units Sultan sa Barongis Angkayamat 5 units Tugal 5 units Langgapanan 5 units Darampua 5 units Masulot 5 units Kulambog 5 units Bulod 5 units Papakan 5 units Gadungan 5 units 7. Rehabilitation of farm-to- Kabacan Upper Paatan 3.00 km P 200,000 low cost market roads Others M’lang Dugong 1. Organization of Bantay Kabacan Kilagasan, Upper Pawas Paatan, and Lower Paatan Datu Piang Dasawao and Pandi Tulunan Dungos and Popoyon Pagalungan Kudal and Buliok Sultan sa Barongis Bulod, Papakan and Gadungan

Annex 5 : Project Interventions by Municipality

Table 1 : Datu Piang

Target Output Proposed Project Interventions Target Barangay Unit No. of Beneficiaries Specification A. Natural Resource Management 1. Riverbank stabilization/protection (using bamboo, Dambalas 1 km 250 Households pandan, etc.) (HHs) Within the poblacion 23 km* 2. Agroforestry (paper tree, mango, coconut, marang, Dambalas 130 hectares 250 HHs narra, etc.) Reina Regente 10 hectares 100 HHs 3. Reforestation Dasawao 180 hectares 400 HHs 4. Organization of Bantay Pawas Dasawao Pandi

B. Livelihood Support 1. Kalakat weaving Pandi 60 HHs 2. Duck raising Pandi 60 HHs Damabalas 100 HHs Dasawao 150 HHs Reina Regente 100 HHs 3. Construction of Bunuan (fish coral) Reina Regente 4. Goat raising Damabalas

C. Rural Infrastructure Support 1. Construction of 2 units 3-room school building Damabalas 2. Construction of 1 unit 3-room school building Reina Regente 3. Communal Toilet Damabalas 250 HHs Dasawao 4 units 200 HHs 4. Pitcher pump/deep well project Damabalas 250 HHs Pandi 30 units 300 HHs Reina Regente 30 units 300 HHs 5. Concrete Drying Floors Damabalas Dasawao 6. Spring development Reina Regente 360 HHs Dasawao 4 sitios 400 HHs * From Balong to Dasawao along Rio Grande River covering 18 km., and from Poblacion to Pandi covering 5 km

Table 2 : Sultan–sa Barongis

Proposed Project Interventions Target Barangay Target Output Unit Specification No. of Beneficiaries A. Natural Resource Management 1. Planting of: (nipa, bamboo, lumban, mango, baybay, lipao, Brgy. Agkayamat, Tugal 90 hectares 375 Households pandan) Langapanan (HHs) (Lipao, baybay, bamboo, balikabkab, pagatpat, and Brgy. Darampua, Masulot, 75 hectares 75 HHs mango) Kulambog (nipa, lipao, lebi, bai-bai, coconut, pandan, banana) Brgy. Bulod, Papakan, 265 hectares 550 HHs Gadungan 2. Organization of Bantay Pawas Brgy. Bulod, Papkan, Gadungan

B. Livelihood 1. Duck raising Angkayamat, Langgapanan, 500 HHs and Tugal 2. Goat raising Angkayamat, Langgapanan, 600 HHs and Tugal Darampua, Masulot, and 150 HHs Kulambog Bulod, Papakan, and Gadungan 100 HHs 3. Cattle fattening Angkayamat, Tugal, and 150 HHs Langgapanan Bulod, Papakan, and Gadungan 300 HHs

4. Provision of fishing gears (fish nets, bangka, etc.) Angkayamat, Tugal, and 300 HHs Langgapanan Darampua, Masulot, and 300 HHs Kulambog Bulod, Papakan, and Gadungan 300 HHs 5. Mat weaving Bulod, Papakan, and Gadungan 100 HHs 6. Vegetable production Bulod, Gadungan, and 200 HHs Papakan

C. Infrastructure Support 1. Water system (pitcher pump) Angkayamat, Tugal, and 1,110 HHs Langgapanan Darampua, Masulot, and Kulambog Bulod, Papakan, and Gadungan 2. Provision of toilet bowls Angkayamat, Tugal, and 4,400 HHs Langgapanan Darampua, Masulot, and 45 HHs Kulambog Bulod, Papakan, and Gadungan 150 HHs 3. Construction of Fish Landing Angkayamat, Tugal, and Langgapanan Darampua, Masulot, and Kulambog Bulod, Papakan, and Gadungan 4. Construction of Concrete Drying Floors Bulod, Papakan, and Gadungan 1 unit per barangay Darampua, Masulot, and 1 unit per barangay Kulambog 5. Construction of multipurpose building (health center cum Angkayamat, Tugal, and 3.0 hectares 1,110 HHs school) Langgapan 6. Farm-to-Market Road Angkayamat, Tugal, and 8 hectares 1,000 HHs Langgapanan Bulod, Papakan, and Gadungan

Table 3 : S. K. Pendatun Proposed Project Interventions Target Barangay Target Output Unit Specification No. of Beneficiaries A. Natural Resource Management 1. Reforestation Brgy. Laolao, 160 hectares 120 HHs (nipa, bamboo, libi, lumban, mango, baybay, lipao, Brgy. Lasangan tambili, Sedsed, balabaic,, bagubag) Brgy. Panosolen & Midpakan Brgy. Lower Idtig, Bulod, Badak, 100 hectares All residents Makainis Paglat, Upper Idtig, Damakling 1,500 HHs

2. Establishment of Nursery Brgy. Laolao 30 HHs (Pandan, bamboo, libi, lumban, baybay, lipao. Tambibil) Brgy. Idtig, Bulod, Badak, 750 hectares All residents Makainis 3. Tree planting Brgy. Idtig, Bulod, Badak, 731 hectares All residents Makainis. Brgy. Panosolen & 350 hectares 700 HHs Midpandacan Brgy. Lasangan 4. Social Awareness (Advocacy/Solid waste Mgt.) Bry. Laolao & Lasangan 700 HHs

B. Livelihood Support 1. Duck Raising Brgy. Laolao & Lasangan Brgy. Panosolen & Lasangan Brgy. Upper Idtig, Bulod 500 HHs Brgy. Damakling 500 HHs 2. Mat weaving Brgy. Laolao & Lasangan 20 HHs Brgy. Badak, Makainis 700 HHs Brgy. Damakling 1,500 HHs 3. Furniture making Brgy. Laolao & Lasangan 20 HHs

Brgy. Badak, Makainis 300 HHs

4. Goat raising Brgy. Panosolen & Midpandacan 700 HHs Brgy. Upper Idtig 100 hectares 500 HHs Brgy. Damakling 1,500 hectares 300 HHs Brgy. Badak, Makainis 981 HHs 5. Carabao Raising Brgy. Panosolen & Midpandacan 700 HHs 6. Cattle fattening Brgy. Upper Idtig, Balod 100 hectares 250 HHs Brgy. Badak, Makainis 2 barangays 7. Native Chicken raising Brgy. Badak, Makainis 50 HHs 8. Motorboat/bancas/bonet Brgy. Upper Idtig, Bulod 800 HHs Brgy. Badak, Makainis 300 HHs 9. Saidan Brgy. Upper Idtig, Bulod 40 hectares 40 HHs 10. Micro finance Brgy. Upper Idtig, Bulod 4 Cooperatives 11. Rice/corn production Brgy. Badak, Makainis 100 hectares 600 HHs

C. Rural Infrastructure Support 1. Potable Water system (deep well) Brgy. Laolao & Lasangan 700 HHs 2. Post Harvest facilities (solar drier) Brgy. Laolao & Lasangan Brgy. Badak, Makainis 1 km. 3. Drainage System Brgy. Laolao & Lasangan 4. Construction of FMR Brgy. Upper Idtig, Damakling 1 km. All residents 5. Construction of fish landing Brgy. Upper Idtig, Damakling All residents 6. Construction of Marketing Center Brgy. Badak, Makainis All residents 7. Rural Electrification Brgy. Upper Idtig, Damakling All residents 8. Health Center Brgy. Upper Idtig, Damakling All residents Brgy. Bulod WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 175

Table 4 : Paglat

Proposed Project Interventions Target Barangay Target Output Unit Specification No. of Beneficiaries A. Natural Resource Management 1. Reforestation (nipa, bamboo, libi, lumban, mango, baybay, lipao, Upper Idtig, Damakling 100 hectares All residents tambili, Sedsed, balabaic,, bagubag)

B. Livelihood 1. Duck raising Upper Idtig & Damakling 500 HHs 2. Goat raising Upper Idtig & Damakling 300 HHs 3. Mat weaving Upper Idtig & Damakling 500 HHs 4. Fish cage Upper Idtig & Damakling 500 HHs

C. Infrastructure Support 1. Construction of 2-km FMR Upper Idtig & Damakling Local Residents 2. Construction of fish landing Upper Idtig & Damakling Local Residents 3. Health Center Upper Idtig & Damakling Local Residents 4. Training Center Upper Idtig & Damakling Local Residents

Table 5 : Paglat

Proposed Project Interventions Target Barangay Target Output Unit Specification No. of Beneficiaries A. Natural Resource Management 1. Tree planting (Acacia, lipao, pandan) Paidu Pulangi 60 HHs Macasendig Punol, Katiklan 20 HHs Bulod, Bulol, Kulambog 90 HHs Langayen

B. Livelihood Support 1. Duck Raising Paidu Pulangi 100 HHs Macasending 100 HHs Punol, Katiklan 20 HHs 2. Goat Raising Macasending 100 HHs Bulol, Bulod 200 HHs 3. Mat weaving Paidu Pulangi, 100 HHs Macasendig Kulambog, Langayen 200 HHs 4. Corn Production Paidu, Pulangi, 400 HHs Macasending 5. Fishnet, banca Paidu, Pulangi, 200 HHs Macasending Dunguan 200 HHs Punol and Katiclan 70 HHs C. Rural Infrastructure Support 1. Post harvest facilities; Corn sheller/brgy (2 units) Paidu, Pulangi, 100 HHs Macasendig Warehouse (2 units) Paidu, Pulangi, 400 HHs Macasendig Solar Drier (2 units) Paidu, Pulangi, 400 HHs Macasendig Fishlanding (2 units) Paidu, Pulangi, Macasindig 100 HHs

Others: Training; Fishery Management Paidu, Pulangi, 200 HH Macasendig Mat weaving Paidu, Pulangi, 200 HH Macasendig Kulambog, Langayen Livestock Management Paidu, Pulangi, 200 HH Macasendig Leadership Training on Conservation Punol, Katiklan 200 HH Management

Table 6 : Datu Montawal

Proposed Project Interventions Target Barangay Target Output Unit Specification No. of Beneficiaries A. Natural Resource Management 1. Planting of nipa, balikakab, bamboo Talapas 25 hectares 550 HHs 2. Planting of nipa, tree (baybay, lipao, Talitay 25 hectares 741 HHs balikakab, tupak, pansio, salagat, tog, coconut tree, and mango) Bulod 25 hectares 700 HHs Dungguan 25 hectares 800 HHs

B. Livelihood Support 1. Duck raising Talapas 550 HHs Talitay 741 HHs Bulod 300 HHs Dungguan 50 HHs 2. Goat raising Talapas 550 HHs Talitay 741 HHs Bulod 300 HHs Dungguan 50 HHs 3. Cattle fattening Talapas 550 HHs Talitay 741 HHs Bulod 400 HHs Dungguan 400 HHs 4. Fish cages Talapas 550 hectares Talitay 10 hectares

B. Rural Infrastructure Support 1. Conrete Drying Floors Talapas (w/ warehouse) Talitay Bulod (w/ 800 sqm warehouse) 2. Provision of water system (jetmatic pumps) Talapas Dungguan 3 units/sitio x 4 sitios 3. Fish landing Talitay Bulod 600 sqm 700 HHs

Table 7 : Pagalungan

Proposed Project Interventions Target Barangay Target Output Unit No. of Beneficiaries Specification A. Natural Resource Management 1. Planting of trees such as bangkal, bai-bai, Kalbugan 90 hectares lipao, narra, bamboo, nipa, tog, manuang pandan, balikakab in the marsh Kudal Bagoenged Buliok 2. Riverbank tree planting Kudal 3. Establishment of wildlife sanctuaries Kalbugan 4. Creation of Bantay Pawas Kudal Buliok

B. Livelihood Support 1. Goat raising Kalbugan 50 HHs Kudal 150 HHs Buliok 200 HHs 2. Duck raising Kalbugan 50 HHs Kudal 150 HHs Bagoenged 100 HHs Buliok 200 HHs 3. Kabibi production Kalbugan 300 HHs 4. Cattle fattening Kalbugan 50 HHs Buliok 200 HHs 5. Fish Cage Kalbugan 50 HHs Bagoenged 134 HHs 6. Mat weaving Kudal 150 HHs Buliok 200 HHs

C. Rural Infrastructure Support 1. Concrete Drying Floors Kalbugan Local Residents Kudal 800 sqm Buliok 2. Provision of water system (jetmatic pump) Kalbugan (by sitio/cluster) Kudal (by sitio/cluster) Bagoenged 10 units 3. Construction of fish landing Kalbugan Kudal 600 sqm Buliok

Table 8 : Kabacan

Proposed Project Interventions Target Barangay Target Output Unit No. of Beneficiaries Specification A. Natural Resource Management 1. Agroforestry (using talisay, molave, mango, Kilagasan 100 hectares and jackfruit) Magatos 100 hectares 2. Planting of nipa and pandan Kilagasan 3. Organization of Bantay Pawas Kilagasan 4. Organization of Bantay Kalikasan Upper Paatan Lower Paatan

B. Livelihood Support 1. Cattle Fattening Kilagasan All Households 2. Swine Raising Kilagasan Upper Paatan 300 HHs Lower Paatan 70 HHs 3. Handicraft-making Kilagasan All HHs Magatos (mat- 30 HHs weaving) 4. Goat raising Magatos 35 HHs Lower Paatan 70 HHs Upper Paatan 393 HHs 5. Duck raising Cuyapon 473 HHs Lower Pataan 30 HHs/purok 6. Construction of bunuan Lower Pataan 30 HHs

C. Rural Infrastructure Support 1. Concrete Drying Floors Kilagasan Cuyapon 1,000 sqm Lower Paatan Upper Paatan 2. Water system (jetmatic pump) Kilagasan 15 units Lower Paatan (communal) 3. Construction of fish landing Magatos Cuyapon 4. Provision of water-sealed toilet bowl Kilagasan 25 units Lower Paatan 200 HHs 5. Rehabilitation of farm-to-market road Upper Paatan 3.00 km Lower Paatan 6. Provision of electricity Upper Paatan 126 HHs

Others 1. Botika sa Barangay Lower Paatan 418 HHs

Table 9 : M’lang

Proposed Project Interventions Target Barangay Target Output Unit Specification No. of Beneficiaries A. Natural Resource Management 1. Tree planting at riverbank (baybay, talisay, Dunguan 10 hectares bangkal, and putat 2. Riverbank stabilization Dunguan 30 hectares 547 HHs 3. Planting of nipa (for buffer zone) Gaunan 200 hectares 200 HHs Dugong 40 hectares 30 HHs 4. Agroforestry (fruit and fruit trees) Gaunan 150 hectares 50 HHs 5. Organize Bantay Kalikasan/ Bantay Pawas Dugong

B. Livelihood Support 1. Duck raising Dunguan 50 HHs Gaunan 10 HHs Dugong (pato) 20 HHs 2. Goat raising Dunguan Gaunan All HHs Dugong 60 HHs 3. Cattle fattening Dunguan 4. Mat-weaving Dunguan 20-30 HHs Gaunan 30 HHs Dugong 130 women 5. Kalakat-weaving Dunguan 20-30 HHs 6. Dry fish processing Dunguan

C. Rural Infrastructure Support 1. Construction of concrete drying floors Dunguan (with warehouse) Gaunan (with warehouse) 2. Construction of potable water supply Dunguan 1 unit/sitio x 7 sitios 3. Toilet bowl Dunguan 200 HHs 4. CR (using culvert) with water system Gaunan All HHs 5. Construction of fish landing Dunguan Gaunan 6. Drainage system/canal Gaunan 2.5 km Dugong 7. Construction of health center Gaunan 8. Electrification Dugong (thru AMORE)

Others 1. Organization of cooperative (multipurpose) Dunguan 40-60 HHs Gaunan

Table 10 : Tulunan

Proposed Project Interventions Target Barangay Target Output Unit Specification No. of Beneficiaries A. Natural Resource Management 1. Planting of trees, coconut, bamboo, and nipa Popoyon 100 hectares 189 HHs 2. Tree planting (tuog, libi, pandan, and Dungos 100 hectares 200 HHs bamboo) 3. Organization of bantay pawas Dungos Popoyon

B. Livelihood Support 1. Goat raising Dungos 50 HHs Popoyon 100 heads 2. Duck raising (meat type) Dungos 50 HHs 3. Cattle fattening Popoyon 20 HHs Dungos 50 HHs 4. Mat weaving Dungos 100 women 5. Dressmaking Dungos 200 women

C. Rural Infrastructure Support 1. Construction of fish landing Dungos 2. Water system provision (jetmatic pump) Dungos 10 units 200 HHs 3. Provision of Level 2 water system Popoyon 2 units 110 HHs 4. Construction of Concrete Drying Floors Popoyon 450 sqm 189 HHs Dungos 200 HHs 5. Km 129 2-lane bridge km 128 to SKP Popoyon 6. Electrification Dungos

ANNEX 6. Assessment of Ten Livelihood Projects Proposed by the Stakeholders

NO. Livelihood Projects No. of Barangays Direct Beneficiaries Assessment

1 Duck Raising 32 640 Satisfactory 2 Goat Raising 35 1020 Satisfactory 3 Backyard Cattle Fattening 23 460 Satisfactory 4 Mat Weaving 19 570 Satisfactory

5 Kalakat / Amakan Weaving ( “Sawali” ) 2 40 Satisfactory

6 Pandan Hat-Making ( Sayap ) 1 30 Satisfactory

7 Food Cover Making ( Tudong ) 1 30 Satisfactory

8 Dressmaking1 ( 1 ) ( 30 ) Not Satisfactory

9 Freshwater Shell ( Kabibi ) Harvesting ( 1 ) ( 30 ) Not Satisfactory

10 Hardwood Furniture Making (4 ) ( 80 ) Not Satisfactory

TOTAL 113 2,760

LEGEND: ( ) = Not included in the total Satisfactory = Environment-Friendly and sustainable Not Satisfactory = Not Environment-Friendly and Sustainable 1 = Low market feasibility because it depends on purchase orders to sustain the project

Annex 7 : LIST OF TREE SPECIES SUGGESTED FOR HOUSEHOLD-MANAGED TREE PLANTING

Municipality Suggested Tree Species M’lang Baybay, Talisay, Bangkal, and Putat Kabacan Talisay, Molave, Mango, and Jackfruit Tulunan Nipa and Libi Datu Piang Narra, Mango, Paper Tree, Coconut, and Bamboo Datu Montawal Nipa, Balikakab (a.k.a Bangkal), Lipao, Tupak, Baybay, and Pansio Pagalungan Bangkal, Baybay, Lipao, Nipa, and Balikakab Pikit Acacia, Pandan, and Mango S.K. Pendatun Nipa, Libi, Lumban, Baybay, Tambilil, Sedsed, and Bagubag Paglat Nipa, Bamboo, Libi, Lumban, Baybay, Lipao, Tambilil, Sedsed, Balabac, and Bagubag Sultan sa Barongis Nipa, Bamboo, Lumban, Mango, Baybay, Lipao, Pandan, Balikabkab, Pagatpat, and Libi

Annex 8

Annex 9. List of Barangays from Ten Municipalities Included in the Medium-term Investment Program

No. Municipality Barangay No. of Barangays

1. Datu Piang Dambalas 4 Dasawao Pandi Reina Regente

2. Sultan-sa-Barongis Langgapangan 6 Tugal Gadungan Angkayamat Bulod Papakan

3. S. K. Pendatun Bulod 12 Kulasi Kaladturan Lao-lao Lower Idtig Midpandakan Makainis Panasolen Pidtiguian Badak Lasangan Lumabao

4. Paglat Dumakling 2 Itdig

5. Pikit Bagu Enged 14 Barungis Buliok Bulod Bulol Kabasalan Katilakan Kulambog Langayen Makasendeg Paido Pulangi Punol Rajah Muda Talitay

6. Datu Montawal Bulod 4 Dunguan Talapas Talitay

7. Pagalungan Bagoenged 4 Buliok Kudal Kalbugan

8. Kabacan Cuyapon 5 Kilagasan Magatos Lower Paatan Upper Paatan

9. M’lang Dugong 3 WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 186

Dunguan Guanan

10. Tulunan Dungos 3 Galidan Popoyon

T O T A L 57

Annex 10

Annex 11

Annex 12

Summary of the Fauna and Fish and Aquatic Surveys Under the Wetland Biodiversity Study A. Fauna of the Ligawasan Marsh 1. Birds

1. The fauna survey under the Wetland Biodiversity reported 206 terrestrial vertebrate species, under the classes Aves, Mammalia, Reptilia and Amphibia, which were recorded from 16 locations or study sites. There was an increase of 87 species from the previous list of 119 species of terrestrial vertebrates under PASA Study.

2. The birds surveyed have a total of 170 species from 47 families and accounted for an increase of 75 species from the previous list of 95 species. The number of endemic birds recorded was 39 species, a great majority of which are forest dependent species recorded from patches of swamp forests. They include: Spizaetus philippinensis (one of three endemic raptors in the Philippines; G. Allicolumba criniger, the endangered Mindanao Bleeding Heart; the endemic B olbopsittacus lunulatus Guiabero and Loriculus philippinensis, Colasisi; the vulnerable endemic forest kingfishers Alcedo argentata, Ceyx melanurus and Cexy erithacus; the Sunbirds, Spider Hunters, Flowerpecker, Leaf-warblers, Babblers, Flycatchers, Whistlers and Tailorbirds like Aethopyga primigenius, Aethophyga pulcherrima, Arachnothera clarae, Dicaeum nigrilore, Dicaeum anthonyi, Dicaeum aeruginosum, Phyl;loscopuse olivaceus, Macronous striaticeps, Orthotomus nigirceps, Ficedula basilanica, Pachycephala philippinenis, etc). These forests were not accessible during the PASA surveys.

3. The marsh-dependent Tachybaptus ruficollis cotabato an endemic race of Grebe and Anas luzonica, the only endemic Philippine Duck are the only non-forest dependent endemic bird species in Ligawasan. The Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea a marsh bird, which has been recorded only in Ligawasan Marsh in the Philippines, was also recorded during the survey. Table 1 lists some endemic species with their habitat preferences. The significant number of endemic species which are forest-dependent highlights the importance of the remaining swamp forest habitats for the biodiversity of Ligawasan Marsh.

4. A total of 37 migratory species was recorded (e.g. Podiceps ruficollis Black-necked Grebe; Ardea sumatrana Great-billed Heron; Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret; Egretta garzetta Little Egret; Egretta alba Great Egret; Anas crecca Great-winged Teal; Pandion haliaetus Osprey; Recurvirostra avosetta, the rare Avocet; the common Plovers, Stilts, Redshanks, Godwits, Sandpipers and Terns like Charadrius dubius, Charadrius peron; Rostratula benghalensis, Himantopus himantopus, Tringa erythropus, Limosa limosa Sterna berg; Sterna hirundo, etc.). Ten of these species have resident populations in the Philippines (e.g. Burides s triatus Little Heron, Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret, Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron, Nycticorax caledonicus Rufous Night Heron, Halcyon coromanda Ruddy Kingfisher, Circus melanoleucos Pied Harrier, Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit, etc.

Table 1 List of Some Endemic, Near Threatened and Vulnerable Species in 16 Survey Sites. Conservation Species Name Common Name Local Name Endemism Habitat Status Aethopyga primiqenius Grey-hooded Near Swamp Sunbird K’nti (K-nti) Near threatened Endemic Forest Aethopyga pulcherrima Metallic-winged Non Threatened Swamp Sunbird Kenti Species (NTS) Endemic Forest Swamp Aethopyga shel/eyi Lovely Sunbird K’nti (K-nti) NTS Endemic Forest Swamp Alcedo argentata Silvery Kingfisher Kasing-sing NTS Endemic Forest Amaurornis olivaceus Plain Bush-hen Near Swampl Tugling NTS Endemic Forest Anas luzonica Philippine Duck Wawaling Vulnerable Endemic Marsh Arachnothera clarae Naked-faced Swamp Spider Hunter Sulit NTS Endemic Forest Ga/Jicolumba criniger Mindanao Bleeding Heart Punalada Endangered Endemic Forest Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Limoken Brown Dove or Tegol NTS Endemic Forest Pti/inopus occipitalis Yellow-breasted Limoken Fruit Dove or Tegol NTS Endemic Forest Bolpopsittacus lunulatus Guaiabero Swamp Kalopindo NTS Endemic Forest Loriculus philippensis Phil Hanging Swamp Parakeet Colasisi NTS Endemic Forest Centropus melanops Black-faced Shrub Coucal Sagusok NTS Endemic /Forest Shrub Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal Sagusok NTS Endemic IForest Collocalia troglodytes Pygmy swiftlet Kalugay NTS Endemic Open area Little Slaty Ficedula basilanica Flycatcher N/A Vulnerable Endemic Forest Dicaeum aerunqinosum Striped Swamp Flowerpecker Btig (B-tig) NTS Endemic Forest Flame-crowned Swamp Dicaeum anthonyi Flowerpecker N/A Near threatened Endemic Forest Red-keeled Swamp Dicaeum australe Flowerpecker N/A NTS Endemic Forest Bi-colored Swamp Dicaeum bicolor Flowerpecker N/A NTS Endemic Forest Dicaeum hypoleucum Buzzing Flowerpecker Upa-na-bai NTS Endemic Forest Olive-capped Dicaeum niqrilore Flowemecker N/A NTS Endemic Forest Dicaeum pyqmaeum Pygmy Swamp Flowerpecker Kmes-sa-bai NTS Endemic. Forest Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.

5. The migratory species recorded in Ligawasan Marsh and vicinities can be classified into three groups: (1) species that are forest dependent (e.g. Gallicolumba criniger, Alcedo argentata, Ceyx melanurus, Dendrocopus maculates, Pernis ptilorhynchus, Halcyon coromanda, Muscicapa griseisticta etc.), (2) species that favor the open field or swamp (Podiceps ruficollis, Egretta garzetta, Butorides, , Anas crecca) and (3) the species that utilize the forest but feed in the adjacent open field or swamp (e.g. Pandion haliaeetus, Circus melanoleucos, Nycticorax nycticorax).

6. Most of the resident bird species are common in the open swamp habitats or marshy grasslands (e.g. Ardea purpurea and Ardeola speciosa) or even in the cultivated rice fields (e.g. Bubulcus ibis, Butorides striatus, Egretta garzetta, Egretta intermedia and Egretta alba). These species have both resident and migrant populations. Table 2 shows the migratory species and their associated habitats.

7. A total of 13 threatened bird species was recorded for the Ligawasan Marsh e.g. Gorsachius goisagi Japanese Night Heron (Vulnerable), the endemics like Anas luzonica (Vulnerable), Spizaetus philippensis (Vulnerable), the Gallicolumba criniger (Endangered), Alcedo argentata (Vulnerable), Ceyx melanurus (Vulnerable), Ficedula basilanica (Vulnerable), etc.

2. Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians

8. The mammals with 14 species accounted for four additional species from the previous ten species, with three endemic species, Le., ptenochirus minor Lesser Musky Fruit Bat, Ptenochirus jagori Musky Fruit Bat and Sus philippensis Philippine Warty Pig. Nine (9) species are volant species comprising the fruit bats (Megachiropterans) e.g. P. jagori, P. minor, Cynopterus brachyotis, Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Macroglossus minim us, Eonyceris spalaea, and the insectivorous bats (Microchiropterans) e.g. Hipposideros diadema and Myotis sp..

9. The reptiles with 13 species accounted for 6 additional species from the previous 7 species with one threatened endemic, i.e. The Philippine Crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis. The Ligawasan Marsh is considered as one of the last strongholds of this endemic crocodile in the country, where the more widespread and larger species is also known to occur.

10. Only nine species of Amphibian including one endemic species Kaloula conjuncta, were recorded from Ligawasan. There could have been more species of amphibians recorded if the team were allowed to freely conduct surveys on amphibians during the evening. However, due to security considerations the local leaders and officials did not advise the team to conduct a night survey. The marsh is considered also as one of the most important habitats for the Philippine amphibians. When the peace and order situation of the area would allow it, the survey on amphibians should be a priority activity.

11. All the above 87 species were not reported earlier in the PASA report, thus considered as new records.

Table 2. List of Migratory Species of Birds Recorded in Ligawasan Marsh After three Field Surveys in May-June, September and November-December 2004. SCIENTIFIC COMMON NAME LOCAL CONSERVATION HABITAT NAME NAME STATUS Podiceps ruficollis Black—necked Grebe Balisuk NTS Swamp Ardea sumatrana Great-billed Heron B’gok (B-gok) NTS Swamp Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field Egretta garzetta Little Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field Egretta alba Great Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field Butorides striatus Little Heron Bigua NTS Swamp Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field Mamawa-sa- NTS Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron Swamp, forest kuden Nycticorax caledonicus Rufous Night Heron Bigua NTS Swamp, forest Tayabpis-sa- NTS Ixobrycus eurvthmus Shrenk's Bittern Swamp bagombong Anas crecca Great Winged Teal Itik NTS Swamp Pandion haliaeetus Osprey Banog Open field swamp forest Circus melanoleucos Pied Harrier Kuligi NTS Open field Swamp forest Pernis ptilorhynchus Oriental Honey Buzzard Banog NTS Open field Swamp forest Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen T’lek (T-lek) NTS Swamp Charadrius dubius Little-ringed Plover Tla-tla NTS Swamp Recurvirostra avosetta Avocet N/A NTS Swamp Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt N/A NTS Swamp Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank N/A NTS Swamp Tringa glareola Wood sandpiper N/A NTS Swamp Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint N/A NTS Swamp Sterna hirundo Common Tern Tulalang NTS Swamp Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Tulalang NTS Swamp Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Tern Tulalang NTS Swamp Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher Kasiang-siang NTS Forest Halcyon coromanda Ruddy Kingfisher Kasiang-siang NTS Forest Monticola solitarius Blue-rock Thrush Kasiang-siang NTS Forest or open field Locustella fasciolata Gray's Grasshopper Warbler Kasiang-siang NTS Open Grassland Locustella lanceolata Lanceolated Warbler Kasiang-siang NTS Open Grassland Locustella ochotensis Middendorf's Grasshopper Open Grassland Warbler Tuliok NTS Grassland Muscicapa griseisticta Grey-streaked Bonga NTS Forest Flycatcher Motacilia cinerea Grey Wagtail N/A NTS Open field Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail N/A NTS Open field Anthus hodgsoni Olive Tree Pipit Bayako NTS Open field Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike Kendas NTS Forest/ grassland Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004. WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 193

12. The increase in the number of terrestrial vertebrate species compared to the PASA Report was largely due to (a) deliberate efforts exerted by the team to conduct more surveys, (b) the conduct of surveys during the bird migration season from September to December and (c) being able to conduct surveys in and a round the remaining patches of swamp forests that was never made feasible during the PASA surveys. A significant number of 39 endemic bird species was recorded, almost all of which are forest-dependent species. The number of migratory bird species also increased dramatically to 37 species.

13. Thirteen bird species, that were not recorded during PASA but were recorded prior to the 2001 survey, were all observed and recorded during the recent surveys. These include the Tachybaptus ruficollis, Anhinga melanogaster, Amaurornis olivaceous, Bolbopsittacus lunulatus, Centropus viridis etc.

B. Fish and Aquatic Biodiversity

1. Fishes

14. Table 3 presents the fishes so far collected and noted in this study. Libungan Marsh has the most number of species. Of the twenty-seven (27) species noted, at least five (5) species are marine forms known to be able to enter a few kilometers upstream of the river mouth. Twenty-two species (22) were collected and noted from Ebpanan Marsh, at least three of which are predominantly marine forms. Only eighteen (18) species were collected from Ligawasan Marsh, almost all of which are known to live in freshwater habitats only.

15. The three marsh areas mentioned above, though somewhat delineated/isolated from each other during the dry season, may form a relatively continuous body of water during the wet/rainy season. Even during the dry season, interconnections by way of Cotobato River and its tributaries may still be present however limited. It is presumed that variation in fish species richness between the three areas will not be great. If ever, one particular factor that may influence fish diversity may be salinity.

16. Libungan Marsh and Ebpanan Marsh are on the downstream area of Cotobato River. High tides and low inland water levels are very good conditions by which saltwater could enter several kilometers upstream. During such occasions, marine and estuarine euryhaline fish species (trevallys, glassfishes, etc) and other biota may be able to reach far inland. As a consequence, Ebpanan and Libungan Marsh, as occasional ecotones, exhibit edge effects such as having higher species counts than Ligawasan Marsh. On the other hand, there were species, like Puntius binotatus and Clarias nieuhoffi in Ligawasan Marsh that were so far not collected nor noted from the two other marshes. Presumably, they could not tolerate the occasional intrusion of saltwater.

17. Of the thirty (31) species collected from the three sites, nineteen (19) or 65% of them are native. In the PASA Report on Ligawasan Marsh, twenty-four (24) species were reported. Thus in this study, about 14 species are new site records. The cyprinids and gobies sensu latu are the dominant groups with 6 of 30 species (20 %) each, then followed by the catfishes and gouramys.

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18. The cyprinids are of interest to Mindanao. Of the cyprinids, however, only one is native. Four of them are introduced as a fishery resource, and one larvivore mosquito fish species was introduced in the 'Philippines as a biological control of mosquitoes. Herre (1924) reported 7 species of the genus Puntius. It is believed that only two species have remained extant. Puntius binotatus is one. It is present in Agusan River and its tributaries as well as in Agusan Marsh. As it is native to Southeast Asia, from Thailand to Indonesia and the Philippines, it may well be fairly distributed in the whole of Mindanao. In the PASA Report, Puntius javanicus Ounior synonym of Barbodes gonionotus, FISHBASE 2000) was also recorded, but this is an introduced species. The PASA report reported only four species.

19. Two species of gobies were reported in the PASA report, Gobius biocellatus (valid name Glossogobius biocellatus) and Cterogobius criniger. All the gobies collected in this study are native to the Philippines. These two species are mainly marine forms that can sometime enter the lower reaches of the river. Three species are eleotrids and the other three are "true gobies". Eleotris fusca and E. melanosoma are amphidromous fishes that can live in freshwaters as adults and spawning is usually in estuarine or mangrove habitats where the juveniles also spend some time. In Luzon, the juvenile production contributes much to the "ipon" fishery. Butis amboinensis is usually found in freshwater environments, though it can also enter an estuarine/ brackish water area. Though edible, they are not usually regarded as table fish. Stenogobius opthalmoporus is known as a secondary freshwater fish not known for any commercial importance as yet. Glossogobius giuris is a colorful, commercial fish marketed fresh. Most of the goby sold in the Cotobato market is of this species. They can well tolerate fresh to brackish water; occasionally they enter the marine environment. It has been observed that those caught in estuarine or mangrove areas are larger than those caught in the freshwaters. They are most common in silty- muddy waters. Sicyopterus extraneus are usually found in the river banks clinging to the mud banks and sometimes getting out of the water. It is of no known commercial importance.

20. Of the catfishes caught, two are native and the other is an introduced species. C. batrachus is the introduced species and is a major contributor to the catfish fishery in the three marshes. They are usually found in fresh waters but can also tolerate low salinities in the estuarine waters. It is usually marketed fresh or frozen but some enterprising fishermen also market smoke or sun-dried individuals. C larias macrocephalus and C. niuehoffi are native to the Philippines. Clarias macrocephalus are also commercially sold though in lower quantities than C. batrachus. In other Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, the flesh of this species is regarded to be more superior in taste than that of C. batrachus. Attempts towards culture of this species are increasing in these countries. In the Philippines, most of the fishes caught are still from wild capture. The other native catfish, Clarias nieuhoffi, is seldom seen in the market. This species was reported as Clarias gilli (a junior synonym) in the PASA Report. It is known as the "eel- catfish" by the local fishermen and has been captured, so far, only in t he freshwater portions 0 f the marshes. There is not much known 0 n this species. Morphologically, the h ead:length ratio is smaller than that of C. batrachus, thus there could be relatively more edible flesh per individual.

21. Channa striata (snakehead-mudfish-dalag) and Anabas testudineus (climbing perch- pupuyo) are two other native relatively-freshwater fishes that are of commercial importance. Both can withstand periods of dessication and low oxygen content of water. They are usually marketed live although "dried" or "smoked" dalag are sometimes available.

22. All the gouramys are introduced commercially important fishes, although T. pectoralis and T. trichopterus are more common than O. guramy.

23. The cichlids O. niloticus and O. mossambicus are introduced as commercially important food fish. The local people still regard O. mossambicus as the "native" tilapia.

24. A. marmorata and A. bicolor are the two major catadromous eel species caught from the marshes that are sold commercially. A. bicolor probably reaches only the lower portions of the WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 196

River but A. marmorata can reach further upland, even invading mountain streams. Thus there may be few, if not none at all, A. bicolor that are caught in Ligawasan Marsh than that in Ebpanan or Libungan Marsh.

25. The "banaklbalanak" known to the locals comprise two species – Liza melinoptera and Megalops cyprinoides. L. melinoptera are schooling coastal fishes that can enter a river to feed. They are usually confined only in the lower portions of the river, although some individuals can reach t he more upstream portions. M. cyprinoides are predominantly anadromous marine tarpons that can also invade the rivers to feed. They are predatory and some attempts to culture it in ponds as grow-outs have been reported to be successful. Both species are usually marketed fresh or frozen.

26. The half-beak Zenarchopterus gilli is mainly marine species but is able to enter the freshwater environment. They are not known to be of economic importance as of yet, though its potential as an aquarium fish needs to be explored.

27. The two species of glass perch let, Ambassis interrupta and Ambassis buruensis, are regarded as by-catch by fishermen. Generally freshwater, they can also live in estuarine/brackish water environments. They are not regarded as a valued marketable resource due to its long bony spines. However, they are still consumed as table food by marginal fishermen in the area.

28. The native Mesopristes cancel/atus "pigek" (incorrectly identified as Terapon mesopristes in the PASA Report) are sometimes caught at Cotobato River in the vicinity of Libungan Marsh. The adults usually inhabit the bay areas but can travel many kilometers upstream. It is regarded as a valuable food fish by the people in the area.

29. Juveniles of jacks (Caranx sexfasciatus) are also caught in the lower reaches of Cotabato River and they are mainly marine forms. Though jacks have been known to grow as long as 20 inches (in standard length) in the deep waters of Lake Taal in luzon, there is doubt whether they can grow to such length in the relatively shallow waters of the marshes.

30. The most important fishery species from the marshes are dominated by introduced cyprinids, gouramys, cichlids, and the introduced catfish species. The native fishes, usually brought to and sold at fish landing sites, include the eels (A. marmorata and A. bicolor), the climbing perch, and the native catfish. Of these, the most expensive are the eels which usually fetch about PhP 700.00 in the Cotobato City markets.

2. Mollusks and Crustaceans Biodiversity

31. Fourteen (14) species of mollusks were collected during the study, most of which were handpicked (see Table 4). The thiarids are the most diverse, as expected in most tropical freshwater habitats. There are no notable species. All the mollusks collected in this study are widely distributed in the Philippines.

32. The neritinid snails are numerous in Ebpanan and Libungan Marsh as well a portion of Cotobato River within this area. These species are usually common near brackish water or estuarine area. They are usually attached to parts of rooted plants in the riverbanks that are under water. Septaria porcel/ana can invade waters further upstream, thus 'its presence in the more inland Ligawasan Marsh. They are not known to be of economic importance.

33. Vivipara costata is an edible snail, observed sold in the Cotobato Market. They are usually benthic, found crawling in muddy substrates or clinging to submerged vegetation in the river banks.

34. The golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata is an introduced pilid snail in the 1980's from America presumably a san additional fast growing protein source for the populace. It is now widely distributed in the Philippines and is regarded a major pest in rice paddies. They are very voracious and their conspicuous pink egg masses are seen attached to anything above the water surface. This species could be a major concern for the marginal and seasonal farmers in the area. The only ecologically-friendly way to control them is through handpicking or any form of manual gathering for use as food for humans or livestock. In some rice paddies, farmers use ducks to collect snails in the flooded rice paddies before planting.

35. The lymnaeid Radix quadrasi is known to be the first intermediate host of the liver flukes Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica in the Philippines. Fascioliasis can occur also in humans but in the Philippines, this disease is more of a veterinary and agricultural importance as most of those affected are usually ruminants, especially carabaos. An individual can get infected from eating relatively uncooked/raw metacercaria-laden aquatic vegetation, such as watercress or kangkong.

36. There are four thiarid species collected in this study. Of direct human importance are the relatively larger species of the genera Melanoides and Stenomelania, which are usually gathered for table consumption.

37. The two planorbids snails are of minor medical importance. These two species have been implicated as intermediate hosts of bird schistosomes in other countries. Bird schistosomes can penetrate the skin of humans and cause cercarial dermatitis. This disease is relatively unstudied in our country.

38. The three bivalve species are numerous in Ligawasan Marsh. They are usually buried in sandy-muddy substrate. All of them are edible. The introduced species Cristaria plicata has been cultured in Taiwan and in other countries not so much to their food value as their ability to produce pearls. In Taiwan, these are cultured in relative clean and transparent rivers, lakes or in man-made structures.

Table 4. List of Species of Molluscs and Crustaceans including their Local and Common Names, Origin and Distribution in the Ligawasan Marsh Complex Local Common LlBUNGA EBPANA LlGAWASA Family Species name Name Origin N N N A. MOLLUSCS VIVIPARIIDAE Vivipara costata Suso native present present present Golde Pomacea Apple n Introduce AMPULLARIIDAE Canaliculata Kuhol Snail present present present d Neritina NERITINIDAE coromandeliana native present present absent Septaria parcel/ana native present present present L YMNAEIDAE Radix auadrasi native present present present melanoides THIARIIDAE Perrimosa native present present present Thiara scabra native present present present Stenomelania Juncea native present present present Tarebia native present present present granifera

Indoplanorbis PLANORBIDAE Exustus native present present present Physastra Hungerfordiana native present present present Corbicula CYRENIDAE Manillensis native present present present Solentellina TELLINIDAE Elonaata present present present Cristaria Dlicata absent absent present B.CRUSTACEANS Caridina Brachvdactvla Macrobrachium mammilodactvlu Macrobrachium Scabriculum Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.

39. Table 4 shows a list of the three native species of crustaceans gathered from Ligawasan Marsh. It is highly probable that these species also exist in the two other marshes. All species are known to be edible. The relatively smaller Caridina are usually gathered with scoop nets in the river banks were they school among submerged vegetation. They can be cooked fresh or sun- dried and used as salted condiment in cooking. The relatively larger Macrobrachium species are usually caught with bamboo traps or scoop nets. Macrobrachium can fetch a high price in the market.

3. Plankton Diversity

40. The marshes are relatively depauperate. Only about a dozen plankton genera were collected and identified (Table 5). Plankton species were collected by passing about 30 liters of water in a 60 um mesh plankton net. About three sites were sampled in Ebpanan Marsh and the portion of Cotobato River in the vicinity of the marsh. Most of the plankton samples were collected in Ligawasan Marsh.

41. Only about four (4) species of phytoplankton were collected and identified from Ebpanan marsh and the adjacent Cotobato River. As Libungan Marsh is just nearby and would be continuous with Ebpanan during the floods, it is assumed that Libungan would also have similar species of plankton as Ebpanan. Not only are the plankton species depauperate, they are also so rare that the average density is about 20 individuals per liter of water.

42. About 10 genera of phytoplankton and two zooplankton taxa were collected in Ligawasan Marsh. The phytoplankton are dominated by the Chrysophyta in terms of taxa diversity with representatives by six genera. Density for any of these, however, ranges from rare to few. The Cyanophyta are represented by three genera. The most notable of these are the individuals of the genus Microcystis. In Ligawasan Marsh, the density of Microcystis varies. In the vicinity of Tukananes SKP and Pagalungan, as well as in the vicinity of Pibpulangan SKP and Bulod SSB, Microcystis is rare as is true for all the other genera. More plankton species have been collected from the vicinity of Kabuntalan and Tumaginting. In Langapanan and Mibpandakan SKP, there is a large increase in abundance of Microcystis, dominating the other genera in numbers although there is a slight increase in numbers for all the other genera.

Table 5. List of Species of Plankton and Distribution in the Ligawasan Marsh Complex -- DIVISION GENUS EBPANAN LlGAWASAN

Phytoplankton Chlorophyta Spirogyra RARE RARE Cyanophyta Microcystis RARE MANY Rare to abundant depending on site Lynbva RARE Oscillatoria RARE Chrvsophvta Navicula RARE FEW Fragilaria FEW Cymbella RARE FEW Amohora FEW Aulacoseira FEW Svnedra FEW

Zooplankton

Brachionus RARE RARE Copepod RARE RARE Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.

Annex 13. Summary of Threats and Proposed Interventions Linked to Management Plan Prescriptions

Specific Threats Activities/ Impacts Proposed Interventions (see table below) I. On-Site Threats

A. Subsistence-Based Destructive Resource Utilization (i) Illegal Fishing • Battery Operated Electric Fishing Probes 2.2, 3.1, 1.4, 1.2 • Use of Fish Poison • Use of Very Fine Mesh Fishing Nets (ii) Illegal Cutting of • Harvesting of Poles to Sell Wetland Swamp • Collection of Firewood 2.2, 3.1, 1.4, 1.2 Forest • Cutting of Forest to Start Settlement (iii) Collecting Wildlife and • Illegal collection of Wildlife 2.2, 3.1, 1.4 Eggs (iv) Bird Hunting • Use of Rifles to Hunt Birds 2.2, 1.4

(v) Conversion of • Conversion of Herbaceous Herbaceous Swamp Swamp Habitats to Rice fields 1.1, 2.2, 1.4, 1.2 Habitats to Agricultural • Slash-and-Burn Practices for Lands Land Clearing to Grow Food Crops B. Poor Environmental Practices (i) Dumping of Solid Wastes • Pollution of the Marsh by 1.4, 2.2 in the River Causing dumping of waste Pollution in the marsh (ii) Unregulated Use of • Poisoning of Wildlife, 1.4, 2.2, 1.2 Inorganic Fertilizer particularly Migratory and and Chemicals Resident Birds (iii) Weak Enforcement of • Ineffective Protection of the 1.4, 2.2 Environmental Laws Environment and Natural Resources (iv) ) Uncoordinated Policies • Ineffective Protection of the of Government Environment and Natural 2.1 Agencies (Food Resources Intensification Programs) (v) Introduction of Exotic • Extinction of Native Fish 1.4, 2.2 Species (Armored Species Fish) (vi) “Noisy” motorized • Disrupts the biology (feeding, 1.4, 2.2 bancas roosting and reproducing) of local and migratory birds

(vii) Water Pollution an d • Health Hazards 1.4, 2.2 Waste Management Disposal

C. Infrastructure (i) Cut-Off Channel • High Rate of Sedimentation 1.5

and Expansion of Built-up Areas Leading to Loss of Habitat

D. High Population • Increased pressure on use of 2.1, 1.4 Pressure natural resources E. Potential for Oil and • Rapid deterioration of habitat 1.2 Gas if not mitigated

F. Small holder Palm Oil • De facto conversion to Plantation agricultural land 1.2, 1.4 G. Political Boundaries and A& • Conflict in boundaries in 1.3, 1.2 D Lands municipalities H. Peace and Order Problems • Degradation of natural 1.3 resources I. Lack of Education and • Prevalence of misconceptions Access to School and fears about protected 2.3 areas

II. Off-Site Threats

(i) Slash-and Burn Farming • Soil Erosion Leading to High Practices in the Sediment Load in the Rivers 1.5 Upland Watershed (ii) Conversion of • Loss of Habitat for Fish Mangroves at Breeding Grounds 1.5 Cotabato City (iii) Use of Excess • Chemical Pollution Leading to Chemicals by Fish Kills and Negative Effect 1.5 Commercial to Inhabitants Plantations (iv) Poisonous Tailings • Chemical Pollution Leading to from Mining Poisoning of Inhabitants 1.5 Operations (v) Dumping of Solid • Pollution of Ligawasan Marsh Wastes (plastic and 2.2, 1.4 non-degradable materials) in the River (vi) Lack of Clearing of • Blocking of Waterways Debris in Rivers and Causing River Diversion 2.2, 1.4 Waterways

Proposed Interventions Linked to Management Prescriptions

Prescription Interventions and Specific Activities

1.1 Habitat Restoration: 1 - Community-based Restoration of Disturbed Wetland Swamp Forest Ecosystem Habitat Management - Riverbank Protection and Stabilization & Protection - Community-based Buffer Zone Reforestation - Wildlife Sanctuary for Future Ecotourism Activities - Tree Planting on Lands Occupied by Farmers Planted to a Mixture of Fruit Trees and Indigenous Tree Species, including strips in backyards and perimeters of farms WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 202

1.2 Management Zoning System - Five management zones (multiple use, recreational /tourism, commercial fishing, strict protection, sustainable use)

1.3 Declaring LM as a PA - LM Steering committee (predecessor of PAMB)

1.4 Law Enforcement (Bantay Pawas) - Appoint Bantay Pawas - Promulgate new ordinances to strengthen conservation and protection activities

1.5 On-Site and Off Site Research - Competitive Research Grants to Address Various On-Site and Off-Site Environmental Problems, resource assessment research, and other biodiversity related topics

2 2.1 Community Empowerment and Mobilizing: Institutional - Formation and Support to People’s Organization (PO) Development - Capacity Building Support for LGUs, PENROs, CENROs, NGOs, and and Capacity Others. Building

2.2 Environment Education and Awareness - Broad-based Conservation Awareness Campaign to Impart Conservation Values to Stakeholders - Use of Media, including Local Radios and Newspapers, Religious Organizations, and Negotiations and Dialogues

2.3 Special Literacy Program - Address functional literacy needs of out-of-school youth

3 3.1 Environment-Friendly Livelihood Activities Livelihood - Goat Raising on Raised Pens Interventions - Duck Raising - Mat and Kalakat Weaving, and Handicraft - Support for Mini-Growth Centers, focused on Fish landings and Food Crops Marketing

4 4.1 Rural Infrastructure Rural and - Village Infrastructure to Support Livelihood Activities Social - Social Infrastructure (health, sanitation and drinking water) Infrastructure

5 5.1 M & E Activities M & E - Monitor program made in biodiversity conservation, social upliftment, and program in project implementation

Annex 14

Annex 15

Annex 16. Technical Description of the Proposed Ligawasan Marsh Protected Area

In general, the proposed protected area embraces the three Marshes along with a portion of the mangrove area on the Cotabato Bay to act as natural buffer. In most cases, natural and artificial boundaries and landmarks were followed for ease in identification and consequent demarcation.

Corner Easting Northing 1 639155.8 799590.8 2 638551.4 799418.2 3 637222.2 799372.6 4 636323.3 800006.2 5 636308.6 801081.8 6 635733.9 801759.6 7 635571.9 803424.7 8 634474.1 803793.1 9 632853.3 802584.8 10 631527.1 802231.2 11 630834.6 801700.7 12 626878.3 795718.3 13 627114.0 795305.7 14 629044.3 795762.5 15 631085.1 795070.0 16 631821.8 794996.3 17 632499.6 795438.4 18 633148.0 795674.1 19 633693.2 795408.9 20 634341.5 794289.0 21 634404.9 793357.8 22 634440.2 793204.5 23 634770.3 792968.8 24 635359.7 792626.9 25 635560.1 792426.5 26 635890.1 792167.2 27 647007.8 774351.7 28 648458.4 774457.7 29 648624.9 774230.6 30 648720.8 774069.2 31 648776.3 773574.7 32 649306.1 773186.2 33 649724.9 773630.2 34 649851.0 773655.4 35 649967.1 773574.7 36 650422.6 773846.8 37 650963.6 774260.9 38 651185.6 774387.0 39 651796.1 774634.3 40 651205.7 775441.6 41 651639.7 775895.7

42 652124.0 775567.7 43 652858.2 774175.1 44 652845.6 773393.1 45 652759.8 773317.4 46 652401.6 772868.3 47 651962.6 772722.0 48 651765.8 772550.4 49 651557.8 772383.4 50 651755.7 772222.5 51 651987.8 772101.4 to the next point moving south east at coordinates 656785.2349N, 766537.6826E 52 656785.2 766537.7 53 663517.7 771453.0 54 668583.6 775564.9 55 670517.1 774890.4 56 670742.0 774170.9 57 671371.5 773361.5 58 671911.1 772507.1 59 673440.0 770843.3 60 675013.9 769089.6 61 675913.2 767201.0 62 676142.6 762353.5 63 682436.9 747074.2 64 682461.2 747060.9 65 682507.7 747054.5 66 682566.4 747067.2 67 682627.8 747091.6 68 682672.9 747105.2 69 682722.0 747121.8 70 682755.5 747128.0 71 682815.3 747131.3 72 682858.5 747137.2 73 682897.9 747158.8 74 682941.1 747205.4 75 682991.4 747236.8 76 683062.4 747286.0 77 683102.3 747316.7 78 683143.1 747330.0 79 683191.4 747335.7 80 683217.9 747333.5 81 683241.3 747332.6 82 683266.3 747338.4 83 683297.0 747348.6 84 683343.3 747383.1 85 683373.5 747400.4 86 683393.7 747412.2 87 683409.8 747416.6 88 683424.2 747421.1 WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 207

89 683434.9 747424.2 90 683444.1 747427.1 91 684117.2 748849.0 92 686269.2 749043.1 93 688103.9 748863.3 94 689698.0 748825.9 95 691180.1 748501.7 96 692523.2 747945.9 97 693634.7 747251.2 98 694051.5 746417.5 99 694445.2 745143.9 100 694537.8 744148.1 101 694838.9 743384.0 102 695070.5 742249.3 103 695464.1 741323.0 to the next point following the road moving north east and north at coordinates 709797.38N, 784183.60E 104 709797.4 784183.6 at the bridge to the next point following the road moving northwest and southwest at coordinates 686616.70N, 779911.68E 105 686616.7 779911.7 following the river in a westward direction at the next point 675994.18N, 779076.63E 106 675994.2 779076.6 107 675832.1 779307.5 108 675473.4 780250.8 109 675163.9 780403.1 110 674887.7 780478.6 111 673757.4 782467.9 112 673933.1 783105.9 113 675342.9 783096.0 114 677630.2 786093.2 115 677807.7 786221.3 to the next point following the road in a northwesterly direction at 676320.17N, 787019.45E 116 676320.2 787019.5 117 676297.6 786881.8 118 676225.9 786674.1 119 676165.5 786677.9 120 675818.1 786693.0 121 675629.4 786855.3 122 674893.2 787002.6 123 674714.6 787436.0 124 674159.1 788610.2 125 673606.6 788817.4 126 673054.0 788149.7 127 672501.4 788149.7 128 671557.5 788426.0 129 670820.7 789876.4 130 670636.5 791580.2 WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 208

131 670981.9 792178.8 132 671396.3 792731.3 133 671051.0 793191.8 134 670935.9 793905.5 135 670590.5 794319.9 136 670659.6 795379.0 137 670694.1 795712.9 to corner point 1 following the road moving northwesterly, westerly and southwesterly at 639155.79N, 799590.84E

Annex 17. INVENTORY OF PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS IN TEN MUNICIPALITIES OF LIGAWASAN MARSH PROPER IN 20041

Municipality Development and Environmental Projects 1. Pagagawan Construction of Municipal Hall Bldg. Construction of Municipal Perimeter Fence Construction of Tunggol boat Landing Construction of Solar Drier and Warehouse (Brgy. Dungguan) Core houses (Brgy. Talitay) 2. Pagalungan Replacement of Line Agencies Bldg. Construction of Multi-Purpose Center Rehabilitation of highway Construction of communication tower Ongoing barangay road improvement project, DPWH 4-year day Care Center Project (Bgy. Bagoenged) 3. Sultan Sa Barongis Brgy. Hall (Brgy. Gadungan) Solar Dryer (Brgy. Gadungan) 4. Paglat Duck raising (Brgy. Upper Idtig) 5. Gen. S.K. Pendatun AMORE INFRA Housing Project Solar electrification (Brgy. Panosolen, Kulasi) Environmental Conservation: establish community nursery center (Brgy. Panosolen) Provincial Road/Farm to Market (Brgy. Midpandacan, Kulasi) Solar dryer (Brgy. Kulasi) Brgy. Hall (Brgy. Kulasi) 6. Datu Piang Ongoing 7-year reforestation project involving 60 hectares Ongoing 10-year private sector-led and cooperative project in Bgy. Damabalas 7. Pikit Construction of Better Drainage in the Poblacion Reforestation Program /Tree Planting Clean and Green Program School building (Brgy. Bulod, Langayen, Macasendeg) Deep oil (Brgy. Kabasalan) C.R./Toilet (Brgy. Kabasalan, Punol) Dugwell (Brgy. Punol) Solar dryer (Brgy. Punol, Langayen) Brgy. Hall (Brgy. Punol) Nat’l/ Brgy. Road (Brgy. Punol, Paido Pulangi, Langayen) Health Center (Brgy. Paido Pulangi) Fish Landings (Brgy. Paido Pulangi) Mosque (Brgy. Langayen) Madrasa School (Brgy. Langayen) Dike (Brgy. Macasendeg) 8. Kabacan Ongoing 20 ha community forest project Solid waste management development Acquisition of land for controlled dumpsite Gawad Pangulo sa Kapaligiran Nursery Development Agricultural crops and protection program

Municipality Development and Environmental Projects Livestock and Poultry Protection and Animal Health and Sanitation Program: Potable water system Drainage and Flood control (Rehab/Maintenance of Drainage canal) 9. Mlang Construction of Basketball Court (Brgy. Dungo-an) Renovation of Purok Center (Brgy. Dungo-an) Construction of Health center (Brgy. Dungo-an) Construction of shallow well (Brgy. Dungo-an) Brgy. Road improvement (Brgy. Dugong) Const. Of Brgy Hall (Brgy. Dugong) Construction of Multi-purpose Hall (Brgy. Dugong) Const. Of School Fencing (Brgy. Dugong) Fencing of Brgy. Site (Brgy. Dugong) Ins. Of Electrical Line (Brgy. Dugong) Cons. Of day care center (Brgy. Dugong) Solar drier (Brgy. Dugong) 3.5 ha community forest project (ongoing) 10. Tulunan Farm to Market Road (Brgy. Dungos, Poypoyon) Brgy. Drainage (Brgy. Dungos) Solar Drier (Brgy. Dungos) School Bldg. (Brgy. Dungos) Brgy. Hall (Brgy. Dungos) 6-year African oil palm Development 150 ha (Brgy. Dungos) Housing shelter assistance (Brgy. Dungos) “O” Ilaw-Energization (Brgy. Dungos) Livelihood: 3 units jetmatic pump (Brgy. Poypoyon) Ongoing 315-ha reforestation project

1 Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study 2004, Winrock

Annex 18. Logical Framework MEANS OF OBJECTIVES INDICATORS VERIFICATION ASSUMPTIONS

Goal: The wetland biodiversity of 1. Declaration of LM as a Natural Biotic Area • DENR notification ∗ Interest of national, the Ligawasan Marsh (LM) is achieved by year 2010 provincial and local conserved and managed in a governments to sustainable manner. 2. Habitat monitoring in year 2010 showed • Aerial proclaim LM as a PA expansion in wetland forest and tree cover and photographs remains at a high more vegetation compared with 2004 baseline. level. ∗ Interest of 3. Buffer zones established and riverbanks of beneficiaries in several rivers stabilized by 2010. habitat restoration and conservation 4. Three wildlife and bird sanctuaries remains high established by 2010. ∗ Competence of government officials at all levels to manage biodiversity programs continues to improve ∗ Alternative livelihood activities successful resulting to sustained income, thus reducing pressure on natural habitat and wildlife resources

Purpose: The groundwork to 1. Presidential proclamation of LM as a • DENR notification ∗ All requirements for proclaim the LM as a Natural Biotic protected area signed by Yr. 3, Q2 declaration of marsh Area is successfully laid; all • Annual monitoring as a natural biotic concerned stakeholders are 2. Substantial number of key stakeholders records area will be met empowered to conserve and trained in biodiversity conservation ∗ Interest of manage the wetland resources; stakeholders to and environment-friendly livelihood 3. Income of beneficiaries substantially participate in activities and sustainable use of the increased due to successful livelihood biodiversity resources are achieved activities conservation training remains high ∗ All constraints to carry out livelihood activities can be overcome

COMPONENTS

Output 1: Ecosystem • The LM Steering Committee established • DENR notification • Provincial and Management and Protection and operational municipal officials • DENR notification remains -A management framework for • Approval of natural biotic area obtained by supportive of the conservation and protection of Yr.5, Q3 conservation and Ligawasan is established and protection of LM operational • Widespread legislative support can be generated and sustained 1.1 Habitat Restoration • Program of habitat restoration operational • APR • Concerned -Natural habitats of wildlife and by Yr.1, Q4 stakeholders birds enhanced and restored • Appropriate training program for habitat willing to conserve restoration in place by Yr.1, Q3 and expand Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 212

wildlife habitatsl

1.2 Management Zoning System -A management zoning system developed and operational • Land use map and zoning plan completed • DENR • Digitizing of aerial by Yr.1, Q4 notification photos completed

1.3 Two-Steps Towards Declaring • 10-year Management Plan and a 5-year • DENR • Management LM as a PA Investment Plan approved for notification Plan received wide -Groundwork for declaring LM as a implementation by Yr.1,Q3 support from PA laid down provincial and local governments

1.4 Law Enforcement -Government regulations to protect • Bantay Pawas deputized by Yr.1, Q4 • Regular reports of ∗ Adequate funds for the • Training program for law enforcers started by arrest of violators training and LM natural resources are enforced Yr. 1, Q4 enforcement of • New local ordinances for Protection of • APR regulations continue Ligawasan in place starting in Yr.2, Q2 to be available on timely basis ∗ LGUs pro-active in promulgating ordinances to protect Ligawasan

1.5 Off-Site and On-Site Research -Financial support for research • Criteria for selection and awarding of • APR ∗ Interest among grants, addressing environmental research grants in place by Yr. 1, Q2 qualified researchers problems found at various on-site • Adequate funds available by Yr. 1, Q2 remain high and off-site locations provided

Output 2: Institutional Development and Capacity Building • Provincial and • The LM Steering Committee operational by • DENR municipal officials 2.1 Establish an LM Steering Yr. 1, Q3 notification remains supportive of Committee the conservation and - LM Steering Committee protection of LM established and operationalized

2.2 Empower the Community and • People’s organization (POs) trained starting • APR ∗ Willingness of Training of LGUs, GAs and NGOs Yr. 1, Q2 communities to -Stakeholders are empowered for • Program for training for good governance in participate actively in sustainable conservation and place by Yr. 1, Q2 conservation activities utilization of LM natural resources • Citizen participation in governance enhanced remains high 2.3 Environmental Education • In-depth survey of level of awareness of • APR ∗ Stakeholders and Awareness Program stakeholders completed by Yr. 1, Q 4 accept the findings of -A broad based education and • Education and awareness program in place the in-depth survey awareness campaign program by Yr. 1. Q 3 developed and operationalized ∗ Willingness of stakeholders to support the education and awareness program

• Special Literacy Program in place by • APR ∗Stakeholder support 2.4 Implement a Special Yr.1,Q3 to conduct the Literacy Program training and HRD -The special literacy program assessment remains operationalized high ∗Adequate number of trainable out-of- school youth available • Additional sources of grant funding identified • APR ∗ POs would qualify 2.5 Seek Sustainable and becomes available in Yr.3,Q 1 for credit Financing -Mechanism for funding of the recurrent costs of conservation activities is established

• Appropriate environment-friendly livelihood • APR ∗ Stakeholders willing Output 3: Livelihood Activities activities started by Yr. 1, Q3 to pursue alternative, -Alternative, conservation-enabling conservation-enabling livelihoods are in place, and the • Program for participation of women and livelihoods sustainability of natural resource youth groups in place by Yr. 1, Q3 ∗ Interest of women use is assured • Training program for entrepreneurship in and youth groups place by Yr. 1, Q3 continue to remain high ∗ Need for entrepreneurship training program recognized by stakeholders • Program for construction of rural • APR ∗Funds for Output 4: Small Rural and Social infrastructure developed and operational by infrastructure is Infrastructure enhanced the Yr. 1, Q3 available on time sustainability of livelihood activities • Effective enforcement of environment- ∗Concept of mini- friendly protection measures after construction growth center of infrastructure accepted and • Newly constructed mini-growth centers, supported by serving as multi-purpose coop stores, stakeholders operational by Yr. 1, Q4 • Impact indicators for socio economic and • APR ∗ Stakeholders willing Output 5: A monitoring and improvement in protection of habitat in place to accept the M&E evaluation system for wetland by Yr. 1, Q3 indicators biodiversity and socio-economic • Lessons learned from similar biodiversity upliftment established and program incorporated in project design by Yr. operationalized 1, Q2 • A project M&E program developed and operationalized by Yr. 1, Q3

ACTIVITIES

Output 1 Ecosystem • Manifesto expressing interest and • Monitoring/Progr Management and Protection willingness of stakeholders to participate ess Report signed starting in Yr. 1, Q4 1.1 Habitat Restoration • Sites of interventions are identified and • Barangay • Program of interventions mapped out by Yr. 1, Q4 Development Plan for habitat restoration is • Income generating activities implemented finalized starting in Yr. 1, Q4 • Work plans and budget for each interventions prepared by PMUs annually • Beneficiaries organized for habitat restoration starting in Yr. 1, Q4

• Training programs developed and • Monitoring/Progr implemented starting in Yr. 1, Q4 ess Report • System of monitoring volume of fish catch • Inventory chart and other products established by Yr. 1, Q3 mapping • Barangay resolutions and ordinances • Direct Field • Specific interventions to promulgated and implemented starting in Yr. 2, Inspection conserve natural Q2 resources developed • Specific interventions indicators include: ANR – 660 ha of wetland forest and 2,000 ha of herbaceous swamp rehabilitated by Yr. 5, Q3 Wetland forest restoration – 2,000 ha of herbaceous swamp restored by Yr.4,Q3 Buffer zone reforestation – 2,000 ha of herbaceous swamp reforested as buffer zone by Yr. 5, Q3 Riverbank stabilization – 23 km degraded riverbanks of two major rivers in Datu Piang stabilized by Yr. 5, Q3 Upland reforestation – 180 ha second growth forest in Datu Piang rehabilitated by Yr. 5, Q3 Wildlife/bird sanctuary – 10 ha wildlife/ bird sanctuary established in three municipalities by Yr. 5, Q3 Smallholder tree planting – 215 ha of 860 households (0.25 ha per household) in 10 municipalities planted to mixed fruit trees and indigenous tree species by Yr. 5, Q3

1.2 Management Zoning

• Groundwork for • The general management plan validated by • Monitoring ∗ The Office of the establishing Ligawasan as LM Steering Committee by Yr.1, Q4 Report President willing to a Natural Biotic Area support and sign the completed • APR proclamation

∗ Legislators willing to support the proclamation of Ligawasan as a PA

1.3 Two-Steps Towards Declaring LM as a PA • Groups to lobby congress fully organized by • Copy of signed ∗ Stakeholders willing • Preparatory works for Yr.5, Q4 agreement to accept the congressional approval to management zones declare Ligawasan as a • Series of Dialogues with Legislators and • Monitoring protected area completed public hearings achieved by Yr.5, Q4 Report • A management zoning • APR system developed and • Discussions on proposed operational legislation to declare Ligawasan a Protected Area calendared at a committee meeting by Yr.5,Q4 • Stakeholders agreed to a common management zoning system by Yr. 2, Q3 • Critical zones on hotspots identified and agreed upon by Yr. 2, Q3

1.4 Protection & Law Enforcement • Appropriate law enforcement training • Monitoring ∗ Stakeholders willing • Competent and well- program developed and implemented by Yr.1, Report to serve as Bantay trained law enforcers in Q4 Pawas place • Bantay Pawas members are recognized & • APR accepted by communities by Yr. 3, Q4 ∗ LGUs continue to • Social ordinances show high level of delineating the • Penalties and sanctions are being imposed • Field Inspection interest in responsibilities of various on violators by Yr. 2, Q3 promulgating social stakeholders are in place • Bantay Pawas conducting regular visits to ordinances PA areas by Yr. 2, Q2 • Monitoring ∗Level of commitment Report of Bantay Pawas • Carefully prepared signage are installed in continues at a high strategic places by Yr. 2, Q2 • APR level

• Field Inspection ∗ LGUs willing to • Records of compliance • Reduced violations of environmental and establish a reward with environmental laws other laws on natural resource use by Yr. 3, • Monitoring system for Bantay and apprehensions Q3 and Yr. 5, Q5 Report Pawas from their own regularly kept by PMUs • APR resources • Field Inspection • A reward system for arrest of violators of • A record of rewards given is established at • Monitoring environmental laws and PMUs by Yr. 2, Q4 Report regulations in place

1.5 On-site and Off-site Research • A research program is developed to address • Priority research topics established by PMO environmental problems of Research Committee (PRC) by Yr. 1, Q3 Ligawasan • Research proposals submitted by the PRC by Yr. 1, Q3 annually • Specific researches • Solutions to environmental problems intended to solve or identified from research results starting in Yr. mitigate site-specific 3, Q4 WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 216

problems are being carried out • Research findings disseminated starting in Yr. 4, Q1

Output 2 Institutional Development and Capacity Building

2.2 Community Organizing Mobilization • POs accredited by COA starting Yr. 2, Q2 • Monitoring ∗ Beneficiaries willing • POs formed and are • POs Register is maintained by PMU by Yr. Report to form POs to actively involved in 2, Q3 • APR participate in conservation work protecting the marsh • Availability of trained staff who have acquired skills in various conservation work • Training program on starting Yr. 2, Q1 governance for LGUs and staff of regional agencies • Regular consultation being held among developed and in place LGUs and POs at least twice a year by Yr. 1, • Monitoring Q4 Report ∗ LGUs and POs • Workshops conducted for • APR successful in holding both LGUs and POs in regular consultations conservation, habitat restoration, law enforcement, livelihood ventures, etc..

2.3 Environmental Education & Awareness Program • Education and awareness program being • Monitoring • Environmental Education implemented in municipalities by Yr. 1, Q4 until Report & Awareness Program for Yr. 5, Q3 • Field Inspection Ligawasan formulated • New information materials produced by • Information materials for consultants by Yr. 1, Q3 until Yr. 5, Q3 various media produced on regular basis • Multi-media materials on conservation are available by Yr. 1, Q3 • A viable conservation awareness campaign conducted in ten municipalities

2.4 Support Program for Environmental Protection

• A special literacy program • Marked increase in literacy, numeracy, and • Monitoring for Ligawasan is improved communication involving 1,200 out- Report formulated of-school youths (OSYs)

2.5 ( Sustainable Financing ) ∗ Officials of LGUs, • Trust fund for Ligawasan established by Yr. Province, and ARMM • Fund sources from 2, Q4 Legislative Assembly various institutions willing to contribute to identified and funds a trust fund received • The fee collection system for the PA is established starting in Yr. 2, Q4 ∗ POs and private • A fee system to support sector willing to pay WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 217

maintenance and conservation fee protection work for • PAMB-approved activities start to generate Ligawasan established additional revenues for the PA by Yr. 2, Q4 ∗ Interim PAMB • Other significant sources interested in of revenue identified and collecting user fees funds received from commercial establishments located in or near the marsh.

Output 3 ( Livelihood Activities ) • Beneficiaries consulted and manifesto • Monitoring/Progr ∗ POs willingness to • Work plans and budgets signed indicating willingness to participate in ess Report actively participate for each specific project livelihood projects starting in Yr. 1, Q4 continues at a high completed and approved • Beneficiaries organized and trained starting • Barangay level annually in Yr. 1, Q4 Development Plan

• Training programs developed and • Monitoring/Progr implemented starting in Yr. 1, Q4 ess Report • Environment-friendly • Markets identified and marketing of products • Sales Record livelihood programs organized on timely basis starting in Yr. 1, Q4 implemented • Sales record properly kept and organized by Yr. 2, Q2 • Direct Field • Specific livelihood indicators include: Inspection Duck Egg Raising – 32 POs or about 640 • Livelihood households (HH) from 10 barangays in 10 Management Plan municipalities engaged by Yr. 5, Q3 Goat Raising – 1,020 HH from 35 barangays in 10 municipalities engaged by Yr. 5, Q3 Backyard cattle fattening – 460 HH from 23 barangays in 7 municipalities engaged by Yr. 5, Q3 Mat weaving – 270 HH from 19 barangays in 7 municipalities engaged by Yr. 5, Q3 Kalakat/Amakan weaving – 40 HH from 2 barangays in Kabacan engaged by Yr. 5, Q3 Pandan hat making – 60 HH in 2 barangays in Kabacan engaged by Yr.5, Q3 Food cover making – 60 HH in 2 barangays of Kabacan engaged by Yr.5, Q3

Output 4 (Small Rural and Social Infrastructure ) • Beneficiaries consulted and manifesto • APR ∗ POs willingness to signed starting in Yr. 1, Q4 actively participate • Work plans for • Work plans and budget prepared annually • Barangay and continues at a high infrastructure projects in starting in Yr. 1, Q4 Municipal level each municipality • PMUs approval process for annual Development Plans prepared workplans operational starting in Yr. 2, Q1

• Technical assistance extended by PMU • APR Engineers starting in Yr. 1, Q4 ∗ Capability of PMU • Small rural infrastructure • Training program for infrastructure • Copies of Engineers to provide interventions implemented construction and maintenance developed and designs, technical advice and implemented starting in Yr. 1, Q4 specifications and supervision continues WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 218

• Construction of social • Supervision on the construction and procurement plans to improve infrastructure sub-projects maintenance of completed facilities provided for each municipality regularly starting in Yr. 2, Q2 completed • Specific small infrastructure indicators • Direct Field include: Inspection Drying floor – 26 drying floors in 26 barangays in 8 municipalities are constructed by Yr. 5, Q3 Farm-to-market Road (FMR) – 2 km each in 10 barangays in 10 municipalities rehabilitated by Yr. 5, Q3 Mini-Growth Centers (MGC) – 16 MGCs in 16 barangays in 10 municipalities constructed by Yr. 5, Q3 • Progress of infrastructure work recorded in each municipality annually • Specific social infrastructure indicators include: Potable water supply system (PWSS) – 30 units of PWSS in 30 barangays in 10 municipalities (3 per municipality) constructed by Yr. 5, Q3 Toilet bowls – 3,000 units distributed to 50 barangays in 10 municipalities by Yr. 4, Q4 Communal toilets – 300 units of communal toilets constructed in 30 barangays in 10 municipalities in Yr. 5, Q3 Jetmatic water pumps – 2,000 units with pipings/fittings distributed to 30 barangays in 10 municipalities in Yr. 4, Q4Potable water supply system

Output 5 ( M & E System ) • Body of data collected using analytical and • Monitoring/Progr • Set of performance sampling tools developed to measure changes ess Report indicators to measure in socio economic conditions of the marsh improvements in starting in Yr. 1, Q4 Ligawasan is established • A monitoring and • Computer-assisted training of M & E evaluation system is specialists in ten municipalities started by Yr. developed for Ligawasan 1, Q3

Annex 19 . Annual Detailed Implementation Plan for Six Habitat Restoration Subprojects Table 1. Assisted Natural Regeneration Annex 23. STAFFIN G S C H ED U LE FO R C O N SU LTIN G SE R V IC ES

N O . O F Y EAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 Y EAR 4 Y EAR 5 PER SO N - M O N TH S 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

NATIO NAL O FFIC E

1 P roject D irector 10

2 Team Leader 27

3 A ccountant 57

4 M & E Specialist 21

5 IEC S pecialist 15

6 R esearch & Dev't S pecialist 12

S UB -TO TAL 142

RE G IO N AL O FFICE

1 R egional C oordinator 33

2 A dm inistration Assistant 57

3 C . O . Specialist 21

4 M & E Specialist 21

5 P roject A nalyst 18

6 IEC S pecialist 21

7 Training Specialist 24

8 E nterprise & D ev't Specialist 18

9 G ender & Youth Dev't. S pecialist 15

S UB -TO TAL 228

M & E : M onitoring & E valuation S pecialist; IE C : Inform ation, E ducation & C om m unicaiton S pecialist; C O : C om m unity O rganizing S pecialist --- = Interm ittent S ervice (2.0 person-m onths per year for 5 years

Table 1 : Assisted Natural Regeneration

Schematic Presentation of Tree Arrangement and Planting Distance

Tree Species to be Used= Talisay, Bangkal, and Putat

Planting Distance= 10 m x 10 m (a) Talisay (10m x 10m)=100 seedlings/ha T T T T T (b) Bangkal (10m x 20m)= 50 seedlings (c) Putat (10m x 20m)= 50 seedlings B B B B B 10 meters Total Plant Density= 200/ha T T T T T Cost of Seedling= PhP 15.00/seedling P P P P P

T T T T T

B B B B B

T T T T T

Legend: 10 meters

T - Talisay

B - Bangkal

P - Putat

Medium-Term Investment Program WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Implementing LGU : Location : Project Type : Wetland Forest Restoration (within herbaceous swamp buffer zone ) Project Life : 5 years

ACTIVITY TOTAL UNIT OF COST PER GRAND YEARLY BREAKDOWN TARGET MEASUREMENT UNIT TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 1. Social Preparation and Mobilization* 2,000 Hectares 6,270.00 12,540,000.00 5,016,000.00 2,508,000.00 2,508,000.00 2,508,000.00 (a) Barangay assembly & meetings (b) Information and education (c) Training, seminar, and workshops 2. Survey Mapping and Planning 2,000 Hectares 3,000.00 6,000,000.00 6,000,000.00 3. Nursery Establishment & Maintenance 480,000 Seedlings 50.00 24,000,000.00 12,000,000.00 12,000,000.00 (a) Fencing and cleaning (b) Construction of bunkhouse (c) Estab. Of potting medium, prep., & storage area (d) Construction of potting shed (e) Preparation of rearing beds (f) Procurement of polybags, eqpt., & seeds (g) Potting, sowing, watering, weeding, fertilizer application, spraying, prunning, etc. 4. Plantation Establishment (a) Strip brushing 2,000 Hectares 1,500.00 3,000,000.00 1,500,000.00 1,500,000.00 (b) Staking and holedigging 400,000 Seedlings 5.00 2,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 (c) Hauling and planting of seedlings 400,000 Seedlings 10.00 4,000,000.00 2,000,000.00 2,000,000.00 5. Plantation Maintenance (a) Ringweeding 400,000 Spots 5.00 2,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 (b) Hauling and replanting of seedlings (20%) 80,000 Seedlings 10.00 800,000.00 400,000.00 400,000.00

6. Project Administration* 2,000 Hectares 6,270.00 12,540,000.00 5,016,000.00 2,508,000.00 2,508,000.00 1,254,000.00 1,254,000.00 (a) Personnel services (b) Office supplies and materials (c) Office rental (d) Procurement of equipment (e) Transportation TOTAL 2,000 Hectares 33,440.00 66,880,000.00 28,032,000.00 21,516,000.00 10,916,000.00 5,162,000.00 1,254,000.00 *This is 30% of the Items 2 to 5 WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 222

Table 2 : Wetland Forest Restoration (Continuation)

Schematic Presentation of Tree Arrangement and Planting Distance

Tree Species to be Used= Talisay, Bangkal, and Putat

T T T T T

B B B B B

T T T T T

Legend: 10 meters

T - Talisay

B - Bangkal

P - Putat

Tanle 3 : Buffer Zone Reforestation

Medium-Term Investment Program WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Implementing LGU : Location : Project Type : Buffer Zone Reforestation (within herbaceous swamp buffer zone ) Project Life : 5 years

ACTIVITY TOTAL UNIT OF COST PER GRAND YEARLY BREAKDOWN TARGET MEASUREMENT UNIT TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 1. Social Preparation and Mobilization* 2,000 Hectares 5,185.00 10,370,000.00 4,148,000.00 2,074,000.00 2,074,000.00 2,074,000.00 (a) Barangay assembly & meetings (b) Information and education (c) Training, seminar, and workshops 2. Survey Mapping and Planning 2,000 Hectares 3,000.00 6,000,000.00 6,000,000.00 3. Nursery Establishment & Maintenance 374,000 Seedlings 50.00 18,700,000.00 9,350,000.00 9,350,000.00 (a) Fencing and cleaning (b) Construction of bunkhouse (c) Estab. Of potting medium, prep., & storage area (d) Construction of potting shed (e) Preparation of rearing beds (f) Procurement of polybags, eqpt., & seeds (g) Potting, sowing, watering, weeding, fertilizer application, spraying, prunning, etc. 4. Plantation Establishment (a) Strip brushing 2,000 Hectares 1,500.00 3,000,000.00 1,500,000.00 1,500,000.00 (b) Staking and holedigging 312,000 Spots 5.00 1,560,000.00 780,000.00 780,000.00 (c) Hauling and planting of seedlings 312,000 Seedlings 10.00 3,120,000.00 1,560,000.00 1,560,000.00 5. Plantation Maintenance (a) Ringweeding 312,000 Spots 5.00 1,560,000.00 780,000.00 780,000.00 (b) Hauling and replanting of seedlings (20%) 62,400 Seedlings 10.00 624,000.00 312,000.00 312,000.00

6. Project Administration* 2,000 Hectares 5,185.00 10,370,000.00 4,148,000.00 2,074,000.00 2,074,000.00 1,037,000.00 1,037,000.00 (a) Personnel services (b) Office supplies and materials (c) Office rental (d) Procurement of equipment (e) Transportation TOTAL 2,000 Hectares 27,652.00 55,304,000.00 23,646,000.00 17,338,000.00 9,080,000.00 4,203,000.00 1,037,000.00 *This is 30% of Items 2 to 5 WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 224

Tanle 3 : Buffer Zone Reforestation (Continuation)

Schematic Presentation of Tree Arrangement and Planting Distance

Tree Species to be Used= Nipa and Libi

Planting Distance= 8 m x 8 m (a) Nipa=156 seedlings/ha N N N N N (b) Libi= 156 seedlings/ha 8 meters

Total Plant Density= 156/ha (Alternate Planting) L L L L L 16 meters

16 meters N N N N N

Cost of Seedling= PhP 15.00/seedling L L L L L

N N N N N

Legend: 8 meters

N - Nipa

L - Libi

P - Putat

Table 4 : Riverbank Protection and Stabilization

Medium-Term Investment Program WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Implementing LGU : Location : Project Type : Riverbank Protection and Stabilization Project Life : 5 years

ACTIVITY TOTAL UNIT OF COST PER GRAND YEARLY BREAKDOWN TARGET MEASUREMENT UNIT TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 1. Social Preparation and Mobilization* 34.5 Hectares 3,327.00 114,781.50 45,912.60 22,956.30 22,956.30 22,956.30 (a) Barangay assembly & meetings (b) Information and education (c) Training, seminar, and workshops 2. Survey Mapping and Planning 34.5 Hectares 1,000.00 34,500.00 34,500.00 3. Nursery Establishment & Maintenance 49,680 Seedlings 10.00 496,800.00 248,400.00 248,400.00 (a) Fencing and cleaning (b) Construction of bunkhouse (c) Estab. Of potting medium, prep., & storage area (d) Construction of potting shed (e) Preparation of rearing beds (f) Procurement of polybags, eqpt., & seeds (g) Potting, sowing, watering, weeding, fertilizer application, spraying, prunning, etc. 4. Stablization Area Establishment (a) Area brushing 34.5 Hectares 1,500.00 51,750.00 25,875.00 25,875.00 (b) Staking and holedigging 41,400 Seedlings 1.00 41,400.00 20,700.00 20,700.00 (c) Hauling and planting of seedlings 41,400 Seedlings 2.00 82,800.00 41,400.00 41,400.00 5. Stabilization Area Maintenance (a) Ringweeding 41,400 Spots 1.00 41,400.00 20,700.00 20,700.00 (b) Hauling and replanting of seedlings (20%) 8,280 Seedlings 2.00 16,560.00 8,280.00 8,280.00 6. Project Administration* 34.5 Hectares 3,327.00 114,781.50 45,912.60 22,956.30 22,956.30 11,478.15 11,478.15 (a) Personnel services (b) Office supplies and materials (c) Office rental (d) Procurement of equipment (e) Transportation TOTAL 34.5 Hectares 28,834.00 994,773.00 374,725.20 382,287.60 162,867.60 63,414.45 11,478.15 *This is 15% of Items 2 to 5.

Table 4 : Riverbank Protection and Stabilization (Continuation)

Schematic Presentation of Tree Arrangement and Planting Distance

Tree Species to be Used= Kawayan Tinik, Pandan Tinik, and Anahaw

Planting Distance: 3 strips (a) First Strip (Pandan Tinik; 2 meters spacing; 1 meter from the riverbank) (b) Second Strip (Bamboo; 5 meters spacing; 3 meters from P. Tinik strip) R i v e r (c) Third Strip (Anahaw; 5 meters spacing; 3 meters from the bamboo strip) 1 m P P P P P P P P P P P Plant Density (41,400): 2 m (a) Pandan Tinik (11,500 plants x 2= 23,000) (b) Bamboo (4,600 plants x 2= 9,200) 3 m (c) Anahaw (4,600 plants x 2= 9,200)

B B B B B Cost of Planting Materials (PhP 10 each)

3 m

A A A A A .5 m 5 m

Medium-Term Investment Program WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Implementing LGU : Location : Project Type : Upland Reforestation Project Life : 5 years

ACTIVITY TOTAL UNIT OF COST PER GRAND YEARLY BREAKDOWN TARGET MEASUREMENT UNIT TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 1. Social Preparation and Mobilization* 180.0 Hectares 5,233.00 941,940.00 376,776.00 188,388.00 188,388.00 188,388.00 (a) Barangay assembly & meetings (b) Information and education (c) Training, seminar, and workshops 2. Survey Mapping and Planning 180.0 Hectares 2,000.00 360,000.00 360,000.00 3. Nursery Establishment & Maintenance 626,220 Seedlings 3,263,580.00 1,631,790.00 1,631,790.00 (a) Fencing and cleaning (b) Construction of bunkhouse (c) Estab. Of potting medium, prep., & storage area (d) Construction of potting shed (e) Preparation of rearing beds (f) Procurement of polybags, eqpt., & seeds (g) Potting, sowing, watering, weeding, fertilizer application, spraying, prunning, etc. 4. Plantation Establishment (a) Strip brushing 180 Hectares 1,500.00 270,000.00 135,000.00 135,000.00 (b) Graded trails construction 3 Kilometers 20,000.00 60,000.00 60,000.00 (c) Staking and holedigging 522,000 Spots 1.00 522,000.00 261,000.00 261,000.00 (d) Hauling and planting of seedlings 522,000 Seedlings 2.00 1,044,000.00 522,000.00 522,000.00 5. Plantation Maintenance (a) Ringweeding and mulching 522,000 Spots 1.00 522,000.00 261,000.00 261,000.00 (b) Hauling and replanting of seedlings (20%) 104,400 Seedlings 2.00 208,800.00 104,400.00 104,400.00 (c) Graded trails maintenance 3 Kilometers 10,000.00 30,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 6. Project Administration* 180.00 Hectares 5,233.00 941,940.00 376,776.00 188,388.00 188,388.00 94,194.00 94,194.00 (a) Personnel services (b) Office supplies and materials (c) Office rental (d) Procurement of equipment (e) Transportation TOTAL 180 Hectares 45,357.00 8,164,260.00 2,745,342.00 2,986,566.00 1,675,176.00 662,982.00 94,194.00 *This is 15% of Items 2 to 5

Table 5 : Upland Reforestation (Continuation)

Schematic Presentation of Tree Arrangement and Planting Distance

Tree Species to be Used= Mango, Ipil-ipil, and Narra 9 m

Planting Distance: 3 strips 3 m (a) Mango (9m x 9m) (b) Narra (3m x 3m) M N N M N N M (c) Ipil-ipil (2m x 3m) X X X X Plant Density (41,400): (a) Mango (123 seedlings + 0.20%= 148 seedlings) 3 m N N N N N N N (b) Narra (1,111 trees + 0.20%= 1,333 seedlings) (c) Ipil-ipil (1,666 + 0.20%= 1,999 seedlings)) X X X X 9 m

N N N N N N N Cost of Planting Materials (a) Mango= PhP 30/seedling (180 ha x 148 seedlings x PhP 10= PhP 799,200) X X X X (b) Narra= PhP 30/seedling 180 ha x 1,333 seedlings x PhP 8= PhP 7,198,200) (c) Ipil-ipil= PhP 5/seedling (180 ha x 1,999 seedlings x PhP 3= PhP 1,799,100) M N N N N N M

2 m

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 229 Table 6 . Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary Medium-Term Investment Program WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Implementing LGU : Location : Project Type : Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary Project Life : 5 years

ACTIVITY TOTAL UNIT OF COST PER GRAND YEARLY BREAKDOWN TARGET MEASUREMENT UNIT TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 1. Social Preparation and Mobilization* 30.0 Hectares 6,270.00 188,100.00 80,100.00 36,000.00 36,000.00 36,000.00 (a) Barangay assembly & meetings (b) Information and education (c) Training, seminar, and workshops 2. Sanctuary Establishment (a) Staking and hole digging 2,250 Spots 5.00 11,250.00 11,250.00 (b) Hauling and planting of seedlings in open 2,250 Seedlings 50.00 112,500.00 112,500.00 spaces (c) Construction of caretaker's house cum office 3 Units 150,000.00 450,000.00 450,000.00 (d) Construction of a 20-feet watch tower and tour 3 Units 100,000.00 300,000.00 150,000.00 75,000.00 75,000.00 stop-over view decks (e) Construction of a 5-km foot path/walking tracks 15 Kilometers 50,000.00 750,000.00 225,000.00 175,000.00 175,000.00 175,000.00 around the sanctuary (f) Installation of perimeter fence of interlinked wires 800 Meters 1,625.00 1,300,000.00 1,300,000.00 and barbed wires 3. Sanctuary Repair and Maintenance (a) Ring weeding 2,250 Spots 5.00 11,250.00 11,250.00 (b) Hauling and replanting of seedlings (25%) 450 Seedlings 10.00 4,500.00 4,500.00 (c) Repair of facilities/buildings 237,400.00 237,400.00 47,480.00 56,980.00 66,470.00 66,470.00 4. Development of a Sanctuary Website 1 Website 85,000.00 85,000.00 85,000.00 5. Project Administration 30 Hectares 35,000.00 1,050,000.00 420,000.00 200,000.00 200,000.00 115,000.00 115,000.00 (a) Personnel services (b) Procurement of equipment (c) Office supplies and materials (d) Transportation

TOTAL 4,500,000.00 2,560,100.00 736,730.00 554,230.00 467,470.00 181,470.00 *This is 15% of Items 2 to 5

Table 6 : Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary (Continuation)

Schematic Presentation of Tree Arrangement and Planting Distance

Tree Species to be Used= Mango, Ipil-ipil, and Narra 9 m

2 m

ANNEX 20 : SPECIAL LITERACY PROGRAM UNDER PRESCRIPTION V

1. BACKGROUND

1.1. Scope

1. One of the prescriptions under the Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan (Volume II) focuses on human resource development, particularly providing support to out-of-school-youth (OSYs) in the marsh. Under Prescription V (Support Program for Environmental Protection) the problem faced by a special sector of the youth was highlighted and which needs to be addressed.

2. These youths have been left behind in their educational development caused by poverty or by the physical distance of their homes in the marsh and the location of elementary schools in urban or barangay centers. Access between the Ligawasan Marsh communities and the town proper becomes a problem during rainy season due to the floods. Moreover, poverty in the marsh exerts a lot of pressure among children to drop-out of school so that they help earn additional income for the family. These youths are also handicapped because they were member of families displaced during the many military conflicts in Ligawasan Marsh over the past ten years between the Armed Forces and the MILF.

3. A Special Literacy Program (SLP), under the proposed Investment Program, is proposed to meet the special needs of the OSYs to attain not only functional literacy, but also to prepare them to actively participate in the livelihood, small rural infrastructure, and community organizing work.

4. The SLP is specific to the native inhabitants of the marsh and the program is not to take the place of the formal or non-formal education program of the Department of Education.

1.2. Justification

5. The justification for the SLP is based on the results of the socioeconomic survey (May to July 2004) conducted under the Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, completed this year in December 2004. The study showed the low level of educational attainment among the 4,200 respondents belonging to nine priority municipalities. On the average, less than 2% of the respondents had a college degree, less than 4% reached college level, less than 7% reached and finished high school, less than 6% finished elementary level. Almost one-third 1/3 of heads of household interviewed did not have formal schooling. About 10% of the respondents took up Arabic studies.

6. Data reported during the Consultation-Workshop, held from July 21-25, 2003, to prepare the ARMM Education Master Plan (2004-2014) indicated that the owest simple literacy rate in Year 2001) was 61.0%, while the lowest functional literacy rate was 61.5%. It has a cohort survival rate of 33.6%. Poverty incidence was 68.8% compared to the national average of 34.2%. Due to the many conflicts in the marsh, 41.8% of the population suffered significant disruptions and families have to evacuate repeatedly in many places. The armed conflicts resulted to closing of many public schools over a prolonged period of time and left a significant number of OSYs in Ligawasan Marsh. WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 232

2. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

2.1. The Target Barangays and Learning Groups

7. The program will cover 57 barangays from the ten (10) priority municipalities participating under the Investment Program. The socioeconomic survey results indicate that ethnic groups present in the marsh is dominated by Maguindanaoans, followed by a small group of Ilonggos, Cebuanos, Ilocanos, Igorots and other indigenous people.

8. The target beneficiaries or “learning groups” will consists of OSYs composed of primary school leavers (11 years old) and elementary school leavers (13 years old). The age bracket will range from 12 to 14 years old. For Phase 1, the first batch of OSYs will join the pilot”” students. For Phase II, the OSYs will comprise the age bracket ranging from 13 to 14 years old, who are considered as elementary school leavers. After the initial assessment of the results of Phases 1 and 2, it may possible to proceed to Phase III for 15-25 years old.

9. The venue for conducting the SLP will be the “mini-growth centers” to be constructed in the designated fish landing sites or centers that will cater to marketing of food crops produce and livestock. The growth centers are part of Prescription IX under the Environment- friendly Livelihood Support Component.

2.2. Statement of Needs

10. Education is a very important component of the conservation and management of biodiversity of Ligawasan Marsh. Community organizations, including youth organizations, need leaders with at least a basic education. The disadvantaged “children of the marsh” must be given access to basic education in order that they participate meaningfully and productively in managing the environment and future rural development efforts.

11. As shown during the three stakeholder consultation workshops organized under the Wetland Biodiversity Study between April and December 2004, the youths (leaders and members of organizations) are articulate and showed keen interest in participating in future development of Ligawasan Marsh.

12. However, they expressed the need for further training and capacity building on community organizing, livelihood skills training, development projects and indigenous research and techno-transfer as integral components.

2.3. Overall Goals and Objectives

13. Responding to the need for all sectors in the Ligawasan Marsh to participate in the common goal of protecting and conserving its natural resources particularly the unique biodiversity and cultural diversity, the SLP has the following objectives:

♦ To provide a support program to reach out to OSYs so that they would develop the same level of concern towards protecting and conserving the natural resources of Ligawasan Marsh.

♦ To provide OSYs access to educational opportunities for themselves that will enable them to live productively and peacefully.

♦ To assist OSYs to become active members of youth sector associations or organizations and participate in the common task of managing the Ligawasan Marsh and in income-generating development projects.

♦ To develop a cadre of teachers who can provide a specialized educational training to OSYs.

♦ To enhance the participation of interested “service provider” institutions in the difficult task of preparing instructional materials and conducting training for the selected teachers, and eventually the training of OSYs of the Ligawasan Marsh.

2.4. Operational Concept and Philosophy

14. The SLP is conceived as a holistic approach that does not focus only on literacy, but it attempts to make literacy useful and sustainable in the long run. The program will cater to the speed and level of individual learners and at the same time promote their collective growth and development.

15. The program provides an alternative approach that is expected to encourage all the stakeholders and beneficiaries to form a working group and make literacy meaningful to them and to target municipalities and barangays.

16. The program is expected to establish an atmosphere where the ultimate actors and beneficiaries of development, such as the OSYS WHO belong to the impoverished majority, are given the opportunity to clarify and internalize their thinking on the many problems and opportunities of living in the Ligawasan Marsh.

2.5. Expected Outcome

17. Phase I – After the first six months of implementation, the following outcomes can be expected:

1. Advocacy and community mobilization

2. Enrichment training for the teacher-facilitators shall have been conducted;

3. Three hundred (300) level 1 learners shall have been recruited for the level II literacy (equivalent to primary school leavers in the formal system), and organized them into different classes based on their common needs at 25 learners per class;

4. These 300 learners shall have been organized into people’s organization (POs) or cooperatives and start to function;

5. Learning modules shall have been developed by both the learners, teacher- facilitators and project management units (PMUs). Alternatively, available learning materials, from successful program elsewhere, shall have been provided;

6. Classes shall have been conducted, monitored and evaluated. Every class shall have a duration of 200 contact-hours for 5 months at 10 hours per week on the maximum.

7. About 85%-90% of the enrolled learners shall have completed the level I literacy with indicators as follows:

a. Reading. Can read and comprehend stories, songs, directions, illustrations and simple parts of newspapers or any other similar reading materials available in the barangay written in the dialect and/or Filipino, can identify the main idea of what has read.

b. Writing. Can write simple noted and letters in the dialect and/or in Filipino. Can fill out simple forms written in Filipino and/or English.

c. Numeracy. Can count and recognize figures 100-100. Can add and subtract up to 3-digit numbers. Can understand the principles of simple multiplication and division.

d. Growth and development. Can communicate clearly in Filipino. Can use literacy skills in daily life.

18. Phase II – After the second six months, the following are expected to happen:

1. Advocacy and social mobilization shall have been maintained;

2. Three hundred (300) level II completers and/or some other primary school leavers shall have been recruited and enrolled at level II literacy. Every class shall have 25 members;

3. The existing people’s organization for the project beneficiaries shall have been making progress in developing individual and collective growth and development;

4. Relevant learning modules for level II shall have been provided. Support learning materials shall have been developed jointly by the learners and teacher- facilitators;

5. Classes shall have been conducted, monitored and evaluated. Every class shall have a duration of 200 contact-hours for 5 months at 10 hours per week at the maximum;

6. About 85%-90% of the enrolled learners shall have completed the level II literacy with the following learning gains;

a. Reading. Can analyze and synthesize main ideas of what they read in Filipino and or English. Can discuss with others what they read. Can read and interpret simple graphs.

b. Writing. Can write 1-2 pages on certain topics. Can write personal letters and inquiries in Filipino and/or in English. Can draw graphs of population by sex and tribe.

c. Numeracy. Can add and subtract large numbers with accuracy and speed. Can multiply up to 5-digit numbers and function. Can divide uo to 3-digit number and function.

b. Growth and development. Can communicate simple English. Can further use literacy in entrepreneurial undertakings.

7. Community data bank/information center shall have been established in the service barangays; and

8. The project shall have been institutionalized and initially sustained at the barangays level using community structures.

3. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

3.1. Selection of Teacher-Facilitators

19. Only two (2) teacher-facilitators will be selected from among those interested to serve the target barangays. The selection will be based on their capability in literacy facilitation and commitment to public service. They are preferably single and are already teacher-facilitators earlier for organized youth associations.

3.2. Selection of Learners.

20. The 300 learners for Phase I will be recruited from among the primary school leavers of target barangays. Training will last for six (6) months. For the next 300 learners under Phase II, they will be recruited from among the elementary drop-outs in the target barangays.

Table 1: Summary of the SLP:

Program/ Target Learners* Time No. of Project Frame Contact Budget Component (Month) Hours

Phase I : Level 300 Level I Six (6) 200 P 1.5 M Literacy primary school leavers Months Hours Phase II: Level 300 Level II Six (6) 200 P 1.5 M Literacy elementary school leavers Months Hours

GRAND TOTAL 600 Learners One (1) 400 P 3.0 M Year Hours

3.3. Detailed Sequence of Activities a. Pre-Project Phase

Table 2 : Summary of Activities for the Pre-Project Phase Activities Time-Table Lead Actors

a. Recruitment of Facilitating To be Management determined Research & Techno-transfer Team (TBD) (FRATT). b. Consultative meetings/conferences with TBD Management LGUs, NGOs, POs and other organizations DepEd In target barangays to develop partnership. TBD c.Barangay meetings/ assemblies/ conferences Management with leaders and members of the target DepEd barangays. TBD d. Recruitment of learning facilitators (LFs) Management (BNFEAT). LGU Barangay

TBD e. Job enrichment training for management Management staff, FRATT, LFs and BNFEAT. DepEd TBD f. Participatory community appraisal. Management

b. Phase I. Level II Literacy

Activities Time-Table Lead Actors

TBD a. Recruitment of 300 level I completers LFs, BNFEAT, and/or primary school leavers for level II FRATT and assessment of their learning needs b. Organization of the recruited learners at TBD LFs, BNFEAT 25 learners per class according to their commonalties as a result of the assessment. c. Planning and development of indigenous TBD Learning Group literacy learning modules and activities in Management the target barangays by learning groups. d. Preparation and submission of initial report. TBD Learning Group Management e. Implementation of the planned level II TBD Learning Group literacy with its sub-components. Management f. Preparation and submission of interim report TBD Learning Group Management g. Monitoring and process evaluation of the TBD LFs, BNFEAT, LG literacy project and its related activities Management, FRATT h. Post-learning assessment and re-entry TBD LFs, BNFEAT, LG planning (for phase II) Management, FRATT i. Graduation TBD DepEd j. Preparation and submission of terminal TBD Management report.

3.4. Teaching-Learning Approaches and Strategies

21. The program has two human resource development objectives, namely: (i) to awaken the OSYs to their economic, social, cultural and political conditions in particular, and their relationship with the community in general; and (ii) to mobilize them so that they can decide, plan and take collective action to free themselves from their present uncomfortable situation in the marsh.

22. Cognizant of the foregoing, the teaching-learning approach or instructional methods to be used will be the combination of the Frieran, whole language and the REFLECT concepts. The strategies to be used include problem posing using generative themes or keywords, lecture-discussion, peer/group discussion or group circle, brain storming, experiential sharing, skills development training and workshop, hands-on in the field and other strategies the learning facilitators may find much appropriate to the learning levels and interest of the learners. The combination of English and Filipino including the learners’ native dialect will be the instructional medium to be used.

3.5. Learning Materials to be Used, Adopted and Developed

23. The SLP will attempt to settle the existing issue of mismatch between the nationally and regionally developed education curriculum and the occupational needs and demands of the OSYs. In this connection, it would develop learning modules that are relevant to the needs and demands of the OSYs. Or, it would look for available but relevant learning materials already used in other places and found effective for adaptation.

24. Should the development of these learning modules be deemed necessary, the OSYs will be actively involved using their indigenous knowledge and development skill as take off point. The literacy teacher-facilitators and some curriculum development experts will work together on this activity. These materials will be supported also by available learning materials from the district, division and/or regional DepEd-NFE office for complementation.

3.6. Learners Assessment Procedure

25. In order to assess the learning gains by the OSY beneficiaries on the different levels of its implementation, the following procedure will be employed:

a. Entry Learner Assessment (ELA)

26. Before the classes start, an entry learning assessment (ELA) will be administered to the recruited learners. It will assess the level of their learning knowledge and interests. A questionnaire, to be supported with interpersonal interaction between the facilitators and the learners, will be used for the purpose. This is designed so that learning modules that are more appropriate to the level of learning, needs and interests of the learners can be jointly identified and developed.

b. On-the-Process Learners Assessment (OPLA)

27. The OPLA learning assessment will be administered daily by the teacher-facilitators for the whole duration of the learning process. A form for the purpose will be jointly developed by the learners and facilitators. Support activities to be undertaken at this time will include among others requesting the learners how they think the facilitators could be of greater help to them during the learning process.

c. Post Learning Assessment (PLA)

28. This assessment will be administered just after the conduct of the last learning module. This will determine how much learning the learners have gained. The same instrument used in the entry-learning assessment (ELA) will be used (with slight modification) for the post learning assessment (PLA). The result of the PLA will be compared with the result of the ELA to determine the learning change.

d. Follow-on Learner Assessment (FOLA)

29. This learner assessment will be administered after the termination of the project. It may focus on how the learners make use of the learning gains they already made after the project ends.

4. MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN

30. Monitoring and evaluation are an integral part of the project. They are spouses that they cannot be separated in any phase of the project.

31. In this project, monitoring is interpreted as a way or a system of keeping and tracking updated records of the projects. Evaluation, on the other hand, is a means to have an in- depth assessment of the project using records (data or information() which maybe derived from the monitoring outputs or those resulting from other investigative activities in any phase or stage of the project.

32. The following are the M & E plans for the projects:

4.1 Monitoring Plans

a. To gather and keep adequate records of all data and information about the target barangays and clientele including the barangay and learners’ profile. Monitoring will be administered before the designing of programs and activities with the learners.

b. To establish a record of the learners as to age, tribe, sex, marital status, occupation, education and income, and membership to community organization. This will be done on or before grouping the learners into different learning classes.

c. To tract updated records of the learners’ progress during the learning process. These include information about the attendance and participation of learners during the learning process.

d. To collect data and information regarding the application and worth of what the learners will learn from the learning activities. This monitoring activity will be conducted six month after the termination of the project.

4.2. Evaluation Plans

a. To have an in-depth investigation of factors affecting the growth and development of the target barangays and OSYs before the project starts. This may be conducted in the form of simple collaborative evaluation/research by the FRATT and he BNFEAT. Results of the evaluation will be the basis for the teams to jointly plan development activities with the beneficiaries of the project.

b. To conduct progress evaluation to determine how the learning process is going on. This may include identifying and analyzing factors affecting the flow of the learning process and making the “on-the spot” recommendation on how to redirect the flow toward the desired path. Democratically, this can be called “clinical evaluation”. This being so because the facilitators and the learners will be the lead actors in this activity. The FRATT and BNFEAT will facilitate the activity.

c. To conduct terminal evaluation of the project. This simple research seeks to find answers to relevant questions using the BNFEAT and FRATT as the collaborating research team. Among others it will evaluate:

a. the extent to which the project objectives are achieved;

b. the extent to which the project contributed to the growth and development of the community in general and the project beneficiaries in particular; and

c. the extent to which the LGUs and other development agencies in the locality have participated in the project.

The foregoing research activities were broadly stated. Thus, developing the details would be the responsibility of the BNFEAT and FRATT with direct participation of the village people.

5. PROGRAM/PROJECT ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

ADVISORY BOARD

REG’L/PROV’L & PROJECT LGUs, NGOs MUN. CCs DIRECTOR POs

OPERATIONS MANAGER SUPPORT STAFF

FRATT BNFEA LEARNING OTHER BRGY. FACILITATORS LEADERS MEMBERS

LEARNING GROUPS

INSTITUTIONALIZED BARANGAY-INFEP

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE SERVICE BARANGAYS

6. PLANS FOR THE POST-IMPLEMENTATION FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PROJECT

6.1. Sustainability of Learners’ Gains

The USM as “service provider” has a pool of experts in agriculture and other allied fields of development education. It is also its mandate to bring the university to the barangays, with or without the ADB-NFE assisted project, through collaboration with other development agencies and institutions, both private and public, that are operating in its service areas. As such, there will be a follow through educational and/or technical assistance to be offered by USM using enter-agency development approach until the clientele shall have been efficient and effective in the management of their individual and collective educational growth and development.

6.2. Sustainability of the Project

The learners are expected to be strongly organized after the project as community organizing is an integral component of the project. It is also expected that the learners will become self-confident already in directing their individual and collective development activities toward the right path as advocacy or social awaking, social mobilization, collaboration research and techno-transfer and community project, aside from literacy, are integrated in the project.

The foregoing expectations when realized are the major factors that would primarily sustain the project barangay. In addition to this is the continued technical support of the project by the USM as mentioned earlier. Also, the local government of the municipality and barangay where this project will be implemented can surely assist financially.

In the local government, there is an allocation for education. This is an opportunity to sustainability of funding of the project. The local government, when it feels the initial development impact of the project as expected, would surely extend some financial assistance to the project. Aside from the local government, the learners , as planned, will engaged in some income generating activities during the implementation of the project. This is where their livelihood training skill will be applied. Since, they are expected to be strongly organized with strong commitment to collective development they too, as organized individuals, would extend financial support to the project.

Annex 21: DETAILS OF SEVEN LIVELIHOOD INTERVENTIONS

Table 1 : Duck Raising Livelihood Activity in Ligawasan Marsh

Name/Activity : Duck Raising for Eggs

No. of Beneficiaries : 32 PO’s (approx. 640 HHs)

Sector/Group : Farmers/Fishermen

Barangay Covered : 32 barangays in 10 municipalities

Size (Area)/Unit : 100 sq.m.

Total Cost : P 28,945,600.00

Unit Cost : P 45,227.50

Financing Scheme :

Financial Analysis : BCR - 1.47 FIRR - 97.20 ROI - 41% NPV - P 29,621.00 PP - 2.44

I. Description

1. A livelihood project which can profitably be carried out in areas located along rivers, swamps and lakes is duck raising. The reason is that these bodies of water contain abundant indigenous feeds for ducks. Although ducks can now be raised in almost any geographical area, feed cost can be substantially lowered if it is raised in its traditional natural habitat. It can also be successfully raised near ricefields where they can be herded and pastured. This practice can also help rice farmers solve the problem of golden snails, i.e. “kuhol”.

2. The areas where duck raising will be carried out provide favorable environment/conditions. Setting up of viable alternative livelihood project in the area can greatly help ease the pressure on the continued depletion and destruction of the natural resources of Ligawasan Marsh.

3. Despite the favorable conditions available in the proposed areas, data show that not a single duck farm can be found. Some residents, however, raise a few heads of ducks. It may be safely said therefore, that duck raising in the area has bright prospects. WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 244

II. Targets

4. As proposed, the project to be implemented in the identified barangays will be carried out by a people’s organization (PO) in the respective municipalities. Thirty two (32) barangays will each raise three hundred (300) heads of ducks, or a total of 9,600 heads (approximately 8,000 females and 1,600 male ducks). With the assumption that the total egg production per duck in one year is 200, the total number of eggs that will be produce in one year is approximately 1,600,000 or an average of 133,334 per month or 33,334 eggs per week or a daily production of 4,762 eggs. On the second year of laying, the total number of eggs expected to be produced is about or 18,800 eggs per 100 heads.

5. Direct beneficiaries of the project would include the people’s organizations who will manage the project and its members. Other beneficiaries would include the processors, wholesalers, retailers who may at the same time are members of the PO’s.

III. Approaches/Strategies

A. Pre-implementation Activities

6. A set of policies and guidelines, including the terms and conditions for participation, shall be formulated and agreed upon by the parties concerned. This is necessary to ensure the smooth and successful implementation of the project. Orientation and training of the PO’s will be conducted to equip them with the necessary know-how in undertaking the project.

B. Technical/Production Aspect

7. Acquisition of stock – Ducks, which are ready to lay eggs, will be purchased from reliable sources in the neighboring areas or next door provinces. Necessary measures will be adopted to minimize stress during transport.

8. Housing – An all-purpose duck house made of local materials will be constructed before the arrival of the stock. The houses should be able to provide not less than 3.5 square feet (0.33 sq.m.) floor space per bird. To lower down the housing cost, litter flooring will be adopted. The use of rice hull as litter material is recommended. Adequate feed and drinking troughs will be provided and located in strategic places in the house. Nests in the form of open cubicles may be provided along the quiet side of the sleeping area in the duck house. Artificial lighting may also be provided.

9. Feeding – To minimize feed cost the birds will be allowed to pasture on newly harvested rice fields. To satisfy their nutrient requirements, however, the birds will be given feed supplement which may consist of palay, fresh snails or a mixture of palay, rice middling and rice bran or duck pellets or mash whenever necessary. Satisfying the nutrient requirement of the laying flock is necessary to sustain its maximum laying efficiency.

10. Sanitation and Disease Control – Cleanliness and sanitation will be strictly observed in the duck house and the confinement area. In addition a medication and vaccination program will be strictly followed.

C. Marketing Aspects

Demand and Supply Condition

11. The Philippine duck inventory from 1991-2001 shows a total population of 9,986,803 heads. Of this total population about 7,810,034 equivalent to 78.2% were raised by small scale backyard operations while the remaining 21.8% or 2,176,769 ducks were those raised by commercial farms. The major shift in the total duck production is attributable to the development in the commercial duck sector.

12. The annual per capita consumption of ducks egg and meat were 0.65 kg. and 0.14 kg., respectively (BAS, 2001). In the same year, the average production of egg was 47,197 metric tons and 9,503 mt of duck meat (dressed weight). In spite of this production, we still imported from 1991-2000 an average of 156.58 mt of ducks eggs and 185.32 mt of ducks meat mostly from China.

13. Aside from low level of consumption, another issue confronting the duck industry is the seasonal variations in demand and supply, hence, fluctuating prices. The farm gate price of eggs is highest in July (P2.55). On the other hand, the retail price is highest in September and December (P3.18/piece) and lowest in April and May (P3.04/piece) (BAS, 2001).

14. The provinces of Sultan Kudarat and Maguindanao where the ten municipalities belong to, are among the ten top producers of duck eggs and meat.

Marketing Scheme/Strategy

15. The eggs will be sold directly to the consumers or to wholesalers and retailers. It can also be channeled to the processors where it can be turned into balut or salted eggs. The project’s immediate supply area.

Distribution Channel or Product

Flow of Duck Eggs

Balut Operator

Wholesaler Retailer

Producer Consumers

Processor Retailer (Salted Eggs)

IV. Cost and Return Analysis (per 100 heads)

Items Year 1 Year 2

1. Production Cost (a) Stock 100 heads, ready-to-lay P 12,000.00 (b) Housing/Facilities 4,000.00 (c) Feeds 25,550.00 25,550.00 (d) Labor 2,400.00 2,400.00 (e) Biologics 1,277.50 1,277.50

Total 45,227.50 29,227.50

2. Gross Income (a) Sale of Eggs P 56,000.00 P 52,640.00 (b) Sale of Culls 94 heads @ P30.00 2,820.00 Total 56,000.00 55,460.00

3. Net Income P 10,772.50 P 26,232.50

Assumptions: (1) Cost of ready-to-lay ducks is P 120.00/head. (2) Cost of feed is P 0.70/head/day. (3) Cost of labor is P 200.00/month. (4) Biologics is 5% of feed cost. (5) Yearly mortality is 6%. (6) Price per egg is P 2.80.

(7) Egg production/head/year is 200 eggs. Table 2 : Goat Raising

Name/Activity : Smallholder Goat Raising

No. of Beneficiaries : 1,020 Households

Sector/Group : Farmers/Fisherfolk/Women/Youth

No. Barangay Covered : 35 barangays in 10 municipalities

Size (Area)/Unit : 12 sq.m. (does) & 2 sq. m. (buck)

Total Cost : P 33,894,600.00

Unit Cost : P 33,230.00

Financing Scheme : Loan (from LGU-DOF-WB)

Financial Analysis : BCR - 1.10 FIRR - 88.95 ROI - 42% NPV - P 4,846.00 PP - 2.40

I. Description

1. Goat raising is a reliable alternative source of livelihood in the rural areas which remains untapped. Nowadays, goat meat sells as much as chicken or pork in the market. In some places in the Philippines, however, particularly in the northern and central provinces of Luzon, and in Mindanao goat meat is a delicacy and sells more than chicken and in some occasion more than beef.

2. In temperate countries goat kid only once a year while in tropical Philippines they come in heat year round which means that more kids are produced each year. This situation gives the farmer-raisers a steady source income from goat raising.

3. The proposed project will involve raising of goats in stilt-type house (raised pen) which is necessary because of the unpredictable flooding in the project area. It will be constructed within the premises and closer to the house of the project beneficiary for close supervision and management. Adequate protection from flood should be a prime consideration when constructing a goat house or shed to provide shelter for the animals against elements and other animals. Goats are afraid of rains and wetness so they prefer to sleep in elevated areas or platforms.

4. The animal will be feed with pasture grasses and legumes which are abundant in the area throughout the year. When floodwater has receded, the animals can be WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 248

allowed to graze in the open field but care has to be observed that the animal does not do any damage to the neighbors’ properties. 5. Goats may live up to 13 to 15 years, with an average economic lifespan of 6 to 8 years.

II. Targets

6. The project is targeting 1,020 households from 35 barangays from ten (10) priority municipalities. The beneficiaries will be selected based on their interest, willingness and capability to undertake the project. Availability of an adequate supply of pasture grasses and other species of plants in their respective farms will also be an important consideration. Each beneficiary will be provided with ten (10) females (does) and one (1) male which have already given birth (kidded) once, and had mated at least once, respectively. This is to assure that the animals can produce kids.

7. The animals will be bred and five (5) does will produce one (1) kid each while the other five (5) will have two (2) kids each. Each household-beneficiaries, therefore, will be able to produce fifteen (15) goats per kidding. For the 1,020 household-beneficiaries, a total of 15,300 goats is expected to be produced every kidding.

III. Approaches/Strategies

A. Pre-implementation Activities

8. A set of policies and guidelines including the terms and conditions of participation shall be formulated and agreed upon by the parties concerned. This is necessary to ensure that the objectives and goals of the project will be realized. Social preparation, including orientation and training, will be conducted to equip them with the technical know-how during the implementation of the project.

B. Technical/Production Aspect

9. Acquisition of stock – Large-size native or grade does (female) not less than 25 kilos in body weight and those that have given birth at least once should be purchased from reliable sources in the locality or from other areas with similar climate conditions as the project area. Necessary care and procedure will be observed to minimize stress during transport of the animals. For buck (male), select those that have successfully mated and those that are at least a year old.

10. Housing – A goat house or shed must be constructed to provide sufficient accommodation for the animals against elements and from other animals. Goats prefer to sleep in elevated areas such that elevated space stilt-type and well- ventilated shelter must be provided. 11. Feeding – Feeding program for goats should be based on the type and quality of roughage available. This will determine both the amount and quality of concentrates needed to supplement the diet. Some consideration in feeding the goats WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 249

are: i) feeding should be a combination of grazing and confinement (goats eat 3% of their body weight on dry matter (DM) basis, ii) the animal do not thrive well if kept on one type of feed for a long time, and iii) feeds should be placed in elevated troughs to keep away them from manure or urine. Goats will refuse feeds and water soiled by other animals. Goats should have liberal access to good quality forage plus vitamin- minerals, and salt and concentrates. They should be given sufficient clean water at all times.

12. Care and Health Management – Sanitation and cleanliness will be strictly observed and adopted at all time. Some management practices in goat raising include:

(i) Hoof trimming – overgrown or untrimmed hooves can cause lameness and deformation of feet.

(ii) Dehorning – a dehorned animals is more docile than a horned one.

(iii) Castration – castration of unwanted males is done within the first month of age.

(iv) Assist the young to suckle the colostrums from the doe; wean the young at 3 months.

(v) Deworming – should be done regularly depending on worm load and seasonal occurrences.

(vi) Lice and ticks are common problem. When observed, apply acaricide in powder or dust form.

C. Marketing Aspects

Demand and Supply Condition

13. If the prices of liveweight of goat and per goat’s meat, are considered 150obviously there is a demand for goat in the project area. In the cities of Tacurung and Koronadal the price of goat (liveweight) ranges from P 1,500.00 to P 1,800.00/head while the price of goat’s meat ranges from P 130.00 to P 140.00 per kilo. These prices are also true in Cotabato City and the nearby towns. Although the price of beef is P150 per kg, compared to goat (P120 per kg), the demand for goat meat remains high.

14. Six (6) of the ten (10) priority municipalities are raising more goats than other meat animals including cattle, carabao and swine. Regarding the remaining four (4) municipalities, cattle ranks first, followed by goat, as among the most popular animals being raised by the people. These clearly manifest a demand for goats and a wide range of potential market in the area.

15. Marketing Scheme/Strategy – Marketing of goats will be through the Mini- Nucleus Growth Center which is managed by the people’s organization or cooperatives. By this manner, the producers will get a better price for their animal because middlemen will be removed from the marketing arrangement.

PRODUCT FLOW Butcher

People Org’n or Farmers/Producer Cooperative Consumers

Retailer (Whole Animal)

IV. Cost and Return Analysis (per household) TWO-YEAR PERIOD

nd rd 1st Kidding 2 Kidding 3 Kidding 3. Production Cost (f) Housing/Facilities* (g) Acquisition/Purchase of Stocks • 10 heads does (female) 8-10 mos. Old @ P 1,600.00/head 16,000.00 - - • 1 head, buck (male) 10-11 mos. Old @ P 4,000.00/head 4,000.00 - - (h) Feeds (Concentrates)** 1,575 kg (for pregnant, lactating does and weaner) @ P 8.00/kg 12,600.00 - - (i) Biologics (5% of feed cost) 630.00 - - (j) Labor* Total 33,230.00 13,230.00 13,230.00 4. Gross Income (c) Sale of 15 goats (6-7 mos. old) @ P 1,500.00/head 22,500.00 22,500.00 22,500.00 3. Net Income (10,730.00) 9,270.00 9,270.00

*Cost of housing, labor, and forage/roughage (as feed) shall be assumed by the beneficiaries

**Concentrate like rice bran, corn bran, corn grain (ground), molasses, cave or copra meal. The recommendations are:

1) For pregnant does give 0.5 kg/head/day – for 150 days

2) For lactating does give 0.6 kg/head/day – for 100 days

3) For weaners give 100 gm/head/day – for 150 days.

Assumption:

Five does will give birth to two kids and the other five (5) does to one kid each.

Table 3 : Smallholder Cattle Fattening

Name/Activity : Backyard Feedlot Cattle Fattening

No. of Beneficiaries : 460 Households

Sector/Group : Farmers/Fisherfolks

No. Barangay Covered : 23 (7 municipalities)

Size (Area)/Unit : 6 sq.m.

Total Cost : P 7,038,000.00

Unit Cost : P 15,300.00

Financing Scheme : Loan (from LGU-DOF-WB)

Financial Analysis : BCR = 1.20 FIRR = 75.95 ROI = 200% NPV = P 2,399.00 PP = 4.90

I. Description

1. Backyard cattle fattening is a livelihood project which can substantially augment rural farm income. A farmer can easily net three thousand pesos (P3, 000.00) or more from feeding a steer for four (4) months in his backyard utilizing WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 252

family labor. With a steady and reliable alternative source of income for farmers, other activities aimed at rehabilitating and increasing the productivity of farm lands, and other natural resources can be more effectively carried out.

2. The proposed project involves the feeding in confinement of feeder cattle for a period of six (6) months for the purpose of fattening them for beef production. The animals will be fed mainly with pasture grasses and silage which are usually abundant in many areas. Moreover, it can complement well with the existing farming system as it utilizes crop residues and other farm by products. It also helps in maintaining soil fertility. Since the animals will be raised for short periods, management will be relatively easy and a fast turn-over of capital is assured.

II. Targets

3. A total of four hundred sixty (460) households from /23/ barangays from seven municipalities will be chosen by the PO. Selection of beneficiaries will be mainly based on their willingness and capability to undertake the project. Availability of an adequate supply of forage grasses and other feed materials in their respective farms or area will also be a major consideration. Each beneficiary will be provided with one feeder stock aged 1 ½ years old and weighing between 150-200 kg. The animals will be fed for about six (6) months after which it will be sold. With an expected average daily gain (ADG) of 0.7-1.0 kg, each animal is expected to gain 144 kilograms. The final body weight of the feeder stock will be from 294 to 344 kg. For the whole project, 460 of these animals will be ready for marketing for six (6) months and after every six months, if desired.

III. Approaches/Strategies

A. Pre-Implementation Activities

4. Project beneficiaries will be screened to ensure the success of the project. A set of criteria for the selection of beneficiaries will be prepared. The LGU and the beneficiaries will be guided by a set of terms and conditions prepared and agreed upon by both parties on how the project will be implemented. Also, the beneficiaries will undergo orientation and training on the mechanics and technical aspects of the project.

B. Technical/Production Aspect

5. Acquisition of Stock - Feeder stock to be purchased will be carefully selected. Preferably, they should be high grade feeders, 1 ½ - 2 ½ years old and weighing more or less 200 kg. They will be purchased from reliable sources in the area and in the neighboring provinces. Proper handling during transport of the animals will be observed to avoid injuries and minimize stress.

6. Housing - The house or shed to be made of local materials and constructed on higher ground not easily flooded should provide enough feeding space and loafing WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 253

area for the animal. It should therefore have a measurement of 1.5m x 4 m and about three (3) meters high. Feeding and watering rough will be provided.

7. Feeding - The animals will be fed both roughage and concentrates. The recommended proportion would be 70-80 percent roughage and 20-30 percent concentrates. Roughage would consist mainly of pasture grasses which are abundant in the area. In addition, crop residues and other farm by-products like rice straw, corn stovers, peanut hay, etc. can also be given. Ipil-ipil leaves may also be used extensively. To minimize cost, the concentrate mixture will be made up only of rice bran and copra meal. Salt and mineral supplements will be regularly provided.

The total amount of feeds to be given to the animal per day in terms of dry matter would be about 3 percent of the body weight. A 200-kg feeder cattle would therefore require 6 kilograms dry matter feed. If the proportion of roughage to concentrate is 70:30 this would translate into about 16.8 kg of fresh roughage and 1.8 kg of concentrate per day.

8. Health Management - Antibiotics-vitamins-mineral mixtures will be given for the first ten days after arrival and whenever necessary especially during stressful conditions. Within a week after arrival the animals will be dewormed and sprayed to control internal and external parasites.

C. Marketing Aspects

Demand and Supply Condition

9. Compared to other livestock industries, cattle industry is one of the least developed. Statistics show that the country has a total cattle population of 2.377 million heads in 1998. The growth of the industry has been so slow that the national cattle inventory has revolved around the 2 million figure for quite some time now. However, there is a stable demand for beef. The demand has been increasing as shown by the per capita consumption of beef increasing from 1.0 kg in 1983 to 1.58 kg in 1993. To meet the increasing demand, about 500,000 head of cattle are slaughtered every year. These are those mostly imported mainly from Australia. If importations are not made the total cattle inventory, about 2 million will be exhausted in just about two (2) years.

The markets in the neighboring towns and cities (i.e. Cotabato City, Tacurong City, Koronadal, General Santos, Kidapawan, etc.), close to the project area and are inter-connected by good roads, give the farmers a wide range of market for cattle.

The selling price of cattle per head in these areas range from P 18,000.00 to P 20,000.00, while the price of beef in the local market ranges from P 130.00 to P 150.00 per kg.

Marketing Scheme/Strategy

10. Fattened cattle will be sold through the Mini-Nucleus Growth Center in the barangay operated and managed by he people’s organizations, or cooperatives. This will help eliminate middlemen and increase the income of the farmers. PRODUCT FLOW

Farmer - Producer

Farmer Cooperative (Mini-nucleus Growth

Butcher - Processor Retailer

Retailer Consumer

IV. Cost and Return Analysis (per households)

1. Production Cost

a. Stock 8,000.00

b. Housing 2,500.00

c. Feeds

Roughage 1000.00

Concentrate 3,000.00

d. Biologics 800.00

Total Cost P 15,300.00

2. Gross Income Sale of fattened cattle about 344 kg @ P45.00/kg P 18,420.00

3. Net Income P 3,120.00

Table 4 : Mat Weaving

Name/Activity : Mat Weaving

Number of Beneficiaries : 270 Households

Sector/Group : Women and Youth

Barangay Covered : Nine (9) barangays (in 4 Municipalities)

Size (area)/unit : House Extension (4x6) sq. m. weaving area

Total Cost : P 3,585,600.00

Unit Cost : P 13,280.00

Financing Scheme : Loan from (LGU-DOF-WB)

Financial Analysis : BCR - 1.80 FIRR - 132.50 ROI - 183% NPV - P 30,748.00 PP - 0.54

I. Description

1. Mat weaving is a lucrative home industry. It is one of the oldest of man’s creations done by weaving leaves with a minimum of tools. Among Filipino Muslim tribes, grass mats are used for religious purposes, such as mat during prayer, meditation or offering of worship, thanksgiving ritual of food offering (kanduli) and during weddings. For some, it is used for sleeping and as home décor.

2. Among Magindanaoans, mat weaving has been a tradition practiced mostly by women in the family and provide source of income.

3. The materials are locally taken from Ligawasan Marsh e.i. from Buri palm (silal) Corypha elata, Pandan (Pandamus sp), and Popo na baw (Cyperus alternifolius), Pupaw na baw (Cyperus kyelengia), Balabak (Scriptus grossus/typha angustifolia), Sidsid (tikog), and Tambilil (Ceperus kyelengia/Fimbristylis globulosaI).

4. In most cases this activity is usually done when women are not too busy with their household chores, meaning they are not engaged fully in the activity. However the potential of mat weaving as an income generating activity is high if fully developed into a women’s enterprise. WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 256

II. Targets

5. The target beneficiaries are 30 households per barangay in nine barangays or a total a 270 households in four municipalities around Ligawasan namely Mlang, Pikit, Tulunan, and Pagalungan. The project beneficiaries will be selected based on their interest, willingness and capacity to undertake the project. Availability of raw materials for mat making year-round will be given a prime consideration. Each beneficiary will be provided the necessary tools for mat-weaving, which are not locally available.

A. Pre-Implementation Activities

6. The project beneficiaries will be encouraged to form a group or a cooperative to make them socially cohesive and ready to undertake the project. Social preparation includes orientation and training/workshop to train them on the technical know-how to enhance their skills in implementing the project.

B. Technical/Production Aspect

Production Materials and Processing

7. The weaver will purchase a bundle of pandan, buri or balabak strips (sangat) measuring a half inch wide, and one-and-a-half meters long. There are 100 pieces of strips per bundle, which cost of P30.00. The household weavers usually buy a bundle of pandan strips (100 pieces per bundle) in the market of S.K. Pendatun, Tacurong City, Datu Piang and Cotabato City.

8. An experienced weaver can complete five pieces of single small-sized mats, two to three pieces for double capacity and one piece for a family size mat. If done on leisure time, a piece can be done in 7 days.

9. However, customized design with many colors, requires much longer period of time to finish but they are more expensive especially if the materials used are balabak and or sidsid grass. A mat intended for wedding (kalilang) has a special design called “limba” which commands higher price as it uses silal leaves.

a. Drying

10. Leaves purchased from the market are still green and have to be dried for two to three days under the sun. After drying, leaves are cut into different sizes for dyeing and coloring before they are used for weaving.

b. Coloring

11. Dye (“glana” in Magindanaoan dialect) is used for coloring which cost P 1.00 to P 2.00 per pack. About P10 worth of dye is needed for one piece of mat.

c. Weaving (kapelala) WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 257

12. One bundle can produce 3 pieces of single-sized mats sold at varying prices.

13. The mats (ikam) are simply rolled and placed in a plastic sack for transport and delivered to the prospective retail markets.

C. Marketing Aspects

Demand and Supply Situation

14. There is high demand for the indigenous mat by Muslim and non-Muslim customers due to it is affordable, artistic, and feel cool and soft when used. The ikam is always available in the market when it is needed. The markets in the neighboring towns and cities (i.e. Kidapawan City, Tacurong City, Cotabato City, General Santos City, Marawi City and Davao City and others) are near to the project area and are easily reached by land transport; providing a good opportunity to market the product of the household-producers.

15. The producers get more income through retailing compared to sales at home (see table 1 below).

Table 1. Household and retailers price of mat (ikaw)/price.

Item/Material Household Price Retail Price

Pandan Material

Single mat P 35.00 - P 50.00 P 50.00 - P 120.00

Double size P 55.00 - P 65.00 P 80.00 - P 100.00

Family size P 75.00 - P 80.00 P 100.00 - P 120.00

Extra size P 90.00 - P 95.00 P 115.00 - P 180.00

Balabak Material Seasonal production

Small P 60.00 P 80.00 - P 120.00

Double P 125.00 P 150.00 - P 175.00

Family P 170.00 P 195.00 - P 210.00

Silal material for Limba design used for wedding

Family size P 100.00 - P 150.00 P 180.00 - P 200.00

Marketing Scheme/Strategy

16. Household weavers belonging to POs will be organized into cooperative/association to maintain the standard of household price and the quality of products. The project plans to market its product by wholesale by signing contacts with handicraft or native products stores in different municipality and cities of Mindanao.

c.2.1 Production Flow Chart

Raw Materials (pandan/buri strips)

Drying/Cleaning

Coloring

Drying

Weaving

Inspection/ Quality Control

Packaging/Marketing c.2.2 Product Flow

Wholesaler

Household Weaver People Org’n or (Producer) Cooperative Consumer

Retailer WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 260

IV. Cost and Return Analysis (per households) Item Weekly Monthly 5. Production Cost a. Fixed Cost

a.1 Housing • Weaving area (4x6 sq.mts.) home extension at P12,000.00 12,000.00

a.2 Tools • Two pieces scissors @ P200.00 per piece 400.00 • Two pieces knife @ P150.00 per piece 300.00

TOTAL 12,700.00 b. Recurring Cost b.1 Materials • Pandan strips, 16 bundles (100 pcs./bundle) at P30.00 per bunble 480.00 1,920.00

• Glana dye, 100 packs of assorted color @ P1.00 per pack 100.00 400.00

TOTAL 580.00 2,320.00 6. Gross Income • 18 pieces single mat @ P40.00 per piece 720.00 2,880.00 • 8 pieces double @ P60.00 per piece 480.00 1,920.00 • 5. pieces large/family P75.00 per piece. 375.00 1,500.00

TOTAL 1,575.00 6,300.00 3. Net Income* 995.00 3,280.00

This is computed against the recurring cost only. The tools and housing costs will be deducted gradually from the monthly income.

Table 6 : Pandan Hat Making and Food Cover Making

Name/Activity : 1. Pandan Hat Making (Sayap)

2. Food Cover Making (Tudong)

Number of Beneficiaries : 60 Households each barangay

Sector/Group : Women and Youth

Barangay Covered : Two (2) barangays, Kilagasan ang Magastos,

Kabacan, Cotabato

Size (area)/unit : House Extension (5x5) sq. m. weaving area

Total Cost : 1. P 398,760.00

2. P 383,580.00

Unit Cost : 1. P 13,292.00

2. P 12,786.00

Financing Scheme : Loan from (LGU-DOF-WB)

Financial Analysis : (1) Pandan Hat Making (2) Food Cover Making BCR - 1.50 BCR - 1.33 FIRR - 132.55 FIRR - 132.50 ROI - 468% ROI - 93% NPV - 95,752 NPV - P 9,674.00 PP - 1.90 PP - 1.10

I. Description

1. Magindanaoan handicraft, which include Pandan/Anahaw hat making (sayap) and food cover (tudong) is a lucrative home industry. It is one of the oldest artistic of Magindanawn folks by joining grass and interlacing leaves, with a minimum of tools.

2. The sayap is used mostly by men and women in the farm and during fishing. The todong is a colorful food cover for ordinary use and for special festivities like thanksgiving (kanduli) and wedding.

II. Targets

3. The proposed project will involve 60 households in Barangay Kaligasan and Magatos in Kabacan, North Cotabato. Mostly to benefit from the project are the women and perhaps some youth in the community. Undoubtedly, these handicraft projects will be a source revenues for the families that will be selected and participate in this income generating activities.

A. Pre-Implementation Activities

4. Selection of beneficiaries will be done through careful screening to ensure project sustainability. People organization and/or cooperative with outstanding track record shall be responsible for the screening of the prospective implementers following a set of criteria.

5. The project beneficiaries will undergo social preparation and orientation activities as will as technical and skills training to equip and ensure that they will implement the project activities in accordance with the policies/guidelines called for.

B. Production Process

6. A weaver usually buys a bundle of pandan strips (100 pieces per bundle) in the market. In some cases, pandan or buri palm is available in the locality hence the weaver harvests it for minimal fee paying the labor of the harvester. Households which manufacture hats and food covers use the same materials.

7. Craftsmen can make 50 to 70 pieces of hat per day made of pandan when materials are abundant whereas food cover craftsmen can produce 1 set (5 pieces a day).

8. Materials are collected locally from the Ligawasan Marsh, from Buri (silal) (Corypha elata), pandan (Pandanus sp.) and anahaw or blak (Livistonia rotundifolia), coconut midribs, and bamboo splits.

C. Marketing Aspect

Demand and Supply Condition

9. The two handicraft items and their demand in the market are shown in the table below. The wholesaler transports and distributes the products to different retail outlets in Mindanao. In most cases, the wholesaler comes to the workshop area to select the item in bulk and pays for it in cash. In the retail market, another wholesaler from different provinces purchase in big volume from the retailer/wholesaler.

Sayap/Anahaw Hat

ITEM PRICING SCHEME

Production Cost Household Price Retail Price

1. Sayap using Pandan material

Medium

- 100 bundles per P12.50 P16.00

month for 70 pcs of

Big hat P13.50 P18.00

- 100 pcs glana packs

(P100.00)

Volume of 1,400 hats produced Analysis:

Purchase per month

Gross:

-40 pcs X P12.50 = P18,100

P500 Medium Mterial Cost:

-30 pcs X P13.50 = 3,100 Big P450 Labor Cost:

7,000

P905/day x 5 days x Net Income:

4weeks = P18,100 8,100

Total Cost of Cost of Materials

Purchase P2.20 Cost of

materials per hat - 1 bundle strips for 15

pcs sayap medium P5.00 Cost of per

size/hat; hat

- 1 bundle of strips is

needed a day; P7.20 per hat

5 bundles x P30.00 x 4

weeks =

Net Income P3,100.00

P8,100.00

Todong

ITEM PRICING SCHEME

Household Production Net/Set Retail Price

Price Cost

2. Food cover/Todong (Buri leaves)

Very Small

Small

P 5.00 - P 2.00 = P 3.00 P 8.00 Medium

P 15.00 - P 7.00 = P 8.00 P 18.00 Sime-Large for

brass plate P18.00 - P 9.00 = P 9.00 P 25.00

(Talam) P 35.00 - P 18.00 = P 17.00 P 50.00

Large (round table) P 50.00 P 25.00 P 25.00 P 75.00

- =

Net per set (5 pcs.) = P62.00

Volume of 1 set (assorted) x P 123.00 x 30 sets P 3,690.00

Purchase

PRODUCT FLOW

Wholesaler

Weavers Consumer

Retailer

IV. Cost and Return Analysis (per 100 heads) A. Pandan Hat Making (Sayap) Item Daily Weekly Monthly 7. Production Cost c. Fixed Cost

• a.1 Workshop area 5 x 5 12,000.00 sq. mts.

a.2 Tools • sharp knife (glat) 350.00 • scissor 150.00 • sack needle 25.00 • bolo 200.00 TOTAL 12,725.00

d. Recurring Cost b.1 Materials • Pandan strips (sangat), 5 bundles (1 bundle of 15 strips for medium size hat and 12 strips for large size hat) at P30.00 30.00 210.00 900.00 • Bamboo slat/sliced 10.00 70.00 300.00 • Weaved coco leaves 10.00 70.00 300.00 • Straw, tying 2.50 17.00 75.00 • Glana coloring 10.00 70.00 300.00

TOTAL 62.50 437.50 1,875.00

A. Continuation… Item Daily Weekly Monthly

c. Labor cost 504.00 3,528.00 15,120.00 • 70 hats/day at P7.20/hat TOTAL 504.00 3,528.00 15,120.00 8. Gross Income • 40 pcs medium size hat at P12.50/pc (HH price) 500.00 3,500.00 15,000 • 30 pcs large size hat at P13.50 per pc (HH price) 405.00 2,835.00 12,150 TOTAL 905.00 6,335.00 27,150.00 3. Net Income 338.00 2,370.00 10,155.00

Note: The costs of the workshop area and tools will be gradually deducted from the monthly incomes.

B. Food Cover Making (Tudong) – per Household Item Daily Weekly Monthly 1. Production Cost a. Fixed Cost

a.1 Workshop area 5 x 5 sq. mts. 12,000.00

a.2 Tools • sharp knife (glat) 350.00 WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 268

• scissor 150.00 • sack needle 25.00 • bolo 200.00 TOTAL 12,725.00 b. Recurring Cost b.1 Materials c. Pandan strips (sangat), ½” wide, 2 ft. long 25.00 175.00 750.00 d. Bamboo slat/sliced 5.20 36.40 36.40 e. Weaved coco leaves 5.00 35.00 150.00 f. Straw, tying 2.50 17.50 75.00 g. Glana coloring 5.00 35.00 150.00

TOTAL 42.70 298.90 1,161.40

B. Continuation… Item Daily Weekly Monthly

c. Labor cost • 30% of total production cost 18.30 128.10 549.00 of one set Total 18.30 128.10 549.00 2. Gross Income • Very small at P5.00 5.00 35.00 150.00 • Small at P15.00 15.00 105.00 450.00 • Medium at P18.00 18.00 126.00 540.00 • Semi-large for brass plate 35.00 245.00 1,050.00 (talam) at P35.00 • Large (round table) at 50.00 350.00 1,500.00 P50.00 Total 123.00 861.00 3,690.00 3. Net Income 62.00 434.00 1,979.60

Note:

Total production cost (materials and labor) is P61.00 for a set of food cover composed of 5 different sizes which can be assembled in one day.

Assumption:

1. Labor Cost is 30% of the total production cost.

Annex 22. Diagram of Proposed Mini-Growth Centers

M F

MEETING COOPERATIVE OFFICE HALL STORE SPECIAL DAY CARE LITERACY ROOM ROOM BARANGAY RESIDENTIAL AREA DRYING FLOOR

B A R A N G A Y R O A D

FARM - TO - MARKET ROAD FISH LANDING SHED

VEHICLE PARKING AREA 1 2 3 4 5

STALLS

Annex 23. STAFFING SCHEDULE FOR CONSULTING SERVICES

NO. OF YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 PERSON- MONTHS 12341234123412341234

NATIONAL OFFICE

1 Project Director 10

2 Team Leader 27

3 Accountant 57

4 M & E Specialist 21

5 IEC Specialist 15

6 Research & Dev't Specialist 12

SUB-TOTAL 142

REGIONAL OFFICE

1 Regional Coordinator 33

2 Administration Assistant 57

3 C. O. Specialist 21

4 M & E Specialist 21

5 Project Analyst 18

6 IEC Specialist 21

7 Training Specialist 24

8 Enterprise & Dev't Specialist 18

9 Gender & Youth Dev't. Specialist 15

SUB-TOTAL 228

M & E: Monitoring & Evaluation Specialist; IEC: Information, Education & Communicaiton Specialist; CO: Community Organizing Specialist --- = Intermittent Service (2.0 person-months per year for 5 years

Annex 24. Work and Financial Plan

UNIT OF FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS MEASURE- ACTIVITY TOTAL MENT GRAND TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 A. Ecosystem Management & Protection 1. Establishment of LM as PA -Workshop to validate manage- 1 No. of Workshop 900,000 900,000 ment plan -Drafting of interim PAMB 1 PAMB Proposal 144,000 144,000 proposal -Organize a group to lobby 1 Lobby Group 780,000 520,000 260,000 Congress to enact law Subtotal 1,824,000 1,564,000 260,000

2. Implementation of management zoning system -Quarterly consultations 4/year Meetings 600,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 -Delineation and demarcation of 10 Municipalities 10,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 Ligawasan Marsh Subtotal 10,600,000 5,200,000 5,200,000 200,000

3. Protection and Law Enforcement -Organization of Bantay Pawas 13 Bantay Pawas 4,550,000 2,275,000 2,275,000 -Preparation of iron signages 900 Iron Signages 2,700,000 1,350,000 1,350,000 -Financial Assistance to SB for 4/year Sessions 600,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 the conduct of special sessions -Reward and incentive 100 Arrests 200,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 -Legal assistance to Bantay 10 Municipalities 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 Subtotal 10,050,000 4,785,000 4,785,000 160,000 160,000 160,000

4. Habitat Restoration -Assisted natural regeneration 660 Hectares 22,070,400 9,369,360 7,060,680 3,562,680 1,673,760 403,920 -Wetland forest restoration 2,000 Hectares 66,880,000 28,032,000 21,516,000 10,916,000 5,162,000 1,254,000 -Buffer zone reforestation 2,000 Hectares 55,304,000 23,646,000 17,338,000 9,080,000 4,203,000 1,037,000 -Riverbank protection & stab. 23 km Kilometers 994,773 374,725.00 382,288.00 162,868.00 63,414 11,478 -Community-based reforestation 180 Hectares 8,164,260 2,745,342 2,986,566 1,675,176 662,982.00 94,194 -Wildlife/bird sanctuaty 3 Sites 4,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 -Mixed Tree plantation 860 Households 5,375,000 1,625,000 1,875,000 1,875,000 Subtotal 163,288,433 64,167,427 52,408,534 28,771,724 15,140,156 2,800,592

5. On-Site & Off-Site R & D Support -Hydological studies in selected 4 Studies 3,500,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 500,000 rivers and waterways -Hydrological studies on the 1 Study 1,000,000 500,000 500,000 cut-off channel -Assessment of flora & fauna 1 Study 1,000,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 -Assessment of fishery status 1 Study 1,000,000 500,000 500,000 -Mangrove rehabilitation 1 Project 1,500,000 500,000 1,000,000 500,000 -Pilot crocodile farming 1 Project 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 -Other studies 6 Study 5,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 -Oper. expenses of committee 5 Years 1,500,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 Subtotal 16,500,000 2,300,000 3,300,000 5,800,000 3,800,000 1,300,000 TOTAL (A) 202,262,433 78,016,427 65,953,534 34,931,724 19,100,156 4,260,592

B. Institutional Development and Capacity Building 1. Training and Empowerment -Organization and training of 171 POs 5,130,000 2,565,000 2,565,000 POs -LGU capability building on local 3/year Training 900,000 450,000 450,000 governance -PMU-PO consultation workshop 1,368 Consultation 2,736,000 684,000 684,000 684,000 684,000 -Quarterly inter-municipal consul- 20 Consultation 4,000,000 800,000 800,000 800,000 800,000 800,000 tation dialogue -Quarterly one-day stakeholders' 20 Consultation 600,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 workshop

Subtotal 13,366,000 4,619,000 4,619,000 1,604,000 1,604,000 920,000 WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 272

Annex 24 Continuation

UNIT OF FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS MEASURE- ACTIVITY TOTAL MENT GRAND TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 2. Env. Education & Awareness -Survey to assess level of awareness of marsh settlers 10 Surveys 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 -Operation of an IEC program 10 Municipalities 1,250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 -Production of IEC materials, 10 Municipalities 5,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 radio and newspaper, and documentary films Subtotal 8,250,000 2,250,000 2,250,000 1,250,000 1,250,000 1,250,000

3. Special Literacy Program -Special literacy program 1 Program 20,000,000 1,000,000 4,750,000 4,750,000 4,750,000 4,750,000 Subtotal 20,000,000 1,000,000 4,750,000 4,750,000 4,750,000 4,750,000

TOTAL (B) 41,616,000 7,869,000 11,619,000 7,604,000 7,604,000 6,920,000

C. Env.-Friendly Livelihood Support 1. Duck Raising 32 POs 28,945,600 28,945,600 2. Smallholder goat raising 1,020 Households 33,894,600 16,947,300 16,947,300 3. Feedlot Cattle Fattening 460 Households 7,038,000 7,038,000 4. Mat-weaving 270 Households 3,585,600 3,585,600 5. Kalakat-making 40 Households 552,880 552,880 6. Pandan hat-making 60 Households 398,760 398,760 7. Food cover making 60 Households 383,580 383,580 TOTAL (C) 74,799,020 57,851,720 16,947,300

D. Small Rural Infrastructure Project 1. Construction of drying 26 Units 3,848,000 888,000 1,480,000 1,480,000 pavement 2. Rehab of farm-to-market road 10 Barangays 4,400,000 4,400,000 3. Establishment of MGC 16 Barangays 18,235,000 9,117,500 9,117,500 4. Provision of toilet bowls 3,000 Units 4,224,000 1,408,000 1,408,000 1,408,000 5. Construction of communal toilet 300 Units 1,200,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 6. Construction of potable water 30 Units 2,400,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 system 7. Distribution of jetmatic pumps 2,000 Units 8,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 TOTAL (D) 42,307,000 7,008,000 21,413,500 12,405,500 1,480,000

Studies and purchase E. Monitoring and Evaluation computer sets 1. Setting up of M & E system Lot 5,000,000 500,000 1,500,000 3,000,000 TOTAL (E) 5,000,000 500,000 1,500,000 3,000,000

K. Training Support 8 Modules 8,375,000 2,250,000 1,625,000 2,875,000 1,625,000 TOTAL (K) 8,375,000 2,250,000 1,625,000 2,875,000 1,625,000

L. Project Management Support and (1) Personnel remuneration at 26 Personnel Hired 46,282,500 9,256,500 9,256,500 9,256,500 9,256,500 9,256,500 national PMO (2) Personnel remuneration at 40 Personnel Hired 41,295,000 8,259,000 8,259,000 8,259,000 8,259,000 8,259,000 regional PMO (3) Operating expenses at national - - 28,297,000 10,372,000 4,800,000 4,525,000 4,375,000 4,225,000 (4) Operating expenses at regional - - 52,294,000 18,444,000 9,100,000 8,550,000 8,250,000 7,950,000 (6) LGU Equity 21,200,000 4,240,000 4,240,000 4,240,000 4,240,000 4,240,000 TOTAL (L) 189,368,500 50,571,500 35,655,500 34,830,500 34,380,500 33,930,500

M. Consultancy Services (1) Remuneration and reimb. of - - 22,178,480 7,709,140 5,270,760 2,890,710 3,147,210 3,160,660 consulting services (2) Travel and per diem - - 5,334,850 1,509,300 1,472,350 1,109,100 649,450 594,650 (3) Aerial photography (3x) - - 3,600,000 1,800,000 900,000 900,000

TOTAL (M)WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT31,113,330 FOR LIGAWASAN11,018,440 MARSH6,743,110 PROJECT4,899,810 3,796,660 4,655,310 Winrock International • SUSTEC TOTAL and 594,841,283 157,233,367 200,861,364• Minsupala115,993,834 Foundation 67,986,316 52,766,402 CONTINGENCY (15%) Winrock Philippines 89,226,192 23,585,005 30,129,205• Maguindanaoan17,399,075 Foundation10,197,947 7,914,960 GRAND TOTAL 684,067,475 180,818,372 230,990,569 133,392,909 78,184,263 60,681,362 Investment Program (2006-2010) Page 273

Annex 25. ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSES FOR HABITAT RESTORATION SUBPROJECTS

Table 1 : Assisted Natural Regeneration

I. PROJECTED CASHFLOW

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 YEAR

CASH IN FLOW

Grant 9,369,360.00 7,060,680.00 3,562,680.00 1,673,760.00 403,920.00

Sales (Incremental Benefits) 39,600,000.00

TOTAL 9,369,360.00 7,060,680.00 3,562,680.00 1,673,760.00 403,920.00 39,600,000.00

CASH OUTFLOW

Social Preparation and Mobilization 1,714,680.00 807,840.00 807,840.00

Survey Mapping and Planning 1,980,000.00

Nursery Establishment and Maintenance 3,960,000.00 3,960,000.00

Plantation Establishment 1,485,000.00 1,485,000.00

Plantation Maintenance 462,000.00 462,000.00

Project Administration 1,714,680.00 807,840.00 807,840.00 403,920.00 403,920.00

TOTAL 9,369,360.00 7,060,680.00 3,562,680.00 1,673,760.00 403,920.00

NET CASH INFLOW 39,600,000.00

Table 1 : Assisted Natural Regeneration (Continuation)

II. PRESENT WORTH OF FUTURE BENEFITS OVER DISCRETE TIME PURSUIT

Increment Benefits to be 14% 15% 20% Year Received D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V.

15 39,600,000.00 0.140 5,544,000.00 0.123 4,870,800.00 0.065 2,574,000.00

III. PRESENT VALUE OF COST OVER DISCRETE TIME PURSUIT

14% 15% 20% Year Cost D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. 1 9,369,360.00 0.877 27,572,669.00 0.870 8,151,343.00 0.833 7,804,677.00 2 7,060,680.00 0.769 5,429,663.00 0.756 5,337,874.00 0.694 4,900,112.00 3 3,562,680.00 0.675 2,404,809.00 0.658 2,344,243.00 0.579 2,062,792.00 4 1,673,760.00 0.592 990,866.00 0.572 957,391.00 0.482 806,752.00 5 403,920.00 0.519 209,634.00 0.497 200,748.00 0.402 162,376.00 TOTAL 22,070,400.00 36,607,641.00 16,991,599.00 15,736,709.00

IV. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

PV of Benefits 5,544,000 BCR = ______= ______

PV of Cost 36,607,641

= 0.15

NPV = PV of Benefits – PV of Cost

= 5,544,000 – 36,607,641

= (31,063,641) Present Worth of Cashflow at lower disc rate

EIRR = Lower discount + Diff. b/w the disc rate Absolute diff. b/w the present worth of the cashflow at the 2 disc. rates 4,870,800 = 15 + 5 2,296.800 = 15 + 5 (2.12)

= 15 + 10.6

= 25.60

Table 2 : Wetland Forest Restoration

I. PROJECTED CASHFLOW

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

CASH IN FLOW

Grant 28,032,000.00 21,516,000.00 10,916,000.00 5,162,000.00 1,254,000.00

Incremental Benefits 120,000,000.00

TOTAL 28,032,000.00 21,516,000.00 10,916,000.00 5,162,000.00 1,254,000.00 120,000,000.00

CASH OUTFLOW

Social Preparation and Mobilization 5,016,000.00 2,508,000.00 2,508,000.00 2,508,000.00

Survey Mapping and Planning 6,000,000.00

Nursery Establishment and Maintenance 12,000,000.00 12,000,000.00

Plantation Establishment 4,500,000.00 4,500,000.00

Plantation Maintenance 1,400,000.00 1,400,000.00

Project Administration 5,016,000.00 2,508,000.00 2,508,000.00 1,254,000.00 1,254,000.00

TOTAL 28,032,000.00 21,516,000.00 10,916,000.00 5,162,000.00 1,254,000.00

NET CASH INFLOW 120,000,000.00

Table 2 : Wetland Forest Restoration (Continuation)

II. PRESENT WORTH OF FUTURE BENEFITS OVER DISCRETE TIME PURSUIT

Increment Benefits to be 14% 15% 20% Year Received D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. 15 120,000,000.00 0.140 16,800,000.00 0.123 14,760,000.00 0.065 7,800,000.00

II. PRESENT VALUE OF COST OVER DISCRETE TIME PURSUIT

14% 15% 20% Year Cost D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. 1 28,032,000.00 0.877 24,584,064.00 0.870 24,387,840.00 0.833 23,350,656.00 2 21,516,000.00 0.769 16,545,804.00 0.756 16,266,096.00 0.694 14,932,104.00 3 10,916,000.00 0.675 7,368,300.00 0.658 7,182,728.00 0.579 6,320,364.00 4 5,162,000.00 0.592 3,055,904.00 0.572 2,952,664.00 0.482 2,488,084.00 5 1,254,000.00 0.519 650,826.00 0.497 623,238.00 0.402 504,108.00 TOTAL 66,880,000.00 52,204,898.00 51,412,566.00 47,595,316.00

IV. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

PV of Benefits 16,800,000 BCR = ______= ______

PV of Cost 52,204,898

= 0.32

NPV = PV of Benefits – PV of Cost

= 16,800,000 – 52,204,898

= (35,404,898)

EIRR = Lower discount + Diff. b/w the disc rate Present Worth of Cashflow at lower disc rate Absolute diff. b/w the present worth of the cashflow at the 2 disc. rates 14,760,000 = 15 + 5 6,960,000 = 15 + 5 (2.1)

= 15 + 10.5

= 25.5

Table 3 : Buffer Zone Reforestation

I. PROJECTED CASHFLOW

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

CASH IN FLOW

Grant 23,646,000.00 17,338,000.00 9,080,000.00 4,203,000.00 1,037,000.00

Sales (Incremental Benefits) 5,952,000.00 5,952,000.00 5,952,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00

TOTAL 23,646,000.00 17,338,000.00 9,080,000.00 10,155,000.00 6,989,000.00 5,952,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 14,235,200.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00

CASH OUTFLOW

Social Preparation and Mobilization 4,148,000.00 20,740,000.00 2,074,000.00 2,074,000.00

Survey Mapping and Planning 6,000,000.00

Nursery Establishment and Maintenance 9,350,000.00 9,350,000.00

Plantation Establishment 3,840,000.00 3,840,000.00

Plantation Maintenance 1,092,000.00 1,092,000.00

Project Administration 4,148,000.00 2,074,000.00 2,074,000.00 1,037,000.00 1,037,000.00

TOTAL 23,646,000.00 17,338,000.00 9,080,000.00 4,203,000.00 1,037,000.00

NET CASH INFLOW 5,952,000.00 5,952,000.00 5,952,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00 142,352,000.00

TABLE 3: Buffer Zone Reforestation (Continuation)

II. PRESENT WORTH OF FUTURE BENEFITS OVER DISCRETE TIME PURSUIT

14% 15% 20% Increment Benefits Year to be Received D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V.

4 5,952,000.00 0.592 3,523,584.00 0.572 3,404,544.00 0.482 2,868,664.00 5 5,952,000.00 0.519 3,089,088.00 0.497 2,958,144.00 0.402 2,392,704.00 6 5,952,000.00 0.456 2,714,112.00 0.432 2,571,264.00 0.335 1,993,920.00 7 142,352,000.00 0.400 56,940,800.00 0.376 53,524,352.00 0.279 39,716,208.00 8 142,352,000.00 0.357 50,819,664.00 0.327 46,549,104.00 0.233 33,168,016.00 9 142,352,000.00 0.308 43,844,416.00 0.284 40,427,968.00 0.194 27,616,288.00 10 142,352,000.00 0.27 38,435,040.00 0.247 35,160,944.00 0.162 23,061,024.00 11 142,352,000.00 0.237 33,737,424.00 0.215 30,605,680.00 0.135 19,217,520.00 12 142,352,000.00 0.208 29,609,216.00 0.187 26,619,824.00 0.112 15,943,424.00 13 142,352,000.00 0.182 25,908,064.00 0.163 26,203,376.00 0.093 13,238,736.00 14 142,352,000.00 0.160 22,776,320.00 0.141 20,071,632.00 0.078 11,103,456.00 15 142,352,000.00 0.140 19,929,280.00 0.123 17,509,296.00 0.065 9,252,880.00 TOTAL 1,299,024,000.00 331,327,008.00 305,606,128.00 199,572,840.00

III. PRESENT VALUE OF COST OVER DISCRETE TIME PURSUIT

14% 15% 20% Year Cost D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. 1 23,646,000.00 0.877 20,737,542.00 0.870 20,572,020.00 0.833 19,697,118.00 2 17,338,000.00 0.769 13,332,922.00 0.756 13,107,528.00 0.694 12,032,572.00 3 9,080,000.00 0.675 6,129,000.00 0.658 5,974,640.00 0.579 5,257,320.00 4 4,203,000.00 0.592 2,488,176.00 0.572 2,404,116.00 0.482 2,025,846.00 5 1,037,000.00 0.519 538,203.00 0.497 515,389.00 0.402 416,874.00 TOTAL 55,304,000.00 43,225,843.00 42,573,693.00 39,429,730.00

IV. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

PV of Benefits 331,327,008 BCR = ______= ______

PV of Cost 43,225,843

= 7.66

NPV = PV of Benefits – PV of Cost

= 331,327,008 – 43,225,843 Present Worth of Cashflow at lower disc rate

= 288,101,165 Absolute diff. b/w the present worth of the = 15 + 5 cashflow at the 2 disc. rates

EIRR = Lower discount + Diff. b/w the disc rate

305,606,128 = 15 + 5 (2.88) 106,033,088 = 15 + 14.4

= 29.4

Table 4 : Riverbank Protection and Stabilization

I. PROJECTED CASHFLOW

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

CASH IN FLOW

Grant 374,725.20 382,287.60 162,867.60 63,414.45 11,478.15

Sales (Incremental Benefits) 736,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00

TOTAL 374,725.20 382,287.60 162,867.60 799,414.45 1,667,478.15 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00

CASH OUTFLOW

Social Preparation and Mobilization 45,912.60 22,956.30 22,956.30 22,956.30

Survey Mapping and Planning 34,500.00

Nursery Establishment and Maintenance 248,400.00 248,400.00

Stabilization Area Establishment 87,975.00 87,975.00

Stabilization Area Maintenance 28,980.00 28,980.00

Project Administration 45,912.60 22,956.30 22,956.15 11,478.15 11,478.15

TOTAL 374,725.20 382,287.60 162,867.45 63,414.45 11,478.15

NET CASH INFLOW 736,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00 1,656,000.00

Table 4 : Riverbank Protection and Stabilization (Continuation)

II. PRESENT WORTH OF FUTURE BENEFITS OVER DISCRETE TIME PURSUIT

Increment Benefits to be 14% 15% 20% Year Received D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. 4 736,000.00 0.592 435,712.00 0.572 420,992.00 0.482 354,752.00 5 1,656,000.00 0.519 859,464.00 0.497 823,032.00 0.402 665,712.00 6 1,656,000.00 0.456 755,136.00 0.432 715,392.00 0.335 554,760.00 7 1,656,000.00 0.400 662,400.00 0.376 622,656.00 0.279 462,024.00 8 1,656,000.00 0.357 591,192.00 0.327 541,512.00 0.233 385,848.00 9 1,656,000.00 0.308 510,048.00 0.284 470,304.00 0.194 321,264.00 10 1,656,000.00 0.270 447,120.00 0.247 409,032.00 0.162 268,272.00 11 1,656,000.00 0.237 392,472.00 0.215 356,040.00 0.135 223,560.00 12 1,656,000.00 0.208 344,448.00 0.187 309,672.00 0.112 185,472.00 13 1,656,000.00 0.182 301,392.00 0.163 269,928.00 0.093 485,208.00 14 1,656,000.00 0.160 264,960.00 0.141 233,496.00 0.078 129,968.00 15 1,656,000.00 0.140 231,840.00 0.123 203,688.00 0.065 107,640.00 TOTAL 18,952,000.00 5,796,184.00 5,375,744.00 4,144,480.00

III. PRESENT VALUE OF COST OVER DISCRETE TIME PURSUIT

14% 15% 20% Year Cost D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. 1 374,725.20 0.877 328,634.00 0.870 326,011.00 0.833 312,146.00 2 382,287.60 0.769 293,979.16 0.756 289,009.00 0.694 265,308.00 3 162,867.60 0.675 109,936.00 0.658 107,167.00 0.579 94,300.00 4 63,414.45 0.592 37,541.00 0.572 36,273.00 0.482 30,566.00 5 11,478.15 0.519 5,957.00 0.497 5,705.00 0.402 4,614.00 TOTAL 994,773.00 776,047.16 764,165.00 706,934.00

IV. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

PV of Benefits 5,796,184 BCR = ______= ______

PV of Cost 776,047

= 7.47

NPV = PV of Benefits – PV of Cost

= 5,796,184 – 776,047

= 5,020,137 Present Worth of Cashflow at lower disc rate EIRR = Lower discount + Diff. b/w the disc rate Absolute diff. b/w the present worth of the cashflow at the 2 disc. rates 5,375,744 = 15 + 5 1,231,264 = 15 + 5 (4.77)

= 15 + 21.83

= 36.83

Table 5 : Upland Reforestation

I. PROJECTED CASHFLOW

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

CASH IN FLOW

Grant 2,745,342.00 2,986,566.00 1,675,176.00 662,982.00 94,194.00

Sales (Incremental Benefits) 6,366,600.00 7,938,000.00 15,055,200.00 19,845,000.00 23,441,000.00 19,845,000.00 23,593,500.00 19,845,000.00 19,845,000.00 79,785,000.00

TOTAL 2,745,342.00 2,986,566.00 1,675,176.00 662,982.00 94,194.00 6,366,600.00 7,938,000.00 15,055,200.00 19,845,000.00 23,441,000.00 19,845,000.00 23,593,500.00 19,845,000.00 19,845,000.00 79,785,000.00

CASH OUTFLOW

Social Preparation and Mobilization 376,776.00 188,388.00 188,388.00 188,388.00

Survey Mapping and Planning 360,000.00

Nursery Establishment and Maintenance 1,631,790.00 1,631,790.00

Plantation Establishment 978,000.00 918,000.00

Plantation Maintenance 380,400.00 380,400.00

Project Administration 376,776.00 188,388.00 188,388.00 94,194.00 94,194.00

Production Cost 2,583,900.00 3,969,000.00 6,740,550.00 9,922,500.00 10,821,500.00 9,922,500.00 10,859,625.00 9,922,500.00 9,922,500.00 9,922,500.00

TOTAL 2,745,342.00 3,366,966.00 1,675,176.00 663,982.00 94,194.00 2,583,900.00 3,969,000.00 6,740,550.00 9,922,500.00 10,821,500.00 9,922,500.00 10,859,625.00 9,922,500.00 9,922,500.00 9,922,500.00

NET CASH INFLOW 3,782,700.00 3,969,000.00 8,314,650.00 9,922,500.00 12,619,500.00 9,922,500.00 12,733,875.00 9,922,500.00 9,922,500.00 69,862,500.00

Table 5 : Upland Reforestation (Continuation)

II. PRESENT WORTH OF FUTURE BENEFITS OVER DISCRETE TIME PURSUIT Increment Benefits to 14% 15% 20% Year be Received D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. 6 6,366,600.00 0.456 2,903,170.00 0.432 2,750,371.00 0.335 2,132,811.00 7 7,938,000.00 0.400 3,175,200.00 0.376 2,984,688.00 0.279 2,214,702.00 8 15,055,200.00 0.351 5,284,375.00 0.327 4,923,050.00 0.233 3,507,862.00 9 19,845,000.00 0.308 6,112,260.00 0.284 5,635,980.00 0.194 3,849,930.00 10 23,441,000.00 0.270 6,329,070.00 0.247 5,789,927.00 0.162 3,797,442.00 11 19,845,000.00 0.237 4,703,265.00 0.215 4,266,675.00 0.135 2,679,075.00 12 23,593,500.00 0.208 4,907,448.00 0.187 4,411,985.00 0.112 2,642,472.00 13 19,845,000.00 0.182 3,611,790.00 0.163 3,234,735.00 0.093 1,845,585.00 14 19,845,000.00 0.160 3,175,200.00 0.141 2,798,145.00 0.078 1,547,910.00 15 79,785,000.00 0.140 11,169,900.00 0.123 9,813,555.00 0.065 5,186,025.00 TOTAL 235,559,300.00 51,371,678.00 46,609,111.00 29,403,814.00 III. PRESENT VALUE OF COST OVER DISCRETE TIME PURSUIT

14% 15% 20% Year Cost D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. 1 2,745,342.00 0.877 2,407,665.00 0.870 2,388,447.00 0.833 2,286,870.00 2 2,986,566.00 0.769 2,296,669.00 0.756 2,257,844.00 0.694 2,072,677.00 3 1,675,176.00 0.675 1,130,744.00 0.658 1,102,266.00 0.579 969,927.00 4 662,982.00 0.592 392,485.00 0.572 379,226.00 0.482 319,557.00 5 94,194.00 0.519 48,887.00 0.497 46,814.00 0.402 37,866.00 6 2,583,900.00 0.456 1,178,258.00 0.432 1,116,245.00 0.335 865,606.00 7 3,969,000.00 0.4 1,587,600.00 0.376 1,492,344.00 0.279 1,107,351.00 8 6,740,550.00 0.357 2,406,376.00 0.327 2,204,160.00 0.233 1,570,548.00 9 9,922,500.00 0.308 3,056,130.00 0.284 2,817,990.00 0.194 1,924,965.00 10 10,821,500.00 0.29 2,921,805.00 0.247 2,672,910.00 0.162 1,753,083.00 11 9,922,500.00 0.237 2,351,632.00 0.215 2,133,337.00 0.135 1,339,537.00 12 10,859,625.00 0.208 2,258,802.00 0.187 2,030,750.00 0.112 1,216,278.00 13 9,922,500.00 0.182 1,805,895.00 0.163 1,617,367.00 0.093 922,792.00 14 9,922,500.00 0.16 1,587,600.00 0.141 1,399,072.00 0.078 773,955.00 15 69,862,500.00 0.14 9,780,750.00 0.123 8,593,087.00 0.065 4,541,062.00 TOTAL 152,691,335.00 35,211,298.00 32,251,859.00 21,702,074.00

IV. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

PV of Benefits 51,371,678 BCR = ______= ______

PV of Cost 35,211,298 = 1.5

NPV = PV of Benefits – PV of Cost

= 51,371,678 – 35,211,298

= 16,160,380 Present Worth of Cashflow at lower disc EIRR = Lower discount + Diff. b/w the disc rate rate Absolute diff. b/w the present worth of = 15 + 5 the cashflow at the 2 disc. rates 46,609,111 = 15 + 5 (2.7) 17,205,297

= 15 + 13.5

= 28.5

Annex 26: ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSES FOR SEVEN LIVELIHOOD SUBPROJECTS

Table 1 : Duck Raising

I. CASHFLOW STATEMENT

CASH INFLOW Year 1 Year 2 Loan 9,045.50 Grant 31,659.25 Equity 4,522.75 Sales 56,000.00 55,460.00 TOTAL 101,227.50 55,460.00

CASH OUTFLOW : Purchase of Stock 12,000.00 Housing/facilities 4,000.00 Feeds 25,550.00 25,550.00 Labor 2,400.00 2,400.00 Biologics 1,277.50 1,277.50 TOTAL 45,227.50 29,227.50 NET CASH INFLOW 56,000.00 2,623,250.00

II. PRESENT VALUE OF SALES AND COST

14% 15% 20% Year Sales D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. 1 56,000.00 0.877 49,112.00 0.87 48,720.00 0.833 46,648.00 2 55,460.00 0.769 42,649.00 0.756 41,928.00 0.694 38,489.00 TOTAL 111,460.00 91,761.00 90,648.00 85,137.00

III. PRESENT VALUE OF COST

14% 15% 20% Year Cost D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. 1 45,227.50 0.877 39,664.00 0.870 39,348.00 0.833 37,674.00 2 29,227.50 0.769 22,476.00 0.756 22,096.00 0.694 20,284.00 TOTAL 74,455.00 62,140.00 61,444.00 57,958.00

Table 1 : Duck Raising (Continuation)

IV. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

BCR = 91,761 62,140

= 1.47

NPV = 91,761 – 62,140

= 29,621

FIRR = 90,648 15 + 5 5,511

= 15 + 5 (16.44)

= 15 + 82.2

= 97.20

ROI = 18,502.20 x 100% 45,227.50

= 41%

PP = 45,227.50 18,502.50

= 2.44

Table 2 : Goat Raising

I. CASHFLOW STATEMENT

CASH INFLOW Year 1 Year 2 Loan 6,646.00 Grant 23,261.00 Equity 3,323.00 Sales 22,500.00 45,000.00 TOTAL 55,730.00 45,000.00

CASH OUTFLOW : Purchase of Stock 20,000.00 Feeds 12,600.00 252,000.00 Biologics 630.00 1,260.00 TOTAL 33,230.00 26,460.00 NET CASH INFLOW 22,500.00 18,540.00

II. PRESENT VALUE OF SALES AND COST

14% 15% 20% Year Sales D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. 1 22,500.00 0.877 19,732.00 0.870 19,575.00 0.833 18,742.00 2 45,000.00 0.769 34,605.00 0.756 34,020.00 0.694 31,230.00 TOTAL 67,500.00 54,337.00 53,595.00 49,972.00

III. PRESENT VALUE OF COST

14% 15% 20% Year Cost D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. 1 33,230.00 0.877 29,143.00 0.870 28,910.00 0.833 27,680.00 2 26,460.00 0.769 20,348.00 0.756 20,004.00 0.694 18,488.00 TOTAL 59,690.00 49,491.00 48,914.00 46,168.00

Table 2 : Goat Raising (Continuation)

IV. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

BCR = 54,377 49,491

= 1.1

NPV = 54,377 – 49,491

= 4,846

FIRR = 53,595 15 + 5 3,623

= 15 + 5 (14.79)

= 15 + 73.95

= 88.95

ROI = 13,905 x 100% 33,230

= 42%

PP = 33,230 13905

= 2.4

Table 3 : Smallholder Cattle Fattening

I. CASHFLOW STATEMENT

CASH INFLOW Year 2 Loan 3,060.00 Grant 10,710.00 Equity 1,530.00 Sales 18,420.00 TOTAL 33,720.00

CASH OUTFLOW : Purchase of Stock 8,000.00 Housing/facilities 2,500.00 Feeds 4,000.00 Biologics 800.00 TOTAL 15,300.00 NET CASH INFLOW 18,420.00

II. PRESENT VALUE OF SALES AND COST

14% 15% 20% Year Sales D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V.

2 18,420.00 0.769 14,165.00 0.756 13,925.00 0.694 12,783.00

III. PRESENT VALUE OF COST

14% 15% 20% Year Cost D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V.

2 15,300.00 0.769 11,766.00 0.756 11,567.00 0.694 10,618.00

Table 3 : Smallholder Cattle Fattening (Continuation)

IV. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

BCR = 14,165 11,766

= 1.2

NPV = 14,165 – 11,766

= 2,399

FIRR = 15 + 5 13,925 1,142

= 15 + 5 (12.19)

= 15 + 60.95

= 75.95

ROI = 3,120 x 100% 15,300

= 20%

PP = 15,300 3,120

= 4.9

Table 4 : Mat Weaving

I. CASHFLOW STATEMENT

CASH INFLOW Year 1 Loan 2,656.00 Grant 9,296.00 Equity 1,328.00 Sales 75,600.00 TOTAL 88,880.00

CASH OUTFLOW : Housing 12,000.00 Tools 700.00 Materials 27,840.00 TOTAL 40,540.00 NET CASH INFLOW 48,340.00

II. PRESENT VALUE OF SALES AND COST

14% 15% 20% Year Sales D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V.

1 75,600.00 0.877 66,301.00 0.870 65,772.00 0.833 62,974.00

III. PRESENT VALUE OF COST

14% 15% 20% Year Cost D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V.

1 40,540.00 0.877 35,553.00 0.870 35,270.00 0.833 33,770.00

Table 4 : Mat Weaving (Continuation)

IV. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

BCR = 66,301 35,553

= 1.8

NPV = 66,301 – 35,553

= 30,748

FIRR = 15 + 5 65,772 2,798

= 15 + 5 (23.5)

= 15 + 117.5

= 132.5

ROI = 47,760 x 100% 25,980

= 183%

PP = 25,980 47,760

= 0.54

Table 5 : Kalakat / Amakan Making

I. CASHFLOW STATEMENT

CASH INFLOW Year 1 Loan 2,764.00 Grant 9,674.00 Equity 1,382.00 Sales 486,000.00 TOTAL 499,820.00

CASH OUTFLOW : Housing 12,000.00 Tools 865.00 Materials 115,200.00

Labor 228,600.00 TOTAL 356,665.00 NET CASH INFLOW 143,155.00

II. PRESENT VALUE OF SALES AND COST

14% 15% 20% Year Sales D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V.

1 486,000.00 0.877 426,222.00 0.870 422,820.00 0.833 404,838.00

II. PRESENT VALUE OF COST

14% 15% 20% Year Cost D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V.

1 356,655.00 0.877 312,795.00 0.870 310,298.00 0.833 297,102.00

Table 5 : Kalakat / Amakan Making (Continuation)

IV. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

BCR = 426,222 312,795

= 1.36

NPV = 426,222 – 312,795

= 113,427

FIRR = 422,820 15 + 5 17,982

= 15 + 5 (23.51)

= 15 + 117.55

= 132.55

ROI = 142,200 x 100% 26,685

= 532%

PP = 26,685 142,200

= 0.19

Table 6 : Pandan Hat Making

I. CASHFLOW STATEMENT

CASH INFLOW Year 1 Loan 2,658.00 Grant 9,304.00 Equity 1,330.00 Sales 325,800.00 TOTAL 339,092.00

CASH OUTFLOW : Workshop Area 12,000.00 Tools 725.00 Materials 22,500.00 Labor 181,440.00 TOTAL 216,665.00 NET CASH INFLOW 122,427.00

II. PRESENT VALUE OF SALES AND COST

14% 15% 20% Year Sales D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V.

1 325,800.00 0.877 285,727.00 0.87 283,446.00 0.833 271,391.00

III. PRESENT VALUE OF COST

14% 15% 20% Year Cost D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V.

1 216,665.00 0.877 190,015.00 0.870 188,498.00 0.833 180,482.00

Table 6 : Pandan Hat Making (Continuation)

IV. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

BCR = 285,727 190,015

= 1.5

NPV = 285,727 – 190,015

= 95,712

FIRR = 283,446 15 + 5 12,055

= 15 + 5 (23.51)

= 15 + 117.55

= 132.55

ROI = 121,860 x 100% 26,017

= 468%

PP = 26,017 121,860

= 2.1

Table 7 : Food Cover Making

I. CASHFLOW STATEMENT

CASH INFLOW Year 1 Loan 2,557.00 Grant 8,950.00 Equity 1,279.00 Sales 44,280.00 TOTAL 57,066.00

CASH OUTFLOW : Workshop Area 12,000.00 Tools 725.00 Materials 13,937.00 Labor 6,588.00 TOTAL 33,250.00 NET CASH INFLOW 23,816.00

II. PRESENT VALUE OF SALES AND COST

14% 15% 20% Year Sales D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V.

1 44,280.00 0.877 38,834.00 0.87 38,524.00 0.833 36,885.00

III. PRESENT VALUE OF COST

14% 15% 20% Year Cost D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V. D.F. P.V.

1 33,250.00 0.877 29,160.00 0.870 28,927.00 0.833 27,697.00

Table 7 : Food Cover Making (Continuation)

IV. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

BCR = 38,834 29,160

= 1.33

NPV = 38,834 – 29,160

= 9,674

FIRR = 38,524 15 + 5 1,639

= 15 + 5 (23.5)

= 15 + 117.50

= 132.50

ROI = 23,755 x 100%

25,511

= 93%

PP = 25,511 + 12,725 23,755

= 1.1

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation

Investment Program 2006-2010 Page

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation

Investment Program 2006-2010 Page

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation

Investment Program 2006-2010 Page

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation

Investment Program 2006-2010 Page

Annex 14. Technical Description of the Proposed Ligawasan Marsh Protected Area

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation

Investment Program 2006-2010 Page

47 651962.6 772722.0 48 651765.8 772550.4 49 651557.8 772383.4 50 651755.7 772222.5 51 651987.8 772101.4 to the next point moving south east at coordinates 656785.2349N, 766537.6826E 52 656785.2 766537.7 53 663517.7 771453.0 54 668583.6 775564.9 55 670517.1 774890.4 56 670742.0 774170.9 57 671371.5 773361.5 58 671911.1 772507.1 59 673440.0 770843.3 60 675013.9 769089.6 61 675913.2 767201.0 62 676142.6 762353.5 63 682436.9 747074.2 64 682461.2 747060.9 65 682507.7 747054.5 66 682566.4 747067.2 67 682627.8 747091.6 68 682672.9 747105.2 69 682722.0 747121.8 70 682755.5 747128.0 71 682815.3 747131.3 72 682858.5 747137.2 73 682897.9 747158.8 74 682941.1 747205.4 75 682991.4 747236.8 76 683062.4 747286.0 77 683102.3 747316.7 78 683143.1 747330.0 79 683191.4 747335.7 80 683217.9 747333.5 81 683241.3 747332.6 82 683266.3 747338.4 83 683297.0 747348.6 84 683343.3 747383.1 85 683373.5 747400.4 86 683393.7 747412.2 87 683409.8 747416.6 88 683424.2 747421.1 89 683434.9 747424.2 90 683444.1 747427.1 91 684117.2 748849.0 92 686269.2 749043.1 93 688103.9 748863.3 94 689698.0 748825.9 95 691180.1 748501.7 96 692523.2 747945.9 97 693634.7 747251.2

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation

Investment Program 2006-2010 Page

98 694051.5 746417.5 99 694445.2 745143.9 100 694537.8 744148.1 101 694838.9 743384.0 102 695070.5 742249.3 103 695464.1 741323.0 to the next point following the road moving north east and north at coordinates 709797.38N, 784183.60E 104 709797.4 784183.6 at the bridge to the next point following the road moving northwest and southwest at coordinates 686616.70N, 779911.68E 105 686616.7 779911.7 following the river in a westward direction at the next point 675994.18N, 779076.63E 106 675994.2 779076.6 107 675832.1 779307.5 108 675473.4 780250.8 109 675163.9 780403.1 110 674887.7 780478.6 111 673757.4 782467.9 112 673933.1 783105.9 113 675342.9 783096.0 114 677630.2 786093.2 115 677807.7 786221.3 to the next point following the road in a northwesterly direction at 676320.17N, 787019.45E 116 676320.2 787019.5 117 676297.6 786881.8 118 676225.9 786674.1 119 676165.5 786677.9 120 675818.1 786693.0 121 675629.4 786855.3 122 674893.2 787002.6 123 674714.6 787436.0 124 674159.1 788610.2 125 673606.6 788817.4 126 673054.0 788149.7 127 672501.4 788149.7 128 671557.5 788426.0 129 670820.7 789876.4 130 670636.5 791580.2 131 670981.9 792178.8 132 671396.3 792731.3 133 671051.0 793191.8 134 670935.9 793905.5 135 670590.5 794319.9 136 670659.6 795379.0 137 670694.1 795712.9 to corner point 1 following the road moving northwesterly, westerly and southwesterly

at 639155.79N, 799590.84E

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation

Investment Program 2006-2010 Page

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation