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Dietary Composition of the Blue Swimmer Crab, Portunus Armatus, and Life History Characteristics of Related Species

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Dietary Composition of the Blue Swimmer Crab, Portunus Armatus, and Life History Characteristics of Related Species Dietary composition of the Blue Swimmer Crab, Portunus armatus, and life history characteristics of related species Submitted by Theodore Campbell This thesis is presented for the Degree of Honours in Marine Science 2017 School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Declaration I declare that the information contained in this thesis is the result of my own research unless otherwise cited, and has as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any university. Theodore Ian Campbell Acknowledgments Firstly, I acknowledge and thank my supervisors Neil Loneragan and James Tweedley. Your feedback and ideas have been invaluable in not only the writing of this Thesis, but in my development and confidence as a scientist. You have supported and helped me when required, but more importantly given me freedom and the space to develop skills and understanding on my own. For this and for all the hard work that you have put in, I thank you. I would also like to acknowledge and thank Danielle Johnston, my co- supervisor, for your feedback and input into this Thesis. I acknowledge and thank the Department of Fisheries, Western Australia, for allowing me on board your vessels to complete the fieldwork for this project and the Cockburn Sound Management Committee for providing me with water quality data in Cockburn Sound. It would not have been possible without your support. To Josh Baker and Rachel Marks, thank you for your company all those days in the field – you made cold, windy and rainy boat trips something I looked forward to. To Brian Poh and Chris Hallet and all others who helped me in my sampling, I hope you realise how much I appreciate the time you put in. To my fellow honours students and friends Kyle Hodson and Tim Walker, thanks for making the seemingly endless days in the lab enjoyable and for letting me win on the court once in a while. Brian Poh, Jason Crisp and everyone else who hangs around the fish labs, thanks for creating such an enjoyable and supportive environment to work in, day in day out. To all my friends and family that I have neglected of late – you know who you are – thanks for your understanding and I look forward to having more time to spend with you. Finally, to my parents, thank you for always supporting me in my studies and in everything I do. I’m certain I would not be where I am today without your support, love and teachings. i Abstract Coastal and estuarine systems worldwide suffer from a range of anthropogenic influences, such as eutrophication and high fishing pressure. Portunid crabs are abundant in such systems globally and the magnitude of degradation and variations in environmental conditions can influence the dynamics of the fisheries they support. This Thesis investigated two major components relating to portunid crabs: (i) a review and summary of the literature on portunid biology and behaviour and an assessment of how they vary among species and regions (Chapter 2); and (ii) a study of the dietary composition of the Blue Swimmer Crab Portunus armatus and how it varies among two estuaries and a coastal embayment and seasons in temperate south-western Australia (Chapter 3). Portunids are highly fecund, fast growing, short-lived species, with high natural mortalities and are opportunistic predators. These characteristics vary among species, but also between different populations. The dynamics of portunid fisheries are therefore reliant not only on the biology of the fished species but also on the local environmental conditions, through their influence on portunid biology. These factors need to be taken into consideration by fishery managers. The diet of P. armatus is dominated by shelled molluscs, polychaetes and small crustaceans. Dietary composition varied significantly between the Peel-Harvey and Swan-Canning estuaries and three sites (habitats) within Cockburn Sound and this variation was greater in magnitude than the seasonal variation. The diet of crabs in the Peel-Harvey Estuary was distinct from that of crabs in the Swan-Canning Estuary and Cockburn Sound because of greater consumptions of the bivalves A. semen and S. trigonella and fragments of their shells in the former. Differences in the dietary composition follow closely the known variation in the benthic macroinvertebrates assemblages, i.e. the prey availability, between systems and sites. Seasonal variation was greater in the estuaries than Cockburn Sound and is likely caused by greater seasonal changes in the prey availability driven by much greater seasonal fluctuations in salinity in estuaries than in nearby coastal marine waters. Qualitative assessment shows the diet of P. armatus in the Peel-Harvey Estuary has changed since 1994/5 and reflects changes in the prey availability driven by anthropogenic modifications to the system. The results from this Thesis provide ii information on the role of P. armatus in the benthic food webs of these systems and is valuable for the continued Marine Stewardship Council certification of the P. armatus fishery in the Peel-Harvey Estuary and identifying potential functional groups for use in ecosystem models of these three systems. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ i Abstract ............................................................................................................................ ii Chapter 1: General introduction ................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2. Life history characteristics of three genera of portunid crabs, Callinectes, Portunus and Scylla, and their resilience to fishing ................................. 6 2.0 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1. Focus of the review .......................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Biology ..................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1. Life cycle ........................................................................................................................ 10 2.2.2. Variation in abundance and habitat utilisation ............................................................. 14 2.2.3. Reproduction ................................................................................................................. 16 2.2.4. Growth, mortality and life history ratios ....................................................................... 22 2.2.5. Diet ................................................................................................................................ 34 2.3. Behaviour ................................................................................................................ 40 2.3.1. Rhythms in behaviour .................................................................................................... 40 2.3.2. Burying .......................................................................................................................... 41 2.3.3. Swimming and migration ............................................................................................... 43 2.3.4. Moulting ........................................................................................................................ 46 2.4. Influence of environmental conditions .................................................................. 49 2.4.1. Influence of temperature and salinity ............................................................................ 49 2.4.2. Influence of environmental conditions on fisheries recruitment and production .......... 50 2.5. Portunid fisheries .................................................................................................... 51 2.5.1. Influence of fishing pressure crab stocks ...................................................................... 53 2.5.3. Management strategies .................................................................................................. 55 2.6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 58 iv Chapter 3: Dietary composition of the Blue Swimmer Crab Portunus armatus in two estuaries and a sheltered marine embayment in temperate south-western Australia......................................................................................................................... 61 3.0. Abstract .................................................................................................................... 61 3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 62 3.2. Methods ................................................................................................................... 65 3.2.1. Study area and site descriptions .................................................................................... 65 3.2.2. Environmental Data ...................................................................................................... 68 3.2.3. Field sampling ............................................................................................................... 69 3.2.4. Laboratory measurements
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